Brief Summary
Alright guys, this video is all about the important questions for your biomechanics exam, chapter by chapter. We're talking planes and axes, joint functions, muscles, vertebral column, thorax, TMJ, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand, hip, knee, ankle, gait, and posture. Key takeaways include focusing on anatomical examples, understanding ligaments (especially in the vertebral column), and mastering concepts like pump handle movement, scapulohumeral rhythm, and gait phases.
- Focus on anatomical examples and clinical applications.
- Prioritize understanding ligaments, especially in the vertebral column.
- Master key concepts like pump handle movement, scapulohumeral rhythm, and gait phases.
Biomechanical Applications
In the first chapter, you gotta learn about planes and axes, flexion, extension, rotations, abduction, and adduction. Center of mass, center of gravity, line of gravity, and base of support are also important. Don't forget Newton's laws, pulleys with anatomical examples, and levers with mechanical advantage. Also, concurrent and parallel force systems, inertia, torque, and moment arm are key terms to understand.
Joint Structure and Function
Next up, joint structure and function. Joint classification, especially synovial joints (uniaxial, biaxial, and multi-axial), is crucial. Joint lubrication, stress-strain curve, load deformation, Young's modulus, and viscoelasticity are important concepts. Understand open and closed kinematic chains, osteokinematics, arthrokinematics (rolling, sliding, spinning), and the concave-convex rule. Also, know closed-packed and open-packed positions, properties of connective tissue, and the different types of end feels (firm, soft, and hard).
Muscle
Moving on to muscles, you need to learn about the types of muscle contractions and muscle fibers. Active and passive insufficiency, length-tension relationship, and force-velocity relationship are important. Also, understand spurt and shunt muscles, how muscles contract, and the role of the motor unit. Knowing the basics of sarcomere and muscle proteins will help you understand the chapter better.
Vertebral Column
Vertebral column can be tough because of all the ligaments. You should know at least five to seven ligaments, even though there are many. Lumbo-pelvic rhythm is a frequently asked five-marker question. Also, learn about lifting analysis, liftation and mutation, kyphosis, and lordosis, including where they occur in the spine.
Thorax
Thorax is a small chapter, but pump handle and bucket handle movements are very important and frequently asked.
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
For the TMJ, learn about the structure, articulation, and movements of the joint. Also, know the muscles of mastication. TMJ is pretty easy if you understand the basics.
Shoulder
Shoulder is a vast chapter. Important topics include winging of the scapula, static and dynamic stability of the shoulder joint, coracoacromial arch, painful arc, scapulohumeral rhythm, and the ligaments of the glenohumeral joint.
Elbow
For all joints, know the articulations, movements, and the type of joint. For the elbow, specifically learn about the ligaments and carrying angle.
Wrist and Hand
Wrist and hand can be confusing because of the carpal bones. Learn about the carpal bones and their articulations. Extensor hood mechanism, types of grips (prehension and power grips), palmar arches, and the functional position of the hand are important. The functional position of the hand is a simple three-marker question.
Hip
In the hip, learn about the Q angle, angle of torsion, center-edge angle, and angle of inclination. Bilateral and unilateral stance, cane usage on ipsilateral and contralateral sides, coxa valga, and coxa vara are important. Also, know the ligaments of the hip joint (iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral) and their attachments. Trabecular system is good to know for understanding, but not frequently asked.
Knee
For the knee joint, learn about the screw-home mechanism, which is a five or ten-marker question. Menisci and bursae in the knee joint, index of Insall-Salvati, genu valgum, and genu varum are important. Also, know the ligaments of the knee joint: ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL.
Ankle
The ankle joint is a combination of joints. Learn about the subtalar joint, pronation, supination, twist, metatarsal break, arches of the foot, pes planus, pes cavus, and the windlass mechanism.
Gait
In gait, learn the phases of gait and the determinants of gait, which are very important. Also, know the temporal and spatial parameters of gait and pathological gaits.
Posture
The last chapter, posture, mainly focuses on posture analysis. Learn how to analyze posture from the frontal, anterior-posterior, and lateral views, and understand the variations in posture. Clinical considerations can be skipped.
