POLITY FOR SSC EXAMS 2025 | CONSTITUTIONAL AND NON CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES | FRB 2.0 BY PARMAR SSC

0:00 So hello everyone and welcome to the new lecture of FRB 2.0 in which today we will be doing our last lecture of PT and in this we are going to do all this on Constitutional Bodies and Non Constitutional Bodies. But before that we are going to start from History. Okay? And I had told you in the morning lecture that I should tell you to start from tomorrow, Sunday or Monday . Okay? Because let me tell you beforehand brother, I have to finish it by 20th July no matter what. Okay? Because I have planned many other things, you know, all the things and if we do not do it because we have to do it because our exam starts from 13th August. First thing, second thing is that there are many students of selection post and steno and what do we have to do after History ? We have to do Economics. We have to do Statistics. Okay? These are two important subjects. Rest Physics will also be done. So we have to do these. So at least for this

0:47 , if we have to finish everything by 30th July, then we will have to finish History by 20th July. So, there will be two lectures of History every day and it will be in such a way that we finish it by 20th. But considering the days, we will do it in the same order. Modern History is more, so we will cover Modern History first. Then we will see Ancient and Medieval later. But right now we will start with Modern. Okay? And a lot of people are worried about current affairs. Don't worry at all. Okay? Be absolutely rest assured. Everything will be fine. I am doing this for you. Okay? So you will get to know. The rest, I had to tell you people what I had to say? Yes, you know that RRB NTPC exam has been conducted. Has it been conducted or not? Its answer key has also come. So,

1:32 there are very good questions in it, I am starting a series. Okay? The name of that series is What's New. In the video I uploaded on Railways, I had told what was it that we had not read which was new. Okay? We should read that which we should know if we have to give exams in future. By the way, till now TCS used to conduct it, Railways and SSC both used to conduct it. Now, most likely, Railways is conducting it through a different agency and TCS is conducting it . Most likely, SSC is different. But still, I would advise you to follow the What's New series. This means it will be for everyone. Like, for example, NTPC exam has been conducted. Right now, I am conducting it. Such selection of steno posts will be done when the answer key comes. When the answer key of steno comes, when the answer key of CGL comes, then we will do it. But obviously, if you are preparing for CGL, then you will not wait for the answer of CGL. I just

2:18 want to tell you that I will get you to attend the lectures on Railways and NTPC. Okay? There will be very small lectures. I don't know how long they will be, but they will be small. They won't be very long either. So you can do them. From that you will get to know about the new questions that have been asked recently, that bhaiya such good level questions have been asked in NTPC. The rest is your wish. Do it or not. Okay? So let's start. Now what are constitutional bodies? So see, there are mainly three types of bodies in polity. One will be constitutional. Okay? Constitutional. The second is our Statutory. And the third is Executive or Non Statutory or Extra Constitutional Bodies as they are called. Constitutional bodies are those which have

3:05 some or the other article mentioned in the Constitution. There is some article in the constitution which we call constitutional bodies like Finance Commission, Election Commission, Attorney General, Controller Auditor General, all these are constitutional bodies. Why? Because there is some relevant article mentioned in the constitution book. State bodies are those which are not mentioned in the constitution book. So then they have been created by law. Law means some bill must have been introduced in the parliament and then that act must have been made, so they were created by some act. So these are bodies created through law in a way. Like for example NHRC National Human Rights Commission. Okay? So what is this? This NHRC has been created through an act. That is

3:52 Protection of Human Rights Acts of 1993. There is a National Commission for Women which was created by the National Commission for Women Act of 1990. So they are created by some act. They have been created. Executives are those who are neither mentioned in the Constitution nor were they created through any Act. Then how were they created? They were created through an Executive Resolution. For example, Niti Ayog. Now this Niti Ayog, neither any article of it is found in the Constitution nor any Act will be found that it was created by this Act. Now you know that we had read about the Five Year Plan. When did we read about the Five Year Plan? In Economics. So who used to implement that Five Year Plan ? There used to be a body called Planning Commission. Planning Commission used to implement it . But when our Modi government came, what did it do? It was abolished

4:41 and Niti Ayog was brought in its place. Modi government brought it. Parliament was not brought, Parliament was not brought, Executive was brought. That is, the government brought it. In such a way, Planning Commission, which was there, was neither Constitutional nor Statutory. This executive. That is why it was so easy for the government to repeal it and they removed it immediately. Now if that thing was mentioned in the constitution then it would have been very difficult. Now for example, if the government wants to remove the body called Election Commission, then this is not possible. Okay? This is possible, amendment will have to be made in the constitution. It is possible but for that, amendment will be needed in the constitution. Article 368 of the constitution. Okay? So now let's come to the constitutional bodies. So there are many constitutional bodies. There are so many. Okay? We are not going to read about all of them. We will read about AG. We will read about CAG.

5:28 We will read about Finance Commission of India. Okay? And we are going to read about UPSC and State PSC and Election Commission, National Commission for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe . Okay? From where your questions come in most of the exams. Let's start. First of all, we will read about the Attorney General, which is called Mahanyayvaadi in Hindi. So, it is mentioned in Article 76 of the Constitution. If it is a constitutional body, then there will definitely be some article. So, there is Article 76 in which it is mentioned. He is considered as the highest law officer in the country. He is considered the biggest or the highest law officer. Why? Because he is the lawyer of the government. Understand it like this. Okay? He is the lawyer of the Central Government. He is appointed by the President and holds office during his pleasure. That is, there is no fixed tenure mentioned for him. Okay?

6:20 There is no fixed tenure of 5 years, 6 years. It serves till the pleasure of the President. Like we saw in whose case? In the case of Council of Ministers also we saw that they serve under the pleasure of the President. He should be qualified to be appointed as the Judge of the Supreme Court. That is, what should be his qualification, which is the qualification of a Supreme Court judge. What is it? Either he should be an advocate for 5 years or a judge for 5 years in the High Court or he should be an advocate for 10 years in any High Court or he should be a distinguished judge in the eyes of the President. So in that case you are eligible to become a Supreme Court judge. So he also needs the same qualification. The salary and the conditions of service are also determined by the President. That is, if we look at mainly all the things, then they are in the hands of the President with respect to the Attorney General.

7:06 If we talk about duties, to advise the government on the legal matters. So to advise the government in legal matters. As I just told you , he is a lawyer of the Central Government in a way. He has to appear on behalf of the Government of India in the Supreme Court and to appear in the High Court in the cases concerning the Government of India when required. That is, the Attorney General will represent the Central Government in the Supreme Court and High Court. If we talk about rights, he has the right to audience in all the courts of all the courts in the territory of India. That is, the right to audience means that one can go to any court anywhere. To represent the Government of India has the right to speak and take part in the parliamentary proceedings. So, when we saw the rights of ministers, we saw there that any minister of any house can go to any other house and speak. But he can take part in the parliamentary proceedings there

7:52 . He can speak but cannot vote. One can vote in his own house . That is when I saw about the Attorney General that he is in the Parliament He can go to any of the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha proceedings, speak but cannot vote because he is not a member of any of those houses. All the privileges and immunities available to a member of Parliament are granted to the AG. That means whatever parliamentary privileges exist, the Attorney General also gets them. The first Attorney General of our country was MC Selvad who was the first Law Commission of our country. Who was its chairman? It was Macaulay. But this was before independence, when Macaulay was there. All right? The first Law Commission was formed. But post independence,

8:38 the chairman of the first Law Commission was MC Sethalwad. Who is the current Attorney General? R Venkat Ramani. All right? What is R Venkat Ramani? He is the current Attorney General. All right? So it is clear who is what and what things happen in respect of the Attorney General. Now let's come to the second constitutional body after AG, CAG. Keep one thing in mind. Solicitor Generals are given to assist this Attorney General. And this Solicitor General is not a constitutional body. Recently in the SSC JE exam, it asked that who has been appointed as the new Solicitor General recently? So last year in the month of June in 2023, Tushar Mehta was appointed as the new Solicitor General. Okay? And one more thing, as the highest law officer of the country is the Attorney General, that is, the lawyer of the central government is the Attorney

9:26 General. Similarly, there is a lawyer of the state government, that is, the highest law officer of the state is the Advocate General. Okay? Who is there in the case of the state? He is the Advocate General. In which article does he come? Article number 165 165. Okay? Some of you might know. I had put up a short video. It was a trick video. In that I told you that whenever there is an article of Central Government, that is, it is an article of Part Five. Add 89 to it. So similarly you will get the article of the same type of State Government . Like if we talk about Attorney General in Article Number 76, then if we add 89 to it, then 165 will come about Advocate General. So for example, if there is a Money Bill in 110, then add 89, then it will talk about Money Bill of State.

10:14 Okay? So it is very easy. You just have to remember the articles of Parliament Part Five. Part Six will be remembered automatically. Talking about CAG, the Auditor General, if we talk about them, then it is a single member body. Like in this, now we will see the Election Commission of India, Finance Commission of India, then it is a multi-member body. That is, there are more than one member in it. UPSC is a multi-member body. But it is a single member body. That is, there is only one person. Now it is not that there is only one person running such a big office and CAG alone is running everything. He is doing everything. Obviously it means there are many employees in it. But it is not that there is someone to assist CAG. Isn't it? That there is a deputy CAG. It is not like this. Like we see in Election Commission that there is a Chief Election Commissioner and there are other Election Commissioners. Okay? There

10:59 is a Chairman in UPSC and there are other members in UPSC. There is nothing like that here. CAG is just a single member body, that is why it is called so. It is given in Article 148 to Article 151. In which part of the Constitution will it come? It will come in Part Five only. Attorney General also comes in Part Five only. But Attorney General is a part of your Union Executive. That means it will come in Chapter Number One Part Five Chapter One. Okay? And CAG and I have already explained all this. What is chapter etc.? And what will you talk about? This comes in the last chapter, chapter number five and part number five of the constitution. Okay ? So CAG is considered as the guardian of the public purse. What is public purse? So public purse sir, your Consolidated Fund of India, Article number 266, where all the tax and taxes money comes and goes, it is a public purse.

11:44 Why? Because public money, tax money means public money, so the guardian protects it. And one thing to keep in mind is that it is also considered as the guide and philosopher of the guide and philosopher of the Public Account Committee. We have different parliamentary committees. I have not made you study this topic. There are different parliamentary committees, so there is a standing committee in them. Standing Financial Committee Public Account The committee which is called the Public Accounts Committee scrutinizes all the different types of funds in the Public Accounts i.e. the Consolidated Fund of India. CAG assists it in that particular work. That is why it is called the guide and philosopher. Public Accounts Committee. If this is not there, I will take a separate lecture on this as well, where I

12:32 will tell you about the Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee and the Committee and Public Undertaking. Okay? So there is the Head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department. Okay? That means he will be the head of the Audit and Accounts Department. Appointed by the President. Like the President was appointing the Attorney General. The President will also appoint him. Now when we see the appointment of most of the constitutional bodies, it is the President who does it. Who was appointing the Council of Ministers? The President was doing it. But the Attorney General did not have any fixed tenure. They have a fixed tenure. That is 6 years and 65 years. 6 years or 65 years whichever is earlier means if the tenure of 6 years is completed then one will have to retire. And if one reaches the age of 65 before that then one will have to retire. Removal same as that of a judge of Supreme Court. How was the removal of a judge of Supreme Court happening? The entire procedure was mentioned in the Judges Inquiry of Act of 1968 that if a resolution is being initiated in Lok Sabha then the approval of 100 members is required first. If it is being initiated in Rajya Sabha then

13:19 the approval of 50 members is required. And once approved, it is not even directly approved by a special majority. Then this resolution goes to the presiding officer . If he accepts that yes, the matter is correct then he forms a three member committee. A committee of three members is formed. That committee said yes you can proceed. Then parliamentary proceedings will be initiated against it . Where the special majority that is 2/3 members 2/3 of total membership will have to be passed here. You will have to get it passed by special majority here also. And then the President will remove him by slapping him. The President removes but after the complete parliamentary procedure, when the Parliament approves, then just like a Supreme Court judge is removed, CAG is also removed. Not eligible for reappointment. That means once a CAG of the country is appointed, he cannot become CAG again.

14:07 Tell me in the comment, can a person who has become the President of India once become President again? Salary determined by the Parliament. Okay? So salary and who has been the longest serving President of our country? So who determines the salary? So the salary is decided by the Parliament. Let's come to Article 149. Parliament can prescribe duties and powers of CAG. That means here in 149, you just have to remember the duties. That's it. Okay? In article number 149, you just have to remember the duties. Are you remembering anything from duties? Article number 78. Whose duties are mentioned here? Audits the accounts related to all expenditure from the Contingency Fund of India. Asserts the certifying the net proceeds of tax and duty. What is this net process? It will be net proceeds. This is not the process. Net proceeds of any net proceeds of tax means whatever tax was collected. Okay?

14:55 Some money must have been spent in collecting the tax. Leave that out. That is net proceeds of tax. He compiles and maintains the account of the state government. Remember. The central government does not compile this account. It used to be done earlier, but it was removed by the 42nd Amendment of 1976. It is not that important. It is important for UPSC , but not for you. Just keep in mind that it compiles the accounts of the State Government . Just keep this in mind that your 149 duties are over. 150 Accounts of Union and State shall be kept in the true form as prescribed by the President on the advice of CAG. So, it means that the accounts of Union and State Government will have to be maintained as prescribed by the President. 151 This means that the audit report is given to the President. If it is related to the Central Government, then it will be given to the President. If it is related to the State Government, then to whom will it be given? It will be given to the Governor. And always remember, where will anyone table

15:44 it? The President will table it in the Parliament. Okay? Whatever report they have received from the CAG. The meaning of reducing the table will be presented before the parliament and The governor will appoint his state legislature. Any advice that the CAG will give to the President here, that shall not be binding on the President. Keep this in mind. Now let us come to the Election Commission of India. It is in the news a lot. Because our 18th general elections have taken place. Therefore, general elections have been held for the 18th Lok Sabha . If we talk about the Election Commission of India, then it is given between article number 324 to 329. In which CAG is ours? In part number five. And one more thing, who was our first CAG? And who is the current CAG? So our first CAG was V Narhari Rao. Okay? And

16:33 I will give you a hint in the current one. I will not tell you. I will give you a hint. He has recently been appointed to audit the entire data of WHO that is World Health Organization. Tell me what is his name? Okay? He comes from the same state from where our President of India is. Now tell me. Okay? So let's come to Election Commission of India. Let's come to Election Commission of India. So Election Commission is in your part number 15 of the constitution. Remember. 15 in part 15 means it will be written in Roman numerals in between article 324 to 329 that Election Commission is a permanent and independent body . Permanent body and independent body. Now independence has been restricted a little. I had told you in the current affairs lecture of SSC JE that how

17:21 amendments were proposed in the Election Commission Act of 1991. Amendments have been made under which a selection committee will appoint the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners of the Election Commission and that selection committee will consist of the Prime Minister, a cabinet minister and the Leader of Opposition. Okay ? And their salary which was earlier equivalent to that of a Supreme Court judge, has now become equivalent to that of a Cabinet Minister. Meaning that the Parliament can change their salary. So there is not that much independence now. It is common to both Central and State Government. Meaning that it conducts elections, not only of the Centre but also of the States. How does it conduct Lok Sabha elections? It conducts Rajya Sabha elections? It conducts Assembly elections? It conducts Legislative Council

18:07 elections? It conducts the election of the President of the country. It conducts the election of the Vice President of the country. So it conducts elections of all these. And there is also the State Election Commission. Call the State Election Commission, Panchayat and Nagar Palika, brother. Brother, someone please fill the potholes quickly. The State Election Commission conducts elections for Panchayats and Municipalities. It is the election commission of the state. It conducts elections for local bodies. The elections to the Parliament, the State Legislature. I have already told you about the election of the Chief Election Commission of India. See, first of all, when our Election Commission of India was formed, it was a single-member body. When it was formed, it was a random question

18:52 . When did the first sitting of the Supreme Court of the country take place? I will give you a hint. It was two days after the Constitution was enforced. Okay? Tell me. Okay? So, it was a single-member body when it was formed. It was a single-member body. Then you know that the 61st constitutional amendment is made. What is done with it? The voting age is reduced. It is reduced from 21 to 18. This amendment was made in 1988. Enforcement was implemented in 1989. And due to this, it was again made a multi-member body. When was it made a multi-member body for the first time? In 1989, where earlier there was only the Chief Election Commissioner. Now two other Election Commissioners have also been brought here. Okay? Two other Election Commissioners. So, if we talk about its composition,

19:40 it is 1 + 2. Who is it in the current? If we talk, then this one in the current is Rajiv Kumar ji. What is Rajiv Kumar? Who are our Chief Election Commissioner and the two other Election Commissioners? One is Gyanesh Kumar, our Gyanesh Kumar and who are the others? Come on, you tell me, SSS is a hint for you, tell me SSS . Okay? Now let's come here. Appointed by the President. The President appoints them. He appoints. If we talk about the term, it is six years and 65 years. Like we saw it in CAG. What are the powers? They are administrative. There are advisories as well. Kwaja judicial. Kwaja judicial means that the judiciary has a little power to summon anyone, that power is very little. That is why we call Kwaja judicial half-hearted judicial. Yes. If we talk about removal, just like CAG, same as Supreme Court, security

20:29 of tenure is proud by the chief for the Chief Election Commissioner. As it is, it is not much of an independent body. But okay. Let's move ahead. On Finance Commission of India, that is, of India and one more thing, the articles written here are articles associated with your Election Commission of India. Arrow has been put wrong here . I will get it corrected. So please pay attention here. Article 324 to 329, we talk about Election Commission of India. 324, so there was a question on Superintendent in CGL Mains . Okay? Superintendence, direction and control of elections. That is , conducting elections etc. is in article number 324. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in the electoral roll only on the ground of religion, race, sex and place of birth. That is, Article 325 says that no one can be excluded from the electoral list on the grounds

21:18 that he belongs to this religion, this race or this caste. If we talk about 326, elections to the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly, it talks about 326, 327, the Parliament to make provisions with respect to the actions to the legislature, that is, how elections will be conducted. There is power regarding that. And look, it is not that you have to memorize everything. Okay? Memorize one or two. You can do the rest by option elimination. 329 Memorize the last one and the first two . Finish. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. That is, the court cannot interfere in electoral matters. In this case, the court cannot interfere. Okay? That is why you must have seen that whenever it comes to the Election Commission of India, the Supreme Court or the High Court keep their mouth shut. Okay? Now let's come to the Finance Commission of India. And one more thing, who was our first Chief Election Commissioner of the country? I think it is not written here. Okay

22:06 ? So who was the first Chief Election Commissioner? He was Sukumar Sen. Okay? Keep this thing in mind. Now let's come to the Finance Commission. Article 280 is also cause i judicial. That is, it has the power to summon. It is also constituted by the President. He also makes it. The composition is of OnePlus 4. The Election Commission of India has OnePlus 2. That is, there will be one chairman of your Finance Commission. And the other members will be four. Eligible for reappointment. CAG, ah CAG was not Election Commissioner of India. Okay ? That means our CAG cannot be reappointed. The same Election Commission Commissioners cannot be reappointed. UPSC members also cannot be reappointed on the same post or below that. But the members of the Finance Commission,

22:52 Chairman etc. can be reappointed. They are eligible for reappointment. Parliament determines their qualification. So the qualification of the Chairman has been determined by the Parliament that he should have knowledge on public affairs . The qualification of the other four members has also been told by the Parliament which we do not need to read at all. Once one is qualified to be appointed as such, okay? So this means that there is a qualification of a particular member which you have to leave completely. Let us come now and this means that it is the same qualification. Okay? That there should be knowledge of finance and accounts, economics and financial matters. You don't need to study this at the last moment. If we talk about the function, then in the function there is a recommendation to the President which is not binding. I had already told you that most of the recommendations that the President gets or anyone else, if we look at the Constitution, are not binding. For example,

23:40 if we talk about advice to the President, if we talk about the Council of Ministers advising the President, then it is binding. Keep in mind that the Council of Ministers which advises our President is binding. But the President can return it at least once. Okay? The 42nd amendment made it completely binding that it has to be accepted. Then I told you that in the 44th amendment I said that okay you can return once the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the center and the state, how the net proceeds of the tax that was collected, I just told you what does it mean, how the center and the state are different How will the grants be distributed among the states? Will the grants be given to the states by the centre? What are grants? Grants mean approval, that is, whatever free fund money the central government gives to the state government, without giving it to them. I had told you that your grant comes under which head? It comes in revenue expenditure.

24:29 Your loan comes in capital. Isn't it? We studied in economics. So, grant means something that does not have to be returned and neither do you have to pay interest on it. So, I have given you alms in a way. So, how will the states get it, that function determines it. And how should the consolidated fund of the state be arranged, how should it be changed. So that panchayats and municipalities also keep getting adequate funds. This is also the work of the Finance Commission of India. Let us talk about the first head of the Finance Commission, K.C. Niyoggi. This 15th which was the latest one was headed by N K Singh and the one which will be the 16th one, okay, the 16th one will be headed by us, who will be Arvind Panagariya, okay Arvind Panagariya, the 16th one will sit from 2026, okay,

25:14 let's move ahead, now let's come to the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, so if we talk about this particular commission, it was earlier called Special Officer, it used to be Special Officer, in this way, the 65th amendment changed it from officer to commission . Who? The 65th amendment. The 65th amendment changed it from officer to commission. And when it was a commission, it was not just the National Commission for Scheduled Castes. It was the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Then the 89th amendment, not the 86th amendment, we have read that it was done in 2002. And what is it associated with? It is related to our education etc. In which Article 21A was added. The subject matter of Article 45 was changed and sub-clause K of Article 51A was added. So if we talk about this, it was the 89th amendment which separated the NCSC that is National Commission for

26:02 Scheduled Caste and National Commission of Scheduled Tribe . Article 338A talks about the National Commission for Scheduled Tribe. Now if it was separated, keep in mind that the National Commission for Scheduled Caste went to Article 338 and National Commission for Scheduled Tribe came to 338A and in 338B there is the National Commission for Backward Classes which was created by the 10th Constitutional Amendment, so earlier this was not a constitutional body, the commission for backward classes, but now it is after the 10th Amendment. In the comment, you have to tell that with which amendment the 104th Amendment is associated and which is the latest one recently? 106 Constitutional Amendment under which 1/3rd of our seats will be reserved in Parliament.

26:49 For whom? For women. Okay? And in the state legislature as well. Its composition is chairman plus vice chairman plus three other members. And he is by the President. This amendment is a little important and the article is important. Here, a question was also asked in the Associated JE. Now let's come to Public Service Commission. Okay? On which are we coming? Public Service Commission. So when we talk about Public Service Commission, it includes your UPSC that is Union Public Service Commission, State Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission. One thing here should be noted that JPSC that is Joint Public Service Commission is not a constitutional body. That is, it is not a constitutional body. This is called the President or sorry, our Parliament creates it through an Act according to the needs of the State. Now,

27:39 because it is created through an Act, it is a State body. Till now, I have not really asked such a deep question about the JPSC Constitution, but yes, I can ask. Okay? We should be ready. Article 315, now keep in mind that the Public Service Commission talks about both of these, UPSC, State PSC. Don't think that UPSC will be in a separate part five, State PSC will be in part six. These come under the Public Service Commission and they come in Part No. 14 of the Constitution. Part No. 14 is given between Article No. 315 to 323 about this. Okay? UPSC is also there in it, State PSC is also there. So the full form of Public Service Commission for the Union and States is written. Appointment and term of office of members is given here. If we talk about who will make the appointment in Article 315

28:26 , then it is obvious that the appointment will be made by the President. If we talk about the end term of office, then it is 6 years or 65 years of age. In UPSC, State PSC and Joint PSC, it is 6 years or 62 years. In case of UPSC and Joint Public Service Commission, they will give resignation to the President. In case of State PSC, they will give it to the Governor. Appointment also. Okay? Keep one thing in mind here that these people give resignation to their Governor, State PSC people and they are also appointed by the Governor. The President will do it and the Governor will give resignation to the one who is appointing them. But when it comes to removal, no matter who it is, whether it is from UPSC, State PSC or Joint PSC, only the President can remove them. If he has gone bankrupt. Okay? If he is engaged in paid employment. He

29:12 is appointing someone by taking bribe. He has gone mad. He is misbehaving. Okay ? And we saw that there was proven misbehavior and incapacity in the case of the Supreme Court judge. We saw it in CAG. We saw in Election Commission of India that his removal was of the same age as the Supreme Court judge. But he is not of the same age as the Supreme Court judge. The President can easily remove him without any burden. Okay? Article 38 is given between 315 to 323 about the Public Service Commission. So what is this power? Yes. Here in 37, removal and suspension is written. 38 Power to make regulations as to the condition of service of members and staff of the commission. That is, the power to make rules and regulations here regarding the condition of service. So, this is with the President in the case of UPSC and JPSC and with the Governor in the case of

29:58 State PSC. Let's talk about 39. Prohibition as to the holding of office by the members to come of commission on ceasing to be true members. First of all , your members cannot hold any office of the Public Service Commission after retirement and sit at home comfortably. Why? Because if you assume that there is a member of UPSC. He is the chairman of UPSC. So he will favour someone. He will do favouritism in the sense that tomorrow if we go to some office, he will favour us tomorrow. So this is why he is appointed to that post and he cannot be reappointed to the same office. For example, if someone is a member of UPSC, he cannot become a member again. He can become chairman but cannot go to the post of member or any lower post. He can become chairman of UPSC or

30:46 chairman of State Public Service Commission but cannot go down to a position below that. It talks about 320 functions. What are the functions? It is obvious that conducting exams is civil services exam, CDS exam which just happened, CAPF Assistant Commandant exam, NDA exam, there are many such exams. Conducting all these. 321 Power to extend functions means who can extend their functions? Parliament in the case of UPSC, State Legislature in the case of State PSC and Joint Public Service Commission, in that case also it will be Parliament. If we talk about 322, then it talks about expenses. Expenses will come from CFI and in case of state it will come from CFS. 323 Who gives the reports ? Public Service Commission. UPSC gives it to the President and State PSC and Joint PSC give it to the Governor. Now is there a Joint Public Service Commission? For two or more states, there are usefully only two states. Okay?

31:34 Set up a Common Public Service Commission for two states. Okay? So they will give the report to the Governor who is the Governor of the state. So here if I talk about articles, do you have to remember all the articles? You don't have to remember all of them. But yes, remember some in between. So that in this way when a question comes in matching, you will be able to do option elimination there. Now let's see non-constitutional bodies. So we can classify non-constitutional bodies in two categories. One is statutory and the other is executive. Statutory are those bodies which have been created through law . Which have some act or the other. Like for example, all the statutory bodies are written here . First of all, our NHRC that is National Human Rights Commission. It was established by the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993. Because it was established by an act. So what is NHRC? Your ah is constitutional. For example, if I take the National Backward

32:21 Class Commission in Article 338B, what was it earlier? Earlier it was a statutory body. It was established through an Act. Then later, with the 10th second amendment, your Backward Class Commission got constitutional status. Okay. So keep this thing in mind. Its composition is 1 + 5. No, there will be one chairperson. Wherever 1 + 5 is written, it means one means chairperson and the rest five will be our other members, in which the members of the National Commission for Women SC ST Minority, the members of this commission are ex-officials, the chairmen of these committees are ex-official members, our National Commission for Women comes under the Human Rights Commission, it was established in 1992, right, keep this in mind, but the act that came, ah, the Protection of Women Rights Act,

33:07 right, it came in 1990. The act was in 1990 but it was established in 1992. Just keep this in mind. And now, you can tell in the comment who is the current chairperson CS? If we have to get information from the Central Information Commission, what do we do ? We file an RTI. So it was established under the RTI Act that is Right to Information Act 2005. And do you know that a right to information is a fundamental right? Under Article 19 of the conscience. So this is also a fundamental right of yours. Okay? The term of the members here is 5 years or 65 years of age. That means either they have completed five years or 65 years of age. And they are not eligible for reappointment. And one thing to keep in mind, if the appointment ever asks for appointment, you have to directly hit the President. Okay? You know where to hit , where not to hit. If I have not told you, then it goes there without saying President. Now like there is a State Public Service Commission. Right? So who does the appointment there

33:55 ? The Governor does it. But the President will do all the other things like removal etc. Listen carefully. The Governor does the appointment in the State Public Service Commission but the President does the removal there. But in case of High Court, the appointment will be done by the President. Removal will also be done by the Governor. But in case of High Court, who is the Governor who administers the oath. Isn't it? Central Vigilance Commission was not a state body but an executive body when it was established in 1963. In 2003, an act came, CBC Act and under that it got state recognition. Its composition is 1 + 2 i.e. same age as that of Election Commission of India where there is a chairperson. There will be two other members. If we talk about the term, then it will either be a term of four years or 65 years of age, whichever comes first. Okay? We will look into CBI but we will look into the executive

34:42 because CBC is Central Vigilance Commission. Keep this in mind that it is only about corruption. Okay? This CBC is an anti-corruption agency. Similarly, our anti-corruption agency is Lokpal Lokayukta which is of high level that is they have power that they can do anything to the office of Prime Minister, they can investigate even that office and if there is Lokayukta in the state then it can go upto the level of Chief Minister, so you know Anna Hazare's whole movement happened in 2011 and 12, all this was about Lokpal only, then finally in 2013 the act was passed Lokpal Lokayukta Act which we had read in local bodies that Panchayat was not mandatory earlier but still it was established on 2nd October 1950-59 in Nagaur, Rajasthan but it was not mandatory. Similarly, Maharashtra was the first state which established it in 196-73 but it was not mandatory.

35:30 But after 2013 it became mandatory because it was an act . Its composition is 1 + 8. One means that your chairperson should be either a retired Chief Justice of India or a judge. There are eight in the eight. Half of the members should be from SC, ST, OBC and the remaining half should come from judiciary. That means there should be judicial members. Who was our first Lokpal? Piraki Chandra Ghosh. Who is the current Lokpal? Ajay Manik Rao Khanvilkar. Okay? This is his name. Let's talk about executive bodies. Executive bodies are those poor people who did not get a place in the Constitution. Neither do they have any act. Okay? They were created by the Executive Resolution i.e. by the government. They were created by the Parliament. They were created by the government. Okay? Executive means they do not have any act. Like CBI was established in 1964. But

36:19 it derives its power from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act of 1946. Okay? This is the Act. It derives its power from that. Ministry of Personnel. Earlier it used to come under the Ministry of Home Affairs. But now it comes under the Ministry of Personnel. Apart from corruption, it looks after many other things too. Like anywhere else If such a crime happens, a rape case happens. So you must be hearing that there should be a CBI inquiry into it. Isn't it? If we talk about the Law Commission, it is also an executive. It is not an act. It has no place in the Constitution. It was established for the first time in 1955. Post Independence, pre Independence, if you remember, an act was passed in 1833. Under that, the first Law Commission was set up and its chairman was Thomas Babington Macaulay. Thomas Browning Macaulay was formed post Independence in 1955. Earlier there was MC Sitalvad and the current Law Commission number 23 is headed by Dinesh

37:05 Maheshwari. Okay? If we talk about Niti Aayog, which stands for National Institute for Transforming India. Okay? It came into existence on 1st January 2015. It replaced the Yojana Aayog that is Planning Commission. Because earlier this used to be in its place, which used to bring five year plan. He used to bring a five year plan . In its place, Modi Government removed it and brought this. Who is its chairman? It is the Prime Minister. Then who is the vice chair person? The Prime Minister appoints it. Like Modiji is here now, he will appoint. Appointed by PM. Who is the vice chair person now? So it is Suman Beri. Okay? I think you know everything. So Suman Beri is Suman now. Okay? Suman K Beri. Okay? This is it. So who appoints it? The Prime Minister. There is a governing council in it which includes all the Chief Ministers of all the states plus the CMs in the UTs like Delhi, Puducherry, that means wherever there

37:53 is a Legislative Assembly, there will be the CM and where there is no CM, you know there is a Lieutenant Governor, so there will be a Lieutenant Governor. And who is the CEO now? There is also a CEO in it. So the CEO is BVR Subramaniam. BVR Subramaniam. One thing to keep in mind is that the vice chairperson enjoys the rank of a cabinet minister. Keep this in mind. Okay? So our work ends here finally. Just note one more thing. And that is what is this interest council and zonal council? The interstate council is provided in article number 263 that there should be an interest council which will be constituted by the prime minister. Who will notify it? The president will do it. Okay? That means under article 263, the president

38:40 establishes it. Okay? The Sarkaria commission had recommended that the interest council should be set up as a permanent body. It is temporary right now in the sense that the work of it is over. Come on brother, leave. Okay ? But the Sarkaria commission has made it permanent like the election commission, the UPSC. So, in 1988, the government commission had talked about establishing it in this way, which had given recommendations regarding interstate relations. One was the government commission on interest relations and the other was the interest commission. If you ever ask about your interest commission, in 2007 its recommendation came regarding interstate relations, what kind of government commission also had the same thing about what should be the role of the governor, he should not interfere too much. Isn't it? All the other recommendations came in this way. But now we have to focus on the interest council, what is its composition? So the first thing

39:27 the committee does is appoint a president. This thing should be known. Keep in mind the composition. The chairman is the prime minister. Apart from this, there will be CMs of all states. Chief ministers of all states, plus those union territories where there is a legislative assembly where there is a chief minister. And if there is none, then the administrator there is the lieutenant governor. Do you understand it simply? CM and where there is no CM, there will be an administrator. Plus there are six members and the six members will be six union ministers who will be central ministers, that is, ministers of the central government . Those six union ministers will be of cabinet rank and the PM will nominate them. Is it clear? So who will be there? The chairperson will be the Prime Minister. Okay? Who all will be there in those members? Chief Minister and Lieutenant

40:15 Governor etc. and six union ministers who will be nominated by your Prime Minister. Okay? Do you understand this? Then there is a problem. After this we look at the Zonal Council. Okay? What is this Zonal Council? What is Zonal Council? It is not mentioned anywhere in the Constitution. Like under Article 263, it is established as a government commission. There is no mention of this anywhere in the Constitution. It is established as a States Reorganization. States Reorganization is a bit bigger. States Reorganization Act. When did it come into force? It came into force in 1956. And it is established under this. There are a total of five zonal councils. Okay? The North East one is separate. Remember,

41:02 if you remember the States Reorganization Act of 1956, this act established 14 states and six utilities. If you can recall after the Fazal Ali Commission which is also known as States Reorganization Commission. So which are the five zonal councils? One for North, South , East, West and Centre. But the Zonal Council of North East is a separate act, that is the North Eastern Council Act of 1972. The North East council was established under the 1972 Act . Now the thing to keep in mind in this is that the chairperson is the home minister. That's it, okay? It is important to keep in mind that what is the home minister? He is the chairperson. This is important. The vice chairperson

41:48 becomes the chief minister. Which state's head? Round means it goes on in rounds . Okay? Round round round, UP, MP, Rajasthan, all are made in this way . Okay? So there are five. The rest, which is the North East, has a separate act. The chairman is the home minister. The vice chairperson is the CM. If we talk about the rest of the interstate council, then who is the chairman? The prime minister. Okay ? That ends. Finally our entire polity. Now what do you have to do? You have to practice questions etc. And now we will meet after a great bath, in which? In history. And he will also meet in modern history. Alright. And you know that all the lectures have been put on the spot for that too. What do they say about the piti too. Okay? I think if they are not uploaded then they will be uploaded by tomorrow morning. What else did I have to tell you? Yes. You can download the rest of the mind maps from our Academy application from the mind map section. Thank you. And I hope you guys are enjoying

42:38 this series. Okay? Don't enjoy too much. Revise as well. Okay? Thank you.