12 Uni Life Basic First Aid introduction information 2025

0:09 the chest cavity is designed to protect some of the most important organs in the body like the heart and lungs these organs are well shielded by the ribs diaphragm and intercostal muscles but when a chest injury occurs it can disrupt this protective system quick action is crucial IM imagine a car accident where a driver sustains a blunt chest trauma by identifying the injury mechanism early you can significantly improve their chance of survival a sucking chest wound can lead to life-threatening complications such as a collapsed lung picture this a construction worker Falls and sustains a puncture wound to the chest air or blood can enter the plural cavity causing

0:56 severe breathing issues to treat this create a semi-occlusive dressing using plastic and tape secure three sides leaving one side open to act as a one-way valve this allows air to escape but prevents it from re-entering remember if spinal injuries are suspected do not move the patient [Music] unnecessarily penetrating chest trauma can be immediately life-threatening and needs urgent medical intervention this is particularly the case where the wound communicates with the chest cavity causing an open Numa thorax potentially

1:42 collapsing the affected lung the lungs are normally soft and compliant and fill the plural cavity on inhalation the intercostal muscles lift the rib cage expanding it and creating a negative pressure with an open Airway the lung expands to fill the space this is assisted by the muscular sheet known as the diaphragm Contracting and flattening also enlarging the chest cavity and expanding the lungs in open Numa thorax a wound creates an open passage between the external environment and the plural cavity air can potentially pass in and out of the chest cavity through the whole in the chest with the loss of negative pressure in the plural space

2:28 which would normally hold the lung in an expanded State the lung on the affected side will now collapse with inspiration the rib cage will expand and the diaphragm flattens but the negative pressure may now pull air into the chest cavity through the hole in the chest wall depending on the size of the wound the affected lung May partially expand or may remain completely collapsed the effect of air being drawn in through the hole in the chest has led to the term sucking chest wound though this movement of air may not always be obvious treatment of open pneumothorax

3:15 involves applying a seal to the chest which by means of a valve will allow blood and air to be expelled during exhalation allowing a negative pressure to be created and the lung to re-inflate the patented r muscle chest seal represents a state-of-the-art dressing designed by Leading trauma experts for this specific purpose it has a valve designed to open with a small positive pressure gradient and with sufficient capacity to allow a high flow of air and fluid to pass through it four apertures allow this to happen efficiently and with minimal risk of obstruction on inhalation even a small negative pressure will make the valve close even in the presence of fluid such

4:01 as blood the Russell chest seal has no latex parts and is designed to remain highly occlusive in order to make an effective [Music] seal by incorporating a hydrogel-based dressing with a breathable outer layer the dressing can remain highly adherent even on a patient with hairy or sweaty skin the Russell chest seal is a safe and easily applied dressing that can be incorporated into the most basic of first aid measures with the potential for achieving a pronounced clinical Improvement of the [Music]

4:52 casualty the chest seal is your number one go-to product if there's a puncture or penetration injury within the Torso but what happens if you don't have a chest seal I'm going to show you guys how to do an improvised or makeshift chest seal using everyday common products you'd find anywhere I've laid out a few examples here to get your wheels turning thinking outside the box on different pieces of plastic and things like that you can use I am going to use the wrapper of the gloves I'm wearing right now and I'm using this as an example for two reasons number one is again to get your wheels turning thicking outside the box I have got my gloves I can use the wrapper for those gloves to make an improvised chest seal I already have what I need and number two is I see a lot out there that there

5:37 are certain parameters that a makeshift chest seal has to be like 5 in x 5 in and that's great the more coverage the better but I don't want to scare you away from using something smaller if in fact it still works and by still works I mean it has to overlap the wound area at least by about an inch and a half because you want you want to make sure this thing isn't leaking or anything like that so in this case though it's a lot lot smaller than a 5x5 this is going to work just fine so the way you make a improvised chest seal is you're going to tape this piece of plastic on all four sides now again I'm using duct tape for a reason at that is just to keep your wheels turning thinking outside the box I don't have medical tape what should I do use duct tape if it's sticky it'll

6:23 work so I'm going around and I'm taping all four sides of this I want to make sure I have good coverage on the Plastics itself to make sure this adheres really well to that I'm also doing this kind of sloppily and the reason I'm doing that it's very intentional is to drive home the point that it doesn't have to be pretty it just has to work cuz a lot of times in different videos and things like that I see people making the perfect little chest seal or perfect little this and that and then sometimes you guys get intimidated like oh man this doesn't look perfect doesn't look beautiful is it going to work yes it absolutely will as long as you get the basics down it will work just fine doesn't have to be pretty just has to work so I've got good coverage all four sides of my plastic here just like a

7:11 regular chest seal I'm going to center it over the wound and then I'm going to go around all four sides making sure this thing is nice and stuck down to the patient making sure no air gets in here cuz that's the whole point of this right a chest seal whether it's improvised or a regular one it's preventing air to enter the chest space okay so get that nice and stuck down and it's really that easy last thing to keep in mind is when you're treating a puncture or penetration wound to the Torso make sure if there's one there might be more wounds so check your patient 360° top to bottom side to side neck to Naval and if you find another one rinse repeat same

7:58 process same no problem fractured ribs are incredibly painful especially when breathing in picture an elderly person falling in their kitchen they land on their side and complain of sharp pain when inhaling support their chest with a pillow or rolled up jacket and stabilize the ribs with tape however never wrap the tape completely around the chest as it may restrict breathing you know blunt force trauma to any part of the body can cause a substantial injury hi I'm captain Joe bruny what I'm going to talk about and discuss is how to assess a possible rib fracture the individual that has received an injury to the chest area may

8:44 be guarding the area with their hand or their arm basically expose the area and look for signs of discoloration many times with a rib fracture there may not be encourage the victim to cough if they are experiencing sharp pain when they cough this is also an indication that there may be a rib fracture in that area another sign and symptom may be an increased respiratory rate or breathing rate as the person is trying to take shallow faster breaths to avoid the pain sensation associated with a rib fracture if there is a suspected rib fracture steps will need to be taken to ensure that the person is not feeling as much

9:32 pain as they are taken to the emergency department for X-rays and evaluation rib fractures can be a pretty painful event that could also include punctures to the lung taking the person to the emergency department is important as well as helping to relieve the pain and symptoms from a possible rib fracture I'm captain Joe bruny stay safe and we'll see you next time abdominal injuries particularly bowel evisceration can be life-threatening imagine a scenario where someone Falls onto sharp debris and part of their bowel protrudes through the wound your priority is to prevent infection cover the bowel with a

10:17 wet sterile dressing secure it with cling wrap and never try to push the bowel back in it must be handled in a sterile Hospital environment keep the patient in a semi-sitting position if possible and get them to advance care [Music] quickly the abdominal cavity lies just below the rib cage and above the pelvic cavity unlike the chest and the pelvic areas there are no bones to protect the abdomen and any injury will cause serious damage to the internal organs the internal organs that could be injured include your liver your spleen or your stomach it can also be that there are

11:03 injuries to the pelvic and the abdominal region the actual contents within them could require urgent medical assistance different organs react in different ways when they're subjected to any kind of trauma hollow organs such as the bladder tend to rupture releasing their contents into the surrounding space solid organs like the liver tend to tear instead and they have bleeding this may well be quite slow and overlooked signs and symptoms include bruising bleeding or an obvious injury pain inability to stand holding the injured area and finally nausea or vomiting treatment is to place the patient as comfortable as possible at total rest you may need to help them to lay down usually on their back or on

11:50 their affected side having their knees raised will help to relias the spasms and pain ensure their clothing is loose support the them with pillows or blankets for Comfort if needed and give them frequent reassurance if trauma has caused a victim's internal organs to protude outside the body then do not touch them or try and push them back in as doing so will cause greater complications instead have the person lie flat with their knees bent and cover the organs with a moist sterile dressing composed of a material that will not stick to the affected organs do not allow the patient to eat or drink although they may be complain compling about extreme hunger or thirst finally it's most important that you get immediate medical help as soon as

12:35 possible the job of the first aider is to stabilize the patient until professional help arrives the pelvis is one of the most critical and robust structures in the body protecting vital organs and blood vessels pelvic injuries of result from high impact accidents such as a car crash or a fall from a great height these injuries can lead to severe pain bruising and swelling and sometimes the patient may feel a strong urge to urinate indicating possible internal trauma to manage such injuries stabilize the pelvis with heavy padding like rolled blankets this helps minimize movement

13:23 and reduces the risk of worsening the condition however avoid applying any downward or outward pressure on the pelvis as this can cause additional harm Advanced Techniques such as using a triangular nappy should only be performed by trained professionals here's an example imagine a cyclist hit by a vehicle and unable to moov you to intense pain in their hip area your first step is to keep them calm and ensure they don't try to move stabilize the pelvis gently and prepare them for careful transport to the hospital where Advanced Care can address address the injury manage pelvic injuries internal assessment explain the concepts and principles of managing

14:09 pelvic injuries including splinting unstable pelvis key notes the pelvic structure is very sturdy so injuries typically involve substantial Force rupture of blood vessels or organs in the pelvis can be fatal good practices always stabilize the pelvis to prevent further movement or injury never attempt Advanced stabilization techniques without proper training be cautious during transport to minimize movement and stress on the injury this image illustrates the anatomy of the pelvis and highlights common areas affected by pelvic injuries on the left you can see a healthy pelvis where all the bones are intacted and aligned on the right the image

14:56 demonstrates a pelvic injury the red markings indicate areas of stress or damage to the pelvic structure particularly where fractures or dislocations commonly occur the circular Arrow highlights the rotational force that can contribute to the injury often seen in high impact trauma like car accidents or Falls such rotational forces can lead to fractures in the pelvic ring resulting in severe pain swelling and potentially life-threatening complications if major blood vessels are damaged St ization of the pelvis is critical to prevent further damage and internal bleeding using padded supports or blankets on either side of the pelvis can help limit movement and provide temporary stability

15:41 until Advanced Medical Care is available 6.2.1 fractures when managing fractures your goal is to stabilize the injury minimize further damage and ensure the patient receives appropriate care let's break this down step by step first it's important to identify a fracture common signs include severe pain in the affected area swelling and visible deformity difficulty or inability to move the limb a natural positioning of the limb a scraping sound or sensation known as crepitus when the bones move in some cases the limb may appear shorter

16:27 than usual due to Bone displacement M fractures are classified into two main types closed fracture this is when the bone does not break through the skin the injury may still cause significant pain and swelling but the skin remains intact open fracture in this case the bone has broken through the skin or there is an open wound near the fracture site open fractures are more dangerous due to the increased risk of infection once a fracture is identified move on to to management and treatment Begin by exposing the injured limb carefully remove or cut away clothing to assess the injury be gentle to avoid causing additional pain or damage if there are open wounds dress

17:14 them with sterile bandages to prevent infection for open fractures use a ring bandage to protect exposed bones without applying direct pressure next splint the limb to immobilize it this helps reduce move and pain while preventing further injury ensure you immobilize the joints above and below the fracture site use padding around the splint to prevent pressure points and discomfort always check circulation motor function and sensation before and after applying the splint this ensures the splint hasn't compromised blood flow or nerve function if possible Elevate the limb gently to reduce swelling avoid sudden movements to to prevent unnecessary pain finally

18:02 arrange for transport to Medical Care so the patient can receive Advanced treatment let's imagine a scenario you're at a soccer game and a player trips and falls they're holding their arm and wincing in pain upon closer inspection you notice the arm is slightly bent in an unnatural position and they can't move it using the steps we just discussed you remove their Jersey sleeve to assess the injury there's no bleeding so you gently splint the arm ensuring their wrist and elbow are immobilized after checking their fingers for circulation you elevate the arm with support and get them to a nearby clinic for X-rays and further care remember staying calm and following these steps

18:47 ensures the patient safety and comfort until they're in professional hands hi my name is Sam and in today's video we're going to be talking about splinting so what is a splint and why would you use one a splint is an object that's used to hold an extremity stable in a traumatic event where you suspect an underlying Orthopedic injury whether that's a fracture or a dislocation of a

19:34 joint splints will greatly reduce the pain of the patient but they'll also help preventing any further Orthopedic injury or soft tissue injury caused by the bone ends um moving around Under the Skin So in general splinting is an objective based uh practice so when you're splinting say a long bone fracture so your radius Onna humorous uh any of your fingers your femurs or your tibia and fibula you're going to have to immobilize The Joint above and below now with a joint such as your wrist elbow uh knees ankles you're going to have to immobilize the long bone above and below this is uh a global objective um for splinting therefore you can splint with

20:21 almost anything on the market and you can even improvise your own splints in front of you I've got a couple different tools used in splinting although we'll talk about these all later so what are the signs and symptoms of an orthopedic injury first and foremost it's going to be pain uh pain at the sight in a long bone fracture they're usually going to be able to point exactly on their arm or leg where it hurts the most uh beyond that you've got severe bruising um any kind of a false joint where the arms bending somewhere it shouldn't bend a leg uh so on and so forth reduced movement distal to that injury so reduced movement past that injury it hurts to move their hand um an open fracture where you actually see bone ends that's one of the only times you can definitively diagnose a fracture in

21:07 the field uh and then beyond that mainly the diagnosis the official diagnosis is going to have to be uh made in the hospital after Imaging crepitus is another one um if you hear like grinding in there and then if the patient tells you that there they felt a snap crackle or pop um in their arm or leg when uh the event happened that's a sign that might lead you to believe there may be an underlying fracture so I want to walk you through really quick the process of splinting uh and how that's going to be done now for this demonstration I'm going to use a Sam splint simply because uh that's a pretty common splint and if you don't want to watch to the end I'll give it away this is what I'm going to recommend you carrying your pack with you just because it is so versatile that being said the principles of applying

21:53 this splint apply to any kind of splint um including a makeshift one uh that you're making in the middle of nowhere if you don't have any supplies on you so the first step in splinting is you're going to have to check the patient circulation motion and sensation distal to that injury so on the hand you're going to want to pinch the finger and see if there's a capillary refill see if the finger blanches and comes back within about 2 seconds as normal that can be affected if it's really cold or hot outside but generally 2 seconds is what we're looking for additionally you're want to going to want to see if there's any decreased Motion in that extremity so can they move their hand and then third can they feel you touching specific fingers do they have numbness if they don't have good CMS

22:40 circulation motion and Sensation that means that they're at risk um for losing that extremity it's it's a a potential loss of a limb because there's decreased circulation or nerve innervation at that point but moving on we'll say that their CMS is intact we're going want to have either the patient or our partners stabilize that injury as best we can act as a makeshift splint until we can get ours applied if the patient's doing it just have them hold it however is comfortable and have them try not to move it as much as possible simply to reduce any further movement of that and any damage before we can apply that splint if your partner is doing it have them hold it in the position of comfort for the patient but have them hold it steady the third step is you're going to want to size the splint to the uninjured

23:27 extremity so you don't want to be sizing it on the injured extremity necessarily because you might have to actually kind of apply it to the uninjured extremity to mold it to how it has to fit uh and then you want to move that over to the extremity you're actually going to want to splint with good communication with either the patient or your partner and most of the time both of them you're going to want to take over that stabilization they were holding and put the SP under or over the injury uh to hold that steady one once that's applied you're want to take something like roller gauze acrylics or coband um and then wrap that splint onto their arm as you wrap it remember you're wanting to reduce the motion if it's a long bone of the joint above and below and if it's a

24:13 joint um the long bone above and below in this example notice how the sling is actually the thing that's immobilizing the elbow and not the splint itself once the splints applied you're going to want to recheck the patient's CMS circul motion sensation and if the patient had good CMS going into the splinting and now they have reduced CMS after the splint you're going to have to go back to your splint and reassess it uh to make sure nothing's too tight because at some point in that you actually reduce their circulation or innervation and you need to figure out how to correct that uh a lot of times that's going to mean uh taking off the splint and reapplying it in a different manner once the splints applied you're going to want to seek to definitive care as quickly as

25:00 possible um although you're preventing it from doing further damage uh this isn't something that you can go home with the splint and think it's going to heal up on its own uh it will heal but it's going to heal in a way that might reduce Mobility uh down the road or potentially vascular CH so this is something you definitely need to seek uh definitive care after the incident so what kind of splint should you carry how should you carry it and what do I have in front of me so first we have the kinds of splint that we carry on our ambulance this is a fast splint uh it's a vacuum splint that you pump out the air and it actually hardens around the extremity to keep it from moving it is a great splint however you're going to see right here it's pretty big pretty bulky

25:47 this comes with a huge pump and it comes with a duffel bag um that needs to be stored in one of our cabinets on our ambulance this is not a good option for a civilian to go out and buy and they're relatively expensive I the next option and what I would recommend carrying is a Sam splint this is a very versatile splint that can be used on any extremity um and can fold down into a pretty compact space I carry this on my third line gear I also carry this in my car kit and my motorcycle first aid kit just in case you come across somebody uh and need to apply it this is a great thing to carry in your backpacking stuff because if somebody gets an injury back in the wilderness you're going to have to uh be able to splint their extremity wherever it might be um and get them to

26:33 a position of comfort where they're actually able to hike out on their own um and potentially saving you from having to be uh airlifted or have a search and rescue Party come after you if you're going to carry a Sam splint though you need a couple other things you need either roller gauze acrylics or Coban something that you're going to be able to wrap around the extremity and prevent that from moving around and secure this splint to uh uh the body the other thing you should have is a triangular bandage or a cat as some people call it this is going to allow you to create a sling for that patient and uh potentially a swath to hold it in close to their body this is important part of uh splinting an extremity especially the wrist um because

27:19 generally a Sam splint is not going to immobilize the elbow and you're going to have to have a way to immobilize that joint above and hold it close to the body so that it's not moving around anymore if you don't feel like you can fit a splint in your pack although I still recommend using the Sam you can always uh improvise a splint like I said it's an objective based activity so if you find a stick and you're able to get all the burs off it um apply it that way if you're able to use maybe a magazine to roll around the arm whatever it may be you can improvise a splint with a pretty high level of Effectiveness that being said um a commercial product like the Sam is going to be more comfortable for that patient and it's going to be able to be applied a little bit quicker

28:05 um than say tying a stick around their arm thanks for watching guys and remember that this is not medical training I would strongly advise you go out and get some Hands-On practice with an instructor in splinting and immobilization through either a first aid course or if you have the time and resources through an EMT course I'll be releasing videos similar to this every week week so if you're interested subscribe and I will see you next week [Music]

29:01 bones are generally strong and they have a small amount of flexibility but eventually they'll break the severity and type of fracture will depend on the mechanism of injury the strength of the person's bones and the amounts of force applied if the bones fracture and are forc through the skin this is called an open or a compound fracture and this is serious because there can be excessive bleeding and a high risk of infection there are many different types of fractures and many names for similar fractures we'll now look at some of these transverse fractures are where the bone is fractured in a straight line across the bone stable fractures are where the broken ends of the bone line up and they're barely out of place a complicated fracture is one where there

29:47 is injury to other parts of the body such as major blood vessels and nerves a fracture dislocation occurs when a joint becomes dislocated and there's also a fracture on one of the bones of the joint green stick fractures are partial fractures the bone bends and breaks but doesn't separate into two parts a spiral fracture is where the Brak spirals around the bone commonly in the long bones of the body compression fractures are where the bone is crushed and the bone will be wider and flatter than before the injury the most common areas for this are the spine stress fractures are also called hairline fractures and often difficult to diagnose by standard x-rays impact fractures are where the broken bone ends are driven together by

30:33 the force of the impact oblique fractures are when the fracture is diagonal across the bone and is common in long bones a commuted fracture is where the bone is broken into three or more pieces with bone fragments at the break an evulsion fracture occurs when a piece of bone is pulled away by a tendon or ligament the final type we'll look at is segmental fractures which are common in Long bones like the legs and where the bone is fractured into two places leaving a floating segment of bone between the two brakes it's not essential as a first aider to know exactly what the fracture name is because the treatment is generally the same

31:19 6.2 two dislocations dislocations occur when a joint is forced out of its normal position often resulting in invisible deformity and significant pain let's discuss how to identify and manage this type of injury step by step identification dislocations are usually easy to identify due to their distinct symptoms visible deformity The Joint may look out of place or noticeably misaligned swelling the area around the joint will likely be swollen making movement even more difficult inability to move the joint the effect area is often locked or restricted in movement and any attempt to move it results in severe pain severe pain the patient will

32:06 typically report extreme discomfort and struggle to maintain normal limb positioning imagine a basketball player who falls and lands awkwardly on their shoulder when you inspect the injury you see that the shoulder appears to be out of place and the player is unable to lift their arm due to the pain these are clear signs of a dislocation management and treatment when treating a dislocation it's important to focus on immobilization and ensuring the patient gets Professional Medical Care here's what to do do not attempt to relocate or straighten the joint trying to pop The Joint back into place can cause further damage to surrounding tissues blood vessels or nerves this should only be

32:51 done by trained medical personnel immobilize the limb in the position you find it if the joint is dislocated keep it in the same position avoid any unnecessary movement to prevent worsening the injury apply a splint if necessary to support the limb use a splint or sling to stabilize the joint and minimize discomfort ensure the splint doesn't apply pressure directly to the dislocated area transport the patient to Advanced Medical Care arrange for the patient to be taken to a hospital or clinic where the dislocation can be safely treated by a professional scenario example imagine you're at a family picnic and a relative dislocates their elbow while playing a game the joint is visibly out of place and

33:38 they're holding their arm close to their body unable to move it first reassure them and explain that you're going to help stabilize the injury without trying to straighten the arm you gently place it in a sling for support and comfort you then arrange for transportation to the nearest hospital ensuring that may receive Advanced Medical Care by staying calm and following these steps you can ensure the patient's injury is managed effectively while minimizing pain and complications remember dislocations require expert care so focus on immobilization and safe

34:24 transport sprains and strains are among the most common injuries people experience in everyday activities sports or physical labor understanding the difference between the two and knowing how to identify them is critical for Effective first aid let's start with the overview a sprain is damaged to the ligaments ligaments are the strong bands of tissue that connect bones at a joint providing stability and support sprains occur when these ligaments are stretched twisted or bent beyond their normal range for example rolling your ankle while running or stepping on uneven ground can result in a sprain a strain on the other hand is damaged to muscles or tendons

35:10 tendons connect muscles to bones and are essential for movement strains happen when these tissues are overstretched or torn often due to overuse or excessive force think of lifting a heavy object improperly or overexerting your leg muscles during a Sprint these can lead to a strain now let's look at identification both sprains and strains share similar signs making them easy to recognize pain and tenderness the affected area will feel sore and tender to the touch swelling and bruising this is a natural response to tissue damage as the body sends fluids to protect and repair the injury difficulty or inability to move the joint or muscle may feel weak stiff

35:56 or even lck depending on the severity of the injury the key difference lies in their common causes sprins are typically associated with sudden movements that involve twisting or impact on a joint such as Landing awkwardly after a jump or a fall strains are more often related to repetitive movements overuse or improper stretching of muscles during intense activity scenario example imagine you're coaching a recreational soccer game and one of your players twist their ankle during a sudden pivot their invisible discomfort their ankle is swelling and they can't put weight on it this is a classic sprain now picture another player who's been running Sprints they

36:42 suddenly clutch their hamstring mid-run describing sharp pain this is likely a strain caused by overstretching the muscle in both cases Your Role is to provide Immediate Care recognizing whether it's a sprain or strain helps you determine the next steps such as immobilizing the area or advising rest and Recovery by understanding the distinctions and signs of sprains and strains you'll be better equipped to handle these common injuries and help patients on their path to recovery the Rises method is an effective way to manage sprains strains and soft tissue injuries let's explore each step to ensure proper care and support for recovery

37:29 rest stop any activity that stresses the injured area to avoid worsening the damage for example if someone twists their ankle while jogging they should stop immediately and rest to prevent further harm avoid putting weight on the injury ice apply ice to reduce swelling and num the pain use a cloth or towel between the ice and skin to avoid ice burns apply the ice for 20 minutes minutes at a time then remove it to let the skin recover repeat every few hours for the first 24 to 48 hours for example icing a sprained wrist helps control swelling and pain compression wrap the injured area snugly

38:14 with a compression bandage to manage swelling and provide support ensure the bandage isn't too tight to avoid restricting blood flow for instance when wrapping a sprain knee check that the toes remain warm and retain normal color elevation raise the injured area above Heart level to reduce swelling and improve fluid drainage this is especially helpful for injuries like sprained ankles use a cushion or pillow to keep the area elevated while resting splint immobilize the injured joint or muscle with a splint or brace to prevent further strain and ensure stability padding can make the splint more comfortable for example immobilizing a

39:00 dislocated shoulder in a sling helps avoid additional damage before Professional Care scenario example a child playing soccer twists their ankle and experiences swelling and pain using the Rice's method encourage them to rest by sitting down and keeping the ankle still apply an ice pack wrapped in a towel for 20 minutes gently wrap the ankle with an elastic bandage ensuring it's not too tight Elevate the ankle on a cushion to reduce swelling if needed immobilize the ankle with a splint and arrange for medical care the Rice's method is simple yet highly effective it provides immediate relief promotes recovery and prevents further injury

39:47 always monitor the injured area for worsening symptoms and seek medical attention if necessary sprains and strains are common injuries and knowing their characteristics and the best practices for management is crucial for effective treatment and Recovery notes sprains frequently occur in joints like the ankle wrist and knee as these areas endure a significant stress during physical activity for example twisting an ankle on an even ground or Landing awkwardly during a jump can easily result in a strain strains on the other hand are more common ly seen in muscles such as the hamstrings lower back or shoulders these injuries often result

40:34 from over stretching or overuse such as lifting heavy objects improperly or overexerting muscles during a workout it's important to remember that pain from a strain can sometimes mimic a fracture if there's uncertainty about the diagnosis always treat the injury cautiously and avoid unnecessary movement until further assessment is possible recover y times can vary significantly depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's age Fitness level and overall health a young athlete might bounce back quickly while an older individual may require more time to heal good practices when managing sprains and strains follow these guidelines to ensure proper care monitor circulation

41:22 during compression or splinting if using a bandage or splint regularly check for signs of restricted blood flow such as numbness tingling or discoloration of the limb beyond the bandage adjust the bandage as needed to maintain proper circulation avoid applying heat to a fresh injury heat can increase swelling and worsen the injury during the first 24 to 48 hours instead stick to the Rice's method focusing on rest and applying ice to manage swelling and pain encourage gentle movement during recovery once the the initial swelling and pain have subsided introduce gentle movement to restore flexibility and strength in the injured area however avoid overexertion as it can delay

42:08 healing or cause a reinjury seek medical advice for severe injuries if a sprain or strain results in significant swelling visible deformity or an inability to bear weight consult a healthc care professional for further evaluation and treatment scenario example imagine a hiker braains their ankle while on a trail you carefully apply a compression bandage but notice their toes start to feel num this is a sign the bandage is too tight so you loosen it slightly to restore circulation after resting and applying ice you encourage gentle ankle movements a few days later to regain Mobility but you also advise them to see a doctor if they experience persistent pain or

42:54 swelling by keeping these notes and good practices in mind you can provide effective first aid for sprains and strains ensuring proper care and a faster recovery while minimizing complications Burns can be classified into different types based on their Source each with unique causes and risks thermal Burns occur from exposure to extreme heat or cold examples include touching a hot stove being exposed to flames or frostbite from prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures these burns are common in both household and Industrial settings

43:40 chemical burns result from contact with corrosive substances like acids alkaly or cleaning agents for instance spilling bleach on the skin can cause a chemical burn these Burns require immediate rinsing to minimize tissue damage electrical Burns occur when electrical current passes through the body these Burns often appear minor on the surface but can cause severe internal injuries for example touching a live wire might result in a small external burn but significant damage to muscles nerves or the heart radiation Burns result from prolonged exposure to UV light such as the sun or radioactive materials a sunburn is a common example but radiation therapy for medical treat M

44:27 can also cause Burns each type of burn requires specific care to address its unique challenges from cooling thermal Burns to neutralizing chemical injuries or evaluating hidden damage from electrical Burns Burns are injuries to the skin or deeper tissues caused by heat chemicals electricity radiation or friction immediate and correct treatment is essential to reduce damage and prevent complications like infection burns are categorized into three main types first-degree Burns these are superficial Burns affecting only the outer layer of the skin known as the epidermis symptoms include redness mild swelling and pain but there are no

45:14 blisters an example of a first-degree burn is mild sunburn second degree burns these Burns go deeper affecting both the epidermis and part of the dermis they cause redness swelling blisters and moderate to severe pain third degree burns these are full thickness Burns that damage all layers of the skin and can extend to underlying tissues the skin may appear white leathery or charred interestingly third degree burns often cause no pain initially because the nerve endings are destroyed burn treatment focuses on minimizing damage and preventing infection here's how you can manage Burns effectively stop the burning process

46:00 remove the source of the burn immediately if clothing or jewelry is near the burn remove them unless they are stuck to the skin do not peel away materials adhere to the burn cool the burn run cool not cold water over the burn for at least 10 to 20 minutes this helps to reduce pain and swelling never use ice or very cold water as they can worsen tissue damage cover the burn protect the burn with a sterile non-stick dressing or clean cloth avoid applying ointments creams or home remedies like butter as they can trap heat or increase the risk of infection relieve pain offer overthe counter pain relief like paracetamol or Ibuprofen if

46:46 appropriate for the patient seek medical attention always consult a healthcare professional for burns larger than the size of the victim's Palm burns on sensitive areas like the face hands or feet or all thir degree burns by following these steps you can stabilize the patient and prepare them for Advanced Care when needed when treating Burns there are some additional points and practices to keep in mind notes chemical burns require immediate flushing with water for at least 20 minutes to remove the chemical agent and stop further damage electrical Burns may appear minor on the the surface but often cause internal damage always seek medical care for electrical Burns avoid

47:34 popping blisters as they protect the wound from infection and promote healing good practices use only clean sterile materials to dress Burns to minimize the risk of infection never apply heat or homemade remedies like butter or toothpaste as they can worsen the injury or cause infection always monitor the patient for some signs of shock such as pale or clammy skin rapid breathing or dizziness especially in cases of severe burns for larger Burns keep the patient warm and hydrated while waiting for medical help to arrive for example if someone accidentally spills a chemical on their skin you would immediately rinse the area with running water for 20

48:19 minutes ensuring the chemical is fully removed by keeping these good practices in mind you can provide effective care that promotes healing and minimizes complications inhalation Burns occur when the respiratory system is exposed to extreme heat smoke or toxic fumes typically during a fire or chemical exposure these Burns can damage the delicate tissues of the Airways and lungs leading to serious complications to identify inhalation burns look for the following signs Burns or sit around the mouth and nose are often the first visual indicators the patient may experience difficulty breathing coughing or wheezing due to

49:05 Airway irritation cinched nasal hairs can indicate exposure to high heat changes in The Voice such as horseness may suggest swelling in the throat black or S colored sputum is a clear sign of inhaled smoke or particulates for example imagine a person escaping a house fire who complains of different difficulty breathing and has blackened skin around their nostrils these are classic symptoms of inhalation Burns and require immediate medical attention inhalation burns are medical emergencies due to the risk of Airway swelling and respiratory failure if you suspect an inhalation burn prioritize getting the patient to a safe environment with fresh air and seek

49:50 emergency medical care immediately oxygen therapy may be needed to stabilize the patient burn cautions when treating Burns it is crucial to keep these cautions in mind to prevent complications and ensure effective care do not apply ice or freezing water directly to Burns ice can cause frostbite and further tissue damage especially on large or deep bones avoid popping glisters glisters protect the wound from infection and promote healing popping them increases the risk of infection do not apply home remedies for example butter toothpaste or oil these can trap heat worsen the injury and increase the likelihood of infection

50:36 do not remove clothing or items stuck to the burn removing stuck materials can tear away skin and deepen the injury only remove loose clothing around the burn avoid heat on the burn do not use heating pads or expose Burns to heat as this can aggravate the injury do not touch the burn with bare hands always use sterile gloves or clean materials to handle Burns to minimize infection risk chemical burns do not attempt to neutralize chemical burns with other chemicals use running water to rinse the affected area for at least 20 minutes burn cautions when treating Burns it is crucial to keep these cautions in mind to prevent complications and ensure

51:22 effective care eight chemical burns do not attempt to neutralize chemical burns with other chemicals use running water to rinse the affected area for at least 20 minutes nine electrical Burns ensure the electrical source is turned off before touching the patient avoid becoming a victim yourself 10 do not delay seeking Medical Care always seek medical attention for large Burns Burns to the face hands feet or genitals or for any third degree burns 11 avoid overcompression with bandages compression should control swelling but must not restrict

52:08 circulation 12 monitor for shock severe burns can cause shock so look for signs like pale clammy skin rapid pulse or confusion and treat accordingly 13 avoid contaminating the burn you use sterile non-stick dressings and avoid using materials like cotton will that can shed fibers and irritate the burone 14 be cautious with inhalation Burns monitor for Airway swelling or difficulty breathing and do not attempt to administer anything orally if the airway is compromised by following these cautions you can minimize the risk of worsening the injury and provide safe effective care to the patient let me

52:56 know if you'd like a detailed script or slides for these cautions cardiac arrest and heart attacks are distinct medical emergencies that are often confused but require different immediate actions Cardiac Arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating leading to a sensation of blood flow this causes unresponsiveness no pulse and no breathing immediate intervention with CPR and an AED is critical to saving the patient life a heart attack by contrast is caused by a blockage in blood flow to the heart muscle symptoms often include chest pain or discomfort which may radiate to the arms neck or back along with shortness

53:42 of breath nausea or sweating a heart attack can lead to Cardiac Arrest if left untreated but not all heart attacks immediately cause cardiac arrest for example if a person collapses is unresponsive and shows no signs of breathing you are dealing with cardiac arrest in contrast if someone is clutching their chest and complaining of radiating pain they are likely having a heart attack and require immediate medical attention recognizing the symptoms of cardiac arrest and heart attack is crucial for Effective intervention in Cardiac Arrest the patient will collapse suddenly and become unresponsive with no detectable pulse or signs of breathing

54:28 without immediate action such as CPR and defibrillation survival is unlikely in heart attacks the symptoms are often more gradual persistent chest pain or discomfort is a Hallmark sign but other symptoms include radiating pain to the arms neck or jaw patients may also experience shortness of breath nausea sweating or a sense of impending doom for example imagine someone collapses during a meeting and doesn't respond to verbal or physical prompts this indicates Cardiac Arrest requiring immediate CPR alternatively if someone is clutching their chest and complains of pain radiating to their left arm this suggests a heart attack and you should

55:15 seek emergency help immediately in Cardiac Arrest immediate action saves lives first check for responsiveness and breathing if there's no pulse or breathing call Emergency Services immediately begin CPR by delivering 30 chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths ensure compressions are at least 5 to 6 cm deep and performed at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions if an a is available turn it on and follow the prompts the device will analyze the heart's Rhythm and advise if a shock is needed ensure no

56:01 one is touching the patient before delivering the shock imagine you're at a sports event and someone collapses they're unresponsive and not breathing you call for help start CPR and direct someone to bring the AED following these steps could save their life managing a heart attack involves reducing stress on the heart and seeking immediate medical help call emergency services without delay while waiting for help keep the patient calm and seated as this reduces the heart's workload loosen any tight clothing to make breathing easier if the patient isn't allergic to aspirin give them a tablet to chew and swallow as it helps them the blood and

56:47 improves flow to the heart monitor the patient closely and provide reassurance watch for any changes such as worsening symptoms or unconsciousness which may signal the onset of cardiac arrest for example if a colleague experien a severe chest pain and shortness of breath have them sit down administer aspirin and stay with them until help arrives heart attack symptoms in women are often more subtle and may differ from the classic chest pain typically associated with heart attacks in men recognizing these signs early can make a critical difference in getting prompt treatment women may still experience chest pain or discomfort but this is

57:32 less common compared to men instead they are more likely to feel unusual fatigue or weakness even if they haven't been particularly Active Pain can occur in the back neck jaw or arms often mistaken for muscle strain or other conditions shortness of breath is another common symptom sometimes accompanied by nausea vomiting or lightheadedness women may also experience cold sweats or a sensation of indigestion which might feel like pressure or discomfort in the upper abdomen for example imagine a woman at home feeling unusually tired and experiencing jaw pain she assumes it's stress related but the symptoms worsen with shortness of breath and nausea

58:20 these subtle signs could point to a heart attack and immediate medical help is needed it's important to take these symptoms seriously and seek medical attention right away heart attacks in women can be life-threatening if not treated promptly when managing cardiac emergencies keep these notes portions and good practices in mind notes Cardiac Arrest requires immediate CPR and the use of an AED in contrast heart attacks often benefit from aspirin and rest while waiting for emergency Services cautions never give food drink or any medication apart from aspirin to someone experiencing a heart attack and L instructed by medical professionals in

59:08 Cardiac Arrest do not delay CPR while waiting for the AED begin compressions immediately good practices always ensure the scene is safe before administering Aid delegate tasks to bystanders to help coordinate the response such as calling for help or retrieving equipment most importantly remain calm your composure reassures the patient and those around you improving the overall effectiveness of your response for example imagine you're at a park and someone collapses you assign one person to call 999 and another to locate the AED while you begin CPR coordinated teamwork ensures a quicker more effective response

1:00:03 a stroke happens when blood flow to the brain is interrupted either due to a blockage in blood vessels referred to as an es schic stroke or bleeding into or around the brain known as a hemorrhagic stroke when the brain doesn't receive blood it lacks oxygen and nutrients leading to loss of function without Swift treatment this can cause permanent brain damage or death imagine a man suddenly unable to speak clearly with one side of his face drooping these signs suggest a stroke and immediate action is vital to save his life and preserve brain function recognizing a stroke involves observing for Key signs and understanding the risk factors that increase the likelihood of its

1:00:50 occurrence common stroke signs can be summarized using the fast method these include facial drooping un weakness or inability to lift an arm and slurred or incoherent speech additional symptoms to look out for a sudden confusion difficulty understanding speech severe headaches blurred or double vision dizziness loss of balance and paralysis or numbness usually on one side of the body it's also important to be aware of factors that increase the risk of a stroke these include advancing age a family history of of heart disease and medical conditions like diabetes high blood pressure and high cholesterol lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking poor physical fitness obesity

1:01:37 and the use of birth control pills also contribute to stroke risk stress is another significant factor people who don't manage stress well often associated with type A personalities may be at higher risk for example imagine a 55-year-old smok with a history of high blood pressure who suddenly becomes disoriented and has difficulty speaking these are clear warning signs of a stroke and recognizing these risks and symptoms can ensure they get immediate medical attention recognizing a stroke early is critical and the fast method is an excellent tool start with the face ask the person to smile and check for unevenness or a drooping eyelid test for

1:02:26 weakness by asking them to liftt both arms if one drifts downward it's a sign of trouble listen to their speech for slurring or difficulty speaking finally remember time call Emergency Services immediately if any of these signs are present other symptoms to watch for include severe headaches blood or double vision nausea confusion dizziness or one-sided paralysis for example if someone stumbles complaints of dizziness and struggles to articulate their words take immediate action it could be a life-threatening stroke managing a stroke requires calmness and quick action first call Emergency Services immediately keep the

1:03:12 patient seated and calm to reduce exertion and prevent complications if they are unconscious place them in the recovery position to maintain their Airway and prevent choking monitor their breathing closely and if it stops begin CPR transport to a hospital is essential as they will need Specialized Care to address the underlying cause for example if a colag collapses and you notice their face drooping on one side while they cannot lift their arm follow these steps immediately acting quickly can make the difference between recovery and permanent damage when responding to a stroke there are important notes cautions and good practices to follow speed is critical

1:04:00 early treatment dramatically improves outcomes use the fast method to quickly identify symptoms and act without delay caution is essential never give food drink or medications to a stroke patient and L instructed by medical professionals avoid moving the patient unnecessarily as this could worsen their condition good practices include ensuring the scene is safe safe before providing Aid collect as much history as possible such as the time symptoms began as this helps doctors determine the best course of action most importantly stay calm reassuring the patient can stabilize their condition and prevent Panic an aneurysm is a weakened area in

1:04:48 the wall of a blood vessel that bulges or balloons Under Pressure while aneurysms can occur without symptoms the the danger lies in their potential to rupture leading to severe internal bleeding common locations for aneurysms include the brain known as cerebral aneurysms and the aota called atic aneurysms when a cerebral aneurysm ruptures it often presents with a sudden intense headache sometimes described as the worst headache of one's life a ruptured aortic aneurysm on the other hand causes sharp and severe pain in the chest abdomen or back often accompanied by nausea dizziness or fainting if you suspect a ruptured aneurysm call Emergency Services

1:05:34 immediately keep the patient calm and still to minimize strain on the blood vessel monitor their breathing and if they lose Consciousness be prepared to perform CPR do not give them food or drink as they may need emergency surgery for example imagine a colleague suddenly complaining of a severe heada headache and then collapsing their symptoms suggest a ruptured cerebral aneurysm and your quick action in calling for help and keeping them stable could save their life anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction caused by an exaggerated immune response to an

1:06:21 allergen common allergens include shellfish peanuts medications like penicillin and insect stings once triggered the body's immune system rapidly releases chemicals that cause low blood pressure narrowed Airways and difficulty breathing for example imagine someone stung by a be suddenly struggles to breathe and their face begins to swell this is a clear case of anaphylaxis requiring immediate action recognizing the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis is critical for saving lives the most immediate and concerning symptoms are breathing difficulties such as wheezing or persistent coughing swelling of the face lips tongue or throat indicates the

1:07:08 Airways may be closing other symptoms include skin reactions like hives or severe itching nausea and abdominal cramps in severe cases the patient may experience dizziness confusion or even fainting for instance if if a person who has just eaten a peanut butter cookie suddenly develops facial swelling and wheezing these are clear warning signs of anaphylaxis managing anaphylaxis requires Swift action and adherence to a step-by-step approach first ensure the scene is safe and call Emergency Services immediately if possible remove the allergen such as carefully scraping away a be sting without squeezing it if

1:07:54 the patient has an epinephrine auto injector assist them in using it remove the safety cap press the injector firmly into the outer thigh and hold it in place for 10 seconds reassess the patient condition and if symptoms persist a second dose may be administered after 5 to 10 minutes even if the patient symptoms improve they must be transported to a hospital for observation and further treatment for instance assisting a colleague exposed to a known allergen by ly administering their auto injector can prevent life-threatening [Music]

1:08:40 complications the EpiPen is an auto injector that administers adrenaline and it's carried by people who have anif laxis in case they go into anaphylactic shock there are two types of EpiPen the EpiPen and the EpiPen Junior to avoid accident and prevent damaging the EpiPen they should always be carried in their case when not in use they're easy to read instructions down the side of each pen and these should be read to make sure you use it correctly the blue cap shows you the top of the EpiPen and this is the safety cap which makes sure that the needle doesn't come out when not in use once removed the unit is live the cap can be replaced without the EpiPen being used however you must do so carefully as you could accidentally inject yourself with adrenaline when using an EpiPen you

1:09:27 should first remove it from its case then set the patient down or if they're feeling dizzy lay them down remove the safety cap and gently push the auto injector into the thigh this can be done through clothing but make sure that the needle doesn't go through any thick seams in the clothing or anything that's in their pockets once the needle is hit hold it there for 3 seconds and then remove it stay where you are until the Emergency Services arrive if you're treating someone and they are unconscious place them in a recovery position when the EpiPen has been used a needle cover will appear automatically over the needle to prevent anyone getting injured the used EpiPen should be given to the emergency services after use so that they can see exactly what's been administered to the

1:10:12 patient and they can also dispose of it properly should a second dose be required repeat the process and make sure you give both of the auto injectors to the emergency services notes cautions and good practices can help ensure the effective management of anaphylaxis always act immediately time is critical epinephrine is the first and most effective treatment for anaphylaxis avoid giving the patient food drink or medications other than epinephrine during an episode as this can worsen their condition additionally do not delay calling

1:10:58 emergency services even if symptoms improve after the first dose of epinephrine good practices include educating those with severe allergies about carrying their Auto injectors at all times incorporating epinephrine injector training into first aid courses ensures responders are confident in handling these emergencies staying calm and reassuring the patient can reduce anxiety and improve outcomes diabetes is a chronic medical condition that disrupts the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels effectively it occurs due to issues with insulin a

1:11:44 hormone produced by the pancreas insulin plays a crucial role in enabling sugar or glucose to move from the bloodstream into cells where it provides energy there are two primary types of diabetes type 1 diabetes typically affects children and young adults where the body produces little to no insulin this condition requires lifelong insulin injections type 2 diabetes more common in adults over 40 and those who are obese is characterized by a gradual decline in insulin production for instance imagine an individual who feels consistently fatigued and thirsty upon diagnosis they discover they have type 2 diabetes due to poor diet and

1:12:31 lack of exercise recognizing the symptoms early is key to managing this condition hypoglycemia commonly referred to as low blood sugar occurs when the body lacks sufficient glucose or has an excess of insulin this condition can rapidly progress and is potentially life-threatening if left untreated signs and symptoms let's identify key indicators imagine a diabetic individual who suddenly appears irritable or confused they may exhibit cold and clammmy skin a rapid heartbeat and drowsiness symptoms progress quickly and

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