0:00 So Hello everyone and welcome to the new lecture of FRB 2.0 in which from today we are going to start a new subject and that is History. As I told you we will start with Modern History in History. We will also do Ancient History. But first of all we will start with Modern History. Considering the Modern History. And secondly, the way we completed Geography, Chemistry, Polity, Biology together, two subjects each. In the same way we are not going to do History and any other subject. We are going to do only History. Till the time History is not finished, we won't be picking up other subjects. Our remaining is Statistics. Our remaining is Physics. Our remaining is Economics. We have to do that too. And that is our target that we have to finish it by 30th of July . Plus as I told you about yesterday's video too. Firstly,
0:48 I am starting a new series for railway students. I am only going to cover the new and good questions that have come in the NTPC answer key, not all the questions. So if you want to see that series, you should see which new set of questions have come because new set of questions means good set of questions, good means tough questions which we don't read often, we will cover those questions because a lot of questions have been asked in NTPC, there are a lot of them, and the second thing is that many of you keep saying that Sir , important articles, important amendments, important cases, so I will upload these videos in short chunks in between when I get time. Okay? I will keep it in it as if I have uploaded the video. You will definitely get the PDF. In a good format. So that you
1:36 can revise it anytime. If not, then we will also make a small quiz for it . So that you can practice it immediately, that yes, did you understand the topic or not. Isn't it? So the rest of the topics that are going on in my mind right now are one important one like amendment, maybe today itself I will give you a video on important amendments, after this, important cases like ours are important articles, if you have any topic in your mind and you feel that sir please give a video on this in short, okay, so that things get summarized, then you tell me, okay, let's start, today 's topic is Advent of Europeans, that is, the arrival of Europeans in India, okay, where did it go in Hindi? Here it is. Okay? This is the arrival of Europeans in Hindi. Which Portuguese, which European powers came to India first? The Portuguese came
2:22 . Vasco da Gama was the first to come in 1498. Okay? Columbus also set out to discover India. But we will not say that Vasco da Gama discovered India. Then Columbus set out to discover India. We will rather say that he discovered the sea route to India. It is not that India did not exist before. He discovered it. Okay? So the Portuguese Vasco da Gama first came to Calcutta in 1498 and the king of this place, Zamorin, welcomed him. He discovered the sea route to India. He came again but Zamorin did not welcome him as much that time and there were some clashes between them . Anyway, since we are revising, we are going to go into as much depth. Okay? We will go into depth. After some time when our CG etc. will be over and when the next batch starts, we will again go into depth there. Not now.
3:08 In 1505, Francisco de Almeida, who was the first Portuguese Viceroy, started the Blue Water Policy which is also called the Carthage System. In 1509, Alfaso de Albeik abolished Sati for the first time and he also captured Goa. Okay? When we read history, in medieval history, when we come to Vijayanagar, then the Portuguese will be mentioned. Where the Portuguese were given a fort by KDR. A fort was given in Bhatkal. But for now, you just have to remember that Vascotagama was the first. He brought the Blue Water Policy and Albeik abolished Sati and captured Goa. Then those who came after him were the Dutch. Who are the Dutch? We call the people of Netherlands as Dutch. Okay? People of Netherlands. The first factory they established was in 1605 in Masulipatnam, also known as Machilipatnam, which
3:57 is in Andhra Pradesh. Then the next ones who came were the British. British East India Company. Now as they had come, it must have been the Dutch East India Company. The French also came later, the British came last, so their East India Company was also like this, the English East India Company was established in 1599, it was established and keep this in mind, we will see it later, first see this, the East India Company was established in 1599, received Royal Charter in 1600 from Queen Elizabeth, the Queen of Britain at that time, Queen Elizabeth I, gave them a Royal Charter, meaning she gave them a monopoly that you can go and only you can trade in India, okay, then in 1608 Captain William Hawkins comes to Jahangir's court. Okay? But if we see, it
4:43 is not successful. The trade is not successful in getting concessions. William Hawkins came from a ship called Hector . Then after that in 1611, he established the first temporary factory . The same Masulipatnam in Andhra Pradesh where the Dutch established their first factory. After that, their first permanent factory came up in Surat in 1613. How did it come about? In 1612, they fought the first battle with the Portuguese. It was a major battle and that battle is called the Battle of Swally and they defeated the Portuguese in it and the Portuguese were in a way subdued here. That means the British had in a way sidelined the Portuguese . Sidelined them. That doesn’t mean that the Portuguese had completely left India . Because you should know that the Portuguese were the first to come to India and were the last to leave India. Do you know that we chased them away in 1961. Okay?
5:34 Police action was carried out through police action so that they were driven away from Daman and Goa region. Okay? So this battle of Sali happened in 1612. Between the British and the Portuguese. In 1613, their first factory was established in Surat. Where did it grow? It grew right there in Surat. So, it means that earlier the Portuguese were sitting there. They were not allowing them. And allow in the sense that the British had to face resistance from the Portuguese, after losing, that means after defeating them, a permanent factory was established in Surat and in 1615, Thomas Roe, who was a Britisher, came to Jahangir's court and he was successful in taking the trade concession. In 1615, Thomas Roe, William Hawkes was not that successful, Thomas Roe was successful after that comes the Battle of Chasura, now we will see
6:20 how the British sidelined everybody one by one, not only the other European princes but also the kings of all the important kingdoms, be it Bengal, Karnataka region, your Awadh region or your Marathas, how they sidelined everyone one by one, be it the Sikh Kingdom, we will see in this lecture. How did the British emerge here? Because they all came here because we saw that first the Portuguese came and touched, then the British and then the French came. Their first factory was established in Surat in 1668. But finally, what we know is that we ruled our India subcontinent, that was done by the British. So how did they do it? We are seeing here how the expansion happened. So first of all, we saw
7:06 how the Portuguese were sidelined. Now it was the turn of the Dutch. The Dutch were also not able to do much. The Dutch were more interested in Indonesia and this region. Okay? So in 1759, they defeated the Dutch, which is called the Battle of Bidera or Battle of Hooghly. Hooghly, you know, we have read in geography that this is the Ganges. Then the Ganges gets divided into Hooghly at a place called Farakka. Okay? And Farakka, please recall. When was the Farakka Agreement signed between India and Bangladesh? You have to tell in the comments. Then let's come to the Kinetic Wars. So we sidelined the Portuguese. We sidelined the Dutch. Now it is the turn of the French. The main resistance that the British had to face was from the French. The French were the major power in India. But it was not like this after the Kinetic War. There have been three Kinetic Wars. The first one was between 1744 and 1748. Actually it was an
7:56 extension of the Austrian War of Succession. What was there in Europe? Wars were going on. I will write here in Europe. This did not become the Austrian War of Australia. Austria. Okay? Austrian War of Succession. Meaning there were wars going on between them in Europe to capture Austria. Not in India, but in Europe. So now imagine that someone like you and Your friend is fighting. Okay? Now, for example, let's assume that there is a fight going on between you and your friend's father. They had a fight yesterday . Now you should remember it as if you and your neighbor are yours. Okay? So, there will be a fight between your father and the boy's father,
8:42 there will be a fight between you and his father somewhere. Okay? Now it is obvious that the relations between you and him will not be good. You will also keep fighting and will meet somewhere. So, it is the same thing. The war was going on in Europe. But it had an extension in India and it ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. If we see this, it was mainly slightly inclined towards the French. Keep this thing in mind. The First Anglo-American War ended with the Treaty of Aix-la -Chapelle. Keep one more thing in mind that there was a Battle of St. Thomas here. The Battle of St. Thomas was a part of this. Between whom did it happen? He was the king of Carnatic. Don't mistake Kinetic for Karnataka. This is Kanetic, the Coromandel Coast, we call it Kanetic. So, this is the region of Kanetic, the Nawab here was Anwaruddin. Okay? And at the same time, it happened between the French forces. And the French forces won here. Keep this in mind. Okay? So the Kinetic region
9:29 , this part of yours between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, will come in it. Okay? Then comes our second Kinetic War. It ended, it is also known as the Battle of Amber. Actually it is not known as the Battle of Amber but the Battle of Amber was a part of the Second Anglo Kinetic War. It happened in 1749 itself. And it ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry. Then if we talk about the Third Anglo-Kinetic War, it happened between 1756 and 1763. Now, here we have said that it is not a non-age here either. Okay? Actually, this Battle of Wandi Wash was a part of which happened in 1760, which is also called the Battle of Wandiwashi. Okay? So the British defeated the French. Here the French won. It was a kind of tie. And here the British won. And they
10:16 defeated the French and captured Pondicherry. And it ended with the Treaty of Paris. It ended with the Treaty of Paris which was signed in Paris. So, it means that there was an agreement between these people that okay friend in India, that is, the British told the French that you should not capture India. Okay? We will do it in India and you can do the rest of the territory. So this is how the Treaty of Paris was signed. Due to which the French were kind of subdued by the British. Who led what? So remember the British forces in the Third Kinetic War. The third one is important because here the British forces were led by Sir Eyre Coote and the French forces were led by Coote Lally. So remember this way, Lally was subdued. Who? The British. You can remember by doing this. Then comes Bengal. Now from here important things
11:02 start. It is not possible that they will not ask you about the Battle of Plassey or the Battle of Buxar. No matter who takes your exam, no matter who the Wonder Tender is. But they will definitely ask you about these battles. Okay? So what was the scene going on in Bengal? So actually there is Bengal, Awadh and Hyderabad. These three separate independent kingdoms emerged after the decline of the Mughals. So the first Nawab of Bengal was Murshid Quli Khan. Okay? At that time, after 1717, sorry. So, at that time, it was in 1717 that Farooq Siyar issued a Golden Farman in 1717 under which the British were allowed to do tax-free trade
11:51 . They can do duty-free trade in the Bengal region and at the same time, they can also issue Dastaks. Dastaks are a kind of passes. Okay? They can issue them too. Then the workers of the company started misusing them. Okay? So this Golden Farman becomes the main reason why the Battle of Plassey takes place and then why the Battle of Buxar takes place after that because the first Nawab was Murshid Quli Khan, many years after that, a Nawab comes whose name was Ali Vardi Khan, now this Ali Vardi Khan, the grandson of Ali Vardi Khan, his name was Siraj-ud-Daulah, it is written wrong here, Siraj-ud-Daulah was his name. So he said to the British, brother look, the Golden
12:37 Farman was issued by Farukhia in 1717, now we are 40 years after that. Yes. Farooq Siyar is no more, so start paying taxes as per rules. The Britishers did not like this. And what did the Britishers do about Fort William? They started fortifying it, i.e. building walls etc. and encircling it. All that was under Siraj-ud-Daulah's kingdom. And fortification started inside his kingdom without his permission. He got angry. What did he do? It is said that brother, whoever was his fort, went there. All the Britishers who could escape, all escaped. The rest were locked up and the convoys died due to suffocation . They died, which is called the Black Hole Tragedy. The dungeon incident takes place in Fort William. Robert Live got connected to this. And where did Robert Live come from? In Bengal. And he took the help of Mir Jafar. Whose help did he take? Mir
13:27 Jafar. Mir Jafar was the Governor General of Siraj-ud-Daulah. The British Robert Clive offered Mir Jafar that if he helps us defeat Siraj-ud-Daulah, we will make you the Nawab of Bengal. And what did Mir Jafar do? He betrayed Siraj-ud-Daulah and went to the British side. And finally this is the result. Daula loses. The British win. And remember, from here the supremacy of the British develops in the Indian subcontinent. Remember, if you are asked a question that asks which battle led to the development of British supremacy, then from the Battle of Plassey. Then what happened after this was that Mir Jafar was not proving to be able. So the British made Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal and said, brother, now you become the Nawab of Bengal. Okay. But Mir Qasim
14:16 turned out to be a little smart. The Nawab of Bengal, Nawab of Awadh, was himself the Nawab of Bengal . The Nawab of Avadh, Shah sorry Shaja-ud-Daulah and the Mughal ruler of that time, Shah Alam, these three became strong. Is it right? That all three together will defeat the British . Because all three were angry. All three were completely suppressed by the British. They fought the war against the British. But Hector Munro was leading the British forces. Who was leading in the Battle of Plassey? I had just written that it was Robert Clive. Robert Clive was leading. Who is leading here? Hector Munro is leading here. Is it right? But keep in mind that who was the Governor of Bengal at that time? So the Governor of Bengal was Vansi Tat. Who was there? In the Battle of Plassey, Clive was there. Clive was the Governor of Bengal.
15:01 He was also leading the British forces. Here, Mansit was the Governor. Who was leading? Hector Munro was leading. But after this, when did this battle happen? This happened in 1764 and after this the Allahabad treaty was signed in 1765 where separate treaties were signed with Shah Alam II who was the Mughal at that time and Shuja-ud-Daula who was the Nawab of Awadh at that time by the British and this treaty was signed by Robert Clive. Remember who led it, Munro, who was the governor, Van Sith Swettle of Allahabad. Who signed the treaty, Robert Clive got it done. What happened in the treaty here? So Shuja-ud-Daula, who was the Nawab of Awadh. He was told that Allahabad is okay? And hand over the prison
15:52 to the Mughals. First thing. Second thing, give it for ₹50 lakhs. Why? Because you fought this war against us. We did not fight. You were the one who was angry. So our expenses were so much. Pay us the expenses. Okay? Then the second TT was signed and Shah Alam said to him that brother, the Diwani rights, that is, the right to collect the revenue of Bengal, Bihar and Osa, okay, we will take over the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Osa and will just make an annual payment of ₹26 lakhs to you, okay, along with the Nizamat functions, what are these, you should assume that you have taken the Diwani rights here, okay? Diwani rights and Nizamat functions, Nizamat means the police functions, those
16:40 Nizamat functions will be performed by the British only. But for that, the Mughal will have to pay ₹53 lakhs. Okay? To manage it. So this is called dual government in Bengal. And the credit for starting this dual government in Bengal goes to Clive, Robert Clive. And this was ended by Warren Hastings, the credit for ending it goes to Warren Hastings. Warren Hastings ended it in 1772. In 1772. This whole picture of Plassey and Buxar is clear. Okay? Who won in both? The British won. Now where do we come? Now let's come to Mysore. So the story of Mysore is that Mysore Kingdom was here. The original rule of the Wodeyar Dynasty used to be here. That there was a Hindu Shahi dynasty. But there was a military commander in it whose name was
17:28 Hyder Ali and that Hyder Ali was quite an able commander, so gradually he replaced that entire dynasty and established his own dynasty here in Mysore. So here there are four series of wars between Mysore and the British. That is between the Britishers. The first war takes place between 1767 to 69. And here the Mysoreans win. It ended with the Treaty of Madras. If we look at the second one, Hyder Ali was leading in it too but Hyder Ali died in the middle due to cancer and because of that Tipu Sultan, who was his son, started leading in the middle. The second Anglo-Mysore war ended with the Treaty of Mangalore. In this, Mysore won and it was a tie. And in the third one, Mysore will be defeated, the defeat of Tipu Sultan and it ended with the Treaty of Sarapatnam which
18:17 happened in 1792. What happened after this was the fourth one, now in the fourth, Tipu Sultan died. There is no treaty. Tipu Sultan died and the original dynasty here was replaced here . The Subsidiary Alliance was signed. Now what is Subsidiary Alliance? Subsidiary Treaty. So Wellesley brought it in 1798. Actually, it was the brain child of Dupleix who was a French Governor General. But it was used at a good level by the British and his name was Wellesley. It was introduced in 1798. Hyderabad was the first to sign it. Now what was the provision in it? Let me explain it to you a little . Understand that you will not write that if any Hindu Kingdom, sorry not Hindu but any Kingdom signs the Subsidiary Line, then it means
19:02 that a British ruler will permanently stay in its court. Its court means that he can interfere in all its internal affairs. So he will stay in its court. That particular ruler will have to leave his army and keep the British army. He will have to keep the British army because they are more capable. Okay? Remove your army. Plus he cannot enter into a treaty with anyone without asking. Neither with any other ruler nor with any other European power. And what will he get in return? Just security, that is, if someone attacks him then the British will protect him. That was all there was in the subsidiary lines. So Hyderabad was weak in 1798 and they thought that if they don't sign then they will go first. Such type of situation. So Hyderabad signed. Hyderabad 1798, Mysore 1799, Tanjore 1799, ah Avadh 1801, Peshawar 1802 and after this you
19:54 see what is written here? Mysore 1799 because if you see in 1799, Tipu Sultan died. Everything ended after the Fourth Mysore. So bring Woodyar, son, come Woody and sign this subsidiary line. Woodyar will not say no we will not sign. It is a simple thing, we have to do it. Okay? Let's come to Marathas now. And okay. Just keep one thing in mind that in the Fourth Anglo Mysore War, Wellesley led the British forces. Okay? Let's come to Marathas. Now the first war with the Marathas was fought between 1775 and 1782. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. The Marathas suffered a massive defeat there . Okay? Due to which they started disintegrating to a great extent
20:39 . The Maratha Empire. The British took advantage of this. Now what was there here? A war of succession as to who would become the next ruler? There was a lot of internal rivalry going on for that. So there was a man named Raghunath Rao. This Raghunath Rao had to become the ruler. What did Raghunath Rao have to become? He had to become the ruler. Okay? But he was not able to become one. So what did he do? He went to the side of the British. Okay? He signed a treaty with the British which is called the Treaty of Surat. Okay? Treaty of Surat. This happened in 1765 and he asked them to help him win. Make us the Nawab and what will we do? I mean, put us on the throne and what will we do? We will give you Salsette and Basayan.
21:24 Okay? We agreed. Okay? These people came. Who? The British. There was a fight. But the Marathas won here. Okay? The Marathas won. So first the Marathas said, son, hand him over to us. Raghunath Rao. Son Raghunath Rao, come here. Okay ? And they made the British sign a treaty. But Hastings was sitting here . Okay? He did not like all these things, sorry Clive at that time. Okay? So he did not like all these things and he left his entire Bengal. He brought the British army from there. And he did not accept the treaty which was signed after the First Anglo Maratha War. The war continued here again. And the final treaty which was signed after the First Anglo Maratha War, you have to remember. After the First Anglo Maratha War, that was the Treaty of Salbai. It was signed in 1782. So who was leading the British forces here
22:12 ? Here, Robert Live was leading the British forces. And if we talk about the Maratha forces, then Mahatji Shinde was leading them. And in your first war, Nana Fadnavis also played a very big role from the Maratha side. Anyway, the second war comes now. The second war starts, keep in mind that it started not ended. Okay ? It ended with the Treaty of Salbai. But it started, the second one started with the Treaty of Bassein. It started with the Treaty of Bassein in 1802. It happened between 1803 and 1806. The British forces here were led by Arthur Wellesley. Arthur Wellesley. And the Third War ended
22:57 with which treaty? The Treaty of ended with many, many treaties but the main one was the Treaty of Masaur, the Treaty of Mandsaur, sorry, the Treaty of Masaur, so this happened after the Third. Okay? After the Third, the Treaty of Mandsaur was signed by the Holkars of Indore. The Marathas had become very disintegrated. So here in the Indore region, the Holkars were there. Okay ? Or they were in Gwalior, I will write it here. Okay? Holkar, Scindia, Gaikwad, Bhosale, okay, so who all were there here? Holkar in Indore, Scindia in Gwalior, were big supporters of the British. And
23:48 if we talk about Gaikwad, then this is the Baroda region, Baroda, and if we talk about Ghosale, Nagpur, okay, this is the thing and we have seen that the third one, it ended with the Treaty of Once and the second one, they played different tricks and signed different treaties with everyone. Okay? Rajghat signed with the Holkars of Indore. Then there was a treaty of Devgaon, Devgaon. This was signed with Bhosale who was from Nagpur . Okay? And I will write another treaty here, Surji. Surji Anjan village. This was signed with Scindia. So, different treaties were signed with everyone.
24:34 After the second war. The third one started, it was like the Treaty of Basine. The third one started due to many reasons. One of which we call Pindri War. What is Pindri War? Pindri used to be a kind of tribe. Mix of many religions. There were Hindus, Muslims, Afghans, Sikhs, Jats, everyone. Okay? So they used to work for the Marathas. Now the Marathas had gradually come under the complete control of the British. Bajirao the Second was the Peshwa at that time. Okay? So Bajirao the Second was the Peshwa at that time and he was also not happy with it. Firstly, the action that was being taken against the Pindris, the Pindris were raiding the British. So the British were suppressing the Pindris. Okay? They were suppressed completely . So the Marathas did not like this thing. Plus
25:19 the British were gaining too much excessive control in the Maratha Kingdom. So the Peshwa of that time did not like this Bajirao II. This is why the Third Anglo Maratha War happened. It lasted for one year from 1817 to 1818 and ended with the Mandsaur Treaty and nothing was left here. The Marathas were completely wiped out here. The Peshwas who came at that time, like Bajirao II, were sent to Bithoor in Kanpur and were told to go and stay there, we will give you pension and then you can leave from here. So the entire Maratha work ended here. Okay? I mean, the chieftains like the Peshwas who were sitting in Pune were sent to Bithoor in Kanpur and the rest, Holkar, Bhosle, Gaiwad, all of them had their own support there in support of the British, so they were ruling there. Okay? Let's come to Punjab. What was the situation in Punjab? So your Maharaja Ranjit Singh was ruling Punjab. There used to be 12 Misls.
26:06 One of them was Shukrchariya Misl. Ranjit Singh was from Shukrchariya Misl. He was a very powerful ruler. Okay? So a treaty was signed in Amritsar in 1809. The Sutlej river was made a boundary under which the British would live and under that, sorry, under that, the Sikh Kingdom would live. These two would not cross each other's boundary. That is the treaty, they would not cross the Sutlej river. So the British did not do it because they knew that if they did, they would be harassed again. Ranjit Singh was very powerful. So he was waiting. Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in 1839. And after that one after the other, rulers changed, ruler after ruler, wickets fell many times in our middle order and finally this happened that the first war means what did they do here,
26:53 at that time it was the first Anglo Sikh war, Harding was there at that time, so what did they do, they attacked, the Treaty of Lahore was signed here, okay, the Treaty of Lahore was signed after the first Anglo Sikh war in 1845 and it ended with the Treaty of Lahore and the Treaty of Bhairo Wal was also signed here. That means it ended with the Treaty of Lahore. The Treaty of Amritsar was signed in 1809 with Maharaja Ranjit Singh and it was mentioned in it that this was just a boundary made. There was no war or anything. After his death, when the British saw that brother, we are weak world kings, then they attacked. okay? What happened in 1846? The Battle of Aliwal happened. If we look at the second Anglo Sikh war, the beginning of it was the Battle of Ali Wall and the leader of the second Anglo Sikh war was
27:40 Dalhousie and Dalhousie completely took control of the Sikh Kingdom and the Sikh Empire also came under the British rule. So when did the first and second wars take place and who led at that time? If we look at it, the governor was Lord Auckland, sorry Auckland will not be there, Harding will be there, Auckland was there in the first Anglo Sikh war and Harding will be there and Dal Dalhousie was there. If we talk about the Afghans, they fought two wars with the Afghans. The first one was in 1839 and 1842 and here it was not John Lawrence but Auckland. Okay? Auckland was there. Okay? So
28:28 what did Auckland do? Why did they attack Afghanistan? They did not have much interest in Afghanistan . But the influence of Russia was increasing . They thought that if Russia comes here and reaches Afghanistan, then India can also be captured. Russia will come here as well. So, that is why they wanted their government in Afghanistan . Okay? So, there was a Shah Shuja sitting here. They got Shah Shuja dethroned and made Dost Mohammad sit. But the people there were unhappy with Dost Mohammad. So, they made Dost Mohammad, that is, first of all, the British who were being removed from here, were properly relayed to the British there itself in Afghanistan, because of which they did not talk for many years. And even John Lawrence, who came in between, okay, in the 1800s, I think, from 1964 to 1969, John Lawrence was there from 1964 to 1969. He had implemented a policy called
29:16 the Policy of Masterly Inactivity. The policy of masterly inactivity means that we will not interfere in Afghan affairs. Then after that, they did it again. The second Anglo-Afghan war takes place and the ruler here, i.e. the Governor General, is Lytton. Okay? Lytton because the time is 1879 and the Governor General at that time was of Bengal or India? Of India. Because we know, we have already read it . Governor General of Bengal in 1833. Governor General of India had already been made. So Lytton was the Governor General at that time, that Lytton finally means that he was the Governor General at that time, during his time, the Second Anglo-Afghan War Treaty of Gandamak is signed and this too is very true, no British victory is found here either and the third, the
30:02 final one, takes place in 1919, the Third Anglo-Afghan War, at this time you can guess which voice came, we remember, in 199 the Government of India Act came, which is called Montague-Chaf Reforms or Kessford Reforms. Why do we call it that because Montague was the Secretary at that time and Kessford was what? He was a viceroy. So that would be it. Okay? So the Afghan one is done. Plus here we don't have a good Nepal one. Just keep this in mind in the Anglo Nepal War. There was no Anglo Nepal series of wars. It happened between 1814 to 16. And it ended with the Treaty of Sugauli. The first Anglo Maratha ended with Salwai and this one with Sugauli and similarly if we talk about Anglo Burmese, Burmese
30:51 Burm is the old name of Myanmar, so just keep in mind the first one, the only important thing to keep in mind is that the first one happened between 1824 to 1826 and it ended with the Treaty of Yandaboo, the Treaty of Yandaboo, and the British forces here were led by Arkiba Campbell, okay, and it ended with whom? With the Treaty of Yandaboo. And if the second one ever asks that When did the second Anglo Burmese war start? It started in 1852. And the one who was leading here, okay? When the main governor general was Dalhousie. This has to be kept in mind. The rest are not that important. There was a third one too. But not that important. It happened in 1885. But keep in mind the first one, with whom was the treaty Yandabu signed? With Sugauli Nepal. And Salbai
31:40 happened after the first Anglo Maratha war. Okay? So I hope this lecture was a bit complex. Okay? It was quite long too but we summarized it in a very short way. So you must have understood things. It is more important than understanding. You should remember things. So you have to revise again and again. Plus what do you have to do? Now you have to practice questions of level one and level two from Little Boy . Okay? And you have to tell your score in the comments that how much you have scored . You can get this mind map from Parmar SSC Telegram channel, the link of which is in the description. And as I told you in the beginning that if you want short videos on any topic, then do tell me. Okay? Then I will make it like this. Okay? Thank you.
