Brief Summary
This episode of The Seen and the Unseen features a discussion on the recent announcement by Prime Minister Modi regarding a caste census in India. Amit Varma hosts Praneet Kotasane and Ragu Sanjal Jetly (RSJ), who share differing perspectives on the matter. The conversation explores the history of caste in India, the implications of reservations, and the potential consequences of a caste census.
- The history and impact of caste in India
- The role and effectiveness of reservations
- The potential benefits and drawbacks of a caste census
- The political motivations behind the recent announcement
- The future of caste and social justice in India
Introduction
Amit Varma introduces the episode, noting its topical nature due to Prime Minister Modi's recent announcement of a caste enumeration. He explains the context of caste in India, describing it as one of the original sins of Indian society, evident in both historical and genetic records. He also touches on the British colonial influence on caste enumeration and the subsequent politicisation of caste after independence, particularly with the Mandal Commission.
Setting the Context: Caste in India
Varma, along with Praneet Kotasane and Ragu Sanjal Jetly, sets the stage for listeners unfamiliar with the Indian caste system. Caste is described as a deeply entrenched social hierarchy with historical roots, affecting various aspects of Indian society. The British colonial administration's census practices, starting in 1881, are discussed, highlighting how these classifications solidified caste identities. Post-independence, reservations were introduced to address inequalities, but the Mandal Commission in 1980 further politicised the issue. The economic reforms of 1991 and the rise of the BJP's consolidated Hindu vote are also mentioned as significant factors influencing the dynamics of caste politics in recent decades.
The Politics Behind the Caste Census
The discussion shifts to the reasons behind Prime Minister Modi's surprising decision to support a caste census. RSJ suggests that the BJP realised they were on a weak wicket regarding reservations, especially after the 2024 election. He also points out that individual states had already begun conducting similar surveys, making a central initiative more strategic for the ruling party. Kotasane adds that the Justice Rohini commission's report on OBC stratification might also be playing a role, as the government could be considering reservation within reservation.
Reservations: Are They Working?
The conversation turns to the effectiveness of reservations as a tool for social justice. Kotasane argues that reservations were initially intended to correct historical injustices but have now become a means for political groups to assert their power. He suggests that this violates the Tinbergen rule, where one policy instrument should have as few goals as possible. RSJ counters that injustice still exists today and that data from a caste census could help target specific interventions. He also points to the success of affirmative action in states like Tamil Nadu.
The Dangers of Counting Caste
Kotasane expresses concern that a caste census will solidify caste identities and hinder the goal of annihilating caste. He quotes Deborah Stone, who says that counting by the government is a political exercise that can create the illusion that complex phenomena are simple and countable. Varma adds that a caste census could lead to political mobilisation based on caste, further deepening divisions.
The Power of Data
Varma argues that data is essential for understanding society and informing policy decisions. He contends that data can shed light on the effectiveness of reservations and other social justice initiatives. RSJ supports this view, highlighting how the 1931 census influenced Gandhi's focus on the emancipation of Indians.
Proportional Representation and Its Perils
Varma raises concerns about the shift towards proportional representation, where groups demand representation in proportion to their population. He argues that this approach perpetuates group identities and hinders the annihilation of caste. RSJ acknowledges the dangers of proportional representation but suggests that data from a caste census could help identify and address specific inequalities.
Unintended Consequences and the Opportunity Cost
The discussion explores the potential unintended consequences of a caste census. Kotasane suggests that it could lead to a consolidation around religion and a focus on distributing scarce resources rather than creating more opportunities. He also worries that it will distract from other essential state functions, such as improving education and infrastructure.
The Zero-Sum Mindset and the Erosion of Individual Agency
Varma expresses concern that a caste census will reinforce a zero-sum mindset, where society is seen as a fixed pie to be divided. He argues that this will erode individual agency and distract citizens from demanding accountability from the state. Kotasane agrees, stating that it essentialises identity and goes against the idea of an Indian nation.
The Glacial Pace of Progress and the Importance of Economic Growth
RSJ reflects on the cyclical nature of Indian society, with periods of economic growth alternating with periods of social and political turmoil. He suggests that the key is to prioritise economic growth while navigating these challenges. Varma echoes this sentiment, emphasising that economic growth is the answer to most questions, including the problem of caste.
Closing Remarks and Recommendations
In their closing remarks, RSJ expresses optimism about the power of globalisation and technology to broaden people's worldviews. He also hopes that the current focus on caste will eventually run its course, leading to a renewed focus on core issues. Kotasane shares an idea for affirmative action that combines an inequity score with a merit score. Both guests provide recommendations for books, films, and podcasts that have impressed them recently.
