0:00 So friends, today we will talk about our ancient India. It's the last class of history. Today our This is the last class of Ancient History. Its After that, our next class will be straight away. Will meet you on the 6th. Holi's I will leave you wishing you all the best. Enjoy Holi in a great way and 6 date from which we start medieval Indian history do. Beginning of Medieval Indian History do. One topic that remained with us was History of South India. history of South India. Isn't it? This is from South India Our entire history remains. South India That the entire history is still there. In which we have to face Chel Chor Pandya twice You have to read about it. an ancient and a Royal, one Ancient and one Royal. In this we
0:47 We will talk about the Pallavas. right here We will also talk about the Rashtrakutas. So, we have completed all these topics here. do. Approximately one to one and a half hour session will be. In this we merge nicely Will end the period. After the confluence, we We will talk about the Chola and Pallavas And will complete your topic. Very good Stay tuned. It so happens that South India The ancient history of South India Ancient history is a bit difficult. It seems so. She seems a little tough comparatively. Is. It seems tough because the words that I have just said You will get the terms you will get now Will be a little different. They are of a different type Will be. Because now you can learn Tamil, Telugu etc.
1:33 Malayalam literature, especially Tamil literature, We will talk about it. a little bit first Nor do we try to understand the timeline. One Let's understand a small timeline. then we Will be able to move forward. Then we are old, then we are You will be able to move forward in a good way. See The beginning of the history of South India We are talking about history. We Pre It's not about history or protohistory. Are doing. We are straight up historical. Talking about periods. So its It is considered the beginning of That Sir, we consider its beginning to be from the Sangam period. Are. We consider its beginning from the Sangam period. Are. When the ancient Whom we know as Ancient. Ancient three major states
2:21 Used to be. A Pandya who was the most prominent There was one Chera and one Chola. At that time the Cholas They were not powerful. And then we come straight back are about nine then we go straight to after 600 AD Let's talk. Then here we have Pallava See you to see. Here we Chalukyas are visible. right here After some time we got to see the Rashtrakutas. See you for it. Rashtrakutas. Ok? Then We get to see the royal Cholas. Royal Cholas are available to see which are approximately We will see them after 900 AD. So today We have to complete so many topics in the class. Have to do it. We should read about the Sangam period. Is. Sangam period has to be discussed. Us
3:08 I want to talk about Pallav. Us I want to talk about Chalukya. Us We have to talk about Rashtrakuta. And We have to talk about the Imperial Cholas. And along with this, our ancient history This is the topic, it will be completed. it It will be completed. ok sir. So, this is a The entire sequence will remain. This entire order There remains something we need to talk about. There were some other small states like Ganga Or it is called Ganga. This is also in two parts Remain divided. Ok? Ganga or Ganga Travancore Provancore. So these are different. about these I don't want us to talk. It is as much It is not very important. Let's get started then And we start with the Sangam period.
3:54 do. We will start with the Sangam period. Please pay attention. Please try to understand One topic at a time. Okay, all the things It is clear. We've built you a base. Given what we are going to read after all Are. Ok? After all, we are so much, after all, we What all are you going to read? Is it clear? All things are there. ok sir? Come on, let's move on. to the topic let start. Unnecessary things in the comments Do not do it. Focus completely on studying. it It is more important. Look at the confluence, How does the Sangam period begin? So In this we have to read an introduction first. Then Let us talk about Chera, Chola and Pandya. There are other facts to be done. But one Let me tell you the question from Sangam Whatever is made, it is made through literature. He
4:40 Are made from literature. because of the confluence The most important part is its literature. Is. The most important part of it is It is literature. So our focus is more on literature. must be on. Our focus is more on literature must be on. let's watch. Now here Introduction is written. So here you are See it is Chola. Here's Cher. Here Pandya Is. You will see mainly three states. Will give. This is a chola. This is Pandya. This Cher Are. Ok? In Chola you if the main Talking about centres, Thanjavur is one here. It is the main centre. Whereas in Pandya, Maddurai It is a major centre. Karur is one of the Chera It is the main centre. So in Chola, Uyir and Thanjavur. Madurai in Pandya and Chera
5:26 Karur. Look at these areas carefully. If you compare them with today's time If we do it then this area is Cher area. We call it the Malabar Coast. this we Malabar Coast speak. So this Malabar It will be on the beach. Mainly in Kerala. Who Pandya is mainly from Coromandel. It is called the Coromandel Coast. So this Coromandel Coast Pe will be in Tamil Nadu. And the chola is this This will also be primarily held in Tamil Nadu. Some? The share will go to Andhra Pradesh. Primarily This will happen only in the Tamil Nadu region. This We can say Northern Tamil Nadu. Northern The Tamil Nadu area can speak of this only of the history of and then here different Princely states will keep coming. After some time here Pallav will come. About the Pallavas
6:12 Will read. Chalukyas in the Karnataka region Will come. We showed you last By making a map in class. Whereas Karnataka, The Rashtrakutas also came to the Maharashtra region. Will go. So let's talk about them too. do. First understand the meaning of a word. What does confluence mean after all? See What does confluence mean? Confluence. If it is in Hindi, you can understand it in English. So Sangam means confluence. That means meeting. A place where different Things come and go. different people different things, objects, metals, rivers Where all this comes and meets. Then the confluence of Construction takes place. There is confluence. In Tamil literature, the confluence is called Muchangam.
6:58 goes. What is the confluence called? Muchangam. It meant council or meeting. it There was a council of Tamil poets and scholars. This was an assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. The first person to use the word Sangam was It was first used by the Saivite saint Appar. and its time period is considered to be He is believed to have lived between 300 BC and 300 AD. goes. Although the books say that The three confluences continued for approximately 9950 years and 197 kings provided it patronage. It focuses on secular themes. This is a secular literature in which social Poems in life mention deity religious
7:45 They do. But the main theme of literature Not there. Now let me explain this to you. Pay very close attention to this thing. So we I understood one thing that Sir, this word Sangam, this word Sangam is called Muchangam. This is called Muchangam. So now We saw that in South India, if you If we go to South India, here we have three Different states are available to see. This is the area where we get to see cherries. Are available for. This area here is We get to see Pandya and If you go above Pandya, then this area In we get to see Chola. So whatever Pandya kings there are, whoever Pandya If they are kings, what did they do that their
8:32 There used to be such a council at one time. This There used to be a council of sorts. And this whole Any Tamil scholar in the entire council of There is, in this entire council whoever Tamil scholars, whoever is a Tamil scholar And especially poets, that is, poets, All those people used to gather. all those people Used to gather. And when so many poets and When the scholars gathered, they said many Wrote all the literature. He did a lot of Literature written and the literature that these councils which was written in this Muchangam This literature was named Sangam literature.
9:23 So the most important part of the entire confluence That is his literature. of the entire confluence The most important subject is that Literature. These literature books say this For something like 10,000 years these councils Kept doing her work. For 10,000 years it The councils continued to do their work. However many Sometimes this figure looks very different. But For approximately 10,000 years, they did their respective work. Kept doing it. Then it was constructed. Now remember the Sangam literature also. Their central theme, their The central theme is, that is, their central The subject is mainly It is secular literature. This is mainly
10:10 It is secular literature. it is a secular Literature that talks about love. Love It has been talked about. All this has been discussed. However, to give some reference There is mention of gods and goddesses. But this religion There is no literature of this kind. It is secular There is literature. This is a secular literature. So Take special care of this. So from here A question will arise. What is Sangam? So you What will you answer, Sir, to that question about Tamil poets? The council was called Sangam. which is the work of Tamil poets The council is the Council of Tamil Poets. to this very It was called Sangam. Second, protection of the confluence Who gave it? Who were their guardians? Their Who were the protectors? So you will answer that Sir
10:56 Their patron was the Pandya king. He Pandya was the king. What did they make? So Sir, he created literature which we call Sangam. It is called literature. Literature and the literature How it is? So you will tell me that Sir, this complete The entire literature of this secular There is literature. What kind of literature is this? It is secular literature. it is secular Literature. This is secular literature. it It is secular literature. So these basic things You should know. Now the books tell us It is said that three such gatherings have been organised. Three such separate councils have been formed. First Vala happened in Madurai. The second one is Kapatapuram and the third one also in Maddurum
11:42 It happened in Madurai. So Madurai you just mapped I saw. We just showed you the map. Was. So you can see it clearly on the map. That Pandyawala is in Madurai. cherwala sorry What was the capital of Pandya? Madurai. So two The confluence took place in Madurai. and which Where is the middle confluence? Friends? So remember the first and third ones. The confluence is the first and the third confluence is It happened in Madurai. The second confluence is It happened in Kapatpuram. Where did that happen? Yes, it happened in Kapatpuram. of the first one The president was sage Agastya. the other one's The president was Tulkapier and the third one had The chairman was Nakkeer. The other one is this
12:28 A literature was written in it named Hai Tolkappiyam. This particular attention Please keep it. It is very important. In pronunciation There may be some mistake. Please pay attention. The literature written here was Tolkappiyam. Now the Tolkappiyam is a Tamil It is called grammar. who is called Is? Tamil grammar is called It was written by Tolkappier. Tolkāpayana is the Tamil grammar It was written by Tolkappier. As Sanskrit grammar by Acharya Panini Was written. You have come to know about the eight chapters. That's what we call it. in the same way that Tamil grammar is Tolkāppiyam or Tolka Peer It was written by. which is the third confluence
13:15 A large amount of literature was written in it. Still available today. In the third confluence that took place A lot of literature was written which is still in use today. It is available which we will talk about. Ok? So where do we get this information? Do you get it? Ashoka's 2nd and 13th rock edicts From Ashoka's Second and 13 Rock Edicts Information is available. Megasthenes Stabo and Pilani has also mentioned this. Hathi Gumpha Inscription Remember this. Where was the Hathigumpha inscription located? So friends, if you remember the Hathigupha inscription If you are coming then the Hathigufa inscription is Found in the Kalinga region of Odisha And it is related to King Kharavela. King
14:03 It is associated with Kharavela. This is the same encryption In which the first mention of India is written been given as evidence. in which India for the first time through a written evidence Explained as follows. then there is Iraiya Nara, a book written in the eighth century Harappa Harappa Porul is okay Harappa Porul is We also get information from books. Let go Let's move on to the next topic. Now the confluence Literature is something you can divide it into two ways. Can. A Literature Based on the Literature And secondly, the subjects covered in it Here comes the literature of which type of literature and secondly, what is it
14:49 All kinds of things are covered. So It is of two types depending on the subject matter. Is. Based on their subject, We Can Divide It inu to part. One is Puram. One is puram and the other is akam. One is Puram And the second one is Akam. Love affair in Akam are given. Love has been talked about And there was talk about war in Puram Is. Based on literature it is called Pattu Patti This is ithu thoke and padi ne keel kanukam is can be divided in this manner. which is not Importent. You just remember this, Akam and Puram. Akam and Puram. Ok? Now they come MOST IMPORTANT PART ON THE MOST IMPORTANT PART
15:35 But. From here, your questions become more numerous. Are. Your questions are too many from here. Are made. Whatever we said once before Let's recall it. Then we proceed Will increase. Let's ask you some questions I will ask. Please answer the questions. see How prepared are you? first question My question to you is what is confluence? Tell me quickly. What is confluence? it Tell me. What do you mean by Sangam? Yes, I am absolutely saying that its Pronunciation often goes wrong. So, So I've already given you a disclaimer. Given that some words are pronounced incorrectly Can. Aldo will be very rare but if it happens So sorry for that already, friends. But You will remember everything. Let go We will provide notes in English. Do Not worry about it. Come on, tell me. So the first question
16:23 What I am telling you is that with hey I am telling Hmm, what do I have to remember? What you have to remember I will get it done for you. Don't worry. First Tell me what is the meaning of Sangam? So the confluence What does it mean, sir? straight from the confluence It meant the conference of Tamil poets only. It was called Sangam. Assembly of Tamil Poets Vaz Called Sangam. next. Tell me that the confluence Who organised the councils? Was? Who formed the councils of the Sangam? Did you get it organised? Then the answer will be that Sir Pandya used to be the king. The Pandya King These were organised. First and The third confluence is in the Madurai area. which used to be the capital of Pandya
17:09 Was. very good thing. You should remember this Is. Now a question can be yours from here. What is the subject matter of Sangam literature? Was? What was the subject of Sangam Literature? So will you remember that confluence? Love is talked about in literature, Talked about love, politics Talked about politics, war Talked about, talked about war The matter was discussed. But you will see this one It is a secular type of literature. This is a It is a secular type of literature. Meaning Didn't discuss religious topics much Has been. About religious subjects Not much has been said, friends. Correct? Now a question may arise from here. Which is the book of Tamil grammar? Tamil
17:55 Which is the book of grammar? So remember The book on Tamil grammar is Tolkappiyam. What is his book? Tolkappiyam. From here a question can be made And you should also remember this name. Which is the book on Tamil grammar? So what Tamil grammar is the text of which is Tolka piyam. Tolkāppiyam. Thank you. Thank you Ankit. Thank you so much. Ok? So remember this. This Tamil grammar Is. This question may be asked of you. What Is the name of Tamil grammar? what is the Name of Tamil Grammar? So Tamil Grammar What have we named it? Tulkapya. Now these You have to remember the names of the books. Who all
18:41 Are there C books? This is very important Friends. I will tell you that the entire confluence If you just missed this slide Then your work will be done. This is the most important It is a part. From here, questions will arise as Will be made. So this is the most important part. So just remember this and the topic of Sangam SSC will be completed to a great extent For CGL. Ok? Look at the first There are five epics. Five Epic. This is Tamil There are five epics. Five Epics of Tamil. As we discuss here, we Ramayana and Mahabharata are considered two epics. Are. There are five such epics in Tamil. The first is Silapadikaram.
19:27 It is written by Ilango Adigal. That is all Remember. It tells the story of Kovalan and Madhavi. Has been given. Tilap Padikaram Ise Ilango Adigal Has written. The second is Mani Maikhale. asked this Had gone. If someone applies PYQ then he You must know that Mani Maikhale and Sheetale Satnar It is written by G. Sheetlai Satnar Ji It is written by. It includes Kovalan and This is the story of Madhavi's daughter. Basically you can say that the gem Maikhile is the second part of Silap Padaram Is. Correct? The next one is Jivaka Chintamani. which Jivaka Chintamani was a famous Jain poet. Whose name is Tiruntaka Devar, his Written by. Then there is Kundalakeshi who
20:16 Kundalakeshi is a Buddhist epic. it Written by Nag Kutnar. And Next is Valiyapathy. Which one is next? Valiyapathy. These are the five you have to remember. Which ones? Repeat it once. There is one Shilpapadikaram written by Ilango Adigal Is. The second is Manimakhile who is the wife of Sheetale Satnar. Written by. Jivaka Chintamani Jain Written by poet Tiruntaka Devar. Kundalakeshi is written by Naga Kutnar It has been said that Valiyapathy has to remember this. Correct Is? Similarly, there is another Kural which Written by Thiruvallur. Great Poet Thiruvallur. Then next is Ahaan Noor who
21:03 Written by Rudra Sharman. Next is Maru Garbhapadaya. This is Nakkir's and Kamban's Iramat Iramat Iramatvat Iramat Ramam This is the Rama story which It is written by Kamban ji. great poet Written by Kamban. This is considered as Tamil Ramayana. She goes. Friends, Tamil Ramayana is considered goes. I will also tell you this The part is the most important. Specific This is how Silappadhikaram Ilango Adigal Manimakhale Sheetalay Satnar Jeevak Chintamani Tiruttar Devar and here if you remember If it is like an Irmat, then remember Ram, whatever Irmat Ram is the one who wishes, the one who wishes, Ram is this
21:50 Friends, this is written by Kamban. Pay special attention to questions from here Too many are made. Question from here Too many are made. Ok? Now These are small basic things. like the south The expansion of Aryan civilization in Done by sages Agastya and Kandanya Was. Done by sages Agastya and Kandanya Had gone. So the question is asked whether The Aryan civilization in the south Who is credited with leaving? South Who took the Aryan culture with them? Was? So to take the Aryan civilization to the south The credit for this goes to sages Agastya and Kandīnya. is given to. There are two famous There were also women who participated in the Sangam period It is written. One is Ovaiyar and the other is Macheliar.
22:39 Ok? Ovaiyar and Machialiyar. So remember this too Keep. This is important. remember one A Tabil poet named Mamul Nar wrote about Nanda and The Mauryas are mentioned. Nanda and The Mauryas are mentioned. So that's it You have to remember these things at the confluence age. This is the most is the important part. The rest of the things now I'm going to tell you, this is from the administration There are connected things. some questions here Are made from. But this is the most The important part was that you need to Remember. Ok? So, now the things that are It is important, but not that much. But which There is a part related to literature, which is related to literature The part is the most important. Try to remember it. Let go, Now let us read about the states one by one. Let's take it. So I just told you that three
23:25 There were different states. Ok? Now you have the map I told you that Sir, there are three different The states are visible to us. Here we Cher appears. There are Pandyas here. There is a stove here. These are Cholas. This is what you see There you go friends, this is Cholaz. This Pandya Is. Here's Cher. So, remember this. Now Let us start understanding one by one. Cher It is considered to be the most ancient lineage and It was in the area of modern Kerala. Modern In Kerala. The most important in Sangam literature Chera is mentioned more often. To all The more frequently mentioned one gets That Chera is found in Sangam literature. Its prominent ruler is Udayan Jiral. Apart from that, the most important thing is
24:12 The rulers who are important are the San Guttuvan. San Guttuvan who had given the title of Adhiraja He had assumed the title of. He The beginning of the religious sect called Kanakki of. These were known as Lalcher and Bhalacher. He is also known as and he was the greatest ruler. One of their capitals was Kuruvar. There was a capital Kuruvar and the second capital was Tondi. These This was their capital. Again I am telling you that just Remember this basic. So remember that Look where Cher was at? So you can do this as an answer Let me tell you that the Chera is in the Kerala region. Were. The second Sangam literature is as much as There is also Sangam literature in which the most
24:57 The most mentioned It's been mentioned that Cher and Cher's most famous He became the king and became Sen Guttuvan. Who happened Yes? Sen Guttuvan was the most important king. Who were known as Lal Cher or Bhala Cher Also known. Just enough work Will go. Capital Kuruvar Capital Kuruvar or Desired. After this comes Chola. Memory The royal cholas are very large. about whom We will read it after some time. So Royal Cholas is a very big topic. There we detail Will read from. These Cholas are mainly were in northern Tamil Nadu. North Was in Tamil Nadu. It was very powerful,
25:43 He was very powerful. He also visited Pennar and The Velar ruled among the rivers. He built a bridge between the Pennar and Vellar rivers. It has been ruled. The tiger was their symbol. Tiger was their symbol. Their most The important capital was Uyur which was a cotton was a centre of textiles and Puhar Which we know today as Kaveripattinam. and their most important rulers were Karikal Chola. Protection of Brahmin religion and promoted maritime trade. Pandyas were located south of the Kaveri River. It was famous for pearls. As such Megasthenes writes that the Pandya kingdom Famous for pearls. their capital It was Madurai. Madurai was their capital and
26:32 Nedun Jelian was their main ruler. Sign Fish means fish. This matriarchal There was rule. There was matriarchal governance. Weng The river was the lifeline of the Pandya kingdom. Who The Veng River was the lifeline of the Pandyas. There won't be many questions. That's why you Need to remember too many things It is not here. Now the question arises from here Are. Questions arise from here. Give them a little Understand carefully. Administration How was it? How was the administration? Question from here Are made. Look, one thing is certain, most The person who was important was the king, he Was King. and different names for the king. has been used. Like a word to the king
27:19 It has been said that Vendan. One more such word Who has been told? Another Word for King Manna has been used. Ok? Mannan. The most important word was 'Coat Ravana'. Coat The word Ravana has been used. and Irene The word has been used. Erewhon. Use of the words Kotravana and Eravan It was done for the king. I even know one It was a very dangerous practice. A very dangerous This type of system was in operation. Like, suppose that There is a king. Let us assume that King A And the fight of King A is happening With King Two. King A's Battle of Kiske Are you getting along? Fight with King To
28:06 and let's assume that King A is in it Whoever it is, he lost. He lost the battle so he knew what did he do? He gives his life I would sacrifice myself. he commits suicide Used to take. In a way, he committed suicide. Used to take. And this is the custom that the king who If he lost, he would commit suicide. This system was named Vat Kiru rythm. This system was called Vat. Kiru rhythm. So not so detailed. Will ask. But you can certainly be asked this Which were those areas of India where But if the king lost, he would He would sacrifice his life. He his He would have ended his life. So this in the confluence
28:52 It used to happen. Old Chera Chor used to be in Pandya And this entire process was called Vat Kiru Tal. used to go. So right now in administration we have What did you tell? First thing in administration I told you that Sir Raja means for King. What words have been used? Vendan like Kon, Mannan, Kotarvan and Eravan words have been used. and one more What process did you tell me? Wat Kital. Vat Kirutal that if the king lost, if the king If he loses, he will sacrifice his life. Will do it. He will end his life. These It is most important. Now a few words Let's do it. Let's talk about some terms Are. Like Mandal, Mandal was called the state. used to go. It was called the state. Just like that
29:39 There is a word called peonal. Perunal which is the word The word panel meant king's Birthday King's Birthday. One is Ama Desire. Ama Ichchan is called the minister Was. The minister was called. Maranam Maranam The word used to be the king's court. The King's court was Nalavay which is Nalavay This Rajya Sabha was called the Royal Assembly. was called Anadi Anadi the commander These martyrs were called Veerakkal and Nadukkal. The statues of soldiers which were idols All the martyr soldiers who were martyrs If they are done then they get Nadukkal and Veerakkal
30:25 There were statues of him. Nadu this It was called province. And the word Ur means city. Now look at your This is the word that has been asked in the exam. The word Ur is used in the history of South India. What was the meaning? what was the meaning of ur In The History of South India. So of Ur It means city. Nadu means Province. Naddu Nadukal and Veerakkal are the memorials of martyred soldiers. There were statues. Maranam meant King's Court, King's Court and Chambers It meant state. This is the word. From here, questions arise. it There are words you have to remember. one such The word was Pattinam. So we still use this today.
31:11 We do. We have started saying Patanam. Nowadays Let it collapse. So we use the word port are the ports we use Or use it for coastal cities. These are also called noise. Ok? So The word Pattayanam is used for a coastal town. Has been done Now some social terminology too. Was. There was some social terminology too. Let's get this Let's see. Then we remember. Four No caste system and no slave system Was. There Was No Chaturva and Slave System. The highest class is the Brahmins. There was a class and after that whatever was higher There were other classes, one of them was Velar. Vellar was a farming class. Agricultural
31:56 class and it was dominated by Brahmins in the society. Later it came and there were tough times for agricultural labourers. The word Shiver has been used. Who There were agricultural labourers who They were called Kade Shivers. Kadai Other classes include the hunter who have class. Malabar was this looter. Plunder Puleyan This charpai and mat work used to do. Venegar was this merchant group. Was a merchant. Vinegar spoke for the merchant used to go. Vanar washerman used for used to go. This fisherman was Paradawar. Panner and Videllier Joe Videllier is this singer and It was used for dancers. of the word Videllier. Ok? widow remarriage and
32:44 Remarriage took place in the society. Widow The system of remarriage and remarriage is also in society. I was. women who are educated women scholarly Women were called Avaiyar. The word Kalavu is used Without the knowledge of the parents, if any When he got married he was called Kalavu. Karpu meant by the family To get married. who are married by family It used to be called Karpu. Now your mind Khichdi must have been prepared. Sir, so many The words are done. How do we remember and What should I remember? That's absolutely correct. So we'll help you remember things. In getting it done. Now pay attention. Now the most These are important words, we recall them. Are. Like a word I will write in front of you
33:32 That word is ur. So what does the word ur mean? Was? So sir, the word for the city was used. This is for the town It was used. The cities of today So today, like we have this word city and town here It is said that it was called Ur there. Even today you Look at the Tamil in front of many cities You will see Ur attached at the back. Another one The word is Ji Nadu. So Nadu for whom are we used to use? So the word Nadu is was used for the provinces. The provinces that exist, the provinces that exist Yes, that Mandal word is used for the nation. Have done. The provinces are called Nadu. It was said. very good thing. Sir, one more The word we used was maranam. Why the word maranam?
34:21 Did you use it sir? A word came: death. So Maranam The word maranam meant king. Court of. Which used to be the King's court. Which was the king's court. That is, which There used to be a King's Court, what do we call it? Were? We used to call it maranam. Friends, we What did you say? Maranam. Another such word Came. It is a very important word, that is Velar. So we used the word velar For whom have you done this? The car is coming today Velar. So it can be used for the farming community. Done is the word. This is for agriculture The word used is . In this very The word Kadasier comes from a Kadasier. So What does Kadesier mean, sir? Kadesier's
35:08 It meant all the agricultural labourers. Whatever agricultural labourers we used to Known as agricultural labourer. would have There are a lot of people who don't have land. It would have been. He goes to other people's fields If they do farming then we call them agricultural Known as labour or agricultural labourer Are. So they were called Kadesiir. Very Excellent. Sir, is there widow remarriage in the society? Did it happen? Is there widow remarriage in the society? Did it happen? It definitely used to happen. Widow Remarriage Was. Even the women who are She was receiving education. And the women who The word for those who were learned was Avyar. The word for them was Aware. These wise women
35:55 For those who are scholar women The word Avaiyar has been used. I hope you remember the words till here. Will be. I can even understand some words Will be. Remember something else we did like this I talked about words. Like Videllier. So This is the word videlier for singers and dancers. was used. and which It is important from where there are a lot of questions. If you are still alive, that one word that you remember The one word you must know Just wait a minute friends The important word is that I should just take it towards him. I am going to tell you one important word and If there is one word in it then it is Pulian Chatai. And for cots and mates for bunks And a vinegar is fine, Pulian word is also big
36:42 Important is Pulian which is the word Pulian It meant mat. Mat and The word vinegar is vinegar. the word vinegar It meant businessman i.e. trader. So This is what you have to remember. Just remember these words Take. There is no need to remember much. Our work will be done in this time. in so much Our work will be done. Tell me now in the comments By doing. I will remember at least this many words. all the words No need to remember. But what so much Will you remember the words, dear friends? So much Will you remember the word? Tell me quickly. what so much Will you remember the word? If you remember so many words So, to a large extent, your questions will arise. You won't have to worry. Ok?
37:28 You will not face any further problems. Ok? Balance We have given all the notes. read them Take it and remember these many words. Come on, Mr. Let's move ahead. It's that easy. You a little Stay tuned with us. Gradually we It will remind you of things. become a little bit Just stay together. Let's move ahead. Its Let us talk about some facts later. Some? Let's talk about facts. Like we just now Told you who is Urayur. Now Urayur Where did you come, dear friends? So what Uyur is a place which came under the Chola area. And what was Urayur famous for? So Urayur Was famous for cotton textile. This cotton It was famous for textiles. Now attention Let us understand some things in the map here. There is a place here called Arikamedu.
38:15 It falls in the Puducherry area and this The name of the place is Arikamedu. Arika Medu It is so famous that from here we get a Roman Evidence of settlement has been found. From here we Evidence of a Roman settlement has been found. Now You remember the Roman Empire in Europe? We had a lot of business with him. Roman Empires that existed in Europe, Greece, etc. Was in the area. We have a lot from him There was trade. There was a lot of trading. There was so much trade that in Arikamedu He had built his own settlement. They established a settlement here. And from here he used to do business. One more place you should look carefully. it is Kaveripatnam. This is G Kaveripattinam. of the Kaveri River
39:03 It is here that the Kaveri River forms its delta. Is. Kaveripattinam was called Pohar. Kaveripattinam was called Pohar and was a It was an important port town. look right here Right now I am talking only about Chola. Chola Here you will find another area Urayur and What is Uyur famous for? So Uyur which area It was famous for cotton clothes. Correct Is? Now, when we go ahead and read further, This is where we will find Kanchi. right here we Gangai Kanda Cholapuram will be found. This is us royal He will come when we talk about Cholas. Here we You will get Tanjore. This is where we will find Nagapatim. Nagapattinam is also a port. Nagapattinam is also a There is a port. Ok? Now as soon as you Pandya
39:49 If I come then this maddurai will come in Pandya. Panda Which area did I happen to be in? Yes, Madurai. As If you come to Cher then Muziras Muziras and Apart from Muziras this Kokaiya Karurar whichever you want to say and here Kanyakumari and Use of the term Ceylon for Sri Lanka It was done. Ceylon is the word for Sri Lanka. was used. So Arikamedu Evidence of a Roman settlement has been found here. Kaveripattinam, Nagapattinam the port city Is. Kaveripattinam was called Pohar. Uyur which is cotton textile It is famous for. It is Madurai. Here Kokei or Then Karur, whatever you want to say, it is different. There are areas. Ok? Arika Medu as I
40:35 Told that it was in Chola. Roman settlements Have been found. It is very important to remember. Wildly Important This is very very. Correct? So that's all you have to remember. Tax There used to be land tax which was 1/6th. Well, let me tell you one thing. Tell me this makes a question from 1/6. You Tell me that at maximum place everywhere Land revenue is the land revenue in most places The maximum land revenue is in the area Why are you getting only 1/6 of the yield? Why is he only getting you 1/6 of the yield? That total produce of that total produce Why are you getting only 16? Why should this happen
41:21 It is being said that sir, I am getting 1/6 of the produce. As such This is happening because our scriptures It was said in our scriptures that Whatever religious taxes we had, It was said that look brother, no matter how much you produce Yes, only 16 of it should be taken. more than this Should not be taken. So here the land revenue The term Karai was used for land revenue. Has been used. Use of the word Karai Has been done Correct? It's done. so much Remember these things. Religious life in Tamil The country's oldest and most famous The deity is Murugan. whom It is called Subramaniam. There is Skanda. it are the main deities. Skanda became Ok?
42:07 The symbol of Murgan is the rooster. So This is all they will remember. That's it. So much Things you have to remember about Sangam. Remember literature, remember literature. Secondly, remember the terminology mentioned. Remember the names of places. that would be Sufficient. That would be sufficient. Your work in that It will be made. 2 minute break for us friends Will take. After that we will talk about Pallava. We will talk about Chalukya. The story of Rashtrakuta do. We will talk about Chola. other's point do. Approximately 1 hour session from here and Suppose you now and then we go and I will say that Sir, our history of South India It's complete. History of South India Ours is complete. give me two minutes Please give it. Then we move on, friends.
43:00 Come on friends, let's move on. next part But now we come to the Pallavas. Will talk. Ok? About the Pallavas We will talk. We showed their map yesterday Had given. Let me show it once again. Pallavas The founder of this is Shah Vishnu. Tailab II is among the Chalukyas. Telab Second Is. Rashtrakuta has Danti fort. Chola There is Vijayalaya in it. Yadav in Bhillam, Oyasal Vishnuvardhana, Kadamba, Mayur Sharman, Ganga, Brajahasta V and Kakatiya Beta I. it Remember this. Rest of them once in the map Let's see. So we discussed this yesterday also. Had done. Look at this map again.
43:45 See who comes where. So it's up Harshvardhan's empire came into existence. here it is Gad's empire was established. This one with Shashank Tamralipti is a port. Tamralipti There is a port. Here Maitraka rules Vallabhi In. If you look here, this is Chalukya It is a dynasty. Chalukya. give it to me later Will come to the part. A Chalukya of Vengi and one Chalukya of Badami. This is Revati The island which used to be called Goa. This is Pallava. This is the area you are looking at. Pallava will rule the area. This particular Pallava will rule the area. Kanchipuram The area. There are Pandyas here. Cher here Are. Cholas will come back here later.
44:30 After the leaves come back you will see that here There will be Rise of Cholas. Chola will rise. So This is Pallava. This entire area Yes, this is the area of Pallavas. This is the Territory of Pallavas. Ok? This is the Pallavas' The area is. Now the capital of the Pallava dynasty, which Their capital was Kanchipuram. is visible It is clear to you. Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu This was their capital. Co in Important Ruler Vishnu who is the founder. Mahendra Varman First, Narasimha Varman First, Mahendra Varman second, Parameshwar Varman first, Narasimha Varman II, Nandi Varman II and Aparajita Varman is considered the last.
45:15 Some books do not consider them to be the last. Aparajita is the last in Maximum Books Considered a ruler. The most important in this Saha Vishnu who is the founder. Mahendra Varman First, Narasimha Varman first this is very This is important and Nandivarman Second is very He is an important ruler. remember we I told you something about the Pallavas yesterday. It was that the Pallavas were trying to expand their political are not known for. The Pallavas who are Not known for his political expansion Go. For his political expansion Are not known. The Pallavas are known. Pallava is known dear friends for his For art and culture. And you will see that
46:01 Maximum questions that are made from Pallava, They are made from their art and culture only. What kind of temples did they build, where? Which temples were built? much from here A large number of questions arise. From here A large number of questions are created. So we have to take special care that we The art and culture of the Pallavas are well known. Cover it. Art and culture well Cover it. You already understand this It is said that Saha Vishnu was its founder. Associate Vishnu was its founder. let's watch General Introduction We do. This is another map. Look how much It's a good map. You can find things through maps. The location will be cleared. it's like If it is Pallavaz then it is Kanchipuram. right here
46:46 Valor will show you. This is where Sera will be seen. These There is the Kaveri River. This Kaveri River will bring you Will be visible. You will see this Krishna River. it It is Bijapur. Pandya is here. Here Pandya Is. Its capital is Madurai. So this is their It was territory. Here, later, he Expansion was done in Bijapur. major This was his territory. This is their major It was territory. Ok? It was the main territory. So we will remember this here in Mahabalipuram Will make. Mahabalipuram which is the one It was also called Mamalyapuram. this port There was a city. It was a port town. Here he goes further Go here and you will see that it is Mahabalipuram. So Mahabalipuram is one of their ports. It was town. It was their port city and He built many temples in Mahabalipuram.
47:33 Have got them made. In Mahabalipuram he spent a lot of All the temples have been built. So whether you want him Call it Mahabalipuram and this Mahabalipuram It was also called Mamalyapuram. Mamalayapuram also It was said. Why so? This is the kings' It was a title. So in the name of the title of king It was also named Mamalyapuram. So look at these who is the founder who is the founder he co Vishnu is there. I just told you about Saha Vishnu Remember about this, he said to Avni Saha He had taken the title and he followed Vaishnavism. used to do. He was a follower of Vaishnavism. Mamalayapuram is located in Tamil Nadu. The Adivaraha temple is located and the great poet Bharavi He wrote a book named Kirat Arjun. You
48:20 Everyone knows that this is very important The book is Kirat Arjuniyam and this Kirat Who wrote this Arjuniyam? So remember Please keep it, it is a book by great poet Bharavi. great poet Kirat is the book of Bharati's Bharavi Arjunium. Ok? Where is Adivaraha Temple? Is? Mamalyapuram. What is all this connected to? Associate Associated with the reign of Vishnu. So, From here we can form our first one or two questions. Are. Then we will move forward. on the next part Will come. Let me ask you my first question. This is that in South India whenever you look at the Pallava If we talk about it, where did the Pallavas Did you rule? So you will tell them that they Sir, we ruled in Tamil Nadu and we say this It is possible that they had settled in the Coromandel region.
49:07 I ruled. very nice. Second You will be asked a question about the Pallavas. What was the capital? So what will you answer? That Kanchipuram was the capital of the Pallavas. It used to be. Kanchipuram was the capital. The third one will ask who was the founder of the Pallavas. Were? Who was its founder? So what is the answer Will you give? That Sir, the name of its founder was Saha Vishnu. Ok? The next question will be whether their What was a major port? Their Which was the important port? So you will tell that Mahabalipuram Mahabali Puram, also known as Mamalpur which is also known as Mamalayapuram
49:53 goes. Where Adivaraha Temple and many more All things are there. It is a major port city Was. Another question that can arise from here is whether a The book is Kirat Arjuniyam, who wrote this? written? So what will you answer that Mahakavi Bharavi Kirat Arjuniyam was composed by. So many questions can be created till now. Pallava kiss Famous for cheese? So you will tell me that Sir, the Pallava they are famous for architect. They are famous for their architect. it Known for its architecture. it Known for its architecture. So this You have to remember things. these things are
50:39 Very very very. These things are very Variant. You should know so many things Needed These things are very important. Capital It was Kanchipuram. Let's move on. Next. Now Understand this. Friends, this is very important. Is. As important as our ports are, As important as ancient India There were ports, this is a list of all ports Is. This is a list of all the ports. Now remember Do it, this is variant. Look first You come to the Bengal region. So the people of Bengal You will find one in the region called Tamralipi. Tamralipi Port and here you will find Chandraketu Garh. So Tamralipti and
51:25 Chandraketugarh, both of these are in the Bengal region. I used to come. Both these are Bengal regions is in. Then come to Pallur. So Pallur You will find it near Orissa. Ok? After this see Ghantasala. Ghantasala you know Found that it is available in Andhra Pradesh. Correct Is? Arikamedu is in the Puducherry region. Is. Kaveripattinam is an area in Tamil Nadu. is in. It is in the Tamil Nadu region. Correct Is? Kokai is also approximately from Tamil Nadu, Kerala It is on the border. Here you see Muziris Muzirus is in Kerala. Muzirus in Kerala Is. Here you see Bhaduch, Bhaduch Gujarat Comes in. Sopara Kalyana and Chola. Sopara
52:13 Kalyan and Chola regions of Maharashtra Come in. Ok? Badentenium Byzantinium Byzantinia was a kingdom. So there was a lot of trade from here. Hence the name Bazanteniya Baztanium. So the Byzantine is the Byzantine or Mendagora or Togaras or Orna Boss, this happened in the Karnataka region. used to do. This is important. So, it is important There is a port. This is an important port. In this also you can see that Tamralipti Done. Yes. a copper plate, a Chandraketugarh. Chandraketugarh was asked What is Chandraketugarh? So Chandraketugarh It is a port city. is a port town and Where were these two? This is the Bengal region
53:00 I was in. Ok? In addition, you should see that Dasharna Dasharna and Manikpatna, both of these are in Orissa. These Where are both of them? It is in Orissa. ok sir. So remember this also. Then you can see that Masulipatnam And where are Kadura and Ghantasala? It is in Andhra Pradesh. Mahabalipuram, on the other hand, Marakkanam, Arikamedu, Puhar is spread across the entire Tamil Nadu region. Arikamedu is on the border. say this Can. Puhar means Kaveripattinam. Tondi And Korkai is in Tamil Nadu. Ok? If you can see in the Kerala region, Muziris is in the Kerala region. right now you told. You can see it in the Karnataka region.
53:46 So here is Udiyavara. It has to happen here. Here is Gopakapatnam. In Maharashtra It is Kalyani. It is Chola. It is a cannon. Gujarat There is Bhaduch in the region. This is Lothal. Kuntsai Is. And if you go to the Balochistan region If you go there, there is Sutkangdor and Balakot. All this There are ports. It's all port. Now this Have been famous at different times. But the same We have covered all the ports here in the map. Have given. In one port we have all We have covered all the ports in this map. Are. So, the most important of these is Which are asked in the exam. Now their point Let's do it. One became Tamralipti and
54:32 Chandraketugarh was done. Very important. Broach here Lothal. Both of these are very important. where is this But did you come? Yes, Bharuch and Lothal in Gujarat Where from? In Gujarat. Tamralipti and Chandraketu Garh, if you don't speak then remember Will not done. Tamralipti and Chandraketu Garh Where are these? It is in Bengal. Ok? In Bengal. Apart from this there is Sopra here, Popra and Chola. Sopara and Chola which is this It is in Maharashtra. This is very important Is. Ok? This place is Tamil Nadu. So Mahabalipuram in the Tamil Nadu region Uhar these two are important. Arikamedu to Well, it is important. Ok? if you If you go to Andhra Pradesh, Ghantasala is the most
55:19 It is important. Ok? Ghantasala is the most It is important. This is an important port. Now look, he turns around and asks which one The port carried out eastern trade and who The port was used for western trade. From which port did the Eastern Trade take place and From which port did western trade take place? You are also wise that whoever is on this side It will be in the Bay of Bengal, from which we will be east. Will do business. Eastern Trade and Whatever happens in the Arabian Sea will be the same as Western trade Will do. Now suppose you ask about the bell tower Ghantasala was used for eastern trade. Was. It was used for Eastern trade. and Tamra Lipti and Chandra Chandraketu Gadh This was also used for the same purpose. Here you Puhar Which we are calling Kaveripattinam.
56:05 Arikamedu is done. All this is the work of this Mostly they used to come. So all these are important There are ports. Please remember these. Question from here There is a possibility of it happening. Tell me what ports Is the location clear? We have also previously I told you that in one class we will teach you everything. I will tell you the port. what about the ports Did you remember the location, friends? what port Did you remember the location? Ok? Yes. Lothal in the Indus Valley There is the area and there is the Sut Kangedor area. This is Balakot. Today will be boring, friend. Because today I will explain a little to you. I am teaching each and every thing. So that's why I I am reminding you. So you will remember It will take hard work. ok sir. Let's go one more time now Recall with me. Now to remember them Let's try. Now I'm going to draw a map.
56:50 I am from India. This happens, friend. Some? You will like the topic, nothing else. Will take. But depending on your good or bad feelings, the topic It doesn't matter. You are bored, Whatever happens, it has to come in the exam. Come on friends, now it's your turn. I have to tell you. I am writing here Number one and here I am writing number two. Which ports are these one and two? it In the Bengal region, I wrote Forest and Two. So, what will you answer? early reply Two. That the forest on the head is copper coated. Firstly, you mentioned Tamra Lipti and Jo To What you have written here is Chandraketu. That is Chandraketugarh. very nice. Let's come to Andhra Pradesh Are. Here in Andhra Pradesh we wrote
57:36 Number three. Which port will it be? Correct Is? Which port will it be? Number Three Please tell me sir. Please tell me number three. So the number Sir, the port that will come here in three Ghantasala will come. Where will you come sir? Will come to Andhra Pradesh. Ghantashala Port. Ok. Now I write here I have lived where Puducherry is. So Sir, where This is Puducherry, here is Arikamedu. Here is Arikamedu. Tamil Nadu Puducherry Let's assume the region here. Now here I wrote number five and here I wrote Number six. Here I wrote number five and Here I wrote number six. So number five Which one will come, dear friends? So sir
58:22 The port you are writing here at number five This would likely be Mahabalipuram. Mahabalipuram Or this is what we know as Mamalpur. Are. Known by the name of Mamalpur. And Number six, sir, is probably Pohar will be. We call Pohar and Puhar only Known as Kaveripattinam. Pohar This is what we know as Kaveripattinam. Are. Do you remember? Yes sir. Do you remember? This is an important port. very much It is an important port. Come straight here Let's go. Here we have written number seven. Number eight. Sir, the number seven which is written is Lothal.
59:07 Which was in the Indus Valley Civilization. and numbers At what you have written, this is Bharuch. Bharuch or Bharuch. Ok? Bharuch. These people from Gujarat It is in the area. ok sir. Here I write I am writing number nine and number 10 and 11 also. I just take it. Come on sir, number nine which you It is written, this is probably sopara Sopara No. 10 which you have written is Chola Very Important Chola and Number 11 which You have written It was Kalyani. It was Kalyani. Ok? This is important There were ports. These were all important ports. If you go to the Pakistan region here,
59:53 Balakot will be found and Sutkangdor will be found. Now Tell me, do you remember? Do everyone remember? Are all the things gone? Yes sir. Now tell me Chola No, Chola. He is a Chola. Chola such Chola. Now tell me sir. Is it clear now? This is your All the important ports were destroyed. all these Important ports have been made. I just remembered it. Ok? Is it clear now? Even all Do you remember these things? Balakot Sutkangdor absolutely You are right Kalyani. Yes sir. So what Have you remembered everything till here? once If you make a map, you will automatically remember things. Look, even if I tell you the trick, it will be a trick. There will be so many that you will forget. Practice is better than tricks. Trick
1:00:40 Practice is many times better than this. Practice. Correct? A Jitendra is asking What am I teaching? Tell me Jitendra How will things work if you do this? Yes brother, like this Don't read it, friend, so that you have to ask me What am I teaching? Above is the thumbnail, the 12th There are lectures, there is a series, there is a playlist. Take a look, friend. Ok? So this is important There is a port. Remember this. This is very Variant. Correct? Come on, let's move ahead. Now we Read about the major rulers. Correct? Now let us talk about important rulers. Will read. Okay, let me step aside. Take it turned to the side and removed it. I took a Times. This also became my side. Come on sir. Yes, it's very easy to remember from the map.
1:01:26 It is easy. I always believe that if you If you make maps repeatedly, things will get worse very quickly. You will remember it. Location very well It will become clear. Come on sir. Let's move ahead. on the next part Let's come. Now let us consider the important Pallava kings. Have to read about it. We have important points Let us talk about the Pallavas who were kings Who were the important kings of? Who were the important Pallava kings? So The first name in this is Mahendra Varman.
1:02:12 Of the first. See Mahendra Varman I's Just remember one thing about it. just one It is a fact to remember. Mahendra Varman Remember about the first that they Had written a book. I'll ask my friends now So remember this. He wrote a book Mat Vilas was written as a farce. Now UPSC The paper was held and it was asked in it. did not Vilas Prahasan was a book written by There is a play which is a satire, a satire where Attack on Buddhist and Kapalika sects If it has been done, just remember this much. Remember this much friends, this is most Part ki mat vilas prasan whose book is this Mat Vilas Prahasan is written by
1:02:57 It is written by King Mahendra Varman of the Pallava dynasty. Pratham Ne Mat Vilas Prasan Is Written By The Pallava King Mahendra Varman I. death Vilas Prahasana is written by the Pallava King Mahendra Varman first. Please remember this It is very important. Ok? into what Is? This is a fun and frolic, isn't it? A satirical play is a satire in which Buddhism and the Kalika sects Religious practices questioned Is. By those who have talked about religion Different superstitions are made. on them A question mark has been placed Mat Vilas Prasan said. So who wrote this? Mahendra Varman I. Mahendra Varman First Who
1:03:44 Were? This was the Pallava king, the Pallava King. Next comes Narasimha Varman I. Which is known as Vatapi Kund Is. Narasimha Varman I who was known as Vatapi It is known by the name of Kund. This is the most Were powerful. He was the most powerful. He defeated Pulishan II. only Defeated Badami Chalukya King Pulikeshan Seconds. He defeated the Badami Chalukya king Pulication sec. Then Badami Chalukya King Pulikesan second was defeated by him Was. He was defeated. Ok? His title was Vatapi Kund and Mahamalya. from here it The word will come out. Vatapi Kund and Mahamlya. Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang came. And
1:04:31 Monolithic chariot temples at Mahabalipuram Had it constructed. and that its construction Narasimha Varman I who It was called Mahamalya. So it is normal It was called a style of architecture. This called the Mamalya style of architecture in which There are five Rath temples and the smallest one is That temple is Draupadi temple. Look at this These are carved out of a rock. Just think about how big a deal this is. It is complete and monolithic. means a lot It was a big rock. Understanding was a huge rock. It has been made by breaking that one rock. it It is monolithic. In this it is called Rath Temple. goes. There is Draupadi chariot which is the smallest.
1:05:20 Arjuna is the chariot, Bhima is the chariot, Dharmaraja is the chariot And Nakul Sahadev is the chariot. So make this chariot temple Have gone. In this way. Now from here What questions can be asked? first question It will be decided who took the title of Vatapi Kund. Was? So why did you take the title of Vatapi Kund? Now the title of Vatapi Kund was taken because of this Please try to understand it. Vatapi Kund I took the title because Sir, look at this Whose area was this? So here The Chalukyas of Badami. Here almond or Vatapi was here ruled by the Chalukyas of Badami or Vatapi. Were. And who was their king? So their king He was Pulikashan Second. who was their king
1:06:06 That was Puliceshan Second and this area Who was here in this territory? Who was Narasimha Varman First here? Narasimha Varman I also known as Mahamal Also known as What They Did Then He defeated Pulican Second He defeated Pulakeshin II As soon as he defeated them, he If you win Vadami, then you will win Vadami. So which title did he take? He took the title Vatapi Kan. Meaning The one who conquered Vadami or Vatapi. So this The question is asked about Vatapi Kanda Who took the title? Narasimha Varman First
1:06:51 took the title of Vatapi Kand when he Defeated Chalukyas of Badami Pulication Seconds. ok sir? remember a lot It is important. And secondly, what did they Then in Mahabalipuram which is Mahabalipuram Which is also called Mamalpur. So here Monolithic Temple built in Ekash Get it made. Monolithic Temple and Five Rathas Draupadi Rath was constructed, of which the most It is much smaller. So I asked only these things Go away. These are the important facts. Whom did Pulikeshan II defeat? only is a same pulication second who defeated One who increases Joy. and Pulikesan second to Narasimha
1:07:39 Verma First defeated. So such The story continues. You defeated someone, someone Defeated you. It just keeps going on. Ahead Let's grow. Let's come to the next topic. Mahabalipuram is a monolithic temple. To all Small Temple It is also called Seven Pagodas goes. In 1984 it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. was included in the heritage side. Correct Yes sir. Let us move ahead now. Narasimha Varman talks about seconds. whom Known as the King. of Rajasah Had assumed the title. Just remember that and Nothing is important. This is important Is. Built Kailashnath Temple in Kanchi. The Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram is extremely Importent. This is the most important part that He created noise in Mahabalipuram. Meaning of noise
1:08:25 It is a coastal area. Noise means here It is not from noise. Noise means tut here That is, it means coastal region. The Kailashnath temple was built by the Pallava kings and There are pictures of queens. And of these Dandan was on time. Books written by Dandon Dashak Kumar Charitra, Katyadarsh and Avanti Beautiful story. Dashak Kumar is the most important Character. So the great poet Bharavi wrote Kirat Arjuniyam was written. In the same manner, Dandan Created the character Dashak Kumar. it These are important books. comes in between Are. Remember their names. Look at this Kanchi Kailashnath temple is of Mahabalipuram There is a noisy temple. This is the Kailashnath temple in Kanchi. and this is the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram
1:09:13 Friends. ok sir. Remember these things. There's no one else here who Is it important or very important? Where there is one like Nandivarman second. Now this is what was said about Nandivarman II. It is said that the public had elected him. The public had told him to become the king. This is said. So about the Pallavas You have to remember so many things. Deez things are important regarding the Pallavaz. So this much about the Pallavas Remember these things. This is the most important It is a part. Correct? clear? So a few questions for you Let it be done. Are you guys ready? Some? Let the questions be asked. Yes, Dravid It is considered the beginning of architecture. Absolutely. Beginning of Dravidian Architecture
1:09:58 It is considered. Ok. Are you getting the point till here? Even If anyone has any doubt, please tell me once. Here Does anyone have any doubts till now? any problem Not there? Correct. Let me ask you some questions Let's take it. Let's ask some questions. My The first question to you is that of the Pallavas What was the Capitol? what was the capital of Pallavaz? What was the capital of the Pallavas? What was the capital of Pallavas? Tell me What was the capital of the Pallavas? what was the Capital of Pallavas? What will you answer? What was the capital of the Pallavas? Look, I I am saying it again that this class is There is a lot of difference for SSC. Friend, I don't want these classes to be on the paid side. tree
1:10:44 I just paid this is one of our batches. No. Whatever we are teaching is poetry. Teaching only on YouTube. So it will be absolutely sufficient. someone to you I don't have to worry about any paid batch, sir. It will be separate. As good as we read here Our paid batch is just as good It will come whenever it comes. You just read this and
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