05 Uni Life First Aid introduction information 2025

0:14 effective applied first aid is the Cornerstone of every first aer's role in this section we'll discuss the core principles that ensure your actions are impactful and safe during emergencies Safety First your safety is is always the first priority because you can't help anyone effectively if you become a victim yourself assess the scene for dangers like unstable debris traffic or hazardous materials imagine responding to a roadside accident before rushing in you must ensure the area is safe possibly by using warning signs or high visibility clothing call for help time is critical in emergencies immediately call for emergency services or instruct a

1:01 bystander to do so provide clear concise details about the location and the nature of the emergency for example when encountering someone who has collapsed your quick call can mean the difference between life and death key emergency numbers preparedness saves lives always have emergency numbers saved on your phone or displayed in accessible locations whether it's poison control fire services or for an ambulance quick access to these numbers reduces response time during a crisis for instance a number list posted in a workplace kitchen can guide colleagues during a sudden medical emergency scene management applying the hazards hello

1:47 help method ensures a systematic response first identify hazards and make the scene safe then greet and reassure the patient introducing yourself and gaining their consent to assist lastly provide Immediate Care while coordinating help for example if you arrive at a factory accident you may first move objects causing danger then reassure the injured worker and finally call Emergency Services while offering initial treatment final thoughts effective applied first aid isn't just about knowing what to do it's about acting in a structured confident way that prioritizes safety and Care by mastering these principles you'll be equipped to handle emergencies calmly

2:34 and effectively making a real difference when it matters most emergency numbers are more than just digits they're vital connections to life-saving Services let's take a closer look at why these numbers are critical and how you can prepare to use them effectively vital Connections in the event of a medical emergency a fire or a dangerous situation required iring law enforcement emergency numbers connect you to the help you need for instance if a family member experiences a heart attack at home having the paramedic number readily available can save precious time accessible and visible preparedness isn't just about knowing these numbers it's about making them accessible save

3:21 them in your phone post them visibly on your fridge or include them in your workplaces evacuation plans imagine a factory en environment with hazardous materials listing poison control and emergency spill response numbers can make all the difference during an incident preparedness saves lives understanding which numbers to call and when is equally important be familiar with your local emergency numbers for fire Services Medical Aid or even disaster relief for example a rural area might require specific local contacts compared to Urban Emergency Services final thoughts preparedness ensures that you can act decisively in an emergency by

4:07 making emergency numbers accessible and educating others about them you're taking a crucial step towards safety and effective response in any situation the three safeguards form the backbone of safe and effective first aid response let's break them down to understand how they ensure safety and efficiency at every emergency seen Safeguard yourself your safety is Paramount because you cannot assist others if you become a victim yourself always assess the risks around you for example if responding to an industrial accident ensure you're not exposed to chemical hazards or sharp debris wear protective gear such as gloves or high visibility

4:53 clothing to minimize risks Safeguard the scene a safe scene is a essential for Effective intervention look for hazards like fire electrical dangers or unstable structures imagine responding to a gas leak in a residential area you must hear the immediate area and inform bystanders of the risk while waiting for emergency services by controlling the environment you prevent further injuries Safeguard the patient the patient safety is the ultimate priority this includes addressing immedi at risks like moving them away from harm or stabilizing their condition for example if a person is lying near live electrical wires you

5:38 must first ensure the power is off before attempting rescue practical application picture a traffic accident on a busy road your first step is to ensure your safety by wearing high visibility gear next Safeguard the scene by setting up cones or directing traffic finally Safeguard the patient by checking for injuries and ensuring they are not in further danger final Thoughts by following these safeguards you create a structured and safe approach to managing emergencies this not only protects you and the patient but also ensures the best possible outcomes in what can often be chaotic situations this strip delivers Clarity

6:24 and reassurance while teaching Essential Safety protocols for emergencies seen safety is the foundation of effective first aid before rushing into help take a moment to ensure the area is safe for yourself the patient and others this is crucial because if you become a victim yourself not only are you unable to assist but you also add complexity to the situation start by carefully assessing the scene for any potential hazards this could be anything from slippery flaws to exposed electrical wires or even h style individuals if it's safe to address these hazards do so but always prioritize your own safety if the scene remains unsafe and you cannot control

7:10 the hazards consider moving the patient to a safer location for example if you're at the sight of a car accident and there's a risk of a fire it may be necessary to carefully move the patient to a secure area nearby however only attempt this if moving the patient won't worsen their injuries if moving the patient isn't an option do what you can to help them while waiting for emergency services to arrive this could include providing Comfort shielding them from further harm or even directing bystanders to assist in creating a safer space obstacles are common in emergency situations these could range from debris on the ground to Furniture blocking access in a home with the help of

7:55 bystanders you might be able to clear these obstacles without jeopardizing anyone's safety lastly remember that hazards vary depending on the environment a construction site for instance may have entirely different risks compared to a classroom or a workshop always stay alert and adaptable tailoring your actions to the specific scenario by ensuring scene safety you set the stage for Effective first aid and protect everyone involved from further harm at the heart of any effective first aid response is a simple but powerful approach hazards hello help these three steps guide your initial actions at any emergency scene and set the tone for

8:41 safe and effective intervention the first H is hazards upon arriving at the scene take a moment to assess potential risks are there environmental dangers like fire chemical spills or unstable debris is there a risk from Vehicles electrical equipment or even aggressive individuals your safety is Paramount never Place Yourself In Harm's Way while attempting to help by identifying hazards you ensure that you and others are not at risk while providing Aid the second H is hello once the scene is safe approach the patient introduce yourself and explain that you're there to help this simple act not only reassures the patient but also establishes trust ask

9:29 for their consent to provide treatment whenever possible for example you might say hi my name is your name I'm trained in first aid can I help you while engaging with the patient assess their condition and determine their immediate needs the third H is help your primary role as a first aider is to stabilize the patient while waiting for professional assistance to arrive call for help early either by dialing Emergency Services yourself or instructing a bystander to do so be specific in your instructions such as call 112 and tell them there's a person with a suspected spinal injury bring back an AED if available acting swiftly

10:16 ensures the patient receives the Advanced Care they need as quickly as possible imagine a scenario you arrive at a workplace accident where a heavy object has fallen on a colleague you notice the hazard a sharp and stable piece of machinery and ensure it's secured before approaching the patient you introduce yourself reassure them and ask for consent to help then while stabilizing their condition you instruct another colleague to call emergency services and bring the first aid kit by following the hazards hello help framework you can respond to emergencies with confidence ensuring safety communication and effective Care at every step

11:01 an emergency scene is any location where injuries or illnesses happen it could be a quiet office a bustling production line a child's playground a forest trail or even your own home emergencies don't discriminate and as a first AER you must be prepared to respond no matter the setting let's take a moment to understand why assessing the scene is critical each location brings unique challenges for example in a workshop there could be hazards like heavy machinery or spilled chemicals on a roadside there might be oncoming traffic and in a home electrical appliances or sharp objects could pose risks the key is to understand the principles of risk

11:46 assessment while detailed risk assessment is a complex field first aiders can simplify this process by focusing on what's essential the hazards present and the likelihood of harm one simple way to to calculate risk is by considering two factors probability How likely is it that someone will get hurt consequence how severe could the harm be for instance imagine you're responding to an emergency at a construction site you see loose scaffolding nearby the probability of it falling might be high and the consequences could be severe this would signal a need to make the scene safer before intervening a quick mental calculation of risk and guide your actions if the

12:32 risk is too high it's important to modify the situation like moving the patient to safety or calling in professionals to manage the hazards by understanding and applying these principles you ensure that your response is safe and effective no matter where the emergency occurs always remember a well assessed scene is the foundation for providing effective care risk assessment is a critical skill for first aiders ensuring that your response doesn't inadvertently Place yourself the patient or others in Greater Danger let's dive into the process of assessing risk and how to interpret risk ratings first let's define three essential terms harm refers to actual injury

13:19 illness or damage caused by a situation for example a fire that injures workers or destroys property hazards are anything with the potential to cause harm like flammable liquids stored improperly risk is the chance of harm happening when exposed to a hazard to calculate risk we use the formula risk rating equals probability X consequence probability reflects How likely it is that harm will occur rated on a scale of 1 to three one least likely three highly likely consequence reflects the severity of harm also rated on a scale of 1 to three one least severe three most severe for example

14:08 imagine you're treating a patient at a roadside with speeding traffic the probability of a vehicle striking someone is two moderately likely the consequence of such an event is a three severe harm or even death multiply these values and you get a risk rating of six interpreting risk ratings 1 to 3 mosty safe you can proceed with little concern 4 to six make it safer take steps to reduce the risk for example move the patient to a safer spot or increase visibility with cones or lights 7 to 9 much too risky stop and modify the situation for instance wait for additional resources like em to

14:55 handle the hazard in some cases you may add a frequency Factor how often the hazard is present for example on a busy highway traffic is constant so the frequency might add another layer of Risk by applying this simple formula you ensure that your actions are safe and effective allowing you to focus on helping the patient without creating additional dangers always remember a thorough risk assessment is the foundation for Effective first aid as a first aider patient assessment is one of your most critical responsibilities it enables you to understand the patient's condition and take appropriate steps to preserve life prevent further injury and promote

15:41 recovery let's break this down step by step the importance of patient assessment patient assessment starts with determining if the patient's life is at risk this is done by focusing on the ABC's Airway breathing and circulation when these functions are compromised the patient may quickly become unconscious or unresponsive for example a choking individual requires immediate action to clear the airway as lack of oxygen can lead to severe brain damage within minutes primary assessment the primary assessment focuses on identifying and addressing life-threatening conditions during this phase check if the patient has an open Airway is breathing

16:29 adequately has sufficient circulation and no catastrophic bleeding for example if you find someone unconscious on the ground your first step would be to ensure their Airway is open by tilting their head and lifting their chin next look listen and feel for breathing if the patient isn't breathing initiate CPR immediately secondary assessment once the primary assessment confirms no immediate life threats move to a secondary assessment this phase involves a more detailed examination to determine the patient specific injury or illness for instance in a workplace accident a secondary assessment might reveal a broken wrist after addressing

17:15 immediate threats like heavy bleeding conclusion effective patient assessment lays the foundation for successful first aid by following the ABC framework and progressing through Prime Ary and secondary assessments you ensure a systematic approach to care remember staying calm and methodical can make all the difference in preserving life and promoting recovery when we talk about a primary assessment we're focusing on the very first steps you need to take When approaching a patient this is where you identify life-threatening conditions and determine what action must be taken immediately the first step in any emergency is to check check for responsiveness approach the patient tap

18:02 their shoulder gently and ask loudly are you okay if there's no response it's time to act next assess the airway look for anything that might be blocking it like food vomit or an object a blocked Airway can prevent oxygen from reaching the lungs and is always a priority to address once the airway is clear move on to breathing is there chance rising and falling can you feel air flow from their mouth or nose these signs tell you if they are breathing adequately or need intervention finally check for circulation look for severe life-threatening bleeding or feel for a pulse to determine if the heart is pumping effectively if circulation

18:49 issues are present such as no pulse it's critical to start chest compressions immediately following the cab model by System atically working through these steps you ensure that you're addressing the most critical needs first giving the patient the best chance for [Music] survival check the scene once you recognize an emergency exists take the time to look around for such things as glass hostile bystanders oncoming cars listen for things such as alarms or escaping gas and smell for things such as gas or smoke be sure to always always use gloves and a barrier device when dealing with a first aid situation if it is safe to do so check the person ask

19:36 the person are you okay tap the person on the shoulder if there is no response call Emergency Medical Services or send a bystander to do so remember to tell the bystander to grab an AED if one is available check the airway tilt the head back and lift the chin this action moves the tongue away from the back of the throat and lets the air reach the lungs check for breathing look at the unconscious person's chest look for Rise and Fall you must also listen and feel for normal breathing do not take more than 10 seconds check circulation by looking for deadly bleeding and signs of shock quickly look at the person from head to toe you may need to do a Hands-On check to assess whether first

20:22 aid is required do not perform a Hands-On check unless you can be sure that the airway will not be compromised this check is mainly for unconscious people who cannot tell you what is wrong check the head and neck look and feel for any abnormalities such as bumps soft spots or bleeding do not push on soft spots they may be fractures of the skull check the shoulders by looking and feeling for any bumps or bone deformities check the chest by feeling the ribs for deformity gently press on the abdomen to see if it is hard the abdomen should feel soft to the touch if if the abdomen is painful or hard to the touch you may have to remove clothing and check for bruising check the hips put your hands on both sides of the pelvis and push down on the hips and

21:09 then in on the sides the bones should move together do not push or pull if the person shows any signs of discomfort check the legs by feeling for any deformity in the bones or any swelling check the Arms by feeling for any deformity in the bones or any swelling after your secondary survey it is important to keep the person comfortable and monitor the ABCs continually until the EMS person arrives once you've checked your ABCs and completed your secondary survey you should move an unconscious person to the recovery position move only if the airway is open if the person is breathing if there's no deadly bleeding and you don't suspect a neck or back

21:55 injury the modified ha's recovery position is to be used on an unconscious person who has a suspected spinal injury and must be left alone or loose vomit the steps to complete the Hanes roll is the opposite of the recovery position with the person facing away from you at the End of the Roll

22:40 oh no what now AB C or cab what do I do now understanding ABC versus c a an Emergency Response as a first AER you've likely heard of the acronyms AB C and cab both are life-saving tools but their application depends on the situation let's break this down step by step to help you fully understand when to use each and why what do ABC and CAB stand for ABC stands for Airway breathing and circulation it emphasizes managing the patient Airway assessing their breathing and checking circulation cab stands for circulation

23:27 Airway and breathing it prioritizes chest compressions for patients in cardiac AR rest before addressing Airway and breathing why do we have two approaches the difference lies in the patient condition and what needs to be addressed first to save their life ABC is best for conscious patients or those showing signs of Life the goal is to ensure the airway is clear stabilize breathing and address circulation issues like severe bleeding see B is critical for unresponsive patients particularly those in Cardiac Arrest research shows that immediate chest compression significantly improve survival rates imagine this someone collapses in front

24:13 of you and becomes unresponsive their heart has likely stopped meaning blood isn't circulating if you focus on opening their Airway or giving breaths first you lose precious time starting compressions immediately ensures blood is Flowing to vital organs like the brain when should you use ABC ABC is ideal when the patient is responsive or breathing examples a person choking on food your first step is to clear their Airway a trauma victim struggling to breathe focus on stabilizing their breathing a child having an asthma attack Airway and breathing come first in these scenarios Airway and breathing are the most urgent

25:00 priorities while circulation is addressed only if there's severe bleeding or signs of shock when should you use cab cab is critical when the patient is unresponsive and not breathing here's what to do start with circulation by performing chest compressions immediately this ensures the oxygen already in the blood reaches vital organs move to Airway by opening it with a the head tilt chin lift technique finish with breathing by giving rescue breaths or using a barrier device example if someone collapses suddenly is unresponsive and has no pulse cab prioritizes compressions to improve their chances of

25:47 survival key differences between ABC and cab to summarize ABC focuses on conscious or breathing patience and starts with Airway management cab focuses on unresponsive patients in Cardiac Arrest prioritizing chest compressions neither is wrong it's about applying the approach that best fits the patient condition integration in first aid practice modern first aid emphasizes adaptability meaning you assess the situation and act accordingly here's how to decide check for responsiveness if the patient is conscious or breathing use ABC if the patient is unresponsive and not breathing use cab at just as needed

26:35 begin with cab for cardiac arrest transition to ABC Once circulation is restored or if other issues arise final thoughts both AB C and cab are invaluable tools each serving at distinct purpose your role as a first aider is to assess the patient's condition and act according remember ABC prevents Suffocation and stabilizes breathing C and circulation is restored immediately in Cardiac Arrest by staying informed and practicing regularly you'll be prepared to make the right call in any emergency you are the difference between life and death for your patient and understanding

27:21 these models empowers you to respond with confidence and Care pause the this video and write down this column it will help enforce the key differences between ABC and cab as a first AER after completing your primary assessment the next critical step is performing a secondary assessment this process helps us determine the specific illness or injury that the patient may be suffering from the secondary assessment extends beyond the initial ABC Airway breathing and circulation and incorporates for disability disability here refers to anything that may be hindering the patient such as an injury or illness in

28:07 unfortunate cases it could also mean identifying when the patient is permanently deceased this step is vital for understanding the broader picture of the patient's condition especially in cases where immediate life-threatening issues have been addressed but additional care is required imagine a scenario where a patient is conscious but complaining of severe back pain following a fall a secondary assessment would help you evaluate the extent of their injuries ensuring you provide the appropriate care while awaiting professional medical support remember a thyro secondary assessment lays the foundation for Effective targeted treatment and can make all the difference in improving the patients outcome in this picture we will discuss

28:54 the letter e as well this is sometimes an over look letter e environment SL exposure assess the environment and the patient exposure to hazards for instance is the patient in a cold or hot environment that might worsen their condition protect them from further harm by managing their exposure to the elements or other dangers at the scene a Airway is the airway open and clear ensuring the airway is free of obstructions is always the first priority as allows oxygen to reach the lungs for example if someone is choking caring their Airway is your immediate goal B breathing is the patient

29:39 breathing once the airway is secure assess their breathing look listen and feel for breaths and ensure they are adequate to sustain life if necessary provide rescue breaths or use a bag valve mask C circulation check circulation by assessing for signs of adequate blood flow such as warm hands and feet look for severe bleeding or shock which can be life-threatening controlling any bleeding and maintaining circulation is critical to sustaining vital organs D disability are there signs of neurological impairment or potential spinal cord damage check for any obvious signs of disability such as a loss of

30:25 movement paralysis or unresponsiveness this step helps identify injuries that may require immobilization or Specialized Care e environment / exposure assess the environment and the patient exposure to hazards for instance is the patient in a cold or hot environment that might worsen their condition protect them from further harm by managing their exposure to the elements or other dangers at the scene by following this systematic approach the APT framework ensures that we are life-threatening conditions first while preparing to manage additional risks effectively remember every second counts in an emergency and this sequence helps us act with confidence and

31:11 Clarity after completing the primary assessment the secondary assessment allows you to delve deeper into identifying the patient's condition this step-by-step process helps uncover injuries or illnesses that might not be immediately visible let's walk through the key elements of a secondary assessment one head to toe assessment Begin by systematically examining the patient's body from head to toe look for Visible injuries like bruises deformities or swelling and gently pulpa areas for tenderness or hidden issues for example if a patient has fallen you might find a hidden fracture or bruising around the ribs two determining the mechanism of

31:59 injury understanding how the injury occurred gives crucial insight into what to expect for instance knowing a patient fell from a height might prompt you to check for spinal injuries or internal bleeding three evaluating skin condition and temperature skin can reveal a lot about a patient's condition cold clammy skin might indicate shock while flushed or hot skin could suggest fever or infection always compare skin temperature and appearance to normal conditions four patient history ask about the patient medical history including allergies medications past conditions and the events leading up to the incident for

32:45 example knowing that a patient is diabetic could explain symptoms like confusion or unconsciousness five checking pupils assess whether the pupils are equal round and reactive to light unequal or non-reactive pupils might point to a head injury or neurological issue six capillary refill time to check circulation press on the patient nail bed or skin and release if color doesn't return within 2 seconds it could indicate poor blood flow a sign of shock or cardiovascular distress seven level of consciousness finally assess the patient awareness

33:30 using tools like ofu are they alert responsive to verbal stimuli responsive to pain or unresponsive this evaluation helps determine the severity of their condition and guides your next tips by performing a thy secondary assessment you gather valuable information to ensure comprehensive care remember every detail matters when stabilizing a patient and preparing for professional medical intervention understanding avpu alert voice pain unresponsive one of the simplest and most effective tools for assessing a patient's level of Consciousness is the avpu scale This Acronym stands for alert voice pain and unresponsive and it helps

34:18 first aers quickly determine a patient's responsiveness and guide their next steps in treatment let's break it down a alert if the patients eyes are opened spontaneously and they are aware of their surroundings responding to the environment they are considered alert for example an adult might follow commands and track people or objects with their eyes while a pediatric patient might respond actively and appropriately to external stimuli V voice if the patient's eyes don't open spontaneously check if they respond to verbal stimuli speak to the the patient ask questions or call their name an adult might respond meaningfully such as

35:03 nodding or answering while a child May react when their name is called this indicates the patient is aware but not fully alert P pain when there's no response to verbal stimuli assess if the patient reacts to painful stimuli gently pinch the skin or apply pressure to the Earl to see if they move or cry out in response for example an adult might Grimace or withdraw from the pain while a pediatric patient may show a similar reaction like pulling their hand away from a pinched nail bed you and responsive if the patient does not respond to any verbal or painful stimuli they are considered unresponsive this is a critical situation and often indicates a severe

35:50 medical emergency requiring immediate intervention why is avpu important the avpu scale is quick and easy to use allowing first aiders to assess a patient's condition in seconds this assessment can guide decisions about the urgency of care and the need to involve emergency services for example a patient who is unresponsive may require immediate CPR or Advanced Medical intervention on the other hand someone responding to verbal stimuli may need monitoring and supportive care until professional help arrives by mastering the ofu scale you can provide effective and targeted assistance to patients ensuring that you act quickly and appropriately in any

36:44 emergency a method we use for assessing the level of a patient's disability or mental capacity is a system called avpu or AVP it's an acronym we use to basically be able to to assess a patient's mental capacity and how alert they are we need to do this early days because the whole idea of the avpo scoring system is to see what condition the patient is in when we arrive and then when we treat the patient we need a baseline set of observations to see what our treatment is achieving are we getting better or are we getting worse is the patient improving or is the patient deteriorating and unless we have a baseline OB basically a system to decide this or to decipher this from then the whole process doesn't make sense it doesn't work we need to know the

37:31 condition of the patient's getting better and if it isn't why so a a stands for alert if we approach a patient whether they're again in a car crash whether they're in their front room or in bed are they alert when I talk to them do they talk back to me and how do they talk back to me do they speak properly do they speak clearly and are they actually answering the question that I've asked in a concise and proper manner in other words is their brain function alert are they alert and are they actually doing what I'm asking them to do if they drop below alert they drop then to Voice v on the AF poo scale voice basically means that the patient is not actually quite with us they may be asleep they may be a little bit uh doy or less alert so as we talk to this

38:17 patient they then actually spark up or respond to us in some way or other but they're not quite as good as they were I.E on the alert scale or alert a on the upus scale so V is the next level down then we move to pain pain stimulus is created with a little squeeze at the back of the nail or a little squeeze into the into the earlobe itself which are both very sensitive areas so if we squeeze quite hard most people will react to that pain they may not talk to us they may not respond in any other way other than pulling away from the pain or reacting to the pain stimulus that we've just created if they react to that they've dropped down the scale again they're now reacting to pain if we don't get anything with pain we move on to the

39:03 unresponsive casualty now with pain we get no movement no reaction whatsoever and we are now leaving or looking at a patient that is totally unresponsive that unresponsive patient now basically falls into the field of a seriously ill or dangerous position in other words we have to maintain and monitor that patient very closely because if we don't these are the patients that will olude their Airway with the tongue they will olude their airways with fluid this patient basically life is in your hands to control everything that's going on if we leave an unresponsive patient on their back for instance and they vomit or stomach contents regur agitates from their stomach or their tongue slums to the back of the throat we come back to the patient and unfortunately because we

39:49 weren't paying attention they've died and these systems are also used in the recovery position so we keep monitoring patients in the recovery position using the avpo system to keep an eye on their basical mental status if a patient was alert when we arrived on scene but now they're verbal and 5 minutes later they drop down to the pain stimulus this patient is deteriorating on us and needs to be you know treated fast and treated appropriately however if the patient was unconscious stimulating to pain when we arrived on scene but they're now back around and alert and talking to us this patient has obviously improved and things are getting better so it's used to manage or to look at and monitor how a patient's mental status and what their

40:35 condition is doing whether it's improving or decreasing potential difficulties in assessing uh the aoo scale can occur they'll occur with the elderly dementia this type of thing because if people don't understand what you're asking or how you're trying to do this then you can get false readings on it so you must take into consideration the elderly you must take into consideration things like deaf to menure blind and children but you will find this system works adequately if you just change the way you do it slightly and Bank it more appropriate to the patient that we're dealing with if we have children children will follow you babies if you look into into a baby's face with a penl torch or even just move from side to side the baby's eyes will follow you that's what they should do that's showing their alert and following if you

41:22 put your fingers in a baby's hands they will squeeze and pull you tickle the toes they'll fan the toes these are all normal reactions from that child but if you come across a child that is just flaccid or floppy and pays no attention whatsoever that is not a normal reaction from a child as the child gets older the child will tend to go to Mom sit by mom hide behind the curtains and see you as an alien for the first few minutes but eventually their confidence grows and they come into the room and they come and want to see what you're doing and what you're there for again a normal reaction but a child that just lies on the sofa completely flaccid limp cold white pale is not normal with the elderly other people will be with those patients all the time so get some idea of what they're like from family from

42:09 nursing carers and these type of things because they know their demential state they know what they're normally like and are they the same today or have they improved or deteriorated so we can use this system but we sometimes have to just adapt it for particular situations I.E the elderly Dementia in infant children but it's a very very effective a very quick way of monitoring a patient when we first arrive on scene to give us a baseline set of OBS to see what the patient does during our care understanding dots or dos in patient assessment dos is a vital pneumonic used

42:58 in first a to assess injuries quickly and thoroughly during a secondary survey each letter stands for an important aspect to check when evaluating a patient especially in trauma cases let's explore what dos stands for and how it guides you through a systematic approach D deformities deformities are abnormal shapes or structures of the body these could result from fractures dislocations or other skelet little injuries that disrupt the body's normal alignment look for anything that seems out of place such as a bone appearing where it shouldn't or an oddly bent limb for example if someone has fallen hard and you notice an unnatural Bend in their arm it might indicate a fracture

43:45 oh open wounds open wounds are visible injuries where the skin has been broken exposing underlying tissue check for bleeding or signs of exposure bone or muscle it's crucial to control bleeding as soon as possible to prevent the patient from deteriorating further for example a deep cut on the leg from a car accident requires immediate attention to stop the bleeding and prevent infection T tenderness tenderness refers to pain felt when pressure is applied to an area it often indicates an underlying injury even when no visible signs are present gently palpate or press the area to see if the patient experiences pain this can

44:32 help you detect internal injuries or fractures that aren't immediately apparent for instance pressing on a rib cage might reveal tenderness suggesting a possible rib fracture s swelling swelling is caused by soft tissue injuries or fractures often as a result of inflammation or internal bleeding look for areas that appear puffy or larger than us usual keep in mind that swelling doesn't always appear immediately after an injury it can take time to develop for example after a sprained ankle The Joint might start swelling within a few minutes or hours y d o TS is important using dos ensures you don't miss critical injuries that may not be

45:19 immediately obvious it provides a structured approach to assessing trauma and helps prioritize care effectively by incorporating dos into your secondary assessment you'll be better equipped to identify and manage injuries giving your patient the best chance for Recovery remember your careful attention to these details can make all the difference in an emergency situation what we're going to do now is a injury assessment or a head to toe inspection so what we're looking at here is somebody who's hurt themselves we're not absolutely sure what has happened yet um so in this instance they're conscious um and we do really just

46:05 looking around to see what injuries they may have um so to start with you've already gained consent I've got my gloves on ready to do the inspection and this could be someone laying uh on the ground here they could be sat up because it may be they've Fallen hurt themselves and by the time you get to them they're already sat up uh but for this example we got someone who's laying on their back the first thing to do is keep them there because it may be that have a spinal problem so if we move them then that could make it a lot worse uh and that could be a very very serious situation so the first thing we're going to do is start at the head so you okay yeah yep so what we're doing there we're trying to get them to talk because in doing that you can also look into their mouth and have a look to see if there's any obvious injuries so from what I looked there I can see his teeth are all in place and there's no blood U his tongue's not injured and he can talk so

46:52 at least I know inside the mouth's okay so then I'm doing visual inspection around his head just to make sure that there's no injury there um also put my hand down underneath his neck just to feel the spine gently so you can feel the the top part of the spine here to make sure there's no deformity pain discomfort or anything like that now the whole time you're doing this you'll always be talking to the patient so uh as you're doing each section you can work your way through and just make sure that they get they can tell if there any pain so just for ease of this if there is any pain he'll tell me uh just for the ease of the training video so look through and make sure that neck's all okay and we're then looking across the top of the head make sure there's no other um blood or injury site make sure again fingers underneath here there's no blood on our gloves after we've touched them have a look in the ears just to

47:39 make sure there's no fluid which could indicate a head injury there's no discharge coming out of the nose uh which could be a again a head injury or it could be that nose has been injured um and then the next thing to do is look at these eyes so we're looking at the pupils um look at the pupil size is it very very small is it very very large large uh are they different uh is there any redness in the eyes but also we look at the the tracking so keep your head still and just look at my finger and just follow my finger across so what we're looking there is to make sure that both eyes are moving correctly side to side and up and down and they are the tracking exactly the same way um if you're not sure what size the pupil should be you always look at somebody else's or put the um camera back on yourself and have a look at what size yours are because in the same light conditions your pupil size should in

48:25 most cases be pretty much the same so once we've done the eyes um we're then going to work our way down and we're just really just feing the body to find out whether there's any problems so we can start up here to check there's no injury just let me know if anything hurts and we're doing both sides so we can find out whether there's a difference so if something feels slightly different on one side to the other if I do it this way and then this I might not notice it so we're just working the way down round then down the collar bone and then again down the the breast bone if you push down on here and there's any problem with the ribs he'll soon let us know about it so just gentle pressure don't want to push down too hard uh again you can just push on either side just make sure there's no problems there uh follow the arms down so the arms you can literally just work your way down make sure there's no problems wiggle your fingers on this

49:11 hand um and then do the same on this side and wiggle your fingers so you know everything's okay with with the arms um so it should be all okay there's no swelling there's no Cuts there's no bruising no discoloration next we work through the lower back so we go around into the small of his back back just pull through see if there's any deformity check your gloves to see if there's any blood on there because it may be there's a serious cut on his back and he's just bleeding into the grass and we wouldn't even notice it probably wouldn't even come this side and wouldn't see it cuz it's just going straight into the ground once we've done that um we can then just check the hips just pushing gently on the either side just to make sure that there's no dis Comfort because if there was a pelvic injury then that will start to cause a lot of pain for him and if you do detect uh pelvic injury in this instance you

49:56 you would need to stop the investigation then because we got serious injury as you would if you found a spinal injury later on earlier on up higher once You' done that you can then look work way down the legs L you feel the legs all the way down uh on the front the back uh both of the legs and if you wiggle your toes and then pull your foot towards you and the other one and push away now the legs look straight they're aligned in exactly the same way the feet are in the same sort of position so it doesn't look like there's any twist because also if was a pelvic injury then that may mean that it pushes one of the legs off a line as well so the assessment you're really doing is working your way through depending on the actual injury maybe you don't think there's anything wrong it's just really making sure there's nothing wrong in doing this assessment um and do

50:41 it nice and steadily if all is okay then you can assist him gently to get up uh but the whole time just keep looking to see if there are any other injuries and the whole time to see what happened the mechanism of injury you know what put him into the situation in the first place mechanism of injury understanding the mechanism of injury is one of the most critical skills for any first aider it's not just about rushing to the patient it's about approaching the scene with a clear and methodical mindset safety first as Rescuers our first priority is to ensure our own safety this means scanning for hazards

51:28 like live electrical wires water that could conduct electricity or unstable structures that could collapse remember an injured rescuer is of no help to anyone assessing patient safety once we know the scene is safe we consider the patient safety do they need to be moved if so how are additional resources like fire Services police or even mechanical AIDS necessary acting early to call for help is better than waiting until the situation becomes critical the jigsaw approach next we use What's called the jigsaw approach think of the scene as a puzzle instead of rushing to treat the most obvious injury take a step back and

52:15 collect pieces of the bigger picture for example are there skid marks indicating speed or sharp breaking is there evidence of impact on trees or hedges this approach allows you to form a mental image of what has happened before even reaching the patient scene Clues and bystander input seen Clues like impact points on vehicles and bystander observations are invaluable for instance if a cause passenger side is severely damaged and there was a passenger You can predict potential injuries such as fractures or internal trauma on that side bystander accounts can also provide vital context is what they're saying consistent with what you're seeing for example if they

53:01 mention the vehicle spun out of control it might explain a range of possible injuries from Whiplash to more severe trauma reading the scene and prioritizing patients your job starts long before you physically touch the patient as you approach the scene whether by car ambulance or helicopter begin mentally weighing at the situation which patient might be the most critical injured for instance in a multi vehicle collision the driver in a s Swip car may have less severe injuries compared to someone ejected from another vehicle understanding this early helps you triage effectively critical assessment and triage when you finally reach the patient this is the moment to confirm

53:48 your observations perform a Time critical assessment and prioritize treatment accordingly this method ensures no detail is missed and the most urgent injuries are treated first final Thoughts by combining safety awareness scene analysis and the jigsaw approach you're not just treating injuries you're understanding the full story of what happened this comprehensive approach helps you make better decisions and ultimately save lives in this module we're going to have a look at mechanisms of injury kinetics basically what happens and how we pick up injuries from the kinetics of the

54:34 actual accident the accidents can happen for all different reasons from fall from Heights to impact from motorcycles car crashes every single scenario you ever go to will be different and we have to look at the wreckage we have to read the scenario and we have to pick out what we're going to deal with first where the critical injuries come from who we're going to deal with number of casualties areas safety procceed and everything else that goes with the initial assessment so the first thing we always have to take care of and look at is safety am I safe first of all to make sure that I'm not going to get into any dangers cuz an injured or damaged rescuer is going to be no use at all to the patient so safety we're looking at electrics we're looking at Water we're looking at falling from objects falling from height we're looking at how I'm

55:20 going to keep myself safe that's the number one priority the second priority then becomes the patient themselves how are we going to keep the patient safe do we need to move them can we move them have we got any way we can move them or do we need extra resources on scene is it fire is it police is it bystander help we need or you know what other the vehicles and mechanical AIDS do we need on scene and those need to be called for early rather than waiting until time is becoming short the next thing we look at and a method that I've developed that works quite well is to use uh a jigsaw approach as you arrive the scene don't ever rush in don't rush to to deal with things that become obvious obvious injuries quite often aren't the worst we need to actually take a piece by piece

56:06 approach and and it's the same as building a jigsaw puzzle if you rush in you miss the picture from walking into a scene you can see skid marks on road surfaces you can see speeds you can see impact zones on trees Hedges on patients you actually start to build the picture of what has happened in your head before you actually even get to the patient the next really important thing is bystander information feedback is the picture in your head matching what the bystanders are telling you and if it is then we start to make things much much easier with where the injuries are going to occur on the patient because now we can read wreckage we can Le we can actually read what's gone on unseen and start to make that picture make sense we've talked about using the jigsaw approach and the jigsore approach works

56:51 very effectively because it starts to build the picture bit by bit you can't make make a d diagnosis on anybody or any scene by one thing we have to build that picture and we've talked about bystander information we now start to put that information into a bigger picture on the car on the wreckage and the wreckage onto the patient side impacts if there's a passenger in the car then we start to look at the side impact if it's been on the side that the passenger's on then the passenger is going to have potentially serious injuries whereas if it's on the passenger side and there's only a driver in the car then the driver is potentially going to have less serious injuries but nevertheless we then have to start to assess the scene itself and assess the injuries when we get to it so a lot of your work starts way before you actually get to the patient it should start as you approach the scene even

57:38 before you get out of your vehicle whether it's a car a firet truck an ambulance or a helicopter you are weighing up the scene long before you actually get to the patient and that information is critical to deciding which patient is going to be the worst injured which patient is going to be your number one priority and then you finally put the IC on the cake when you get to your patient you then do your time critical assessment of each individual patient and triage the situation and then you start to work now let's cover shock emergencies in this scenario we had an individual who was bleeding from an arterial wound

58:24 and lost quite a bit of blood now they didn't pass out but they were starting to feel dizzy and light headed so we helped lay them to the ground and now we're going to be suspect that they either are going into kind of a psychogenic psychosomatic shock which is more psychological because they've seen all the blood and they're concerned or they might have lost enough that they're having some hypovolemic shock which means low blood volume either way the symptoms are the same and we're not going to take a chance we're going to treat them gloves are on our Shield is available with a one-way valve and we've checked for scene safety the scene is safe they are responding to me they are breathing normally and they do have a pulse so it's still something where we're trying to decide do we call 911 or

59:11 not but as soon as I see that they're pale that they're starting to lose a level of Consciousness or going to pass out in my opinion that's time to call 911 you in the plaid shirt go call 911 and come back bring an AED with you if you can find one and and so now we're ready to begin treatment I want to reassess like I just did for normal breathing and for a pulse but now I see that they a little pal I squeeze the nail bed and turn it white and then I Let Go it takes longer than it takes me to say capillary refill for it to refill this is an early sign of potential shock to treat this I'm now going to explain to my patient what's going on I'm going to elevate their legs it's important that you just find

59:59 something that's 612 in high it doesn't have to be super high but you could use a stool a chair a box whatever you have available I have a blanket here but you wouldn't have to necessarily use a blanket you could use coats you could use newspaper anything that helps maintain the body temperature of the person that is going into Shack because this is going to help maintain their core body temperature when they start going into Shack their body shunts the blood from the extremities and brings it back to their vital organs this makes them very cold to the peripheral when this happens the body will only take so long before it thinks it needs to reheat the rest of the body when it does that it will R vasodilate and the blood

1:00:46 pressure that they do have could drop again so we want to help combat that by keeping them warm comforting them and watching for regular breathing making sure they're awake and if they ever change lose their breathing lose their pulse we're going to respond with CPR and wait for EMS to arrive understanding sample of SLE history s is a simple and effective tool used by first aiders and emergency responders to gather essential information about a patient's medical history and current condition each letter in the acronym represents a key area of inquiry

1:01:32 helping you provide more accurate and effective care let's break it down s signs and symptoms start by asking about the patient signs and symptoms signs are what you can observe such as swelling bruising or a visible injury symptoms are what the patient describes such as pain dizziness or Norm IA for example if a patient tells you they feel chest tightness that's a symptom while you're noticing that they're sweating profusely would be a sign a allergies next check if the patient has any known allergies ask questions like are you allergic to any medications Foods or environmental factors like be

1:02:18 stings this step helps you avoid administering something that could cause an allergic reaction which could make their worse M medications find out what medications the patient is currently taking this includes prescription drugs over-the-counter medications and even supplements knowing this can help you understand any underlying conditions or potential drug interactions that may affect treatment for example a diabetic patient taking insulin might respond differently to an emergency than someone who isn't P pertinent past history ask about any medical history relevant to their current condition do they have a history of heart disease asthma or

1:03:05 recent surgeries for instance if a patient with a history of seizures has collapsed their past condition might explain their current state and guide your response L last oral intake ask when the patient last ate or drank this is especially important if medical procedures might follow or if their condition involves nausea low blood sugar or dehydration for example if a diabetic hasn't eaten in hours their symptoms might point to low blood sugar rather than something else e events leading up to the accident finally determine what happened before the injury or illness ask what were you doing before this happened or did you notice any

1:03:53 warning signs this can help you understand the context of the emergency such as whether the patient experienced chest pain before collapsing or tripped over an object why s mle matters the SLE history helps you create a complete picture of the patient's condition guiding your immediate care and providing essential information to Emergency Medical Services when they arrive it's a step-by-step process that ensures no critical detail is missed by mastering s a m p l e you become better prepared to handle emergencies with confidence and compassion putting the patient well-being

1:04:42 first if you have to deal with a patient who is feeling unwell you can go through a simple pneumonic process called a sample assessment a person's age will depend on how you treat them if you're dealing with an adult you can talk to them directly if you're dealing with a child you can still talk to them but you might also want to hear what the parents or Guardians say to give a little bit more information and also the way you talk to them may need to change so that children can understand you and also not be scared with unon example s stands for signs and symptoms a allergies M medications P pre-existing medical conditions L last meal and E events we

1:05:28 use the pneumonic sample as a way of assessing somebody who's unwell with this information we can decide on what action we need to take as it gives us more information to tell the EMS or other people like family members breaking it down the S stands for signs and symptoms a sign is something you see a symptom is something the patient tells you so the sorts of things we're looking for here will be the signs that may be a rash uneven pupils or it could be sweaty skin or anything you can actually see on the patient the symptoms can be things like a headache stomach ache or diarrhea these are things that you would need to look at and you need to ask people leading questions to find out what's actually wrong with them a for

1:06:13 allergies will be anything a person is allergic to so we can ask questions like are you allergic to any food stuff maybe they say they're allergic to peanuts or a chemical or antibiotics and this is going lead to extra questions you can ask them M is for medications are they taking any drugs this could be as basic as they've had paracetamol this morning or it could be that they're on other medications it might be Asma inhalers or it might be insulin for diabetes and things like this p is pre-existing medical conditions this is where you would ask do you have any already they may answer yes I'm a diabetic or I have anaphylaxis or any other Medical condition they may have L is last meal

1:06:59 the last meal is important because this could give you an indication of whether they're feeling unwell as a result of any food poisoning it could be that they're a diabetic and haven't eaten for a while it also gives you a greater picture of the run-ups to what's actually happened e is the events this is the events that led up to it you can talk to them and find out how long ago it started this could be very important with something like diabetes is if they suddenly became unwell this could indicate their blood sugar is low therefore you can give them sugar if it's been a length of time it might be that their blood sugar levels are high therefore we need to get them emergency treatment this could be very important with something like diabetes if they

1:07:44 suddenly became unwell this could indicate that blood sugar is low therefore you can give them sugar if it's been a length of time it might be that their blood sugar levels are high therefore we need to get into emergency treatment as soon as possible the events will give you a good overall picture of what's happened and what stages there have been and also anything else that they've done that they think may have caused them to be unwell as far as what to do with this information it can be used to make your decision on treatment or pass the emergency services or a doctor it's also a good way to try and help the patient by talking to them until help arrives finally remember if you're dealing with children the sample questions you need to ask must be

1:08:36 basic capillary refill assessment let's take a closer look at capillary refill an essential tool in assessing circulation and detecting potential signs of shock this quick and straightforward method tells us how well blood is flowing through the capillaries providing crucial insights about the patient condition what is capillary refill capillary refill involves applying pressure to an area of the body such as the fingertips toes forehead or chest to force blood out of the capillaries once the pressure is released we observe how quickly the area returns to its normal color for adults the most common areas are the fingertips and Toes in children

1:09:22 however we focus on the forehead or chest because these are are easier to assess the reason for this difference is that a child's fingers and toes are often too small to yield accurate results normal refill times for adults the refill time should be less than 2 seconds in children who are naturally well profused it's even faster less than 1 second factors that can affect accuracy it's important to keep a few factors in mind when using this technique cold extremities when hands and feet are cold blood tends to withdraw to the body's core making refill times longer and less reliable lighting conditions poor lighting can make it difficult to

1:10:08 observe changes in color accurately Beyond circulation capillary refill isn't just about detecting shock it's also a valuable tool for checking blood flow past injuries or medical interventions for instance if a bandage or or tnic is too tight it could block circulation leading to complications similarly it can help assess blood flow past fractures dislocations or other injuries imagine a scenario where a patient has a tight bandage over a

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