08 Uni Life Basic First Aid introduction information 2025

0:02 first aid a life-saving skill everyone should know imagine you're walking down the street and someone suddenly collapses would you know what to do this is where First Aid comes in first aid refers to the immediate help given to someone who is injured or suddenly ill before professional medical assistance arrives it can mean the difference between life and death a full recovery or a long-term disability why is first aid important emergencies happen everywhere at home at work or in public places knowing even the basics of first aid equips you to act quickly and confidently in these critical moments for example if someone is choking

0:48 performing the heick maneuver could save their life in seconds or if someone is bleeding severely applying pressure to the wound might stop them from losing too much blood first a is not just about saving lives it also prevents injuries or illnesses from worsening for instance stabilizing a broken bone can minimize pain and reduce further damage until medical professionals arrive moreover providing reassurance to an injured person can keep them calm and reduce Panic what does first aid include the basics of first aid include simple yet effective steps checking if the person is bre breathing and their heart is beating ABC Airway breathing

1:34 circulation stopping bleeding by applying pressure or a bandage treating Burns Cuts or other injuries to prevent infection helping someone who's unconscious in shock or having a seizure knowing when and how to call for emergency medical help who can learn first aid anyone can learn first aid it doesn't require special skills or medical knowledge just a willingness to learn even children can learn how to call Emergency Services or perform basic CPR why should everyone learn it emergencies don't discriminate they can happen to anyone anywhere knowing first aid means you could save a family member friend colleague or even a stranger it

2:22 empowers you to step in during critical situations giving you the confidence to act rather than stand by helplessly in summary first aid is an essential skill that everyone should know it's not just about responding to emergencies it's about making your community safer and being prepared to make a real difference in someone's life by learning first aid you're not just equipping yourself you're becoming someone who can offer hope and help when it's needed most the primary assessment is the foundation of all emergency response it involves a rapid and systematic approach approach to identifying life-threatening conditions and providing life-saving treatment immediately let's explore the concepts and steps in detail one purpose

3:11 of the primary assessment the primary assessment is designed to identify and address the most critical threats to a patient survival this includes assessing the airway breathing and circulation or ABCs for instance if a patient isn't breathing every second counts immediate action like clearing their Airway or performing CPR can make the difference between life and death two key steps in the assessment first ensure the scene is safe for example if you approach a car accident make sure there's no ongoing traffic that could harm you or the patient next check the patient responsiveness by speaking loudly or

3:56 gently tapping them if they're unresponsive you'll move quickly to ABC checks assess the airway is it blocked by an object use techniques like the head tilt chin lift to open it check for breathing by looking for chest movement listening for airflow and feeling for breath if there's no breathing begin CPR immediately finally check circulation look for signs of severe bleeding or a lack of pulse severe bleeding requires direct pressure or a toric three life-saving treatments the assessment flows seamlessly into action for example if the patient Airway is blocked

4:42 you might use the jaw flast maneuver for trauma patients or the heinl maneuver for choking if there's no breathing CPR should be initiated without delay maintaining a rhythm of 30 compressions to two breaths for catastrophic bleeding apply a toric or direct pressure to the wound four real life scenarios let's consider a couple of practical examples imagine a person collapses in a park by calmly and systematically checking their Airway breathing and circulation you can stabilize them until emergency responders arrive in a car accident the patient may have a blocked Airway and severe bleeding by opening their Airway and applying pressure to

5:29 the wound you can prevent their condition from deteriorating the primary assessment is the Cornerstone of first aid allowing First Responders to act confidently and decisively it ensures critical conditions are identified and treated immediately increasing the chances of survival and Recovery the ABC framework Airway breathing and circulation is the Cornerstone of life-saving first aid let's break it down into its three essential components one Airway the airway is the part that air takes to reach the lungs if this pathway is blocked whether by food an object or swelling it will compromise the patient

6:14 ability to breathe for example imagine a child choking on a piece of food the obstruction prevents oxygen from reaching the lungs and without immediate action to clear the airway the situation becomes life-threatening techniques such as the heimi maneuver or head tilt chin lift can restore air flow two breathing breathing is how the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide if a patient's breathing is inadequate whether shallow irregular or stopped altogether the lungs cannot perform this vital exchange this might occur after drowning a severe asthma attack or trauma to the chest administering rescue breaths or using

6:59 tools like a bag valve Mas can help Supply oxygen until Advanced Care arrives three circulation circulation ensures oxygen rich blood is delivered to the body and carbon dioxide is removed poor circulation might be caused by severe bleeding a heart attack or shock for instance if a patient is bleeding heavily their blood volume drops and oxygen delivery to vital organs is compromised first aid actions like applying pressure to a wound or starting CPR when there's no pulse can help restore circulation the ABC approach is designed to prioritize what matters most keeping the patient Alive by addressing the critical systems that sustain life

7:46 remember ensuring the airway is open supporting proper breathing and maintaining circulation are your first priorities in any emergency each second matters and by following these steps you can make the difference between life and death breathing is the Cornerstone of life every cell in the human body relies on oxygen to produce energy and function properly without oxygen critical systems like the brain and heart begin to shut down within minutes breathing not only brings in oxygen but also removes carbon dioxide a waste product that if not expelled can poison the body imagine hold holding your breath underwater for too long your body instinctively panics

8:33 because it knows how vital oxygen is for survival that's why keeping the airway open and ensuring proper breathing is the first step in Saving a life during any emergency breathing sustains life and protecting it is the foundation of all first aid if you come across somebody who appears to be unconscious the first thing you want to do is just don't panic it's not that important why they're unconscious it is important whether they're breathing or not we'll cover that shortly so when you first approach somebody to start with Don't Panic stop

9:19 think and act you can call for help just so anybody around can come and help you you want to remove any dangers so in this example there some shears day don't want to get yourself cut or hurt on them hello my name's Anna and I'm a first dator can I help you introduce yourself say your name say hello I'm the first AER may I help you give a little tap on the collar bone so what you're trying to do now is maybe this would bring them round if this hasn't worked then what we do is we open their Airway sometimes when people are laying on their back their tongue can block the airway so we do What's called the head tilt chin lift put one hand on the foreward the under other on the chin and just tilt the head gently back then you pop your ear down against their mouth and we're looking

10:05 listening and feeling for signs of breathing for up to 10 seconds in this example a person is breathing okay I'm just going to check if you've got any injuries so the whole time you're doing is talk to them look out to see if they have got any Cuts anywhere is there any blood or any broken bones and example here there's no other injuries so we put them into the recovery position recovery position is there so that we can lay them on their side it keeps the airway open if they were to be sick the sick would just come out but it keeps them safe because we're going to have to leave this person in this example to go and get the emergency services to put somebody into their recovery position we take the hand that's nearest to you and just put it up out the way once we've done that we take

10:52 the hand as furthest away and put that against the cheek so in this example hold on to the other hand in your left hand bring it across their body and put it against the cheek with your right hand in this example then lift their leg up so the foot is flat on the floor and then use that right leg as a lever to pull them over the whole time you're pulling them over you're keeping the head nice and level bring the leg up so that they can't roll back and with the hand that's underneath the face what we're doing that is propping it so it keeps the airway open now if someone's laying on the floor then they're going to start to get cold so cover their coat over with them and also maybe take your coat off or anything else you've got to keep them warm lay it over them all the time you're doing this talk to them tell them

11:37 what you're doing and this is this example you're going to go and get help so what we need to do here is tell them that you're going to go and get help you're going to get the emergency services and you're going to come back to them even if they're still unconscious still talk to them hello what you need to do is go and get help so you can go and knock on somebody's door so ring the bell stand back from the door when they come to the door you don't want to go into their house particularly if you don't know this person ask them to call the emergency services or ask them to bring the phone out to you that keeps you much safer hello someone's collapsed outside is there an adult in no it's just me oh

12:23 um can I use your phone yeah sure there you go is there anything else I can do oh yeah could you go and sit with her cuz she's all alone outside thanks once you've got the phone you can then call 999 you can ask for an ambulance you can tell them what's happened you can tell them where you are you can get any other questions you have answered and again remember you can stay on the phone the whole time yes I need an ambulance um well a lady she's collapsed outside um yeah she's still breathing is there anything else I can do yeah I've I've kept her warm so once you've done that go back to the patient and from there you can keep

13:10 caring for them keep talking to them tell them what's happening tell them that they're going to be okay tell them the abet are going to be here very very soon the the primary assessment is the first step in evaluating a patient in an emergency it is designed to identify life-threatening conditions quickly and take immediate action let's go through the process step by step one emergency scene assessment Triple H the first priority is to assess the safety of the scene and the condition of the patient H Hazard check for any dangers around the

13:56 scene for example in a accident ensure there's no oncoming traffic or hazards like spilled fuel before approaching the patient your safety comes first h Hello approach the patient and call out loudly say something like can you hear me this helps check if the patient is conscious or responsive H help if there's no response or the situation is Sever call for help immediately ask someone nearby to call Emergency Services or use your phone two what is the ABC framework the ABC framework is a structured approach to assess unconscious patients and determine whether life-saving interventions like CPR are needed it

14:44 focuses on Airway breathing circulation three steps in the ABC survey a a start by checking if the patient Airway is clear a blocked Airway due to the tongue vomit or a foreign object can prevent breathing use the head tilt chin lift maneuver to open the airway or a jaw thrust for trauma patients B breathing next assess the patient breathing look for chest movement listen for breath sounds and feel for air flow if the patient isn't breathing or their breathing is inadequate begin rescue

15:29 breaths or prepare for CPR C circulation check for adequate blood circulation by feeling for a pulse or looking for signs of Life examine the patient for severe bleeding which must be controlled immediately using pressure or a toric d disability once life-threatening conditions are addressed evaluate the patient disability this includes checking for additional injuries fractures or signs of neurological impairment four when is basic life support needed basic life support is critical if the ABC assessment identifies Airway a blocked Airway that prevents breathing breathing the patient

16:17 is not breathing or breathing inadequately circulation inadequate blood flow or severe bleeding that compromises oxygen delivery to the body for instance if a patient collect collapses and is unresponsive your ABC assessment might reveal that their Airway is blocked they aren't breathing and there's no pulse in this case you would immediately clear the airway start CPR and use an automated external defibrator ad if available by following the primary assessment ABC framework you ensure that the most critical issues are addressed first this systematic approach can save lives and stabilize patients until professional medical help

17:03 arrives understanding ABC versus Cab in emergency response as a first AER you've likely heard of the acronyms ABC and cab both are life-saving tools but their application depends on the situation let's break this down step by step to help you fully understand when to use each and why what do ABC and CAB stand for ABC stands for Airway breathing and circulation it emphasizes managing the patient Airway assessing their breathing and checking circulation cab stands for circulation Airway and breathing it prioritizes chest compressions for patients in cardiac AR rest before addressing Airway

17:49 and breathing why do we have two approaches the difference lies in the patient condition and what needs to be addressed first to save their Liv life ABC is best for conscious patients or those showing signs of Life the goal is to ensure the airway is clear stabilize breathing and address circulation issues like severe bleeding C is critical for unresponsive patients particularly those in Cardiac Arrest research shows that immediate chest compression significantly improve survival rates imagine this someone collapses in front of you and becomes unresponsive their heart has lightly stopped meaning blood isn't circulating if you focus on opening

18:36 their Airway or giving breaths first you lose precious time starting compressions immediately ensures blood is Flowing to vital organs like the brain when should you use ABC ABC is ideal when the patient is responsive or breathing examples a person choking on food your first step is to clear their Airway a trauma victim struggling to breathe focus on stabilizing their breathing a child having an asthma attack Airway and breathing come first in these scenarios Airway and breathing are the most urgent priorities while circulation is addressed only if there's severe bleeding or signs of shock when should

19:22 you use cab cab is critical when the patient is unresponsive and not breathing here's what to do start with circulation by performing chest compressions immediately this ensures the oxygen already in the blood reaches vital organs move to Airway by opening it with a head tilt chin lift technique finish with breathing by giving rescue breaths or using a barrier device example if someone collapses suddenly is unresponsive and has no pulse cab prioritizes compression s to improve their chances of survival scene safety H Hazard h Hello H help primary

20:12 assessment a Airway B breathing C circulation D disability unconscious patient then BS procedures C circulation a Airway B B breathing when does cab become important subtitle prioritizing circulation in basic life support the cab sequence circulation Airway breathing becomes critical in life-threatening situations where a patient is unresponsive and has no pulse or Signs of Life let's explore when and why this approach is vital in basic life support

20:57 BLS unresponsive and no pulse when a patient is unconscious and unresponsive the first thing you'll check is their pulse if there is no pulse or other signs of circulation the patient's heart is no longer pumping blood effectively this is a medical emergency imagine someone collapses in front of you while jogging they're unresponsive their chest isn't moving and you can't detect a pulse immediate chest compressions are critical to keep on oxygenated blood flowing to vital organs like the brain and heart without this brain damage can occur within just four to six minutes Cardiac Arrest situations Cardiac Arrest is one of the

21:42 most common reasons for using the cab sequence in this condition the heart stops beating suddenly and effectively and blood flow to the body ceases chest compressions mimic the pumping action of the heart circulating oxygenated BL even when the heart is no longer functioning for example at a family gathering you notice someone clutching their chest and collapsing they're in Cardiac Arrest by performing chest compressions at the right depth and rate you can buy time until Emergency Services arrive with Advanced tools like an AED or medications focus on circulation first research has shown that starting chest compressions immediately dramatically

22:28 increase survival rates why because even after the heart stops the blood already in the body contains oxygen compressions push this oxygen to the brain heart and other critical organs delaying C death consider a workplace scenario where a colleague suddenly collapses at their desk by performing compressions within seconds you help maintain oxygen delivery and prevent irreversible damage while awaiting Professional Medical Care y cab matters in BOS unlike traditional ABC Airway breathing circulation cab prioritizes circulation because it buys time for the body while you address Airway and

23:13 breathing by focusing on restoring blood flow first you ensure the body cells and organs get the oxygen they need to survive summary the cab sequence is essential in emergencies involving unconscious pulseless patients whether in sudden Cardiac Arrest a workplace incident or a public setting starting chest compressions immediately saves lives remember when there's no pulse focus on circulation first to give the patient the best chance of recovery cab steps in BS C circulation begin chest compressions immediately if there's no pulse compress the chest 5 to 6 cm deep at a rate of 100 to 120

24:02 compressions per minute goal restore circulation and maintain blood flow to vital organs a Airway after initial compressions ensure the airway is open using the head tilt chin lift or jaw thrust technique B breathing deliver two rescue breaths after every 30 compressions if trained use a bag valve musk or mouth to mouth to provide oxygen why is cab used in BLS in basic life support the cab sequence circulation Airway breathing is used to prioritize what matters most in life-threatening situations ensuring oxygenated blood continues to reach vital organs like the brain and heart

24:50 circulation precedence circulation takes precedence because even after the heart stops the body retains a limited supply of oxygen in the blood however without circulation this oxygen cannot reach critical organs immediate chest compressions act like an artificial heartbeat moving oxygen rich blood to the brain and heart think about this within Just 4 to 6 minutes of no blood flow brain cells begin to die leading to permanent damage compressions delay this process keeping the brain and body alive until Advanced Care can restore the heart's function examples in cases of sudden Cardiac Arrest the heart stops pumping but chest

25:36 compressions mimic the heart's pumping action this ensures that blood continues to circulate preventing irreversible brain damage and buying time until professional help arrives Airway and breathing while essential are addressed after circulation once compressions are underway and blood flow is stabilized you can ensure the airway is clear and begin rescue breaths to supply fresh oxygen to the lungs by following the cab sequence you give unconscious patients the best chance of survival delaying C death and improving recovery outcomes remember when the heart stops circulation is your first priority every second

26:22 [Music] counts check the scene once you recognize an eer exists take the time to look around for such things as glass hostile bystanders oncoming cars listen for things such as alarms or escaping gas and smell for things such as gas or smoke be sure to always use gloves and a barrier device when dealing with a first aid situation if it is safe to do so check the person ask the person are you okay tap the person on the shoulder if there is no response call Emergency Medical Services or send a bystander to do so remember to tell the bystander to grab an AED if one is available check the airway tilt the head

27:09 back and lift the chin this action moves the tongue away from the back of the throat and lets the air reach the lungs check for breathing look at the unconscious person's chest look for Rise and Fall you must also listen and feel for normal breathing do not take more than 10 seconds check circulation by looking for deadly bleeding and signs of shock quickly look at the person from head to toe you may need to do a Hands-On check to assess whether first aid is required do not perform a Hands-On check unless you can be sure that the airway will not be compromised this check is mainly for unconscious people who cannot tell you what is wrong check the head and neck look and feel for any abnormalities such as bumps soft spots or bleeding do not push on

27:54 soft spots they may be fractures of the skull check check the shoulders by looking and feeling for any bumps or bone deformities check the chest by feeling the ribs for deformity gently press on the abdomen to see if it is hard the abdomen should feel soft to the touch if the abdomen is painful or hard to the touch you may have to remove clothing and check for bruising check the hips put your hands on both sides of the pelvis and push down on the hips and then in on the sides the bones should move together do not push or pull if the person shows any signs of discomfort check the legs by feeling for any deformity in the bones or any swelling check the Arms by feeling for

28:41 any deformity in the bones or any swelling after your secondary survey it is important to keep the person comfortable and monitor the ABCs continually until the EMS person arrives once you've checked your ABCs and completed your secondary survey you should move an unconscious person to the recovery position move only if the airway is open if the person is breathing if there's no deadly bleeding and you don't suspect a neck or back injury the modified ha's recovery position is to be used on an unconscious

29:26 person who has a suspected spinal injury and must be left alone or loose vomit the steps to complete the Hanes roll is the opposite of the recovery position with the person facing away from you at the End of the Roll as a first AER after completing your primary assessment the next critical step is performing a secondary assessment this process helps us determine the specific illness or injury that the patient may be suffering from the secondary assessment extends beyond the initial ABC Airway breathing and

30:13 circulation and incorporates for disability disability here refers to anything that may be hindering the patient such as an injury or illness in unfortunate cases it could also mean identifying when the patient is per ently deceased this step is vital for understanding the broader picture of the patient condition especially in cases where immediate life-threatening issues have been addressed but additional care is required imagine a scenario where a patient is conscious but complaining of severe back pain following a fall a secondary assessment would help you evaluate the extent of their injuries ensuring you provide the appropriate care while awaiting professional medical support remember a thyr secondary assessment

31:00 lays the foundation for Effective targeted treatment and can make all the difference in improving the Patients Out Come the secondary assessment is a deeper examination performed once the primary assessment has ruled out any immediate life-threatening issues its purpose is to identify other injuries illnesses or conditions that might not be obvious at first glance imagine responding to a motorbike accident after ensuring the patient Airway breathing and circulation are stable you proceed to the secondary assessment this step is crucial for detecting fractures internal injuries or signs of shock that might otherwise be missed the secondary assessment has three main

31:46 components patient history this involves asking questions about what happened and reviewing the patient medical background use the sample acronym signs allergies medication past medical history last oral intake and events leading to the injury head to toe examination carefully check the patient for Visible injuries or deformities such as fractures Cuts or swelling Vital Signs evaluation this includes monitoring the patient pulse breathing level of Consciousness skin condition pupils and if possible blood pressure and glucose levels for example in the case of a cyclist who fell off their bite you may discover a fractured wrist or signs of a mild concussion

32:32 during the secondary assessment guiding you to immobilize the wrist or monitor their Consciousness level by conducting a thorough secondary assessment you ensure that no critical details are overlooked enhancing the effectiveness of your first aid response the steps of the secondary assessment provide a structured approach to identifying injuries or illnesses that aren't immediately life-threatening but still require attention the first step is obtaining the patient history using the sample acronym s signs and symptoms ask what the patient is feeling and observe their physical condition a allergies are they allergic to any medications Foods or other

33:18 substances M medications find out if there are any prescriptions that could influence their condition P past medical history ask about existing conditions like diabetes or asthma L last oral intake this is particularly important in cases like diabetic emergencies e events leading to the condition what happened immediately before the injury or illness next conduct a head to toe examination begin at the head and work systematically down the body look for Visible signs of trauma such as bruises Cuts or swelling and feel for hidden injuries like fractures or tenderness finally monitor the vital

34:04 signs check the pulse for rate Rhythm and strength assess the patient breathing noting if it's shallow labored or irregular use the AO scale to evaluate Consciousness are they alert responsive to verbal or pain stimuli or unresponsive examine the skin for signs of shock such as pale or clammy skin observe the pupils for equality and responsiveness to light which can indicate head trauma for example if you're assessing someone who fell off a ladder you might notice during the head to toe check that their wrist is swollen suggesting a fracture while their Vital Signs indicate mild shock these observations help you determine the most effective treatment plan by following

34:51 these steps you ensure a th assessment and provide informed care minimizing the risk of complications after completing the secondary assessment the next step is to address the injuries or conditions identified this is where your first aid skills come into action ensuring the patient receives appropriate care while awaiting Advanced Medical help treating physical injuries is often the first priority for instance if you identify a fracture during your head to toe examination immobilize the affected limb with the L to prevent further damage for wounds cover them with sterile dressings to minimize the risk of infection in cases of medical conditions tailor your

35:38 treatment to the patient needs if a diabetic patient has low blood sugar and is conscious give them a sugary drink or glucose tablets for someone suffering from heat exhaustion move them to a cooler area encourage hydration and monitor for signs of heat stroke if the patient show signs of shock such as pale clammy skin and Rapid breathing lay them flat Elevate their legs and keep them warm to improve blood flow to vital organs once treatment is underway prepare the patient for transport to Advanced Medical Care ensure they are stabilized and continue monitoring their vital signs during the journey communicating your findings to emergency responders is crucial they need to know

36:24 the patient condition and the care you've provided for example imagine a scenario where a cyclist suffers a fractured leg and Mild shock after an accident you immobilize the fracture with a splint Elevate their legs to manage shock and keep them warm while waiting for paramedics by documenting your actions and relaying Vital Information you ensure continuity of care the goal of the secondary assessment and treatment is to stabilize the patient alleviate discomfort and provide accurate information to the next level of care maximizing the chances of a positive outcome if you have to deal with a

37:09 patient who is feeling unwell you can go through a simple pneumonic process called a sample assessment a person's age will depend on how you treat them if you're dealing with an adult you can talk to them directly if you're dealing with a child you can still talk to them but you might also want to to hear what the parents or Guardians say to give a little bit more information and also the way you talk to them may need to change so that children can understand you and also not be scared with un neonic sample s stands for signs and symptoms a allergies M medications P pre-existing medical conditions L last meal and E events we use the pneumonic sample as a way of

37:55 assessing somebody who's unwell with this information we can decide on what action we need to take as it gives us more information to tell the EMS or other people like family members breaking it down the S stands for signs and symptoms a sign is something you see a symptom is something the patient tells you so the sorts of things we're looking for here will be the signs that maybe a rash uneven pupils or it could be sweaty skin or anything you can actually see on the patient the symptoms can be things like a headache stomach ache or diarrhea these are things that you would need to look at and you need to ask people leading questions to find out what's actually wrong with them a for allergies will be anything a person is

38:41 allergic to so we can ask questions like are you allergic to any food stuff maybe they say they're allergic to peanuts or a chemical or antibiotics and this is going to lead to extra questions you can ask them M is for medications are they taking any drugs this could be as basic as they've had paracetamol this morning or it could be that they're on other medications it might be Asar inhalers or it might be insulin for diabetes and things like this p is pre-existing medical conditions this is where you would ask do you have any already they may answer yes I'm a diabetic or I have anaphylaxis or any other medical condition they may have L is last meal the last meal is important because this could give you an indication of whether

39:28 they're feeling unwell as a result of any food poisoning it could be that they're a diabetic and haven't eaten for a while it also gives you a greater picture of the run-ups to what's actually happened e is the events this is the events that led up to it you can talk to them and find out how long ago it started this could be very important with something like diabetes if they suddenly became unwell this could indicate their blood sugar is low therefore you can give them sugar if it's been a length of time it might be that their blood sugar levels are high therefore we need to get them to emergency treatment this could be very important with something like diabetes if they suddenly became unwell this could indicate their blood sugar is low

40:14 therefore you can give them sugar if it's been a length of time it might be that their blood sugar levels are high therefore we need to get on emergency treatment as soon as possible the events will give you a good overall picture of what's happened on What stages there have been and also anything else that they've done that they think may have caused them to be unwell as far as what to do with this information it can be used to make your decision on treatment or pass the emergency services or a doctor is also a good way to try and help the patient by talking to them until help arrives finally remember if you're dealing with children the sample questions you need to ask must be basic

41:02 the head to toe examination is an essential part of the secondary assessment it ensures a thorough evaluation of the patient condition by systematically checking each body part for injuries or abnormalities let's go step by step Head Start by visually inspecting and gently touching the head look for blood or cerebos spinal fluid lump or deformities check the facial bones for fractures and ensure pupils are even and responsive to light fluid from the ears such as blood or yellowish liquid could indicate a skull fracture neck examine the neck for deformities bruising or pain signs of spinal injury require immediate

41:50 immobilization ensure the shoulders are symmetrical as asymmetry might suggest underlying trauma chest observe the chest for deformities or unequal expansion which can indicate broken ribs or a collapsed lung gently press on the rib cage with your palms to detect abnormalities abdomen check for bruising pain tenderness or rigidity a swollen or firm abdomen might suggest internal bleeding or organ injury the abdomen should feel soft when pulped pelvis gently press inward on the pelvis to check for stability and assess for pain or bruising remember to check for sharp objects in the patients Pockets which

42:37 could pose additional risks genitalia for male patients no priapism which can indicate spinal cord injury loss of bladder control in any patient may point to severe trauma extremities arms and legs compare the left and right limbs for symmetry look for deformities swelling or unnatural twisting check for loss of movement or sensation and be sure to look for Medic Alert tags that might provide valuable information back finally examine the back for deformities pain tenderness or bleeding roll the patient carefully if necessary to inspect this area while protecting

43:22 the spine imagine responding to a cyclist who fell off their bike during the head to toe assessment you find tenderness in their chest which suggests a possible rib fracture and a swollen wrist indicating a fracture these findings guide your treatment such as immobilizing the wrist and Advising the patient to minimize chest movement this systematic examination ensures you identify all injuries and provide Comprehensive Care by following these steps you leave no part of the patient condition unchecked enhancing the quality of your first aid [Music]

44:11 response hey hey stop pull forward pull forward now we're going to cover the head-to-toe exam which is virtually the secondary survey we do this when we have an awake and responsive patient so we know the scenario when we came in and asked what happened that this individual was crushed between a hard surface and a heavy piece of equipment so the injuries could be very very bad but we're going to not get focused so much on one given symptom we want to make sure we're covering all the others at any point in time we discover a potentially life-threatening condition that's when we activate EMS or send somebody to go call 911 and bring an AED back because if the progression of that life-threatening condition gets worse we need to be ready to be able to treat it but a quick head to toe is going to look

44:57 something like this hi my name is Roy I'm a paramedic what do you know what happened today they don't really understand what's happening so they may have a decreased level of Consciousness are you in a lot of pain they're in a lot of pain um she's nodding so I know that her neck is probably still intact um can you move your fingers for me I'm looking at her face she looked at me but she kind of looked through me she's also looking like she's got bluish nail beds as well as blue around the lips I pinched the nail bed and it takes longer than 3 to 4 seconds or the time it takes to say capillary refill these are the F first signs and symptoms of shock and we need to key into that to know that that could be a life-threatening emergency I'm going to send somebody now to go call 911 and come back and bring an AED if

45:44 they have one available so that we're ready in case this person goes unresponsive and now I'm going to ask them if they can move their toes can you move your toes she appears that she can but she's in a great deal of pain if this is the position of comfort then she can stay in this position of comfort if they're starting to stretch their legs out and you can see that there's no deformity we can begin to take that mental checklist and say you know look from head to toe her her pupils were equal um there doesn't seem to be any kind of deformity of the face she seems to be breathing normally though she's blue around the lips she's got a slow capillary refill so she may be going into shock um it's hard to tell if her chest wall has been damaged she's already guarding her hips I ask her if she's in pain pain and she says a large amount abdominal pelvis this is a

46:31 crushing injury but it's this head-to toe exam that helps us uncover in the awake patient what might not be obvious to someone who walks up and there's a huge arterial bleed so again this is reserved for people that are awake responsive and breathing not for those who are unresponsive and not breathing but as soon as we find something that could be potentially life-threatening we're going to activate EMS and get help on the way in case of emergency IC devices are a valuable tool for first aiders providing critical medical information when the patient cannot communicate these devices often list chronic conditions allergies and medications enabling you to make

47:17 informed decisions quickly ice devices come in many forms physical devices include bracelets anklets watch tags and even shoelace capsules these are designed to be easily visible and durable electronic devices such as smartphone apps offer a digital way to access medical information many of these apps can be viewed without unlocking the phone making them accessible in emergencies however there is no Universal standard for ice devices it's essential to check thoroughly for any medical alert tags the patient may have imagine treating an unconscious individual at a gym as you perform a secondary assessment you notice an ice

48:04 bracelet indicating they have diabetes and are on insulin this information is vital it helps you recognize that the patient may be experiencing hypoglycemia and guides you to provide the appropriate care such as administering glucose if they're conscious once you gather this information always inform em or other responders sharing details about the patient's medical history ensures continuity of care and prepares Advanced responders for specific treatments for unconscious patients especially ice devices can be a Lifeline giving you the information you need to act quickly and effectively by recognizing and using these tools you can provide targeted life-saving

48:50 care the mechanism of injury or M oi refers to the forces or events that caused a patient's injury understanding the MUA helps first aiders predict the types of injuries the patient may have and tailor their treatment accordingly mu can be classified into several categories blun trauma injuries caused by impact or Collision for instance falling from a ladder or being struck by a car can result in fractures internal bleeding or head injuries penetrating trauma injuries caused by objects breaking the skin such as stab wounds or gunshot injuries these often carry a high risk of infection and damage to internal organs environmental factors

49:37 this includes injuries caused by Burns extreme temperatures or chemical exposure for example someone trapped in a fire may suffer both Burns and smoke inhalation understanding the MU is essential in first aid because it helps you assess for hidden injuries for instance if a patient fell from a significant height they might appear to have only a broken arm however the MU suggests a possibility of a spinal injury which requires careful handling to avoid further damage consider a scenario where a cyclist is hit by a car the MU indicates a strong impact to the lower body even if the cyclist is conscious and talking you must assess for potential internal injuries like a fractured pelvis or

50:24 internal bleeding based on the nature of the collision by understanding the mechanism of injury you can anticipate complications and provide Focus care ensuring the patient receives the best possible outcome until professional help arrives in this module we're going to have a look at mechanisms of injury kinetics basically what happens and how we pick up injuries from the kinetics of the actual ACD accident the accidents can happen for all different reasons from fall from Heights to impact from motorcycles car crashes every single scenario you ever go to will be different and we have to look at the wreckage we have to read the scenario and we have to pick out what we're going

51:10 to deal with first where the critical injuries come from who we're going to deal with number of casualties areas safety procedures and everything else that goes with the initial assessment so the first thing we always have to take care of and look at is safety am I safy first of all to make sure that I'm not going to get into any dangers cuz an injured or damaged rescuer is going to be no use at all to the patient so safety we're looking at electrics we're looking at Water we're looking at falling from objects falling from height we're looking at how I'm going to keep myself safe that's the number one priority the second priority then becomes the patient themselves how are we going to keep the patient safe do we need to move them can we move them have we got any way we can move them or do we need extra resources on scene is it fire

51:57 is it police is it bystander help we need or you know what other the vehicles and mechanical AIDS do we need on scene and those need to be called for early rather than waiting until time is becoming short the next thing we look at and and a method that I've developed that works quite well is to use uh a jigsaw approach as you arrive at the scene don't ever rush in don't rush to to deal with things that become obvious obvious injuries quite often aren't the worst we need to actually take take a piece by piece approach and and it's the same as building a jigsaw puzzle if you rush in you miss the picture from walking into a scene you can see skid marks on road surfaces you can see speeds you can see impact zones on trees Hedges on patients you actually start to

52:43 build the picture of what has happened in your head before you actually even get to the patient the next really important thing is bystander information feedback is the picture in your head matching what the bystanders are telling you and if it is then we start to make things much much easier with where the injuries are going to occur on the patient because now we can read wreckage we can Le we can actually read what's gone on unseen and start to make that picture make sense we've talked about using the jigsaw approach and the jigsaw approach works very effectively because it starts to build the picture bit by bit you can't make make a diagnosis on anybody or any scene by one thing we have to build that picture and we've talked about bystander information we now start to put that information into a bigger picture on the car on the

53:29 wreckage and the wreckage onto the patient side impacts if there's a passenger in the car then we start to look at the side impact if it's been on the side that the passenger's on then the passenger is going to have potentially serious injuries whereas if it's on the passenger side and there's only a driver in the car then the driver is potentially going to have less serious injuries but nevertheless we then have to start to assess the scene itself and assess the injuries when we get to it so a lot of your work starts way before you get to the patient it should start as you approach the scene even before you get out of your vehicle whether it's a car a firet truck an ambulance or a helicopter you are weighing up the scene long before you actually get to the patient and that information is critical to deciding which patient is going to be the worst injured which patient is going to be your number one priority and then you

54:15 finally put the IC on the cake when you get to your patients you then do your time critical assessment of each individual patient and triage the situation and then you start to work before we move on to the next section we'd like to remind you that the following questionnaires are an essential part of your Learning Journey as part of the Blended learning program you'll need to complete these questions in your notebook this activity is designed to deepen your understanding of the material covered so far and ensure that you can apply these C iCal first aid Concepts in real life situations take your time to work

55:01 through each question thoughtfully use examples from your manual and your own knowledge to support your answers remember this exercise isn't just about answering the questions it's about reinforcing what you've learned and preparing yourself to act confidently in emergency situations if you're unsure about any of the answers refer back to your notes or the manual for guidance additionally keep track of your questions or areas where you feel uncertain so you can address these during the interactive or instructor-led sessions once you've completed the questions make sure to review your answers and identify key areas for improvement this step is vital for your growth and development as a competent first aider let's get started grab your

55:49 notebook and begin tackling the questions remember this is your opportunity to strengthen your understanding Ing and build your skills good luck TR SL false test answers one the primary assessment focuses on life-threatening conditions such as Airway breathing and circulation

56:37 ABC this is true the primary assessment is all about addressing the most critical life-threatening conditions first Airway breathing and circulation or ABC are the key areas to evaluate and manage during this initial stage two the cab sequence in basic life support begins with ensuring the patient Airway is clear this is false in cab the sequence starts with circulation to prioritize chest compressions in cases like Cardiac Arrest once circulation is stabilized you move on to Airway and breathing three during the secondary assessment the sample method is used to

57:23 gather patient history this is true the sample method signs and symptoms allergies medications past medical history last oral intake and events leading to the condition is an essential tool for Gathering a patient's medical background during the secondary assessment four the mechanism of injury M OA is only relevant in cases of blunt trauma this is false the mo is relevant in all trauma cases including blunt injuries penetrating injuries and even environmental factors like Burns or chemical exposure it helps predict hidden or secondary injuries five head to toe examination

58:08 includes checking for deformities tenderness and swelling on the chest and abdomen this is true during the head to toe assessment you visually inspect and gently palpate the chest and abdomen for deformities bruising tenderness or swelling which can indicate internal injuries true/false test answers six in case of emergency IC devices are primarily designed to track the patient location this is false ice devices are meant to provide critical medical information such as allergies chronic conditions and medications especially when the patient cannot communicate seven a patient's last oral

58:56 intake is irrelevant in first aid and can be ignored during the sample history gathering this is false knowing the patient's lost oral intake is crucial for diagnosing conditions like low blood sugar or dehydration it's an important part of the sample method eight the primary assessment includes assessing for hazards at the scene to ensure safety this is true before starting the primary assessment you must Ensure the scene is safe for yourself and the patient this includes identifying any hazards that could compromise safety nine a priapism observed in a male patient may indicate a spinal injury this is true priapism or a

59:43 persistent erection can be a sign of spinal cord trauma this finding should alert first Aus to the possibility of severe spinal injury 10 secondary assessment is is performed before ensuring the patient Airway breathing and circulation are stable this is false the secondary assessment is always performed after the primary assessment which addresses life-threatening issues with Airway breathing and circulation first when assessing Vital Signs checking the pulse is one of the key priorities there are two main types of pulses to

1:00:28 focus on the corupted pulse for unresponsive patients and the radial pulse for those who are responsive for the koted pulse position two fingers on the side of the neck where the coted artery runs gently apply pressure for 5 to 10 seconds to detect the pulse be mindful not to lean over the patient neck or step over their body during this process as this could make the patient feel uncomfortable or obstruct the procedure when a patient is responsive the radial pulse is your go-to ask the patient to turn their hands so the Palm faces upward place your index and middle fingers on the wrist just below the base of the thumb apply light pressure for a few seconds to detect the pulse it's

1:01:14 important to remember that pulse rates can vary depending on the individual's health or exertion levels before the assessment generally adults will have a pulse of 60 to 100 beats per minute children aged 1 to 8 years old range between 80 and 130 beats per minute while infants under a year typically have higher rates of 100 to 140 beats per minute lastly if the pulse feels irregular or absent it may indicate a serious medical issue that requires immediate attention always consider the full context of the patient's condition when interpreting vital signs both images illustrate two essential methods of assessing a patient's pulse

1:02:00 the radial pulse and the cored pulse these techniques are vital in determining heart rate Rhythm and overall circulation during first aid the radial pulse as shown in the first image is located on the wrist just below the thumb this pulse point is commonly used for responsive patients because it's easy to access and non-invasive to assess it start by ensuring the patient's arm is supported with the Palm facing upwards then use the pads of your index and middle fingers to gently press on the radial artery located on the thumb side of the wrist apply light pressure too much force May block the pulse while too little might not detect it once the pulse is located count the Beats for 15

1:02:47 seconds and multiply by four to calculate the beats per minute alternatively count for a full minute for a more precise reading monitor the rate Rhythm and strength of the pulse for example a weak or irregular radial pulse could indicate a medical condition requiring further attention in contrast the second image demonstrates how to assess the koted pulse which is ideal for unresponsive patients the koted pulse is located on the side of the neck where the koted artery runs close to the surface of the skin to assess this pulse ensure the patient is in a safe and comfortable position place the pads of your index and middle fingers on one side of the neck just beside the windpipe apply

1:03:34 gentle pressure as pressing too hard can obstruct blood flow or make it difficult to detect the pulse check for 5 to 10 seconds focusing on whether the pulse is present and regular the koted pulse is particularly useful in emergency scenarios such as suspected cardiac arrest for instance if you come across an conscious patient checking the cored pulse can help confirm whether their heart is still beating if no pulse is detected start CPR immediately and call for emergency assistance remember to avoid Reaching Across the patient's neck or pressing on both sides simultaneously as this could compromise blood flow to the brain both methods radial and cored

1:04:20 pulse checks are crucial Tools in first aid helping you evaluate a patient's circulatory status and decide the next steps in their care this image illustrates the key pulse points on the human body which are used to assess blood flow and heart rate in different circumstances each pulse Point corresponds to an artery located close to the skin making it easy to detect blood flow by touch koted pulse found on the neck beside the windpipe this is the preferred pulse point for assessing circulation in unresponsive patients or during cardiac emergencies the koted artery provides a strong reliable pulse due to its proximity to the heart brachial

1:05:07 pulse located on the inner side of the upper arm near the elbow commonly used for infants or during blood pressure assessments for example when measuring blood pressure the brachial artery is where the stethoscope is placed to listen for blood flow radial pulse found on the wrist just below the thumb this is the most commonly used pulse point for responsive patients as it is easily accessible and noninvasive Alma pulse located on the pinky side of the wrist less commonly used but serves as an alternative to the radial pulse in certain scenarios such as injuries to the thumb side of the wrist femoral

1:05:52 pulse found in the groin area where the femal Al artery runs along the upper thigh this pulse point is crucial for checking circulation in the lower body or in trauma situations involving severe blood loss patial pulse located behind the knee in the patial fosser often used to check blood flow to the legs especially in patients with circulation issues or during leg injuries posterior tibial pulse found on the inside of the ankle just behind the bony prominence this pulse is used to evaluate blood flow to the feet especially in cases of suspected vascular issues like peripheral artery disease dosis pedis pulse found on the

1:06:39 top of the foot near the base of the big toe it is another key point for assessing circulation to the lower extremities for example checking the dosis pedis pulse is critical in monitoring blood flow in diabetic patients to detect early signs of complications these pulse points allow First Responders and medical professionals to evaluate circulation and detect potential issues such as shock Cardiac Arrest or vascular blockages each point serves a specific purpose depending on the patient's condition age and the area of the body requiring attention by being familiar with these pulse points you can efficiently assess a patient's cardiovascular health in a variety of emergency or routine medical

1:07:25 situations s assessing breathing is critical when dealing with a patient especially if they are unresponsive Begin by scanning their chest for the normal rise and fall of breaths for no more than 10 seconds remember agonal gusts short irregular breaths should not be mistaken for normal breathing agonal gusts are a red flag often signaling cardiac arrest and requiring immediate action like CPR now when checking a responsive patient look for signs of breathing distress this could include shallow breaths irregular patterns or sounds like gurgling or wheezing imagine a scenario where a patient is wheezing after inhaling smoke from a fire this would

1:08:12 indicate an obstructed Airway or lung damage in such cases instruct the patient to breathe slowly and deeply while ensuring the environment is safe breathing assessment also involves evaluating rate Rhythm depth ease and sound for example a healthy adult breathes at a normal rate of 10 to 20 breaths per minute if their breathing is faster than 30 breaths per minute it may suggest extreme exertion Panic or medical distress on the other hand a child's normal rate is 20 to 30 breaths per minute while infants typically have a faster rate of 30 to 50 breaths per minute lastly listen closely abnormal sounds such as wheezing could suggest

1:08:58 asthma while gurgling May point to fluid in the airway in all cases if the breathing appears labored or insufficient provide reassurance help clear the airway if obstructed and call for emergency medical assistance immediately assessing a patient level of Consciousness or lock is vital in understanding their condition and the urgency of medical intervention a person with normal conscious will be alert aware of their surroundings and respond appropriately to simple questions such as what is your name or do you know where you are deviations in Consciousness require attention for example a confused patient may show signs of anxiety give disoriented

1:09:44 answers or even repeat themselves unnecessarily imagine encountering a patient who keeps asking where am I this might indicate head trauma or low blood sugar a sleepy patient on the other hand might only react to touch and appear disinterested in their environment for those who are unconscious immediate intervention is needed suppose you find someone lying still unresponsive but breathing place them in the recovery position to protect their Airway until Emergency Services arrive if they're not breathing you must begin CPR two common tools are used to assess lock the ofu scale is a quick method if the patient is alert they score an a if they

1:10:32 respond to verbal cues but not fully they score a v if they only react to pain stimuli they score a p and if there's no response to any stimuli they score you for unresponsive the Glasco Coma Scale is more detailed and gives a score between three and 15 based on I verbal and motor responses for example Le if a patient's eyes only open to pain they score two in the eye category these assessments are critical in deciding next steps always stay calm and methodical as accurate lock evaluation can save lives in scenarios like car accidents or strokes this image explains the ofu scale a simple and efficient method to

1:11:19 assess a patient level of Consciousness L of Po stands for alert voice pain and unresponsive with criteria tailored to both adult and pediatric behaviors let's break it down step by step a alert for adults an alert patient eyes open spontaneously and they appear aware of and responsive to their surroundings they can follow commands and their eyes track people and objects for Pediatric patients an alert child will be active and respond appropriately to familiar individuals such as a parent or caregiver and external stimuli like a loud noise V voice adults in this category do not

1:12:05 open their eyes spontaneously but will respond to verbal stimuli they may answer questions or react in a meaningful way when spoken to in children this might look like responding only when their name is called by a parent or someone familiar P pain patients who fall into this Cate dee do not respond to voice but will react to painful stimuli such as a pinch on the skin or EOB they might move Flinch or cry out in response for Pediatric patients the reaction to pain might include crying or pulling away when painful stimuli like pinching the nail bed is applied you and responsive at this level the patient shows no response to any stimuli whether

1:12:52 verbal or painful this is a critical indicator of severe injury or medical distress in children the same lack of response to all stimuli is observed requiring immediate emergency intervention the AO scale is a quick and practical tool for First Responders and medical professionals to determine a patient's condition and prioritize treatment for instance imagine your call to assist an unconscious adult after a fall if they don't respond when you call their name or apply a painful stimulus you would classify them as unresponsive this information is vital for directing Emergency Care such as

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