Biological Classification – Part 2 | NEET 2026 | Class 11 Biology | Gopika Ma'am

0:00 Hello students, welcome to Vidant English. I'm Miss Gopika, your own biology master teacher. I hope I'm audible and visible to all of you. Please let me know in the chats if I'm audible and visible. And welcome all of you to yet another amazing session where we are going to do biological classification part two. So last class we had done the introduction of the entire biological classification where we learned about the kingdoms, we learned about the drawbacks of each kingdoms and we have also learned about kingdom mona. Now we are left with kingdom protesta, fungi, virus, vyroids and lychans. Kingdom plante and kingdom animalia will be taken up in individually as plant kingdom and animal kingdom. Okay. So please let me know if I'm audible visible to all of you and quickly share this video with all your friends who are lazy and who are not

0:45 consistent. Just by watching part one, you're not going to get be able to answer all the questions. Right? You have to be consistent. You have to answer part two as well. Okay. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Am I audible visible? Did you all mark your retinance? How will you mark your retinance? By smashing the like button. Okay. Yes. Thank you so much. Good evening. Good evening. Okay. So, all of you ready? Let's go. Let's start. Okay. Without glasses, no vision. Okay. Great. Great. Great. So, students, we have to start with protesta. Today, we have a lot to cover, but we will try to cover as much as possible. No pressure. We have enough time. So, we will take it slow. Okay. We will take it slow. Yes. Please give me a fire emoji if everything is proper. Okay, quickly give me fire emojis. I've

1:31 told you last class also if you are enjoying the class, if you're understanding the concept, you keep putting fire emojis. The chat has to keep moving. There's no way that the chat has to stop. Okay, one person put the other person gets motivated to continue listening and it goes like a cycle. Okay. So students for those who do not know me and watching me for the first time I am Gopika and I have done my post-graduation in zoology and that is why majorly I take zoologology classes even though now you are watching a botney class. Okay. And I have worked as an assistant lecture. I have also done my BSE uh CBZ that is chemistry botney and zoology. Okay. This is about me. So yes I have been working here in the online mode from past you know two two and a half years. Okay. And offline separate. So students some of you were asking me ma'am especially students from

2:18 Bangalore uh there is a JP Naga center for all of you. I will give you the details of the center in the end of the session. So just stay tuned okay if any of you have any doubt be it for J and 8 we will be covering it in the end of the session. Okay let's start. Awesome. Awesome. Good evening. Good evening all of you. So students today we are going to start with kingdom protesta. So last time's notes I could not download. There was an issue with the uh download option. So today I will try to merge both the PDF and share it on the telegram channel vidantu neat English telegram channel and if you want to join my telegram channel just put my name and my subject and you will get my telegram channel okay so yes please be part of our telegram channels so students starting with kingdom protista what do you know about kingdom protesta students whatever you know

3:06 please keep answering okay so when we spoke about mona we had a clarity that you know we are talking about you know a unisellular group of proarotic organism. But when we slowly move to protesta we understand that we are basically talking about we are basically talking about a group of unisellular unicellular ukareotic organisms. Okay, ukareotic organisms, right? So when I say ukareotic organism, there's a sentence given in your NCERT that talks about these people have membrane bound organals. So I can just say that ukareot means yeah they are going to have membrane bound organals but on the proarotic side they're not going to have right. So here one more statement comes

3:51 into existence students that these people have membrane membrane bound organals. Okay. Membrane bound organisms done. Yes. Now there's a problem with protesta you know in your some of you okay some of you might you know relate to this. Some of you do not have boundaries. What do you what do I what do I mean by boundaries? Some of you do not know when to tell your friends no. Some of you do not know when to tell your parents no. Some of you do not know when to tell no to strangers. You do not have boundaries. So when you do not have boundaries that means what? Anyone can be can come into your life, move out of your life, come into your life, move out of your life. They can make a kit out of your life and you're

4:38 not going to have a problem with that because you do not know how to say no. At the same time, there's another set of people who do not have boundaries that is they don't know when to stop, right? When to be respectful, when to be, you know, fun, that kind of people. So something like that protester also this entire kingdom does not have boundaries. That means for some people who who are only studying about protesta some of the organisms are protesta but a person who is a proper botonist and he's let's say he's only focused on plant kingdom he'll be like no wait wait wait I want to put these people in plant kingdom so such kind of confusion happened between clamidomass chlorella and spyrogara so some people studied individually some people studied under protesters so it is peopleto people that is why I told you these people do not have boundaries

5:24 right these people do do not have boundaries. So students here something similar happens in protest also. These people do not have proper boundaries. Okay. No proper boundaries. Okay. Now in kingdom protesta. Okay. When I talk about kingdom protesta you need to understand that kingdom protesta has again divisions. Okay. Who can tell me the divisions quickly in the chat box? Come on all of you. Yes. Nucleus is present. Very good. Okay. This we know that nucleus is present. Now protista is further divided that is they have again classification where you have

6:12 few people who are similar to plants, few people who are similar to animals, few people who are similar to fungi. So we can say that protesta is a link between okay it's a link between plants animals and fungi. Can I say that? Yes ma'am. Whatever you want you tell ma'am. Is that your attitude? Very good. Chrysopites. Okay. Chryopites. Doflagulates. Doflagilates. Okay. I think we'll have to extend the arrow mark a little. Okay, what do we have here

7:00 students? Uglyoid here. What do we have? Come on, quickly in the chats after uglyoid. Okay, I think you people are already giving the examples. Okay, just tell me. Yes, very good. Slime mold. Okay, slime mold. And in the last we have protozoans, right? We have proto zoans. Now what is the so special about these people? Ma'am, what is so special about these people? Let me break it down for you students. The thing is fights somewhere we talk about plants, right? Fights words. So this cryopites are something who can make their own food. Some relation is there

7:48 with plant. Again comes doflagulates. Again the similar thing is observed. Doflagulates as well. So if you notice these two people right these two people are going to contribute or they are plantike. So I told you protista is a link between plants, animals and fungi. So these two are kind of plantlike. Okay. Now comes uglyoid. Students, uglyoid is more of a mixotropic. Okay, that means it has some plantlike characters. It has some animallike character. So it is more of a mixotropic. Okay, and when we come to slime mold, mold means we always talk about fungi, right? So here comes fungi and protozoven. Okay, zoans again zoologies

8:34 zoo. So that comes with animals. Okay, you can remember like this or you can remember normally also animal like done understood. So can I say protista is a link between plants, animals and fungi? Yes ma'am. Yes ma'am. So I would write here protista is a link between plants, fungi and animals. Done. Done. Done. Yes. All of you agreed this. Yes. Correct. Okay. Shall we go further? Okay. Shall we go

9:21 further? Okay. So, kingdom protesta we have chrysopyes, dinoflagulates, uglyoids, slime and again protozoven is further divided into amibo, flagillated, celiated and sporosuans. Okay. All these names you are aware it's not like first time you're hearing this name you know amiioid you know celated you know flagagillated. So these terminologies are very aware for us. Okay. Now we will start with the first one students chrysopy. So whatever you know about kryopyes keep you know putting it in the chat box. I can already see some of you are already put. So students cryop the first thing is they have two people coming under them. Who are they? Diatoms. Diatoms and desmiss.

10:07 Okay. Diatoms and decimates and desmmits are again called as golden algae. See we using the term algae. Okay. We using the term what? Algae. Right students, I might write a little like you know slanting like flight takeoff because I'm very used to writing like that. Okay. Now these people are present both in fresh water. Okay. They're present both in fresh water and marine. Okay. All these lines are from NCRT. So you do not have to worry. Now students when we studied RHTakers five kingdom classification we learned that when we talk about kingdom protesta few of them have cell wall few of them do not have cell wall. But let me tell you the most amazing character of this kingdom prototype. Every cell wall is

10:53 specific. Every cell wall is peculiar. Now why am I telling that? Because here when we talk about the cell wall, you should remember that these people's cell wall also is nothing out of you know it is not something normal. It is like special. Because this cell wall is made up of silica and silica is not easily destructible. Okay, for all of your information it's not easily destructible. And this silica, this cell wall is there. No, it's made up of two overlapping shells. Okay, one second. Two overlapping shells like this. Like a soap box. Like what students? Like a soap box. Something like this. Clear? Like a soap box. Can you all

11:38 tell? Yes or no? Takshi. Very nice. Okay. So this is what is happening. It is like a soap box like overlapping shells. Can you all remember this? Yes or no? Friends, all of you go to your washroom and take a soap box and come and see how it will be looking like. One will be like this, one will be like this. Okay, in between this you can keep a soap. Have you seen that before our parents used to have that card holder? Even the card holder used to be like that. The bottom used to be a little larger. The cap used to be a little smaller. So same thing here also this silica is made. This silica is formed into an overlapping shells. Okay. I hope all of you are marking your attendance as well. Yes. Great. Great. Okay. So, this people have

12:24 two over overlapping shells. Okay. Two overlapping shells which are into a soap box like soap box like. Okay. Now I told you in the starting that these people are plantlike but here nowhere I'm talking much about it. Yes I did talk about the cell wall. So here students remember most of them are photosynthetic. Okay most of them here are photosynthetic. So when they are photosynthetic where will I place them? That means their mode of nutrition is going to be autorophic. Right? So if that is the case I'm definitely going to place them like plantlike. You're very

13:11 similar to plantlike. So same thing I'm telling here most of them are photosynthetic. Now one more most specialized characteristic is that students this overlapping shells which are made up of silicon. Noo these people what they do they go to the bottom of the earth. Okay let's just consider like this is the earth. Okay this is the earth. These people go and accumulate after the organism die. These people will go and accumulate at the bottom okay bottom of the sea like this and they form something called as the diatomaticious earth. What do they form? The diatomacious earth. Diatomicious earth. Now students

14:01 this diatomicious earth what will be the characteristics? Ma'am it is very simple. This diatomicious earth is going to be silica rich right? It is going to be rich in silica. And second most thing is students these people are deposited over a long time. It's not like today one shell falls and it is like oh dieticious earth is formed. It's not like that. It is a very long process. Okay. It's a very very long process. Right. So that dieticious earth is going to be silica rich. Yes ma'am. It is going to be silicar. Correct. Did I write an a by mistake? One second students. Yeah. Okay. Silicar. Second thing is students I told you silica is indestructible. That means you cannot easily destroy silica. So these are also

14:46 going to be indestructible. Yes ma'am. Third thing students what would be the use of this dieter? So they have like a they are like gritting. Okay that is like you know sharp. Have you seen sandpaper? How many of you have seen sandpaper? Raise your hands quickly. Yes. Adika has put a target. Very nice. Let me also see how many of you are there in the class. Okay. One second. There's no lag. No. Okay. Cool. Yes. Quickly mark the attenance. We are almost there. Okay. Yes. So students, all of you have seen sandpaper. Yes, you have. Most of you

15:32 have seen sandpaper. Okay. Very nice. So students, that is like the gritting. That means it can be used for polishing. So here this dieticious earth, we are going to use it for what? We are going to use it for polishing. And between this silica there is going to be spaces which is going to allow us to do filtration as well. So if they ask you what are the functions okay you can write polishing and you can write filtration. Clear? You can write polishing and you can write filtration. So that is the job of your dieticious earth. Okay I'll write this down. Soap like soap box like okay soap box like any doubts so far just let me know if you have any doubts here please quickly yes it is

16:19 going to be very rough okay very rough and they are going to help in what students they are going to help in filtering and they're also going to help in polishing okay filtering and polishing clear yes perfect so this is clear students so the cell wall here is going to be overlapping and this overlapping is going to look like a soap box like pattern. Okay. And this is made up of silica which is indestruct indestructible. Over the years they are going to settle at the bottom of the sea and they are going to form dietmacious earth that is taken up by the humans. They do it for they use it for polishing as well as for filtration. Clear? Polishing and filtration. Clear? Okay. Just give me a thumbs up if it's clear for all of you. Then we can go to dinoflagulates. So students dinoflagulates. First let's just decode the word. Okay. Okay. What is the

17:05 meaning of it? Dino means die. Okay. Here what is the meaning? Two, right? Two flagagillated meansula, right? Fleagula. So, two fledulas. Right. This is what we have understood from the word. It's not that difficult to you know think of it. Yes. Now we will go into the characteristics. Okay. These people are students mostly marine. Mostly marine. Now one very special character about these people is that these people are present in different colors. Okay, they are present depending on the pigment that they have. Depending on the pigment that they have, they are present in different different colors. Okay, so they can be seen in green. Okay, they

17:52 can be seen green color. They can be seen in yellow color, red. And you have to learn more about red. Okay. Then which color students? Brown. We do not have brown here. So we are going to use something like this. Like an elephant gray. Okay. Doesn't look like brown. No. Will you people get doubt? Ma'am. Brown. Ma'am. Okay. Yellow, green, brown. Okay. One more color we have that is going to be blue. Okay. That's going to be blue. So here we understand that these people are present in different colors. What are the colors that they have? They are present in green. Okay. They're present in yellow. They're present red. And we are going to learn more about red,

18:38 brown, and blue. Okay. They're present in different colors students depending on what pigment they have. Okay. Now when we talk about dinoflagulates, please understand we again talk about the word doflagulates. Two flagas, right? So their structure somewhat looks like this. Okay? Their structure look somewhat like this. Okay. Like this. Now the most important characteristics. Okay. They are more round here. Yeah. The most important characteristics about them is that they have two flagulas. So students remember that one flaga will be running transverse. Okay. And one flaga will be running longitudinal. So this is the

19:25 most specialized character of this person. Okay. You can either draw it like this or you can draw it like this. Okay, one second. I'll draw it a little more thick for all of you. So, one will be going through the furrow like this. Okay. And one can go like this up like this. Okay. So, they have two flagulas. That is the most specialized characteristics. Okay. So, I'm writing it here. They have one flag. Okay. They have one flagula which is running transverse one flagula. Okay, let me just write flagela. Okay, since I'm writing the notes so neatly so you all can use it till the

20:12 end. Okay, that is why I'm writing it so specifically. You'll be thinking ma'am why you using this much color? Just write it in white. But it will not work like that. Okay, one fleellula that runs transverse. Okay, one flagula that runs transverse and one flagula that runs longitudinal. Clear? These are the two flagulas and that is all about their characteristics, right? These people are doflagulate. So that means they have two flagulas. Now students remember these flagulas are coming out of a small okay like a furrow. Okay, they're coming out of a furrow like you can see you know like this furrow. Now I have seen in some of the books okay when you talk about this uh shells overlapping shells you will see the word hypotha epithea

20:58 just understand hypo is the down one ep is the top one okay in case you see that word somewhere and you'll be like ma'am is it necessary it's not necessary it's not there in NCERT but in some books it will be mentioned so hypo is the down one ep is the top one okay done students is it clear can I see some energy what is wrong with all of you come on put some energy and just tell me yes ma'am I understood huh Huh? Yes ma'am. I understood. If you did not understand, tell me that I did not understand ma'am. Yes or no? Okay. Wait, wait, wait. I think students, am I stuck by any chance or are you are able to hear? Why can't I see the chats moving? Please let me know because it's raining here. No, I doubt if there is an internet issue. Just let me know. That's why I'm asking you in the middle. Okay, it's raining here

21:44 heavily. So that's why okay no issues right? Okay, perfect. Perfect. Yeah, now I can see your charts. It was not moving. I got scared. I was like, what's happening? Okay, so you understood this. I hope now students when we talk about the cell wall okay about dinoflagulates remember that the cell wall of dinoflagulates okay the cell wall of dinoflagulates is made up of stiff okay made up of stiff cellulosic cellulosic plates okay it is made up of stiff cellulosic plates so

22:29 remember in protesta everyone has a different type of cell wall. Some might not have a cell wall. They'll there they will have a proteinrich flexible layer. Some people have cell wall, one will be different, another one will be different. So here the cell wall is going to be stiff cellulosic plates. Okay, stiff cellulosic plates. Now students one more most specialized character when I spoke about the red one I told you there is a dinoflagulate called gonollex. Okay, golex. So this dinoflagulate gonollex gy student this fellow Gollex he is the reason why we see red tide in the sea what do we see red tide so let's say normally our this is how the water will

23:16 be no okay I don't know how to draw water okay wait okay this is the beach water not beach sea water okay usually it'll be very calm now let's take example you'll notice that suddenly there's an entire red color pigment that you're seeing. Okay. And it will look like a red tide. Okay. It will look like a red tide. What is the reason for this? This is because of rapid multiplication of gonollex. So gonollex under goes rapid multiplication leading to the formation of your red tide. Now students ma'am is there a problem with that? It's something very beautiful right? It's something very beautiful phenomena. Is there a problem with that? Yes, it is. There is a problem with that. Because of this rapid

24:01 multiplication of gonollex, the other organisms in the sea will get harmed because of the release of a toxin. Because of a release of a toxin called as saxytoxin. Okay. Now students this toxin if this toxin see all almost all the organism will get affected by because of this toxin. And now let's say we consume any of the organism who has been you know affected by this toxin even we are going to end up getting a disease okay we are also going to end up getting disease the disease basically what happens is these people are going to block our sodium channels and that will lead to paralysis and death okay so that is how they are going to affect our body let's say I it that's not me okay let's say someone has

24:48 consumed any kind of a fish okay which is affected by this toxin now Since that fish has entered into our body, what is it going to do? This saxytoxin is going to block our sodium channels and because of that we are going to end up having paralysis and death. Okay. So this giolex which is red in color causes red tide because of rapid multiplication leading to also a release of a toxin called as saxytosin which kills other organism in the sea. Clear? Yes or no? Okay. So this is about your dinoflugilates. I hope there's no doubts about your dinoflagulates. Everything is super duper clear. Okay. Can we go to ugly noise? Yes, ma'am. We can go to ugly

25:34 noise. Okay. Perfect. Yes. Now let's go forward. Okay students. If in case I missed some points, please tell me. Okay. Ma'am, this one point is there. Okay. Now look here. Uglyoids. This fellow knows students. Let's take example. Okay, Yuglinoid and his friends, he called everyone. Okay, he was like, "Guys, let's have a party." So he every friends are all the tiny organisms were like, "Yes, yes, I'm ready for the party. I haven't partied for so long. Let's come let's party." So the sun was there. Uglyids is partying. He's having his own food because he can do autorophism. Suddenly there's no sun, right? It's getting dark and dark. What will Uglyenoid do? Juggle will start eating all the guests that he called.

26:20 that is all the smaller organism it is going to consume. So that means ugly not have mixotropic nutrition that is if the in the presence of sunlight they can make their own food own food and in the absence of sunlight they become heterotrophic. So just imagine okay just imagine foody yeah ugly is a foodie. So you know students the most important thing about these people are they are mixotropic nutrition mixropic nutrition. It's like having cannibals no around us like in movies and all we see no it's like that having cannibalism around us. Okay. So students here these people are going to be present in fresh

27:07 water. Stagnant water. Okay. Fresh water. Stagnant water. Here you go. Now let's talk more about the mixotropic nutrition. That is students mixotropic nutrition in the presence of sunlight. Okay. In the present all those notes will be available for you so don't worry okay in the presence of sunlight these people can make their own food that means they can be autotrophic okay in the presence of sunlight okay should I write here presence of presence of sunlight okay presence of sunlight they can become autotrophic

27:54 okay now scenario number two in the absence of sunlight in the absence of sunlight light. What are they going to do in the absence of sunlight? These people are going to become hetroic. Hetrophic that is they are going to feed on smaller organisms. Okay? They're going to feed on smaller organism. Smaller organism done. Just imagine students we we go to the party and after some time no more guest is there because everyone got consumed. So that is what happens here. Okay. It's a mixotropic nutrition.

28:40 Yes. It eats his guest. Exactly. Very good. It eats his guest. Okay. Now students remember this. Remember this. I told you that some of them might have cell wall, some of them might not have cell wall. So this fellow does not have cell wall. Okay. No cell wall. But instead Okay. Instead they have Okay. Instead they have protein they have protein rich proteinri layer flexible layer okay I'll write flexible in the bracket flexible layer which is called a

29:28 pelican what is it called pelle p e L L I C L pelle. So instead of a cell wall they have a proteinrich flexible layer which is called the pel. So so far what in all did we study? We studied that we have an overlapping soap like structure which is made up of silica in cryopes in dinoflagulates the cell wall is made up of stiff cellulosic plate and when we come to ugly we notice that there's no cell wall but they have a proteinrich layer called the pelican. Done. Yes. Proteinrich layer in the absence of cell wall. Okay. I hope all of you are able to see that's why I'm moving to the side. Okay. The board. Okay. Okay. What it's going to do the flexibility. Okay. It's going to help in flexible movement protection. Okay. Mainly for body body's flexibility.

30:14 Okay. Now the next important thing about ugly node is that they have two fleellulas. Okay. Next most important thing is they have fleellula. Okay. They have fleellula and here students there we saw they are transverse. Okay. One was transverse and one was longitudinal. Here we notice one is short. Okay. One is short and one is long. So these people have two fledulas for movement. Done. Yes. Okay. So it is for survival. No. It is for survival. uh shipali it helps them to survive and it also helps them to be you know uh prevalent prevalent in the system and in the entire ecosystem okay

31:01 that in the absence of sunlight and in the presence of sunlight I will do my job okay now students remember one more most important thing about these people is they have a presence of shall I write it yeah they have the pigments okay they have pigments similar to that of higher plants okay they have pigments that is sim Similar similar to higher plants similar to higher plants. This is important. Okay. This is important. Done. Got it. Okay. Great. Okay. This is all about your ugly noise. Okay. Next is slime mold. Now I told you slime mold means what? They are going to behave. They're going to behave like a fungi. That means favorable condition,

31:48 unfavorable condition, saproitic, all these kind of natures can be seen. Okay. Now see they do not have chlorophyll. This is understood by us that they do not have chlorophyll. Okay. They do not have chlorophyll. Now they are surrounded by plasma membrane only. However, their pores have cellulose wall. Now students this is one of the specialized character this people have that is their spores are going to have cell wall. Okay. The spores are going to have cell wall. But in the previous times that is they surrounded by a plasma membrane. So the adult the mature one will not have but the spores will have cell wall. Why? As a protection so that it can be transferred to more places. So for protection that is given to them. Okay. Now students these people are going to have saprophitic nutrition. No doubt in that slime mold resemble both protozova and a true fungi. They

32:34 are like protozoa in the amibo plasmodial stage. That is because I'll tell you about the stage. Okay. They are similar to fungi in spore formation. This much you remember. Okay. This much you remember they're similar to fungi in spore formation. Okay, spore formation. Now this is how a plasmodium looks in your NCERTT. The word is plasmodium that means aggregate, right? Aggregate. So students remember like this many of them we they will come together. Okay, come together in favorable condition and they will form something called as a plasmodium. Okay, what do they form? Something called as a plasmodium. this much only you have to remember I'll tell you see so when the condition is favorable okay when the condition was favorable now let's say covid cases are increasing day by day when the condition

33:21 is favorable we all go for parties we all go for gettogethers we all come together but when the condition becomes unfavorable what do we do we just stay silent we stay inside our home so here also when the conditions is favorable these people are going to form plasmodium and when the conditions become unfavorable they are going to form spores okay when the condition becomes unfavor favorable again spore. So they come together, they sit calmly when the condition gets a little favorable again they will start forming spores and that is how these people are going to continue. Now I'll tell you here exactly under suitable condition they form an aggregate called as plasmodium. They form an aggregate

34:06 called as plasmodium. Okay. The mature plasmodium forms forms young sporangium. Now all of you know what is a young sporangium. Okay, it's it's a structure like a fruing body which can hold your spores inside. Right? A sparangium. Okay. Now the metrospangium bears spores. So inside this what are we expecting to see? You're expecting to see spores. So when the condition gets favorable this can be scattered everywhere. Okay. Now the spores undergo meiosis. The metrosparangium outburst and release the spores. The spores possesses true walls. So this is one of the important things that you have to remember. The spores are going to have true walls. Why? So that these people can go wherever they want. Okay? If I have a protection, if I have like two blackheads, I'll be like yes, let's go. Okay. So like that the spores have true

34:52 walls. They're extremely resistant to survive for many years even under adverse conditions. Okay. The spores are dispersed by air currents. The spores germinate and differentiate into flagagillated and amiioid spores. So they don't know these people are similar to protozovenans. Why? Because of the movement. Okay. Because of the movement in protozoans students that is animal like what do we talk the most about locomotion right? So here flagagillated and amibo sp. So with the movement we are connecting them to protozoans. Okay. Uh now zygote again develops into mature plasmodium. Any doubts in this? So if you want we can see the cycle here. Okay look here students. How did this formation happen? How did this plasmodium formation happen? It is not your malarial plasmodium. This is a different plasmodium. Okay. So look here

35:38 first let's say a plasmodium mature plasmodium preparing to young fruit young the did I say fruit the young the okay so feeding plasmodium. So this is what happens when the conditions are favorable. Okay when the conditions are favorable they aggregate and they form the plasmodium. Now the plasmodium will be maturing. It'll be ready to start growing the sparang. So you can start seeing small small sporangium inside the sparangium what do you expect spores will be formed. So when the condition becomes favorable this can outburst and it can be carried away by air currents. Okay. So spores are there inside that you can see spores are there. Now they have undergone meiosis germinating spores are formed. Amioid cells are there. Flagillated cells are there. So two types are formed. The spores are going to form what amioid and flagagillated. And then again fusing

36:24 will happen. Singami formation of zygote and again the cycle will continue. Now you don't have to worry ma'am should I learn this entire cycle? Not at all. But in batch in our batches and all we teach about the cycle why so that there's a connection. So simple students what and all you have to study during un favorable condition they form an aggregate called as plasmodium. Okay that plasmodium will be waiting. Then the condition will become favorable. During that time he's going to slowly form the sparangium. He's going to mature and he's going to form the sparangium. Inside the sparangium who is going to be there spores are going to be there. And what will they do? The spirangium is going to burst open and the spores are going to be carried by air currents and that will go and fall somewhere and they will start germinating. That's it. Okay, that's it. Okay, ha's head is breaking out of

37:10 tension by ha. It's not even that difficult to remember. Okay, so first so I will tell you I'll give you another example. Okay, I'll give you another example. Okay, let's say we did a house party. Okay, let's say I called all my friends home. Okay, we are going to do a house party. Now what will happen? I'm doing a house party. We are all together. That is condition is favorable. So we all came together. Okay, so when you all come together, I will call what? Plasmodium. Now students suddenly 44 restriction happened that is uh people are not supposed to come together. Okay. So suddenly polio started checking everywhere. If pol checking everywhere then what will happen? We are all going

37:55 to hide. We are all going to sleep. And we are all going to switch off all the lights and not play any music. Correct? Now again when the condition becomes favorable, what are we going to do slowly? We are going to lift our head. So here what is going to happen? Slowly this is going to mature and form sparangium. Okay. And when we know that 44 is completely removed, what is going to happen inside the sparangium? Spores were there. These pores will get released by air currents. Correct? So we will all start going out instead of doing house parties. We will go out and we will go to cafes and sit right. So with it will be released with air currents and wherever we go and land germination will happen. That's it. That's it. Okay. Easy peasy lemon squeezy. Okay. Now protozoans. Come on.

38:42 Let's do it. Yes. Yes. Wow. Not bad. In half an hour we have finished. Okay. We are going to finish. Come on. Okay. So more energy you give me I'll be able to finish faster and do better. Okay. Come on now students. Protozoven. So what do we know about protozovenans? We have to know that protozoans are divided into four of them. Okay. Protozovenans again we call this animal like mainly because of movement. Animal like mainly because of what? Locomotion. Okay. The bodies that are going to help us in different kinds of movement. Okay. Now these people four of them are there. Who are the four of them? Amioid we

39:29 have. Okay. Amioid we have celiated. Okay. Next whom do we have? Flagillated. Last we have what students? Sporos. So, correct. Now, what do you know about each of them? What do you know about each of them? Amibo. Ma'am, ammo. Right. Amieba. So, here you go. This is an amoeba. What do this amieba have? Ma'am, very simple ma'am. They have pseudo podia. So, here under amibo protool. So

40:16 I am telling that the movement is going to happen with the help of pseudopodia. Now what you have to remember here you have to remember the examples here students the example is going to be antamiba histoytica which again you will be discussing in human health and diseases. Okay. Histoica. Okay. So, ant amiba histolytica pseudopodia is there. Pseudopodia is there. Now, one more thing is marine amibo protozovenans will have silica. Okay. Silica deposition. So that you can remember extra point. Marine one will have silica. Okay. Silica deposition

41:02 just like cryopites done easy yes or no yes they move like amoeba how does amieba move with the help of pseudopodia so here also it is going to be with pseudo podia correct am I right or wrong yes ma'am you're right or am I wrong no ma'am you're not wrong okay so yes this one thing you remember the marine ones will have silica deposition okay Next one students we are going to celiate it. Celiated the example is going to be parramium. It is going to look like the sole. Soul is there inside the shoe. Now I don't have shoe students. So inside the shoe soul will be there. So I'll draw and show something like this. Like

41:50 this it became very underweight. Okay. Huh? Like this. Sole of the shoe looks like this. Yes or no? So these are going to be completely completely surrounded by celia. Okay. Like this hairike structures. What are they going to do ma'am? Locomotion. They're going to bring in the foot particles, right? So same thing is going to happen. Okay. Yeah. So this is your parramium. Now students, can you see the hairike structures? It's kind of small. Yeah. So this parramium students they have a special structure which is called a goulet. Okay goulet some people pronounce it differently like this like

42:36 this one when one like one entry okay like one entry they have a structure where the particles all of it will enter through okay where the food and everything will enter through a gullet kind of a structure. Now one more most important thing about your parramium is that these people have two nucleus. Okay, one macronucleus, one macronucleus and one micronucleus. Okay, they're going to look like that sunflower. But I'm not going to draw that and complicate. So just remember this much. Okay, what are these? People are going to have celia. Okay, hairike structures. And students, what will be the example? Can anyone tell me the example?

43:22 They cause sleeping sickness. Okay. Tripanosoma. Sleeping sickness. Yes. Suas here ma'am. Hi Suhas. Okay. Yes. Celia helps in bringing food into the gullet. Okay. Okay. Into the gillette. Very good. Okay. So, macro and micronutrients. Can you remember? Sorry. Macro and micronucleus. Can you remember? Should I write it separately, students? No need. No. Okay students. Oh, so so so so sorry. So sorry. So sorry. I wrote instead of flagillated this one. Okay. Here.

44:09 Parramium. Example. Paramsium. Okay. Yeah. Okay. Flagillated is going to be tripanosoma. Okay. It's a small like an oral cavity dear. It's like an oral cavity. Okay. Yes. It's like a gullet is like an oral cavity. A small way for this water for the food particles to enter. So celia will be helping them to allow this entry. Okay. Next is going to be flagagillated and sporosuin. So students flagagillated nothing to draw. Okay. Flagillated nothing to draw only. Remember the example flagagillated means what? Fleagula will be present. Correct? So here it is going to be flagula. Flagula will be present for

44:54 movement. And example here is what you're going to write tripano. Tripano soma which is sleeping sickness. Okay. Sleeping sickness. And the last one sporosuans. Sporosuans means the main movement is going to happen with the help of what ma'am it is going to happen with the help of pores. Right? Here also same thing students here pores are going to be the main people who is going to help. And you have already studied in human health and diseases. Spore sporosuoids that means where? Malaria. Malaria is caused by whom? Plasmodium

45:40 vivwax. So here the example is going to be plasmodium vivax. Can you remember this much? Plasmodium vivax which causes malaria. Okay. Malaria done all of you understood? Yes. Okay. Plasmodium which causes malaria. So spores are the movement no that how that is how they're going to spread. Now one place we have amoeba one place we have fledula one place we have celia but this fellow is going to take the help of whom? Spores spores are going to spread sporosoids we have learned it in malaria plasmodium bwax. So this much only you have to

46:27 remember students in this entire topic only this much you have to remember. Can you all remember this much? Yes or no? So I'll show you celiated structure. So can you see the oral groove which is called the gullet through which the food particles are going to enter. You have a macro and a micro nucleus. Okay. Two nucleuses are present. Okay. Yes. Nothing there. Sporosuence means spore. Spores are going to be there. That is the movement that they choose. So in plasmodium bwax that is your malaria also sporosoids are there. That sporosoids only enter into the blood of a host. Okay. And that is going to spread go to the liver liver to RBC burst open the RBC and release the hemoozone a toxin and again it will continue the entire life cycle. So same way here also sporosuans do the same

47:16 job. Clear? Yes. Okay. Now friends I've just kept the diagrams here. Okay. Now let's do fungi. Ready for fungi all of you? Okay. Yes. Yes. Yes. Let's drink some water. Okay. So far any doubts? Last I'll make you solve questions. Okay. Last I'll make you solve questions. Okay. Perfect. Everything is clear. Crystal clear. Neat result today. No way. The court had to give the this one. No, I don't think so. Yes, those who haven't

48:02 marked your retinance, please mark your retinance as well. Okay, wait. Let me check. No results today. And they will not publish it at this late also. Okay, come on. Let's do this. Okay. Fungi students, what do we know about fungi? First of all, this fellow was very difficult to, you know, be placed somewhere. So, because why? These people are saprophitic, parasitic, hetrophic, nutrition, ukareotic. Again some exceptions are there. Unicella, multicella, east is there that we will come into. Okay. So fungi when we talk about the first thing that you remember is what these people are ukareotic. Okay, ukareotic. They're multisellular. Again, exception is there. Okay,

48:50 multisellular. They're hetro. What else do you remember about them students? This is what we remember about them, right? They are ukareotic, multisellular and they are hetrophic organisms, right? Yes. Very good. Now students here let's break down each word. Ukarotic means we already know these people are going to have all membrane bound organals plus the nucleus. Okay, no doubt in this. Here we have to write about an exception. Okay, we have an exception that is who exception is your sacromy my okay east right east which is again east is two types we have baker's east and brewer's east you'll study this

49:36 in your microbes chapter break baker's east and brewer's east oh my tongue okay brewers east okay two types of yeast. Now when we talk about hetrorotrophic organism remember that we are not just labeling them as okay they dependent on other organism but they have two main way of you know doing hetroric nutrition. What are they? One is going to be saproighting. That is the main thing that is these people are going to feed on dead and decayed organism. That is why if you leave a bread in your you know in your room for like 3 4 days or you buy the bread and you forgot to eat it. Okay. What we do is we buy buy the bread. Okay. First three days we'll be very energetic. Yes, I need to eat bread and omelette. I need to eat bread and jump. After one, two

50:22 days we'll get bored of bread. We'll forget it. The last three pieces know which are the most ignored people in this entire world. Students, they are feeling no one can understand. Okay, those three pieces are going to go through what this fungi is going to do saprophyic. Okay, there going to be saprophitic nutrition. Why? Because these people are going to feed on dead and decate. Yes or no? Yes or no? Do you agree? Last your mom has to take it and throw with you. Then only we will notice that oh wait did I buy bread dead and decayed. Next next is going to be parasitic disease causing okay parasitic nutrition. So these are the two types of hetroric. One is par

51:08 saprophitic one is parasitic. That is these people are going to be feeding or they're going to use a host. Okay, use a host. Now associations are there. Don't get confused. Associations is where fungi is helping an algae, fungi is helping a higher plant, microisa lyken. That is different. Okay, association is completely different. But this is clear. Now students, look here. If you leave your bread for a few days, no, you will start seeing a bread mold. Okay. And this is your toad sto mushroom. Okay. Agaracus. So there is good ones and bad ones. In everything there's good ones and bad ones. Okay. Now here they have given two examples in your NCERTT. One is V trust caused by paxinia and white spots seen on the mustard leaf. Now students what

51:57 happened? Uh this was a petri plate. Okay. This was the petri plate and in this petri plate uh there was this petri plate was unwashed. Okay. This petri plate was unwashed and fungus were growing in this. Okay, there's fungus growing. There's bacteria also. Okay, first bacteria was growing because this was unwashed. Fungus started growing and what happened? The scientist started noticing that the region where this fungus is growing, bacteria is not at all there. There is a zone. Okay, a zone is created and in that zone he can notice that the bacteria is not growing around this fungus. That is when he realized that maybe this is this has some properties. Okay, this has some properties that will

52:42 kill the bacteria and that is where your antibiotics. Okay, penselium came into existence. Okay, clear? Yes or no? Yes, clear. Penselium penselium penia all of it is clear I hope okay very good okay now now students this fungi are cosmopolitan okay cosmopolitan means they present everywhere now in your room in your hand okay every single place this will be present they're

53:28 cosmopolitan they present almost every single place. Okay, every single place. Now we actually have to study more about fungi. Other than example, we have to study about their structure very importantly. Now their structure when you talk about students, they have a thin long slender structure which is called the hi. Okay, they are made up of thin long slender structure which is called the hifi. And many hi a network of hi will fall form what? mycelium. So like this, like this, like this. So like this like random. Okay. Like this. A network. A

54:15 complete network of hi. Okay. A complete network of hi is called what students? It's called myelium. It's called myelium. Okay. Now remember this hi can be of two types. What can hi be of? Two types. Okay. Very good. All of you are answering. I can see it in the chat box. This hi students can be of two types. Remember this. First type. First type is going to be called aseptate. What is a septa? Septter means like a boundary like a partition right? So the first category that you're going

55:01 to study here is aseptate. So let's say this is your hi and you'll notice that they do not have any proper partitioning okay or any compartmentalization. They're just present like this. Okay. On the other hand you will notice that there are structures like this. Okay. where there is proper partitioning. I'll show it to you now. Wait. Okay. Like this. Correct. Like this proper partitioning is there. Okay. So I call the one which which does not have proper segments or anything aseptate. Okay. What do I call this as students?

55:48 Aseptate. Aseptate or senocytic senocytic hyphen. Okay. This is called as what? Septate. This is called as what? Septate hyphen. Now students this aseptate or senocytic is usually seen in lower fungi. It's usually seen in lower fungi and this one is seen in the higher fungi. higher fungi clear like basomicus asetus we are going to see this perfect clear to yes there is no cross walls and there is cross walls okay these are the

56:33 crosswalls that I'm talking about okay crosswalls done easy peasy lemon squeezy sorry okay I hope it's clear Yes. Now students remember these people cell wall. Okay. These people's cell wall are made up of I'm writing it here near the structure only. Cell wall is made up of kiten. This you already know we have already studied in RH's box. Kiten and polysaccharide. Okay. Everything about structure. So we will write it together in one page. Okay. Polysaccharide. Done. Done. Something is wrong with the spelling. No. Polysaccharides. Okay. Yes. Sometime when we write on the

57:21 board now we feel it's correct but it might not be correct. Done. Done. Paka all of you understood? Yes. FICOCTs are asept. Yes. We will come into that. Okay. We will come into that entire topic. Okay. This thermacol reflection is too much. No. Here any white thing will reflect. Now it's better, right? Okay. One second. Let's try. Okay. Yes. The dots are nucleus. Okay. The dots are nucleus. Okay. Now it's not

58:07 visible. No. We have to do juggard. Okay. Jard jugard work. we have to do. Yes. Done. Okay. So, this is about the structure. Now, talking about the reproduction. So, students remember that your fungus, okay, your fungi is going to reproduce by three methods. One is going to be vegetative method, one is going to be asexual reproduction, one is going to be sexual reproduction. So, in vegetative method, we will study about the normal things. Fragmentation, binary fishision, okay, buding. But when we talk about a sexual and sexual reproduction, understand there we talk about different types of sports. So I do not want any of you to get confused. Listen to me carefully. And also there is a cycle of events that happen during the sexual reproduction. So these are the two things that most of the students get confused. But let me tell you, it's

58:53 going to be very easy to understand. Okay. So students what is going to happen your reproduction in fungi as I told you it's going to be in three types. First is going to be vegetative. First is going to be vegetative reproduction. So whoever knows the answer please type it that type that in the chat box. Okay. Vegetative reproduction. Okay. Next one is going to be asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction. Okay. And the third one is going to be sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction. Now vegetative reproduction means students who and all

59:39 what and all can you think about vegetative reproduction? Come on tell me. Come on tell me. Fragmentation fishing bdding. Very good. Okay. So here when we talk about vegetative reproduction we think about bing and here we mainly talk about your east. Okay. Bing, fision. Then what students? fragmentation. Okay, fragmentation. These are the three things that you will be studying under vegetative reproduction. When you think about asexual reproduction, please remember you're talking about spores. You're not talking about any other method. You're talking about spores. So here you're going to come

1:00:24 across okay. So I'm just writing. You're going to come across zuspores. Okay? And lastly you're going to come across sporangio spores. Sporangio sporose you don't have to go much detail about these spores. Okay just know this. Okay whereia is there? Where zpos are there? Where sporangio sporos are there. Okay. Now when you come talk about sexual spores students you start with us. Then you come to ascospores which are specific to ascomicities. Then you talk about basidiopose which are you know um related to basedomic okay based can you remember this much isn't it easy so vegetative reproduction we talk about bdding fragmentation and

1:01:10 fision when it come to asexual spose we spoke we speak about zuspose conidiopose parangiopose and when it come to sexual reproduction we talk about uspose asospose and besidospose so ascospose and besidospose you do not have even have to think a lot because it is about asco and besidomicities. Okay. Now when you come about conedia and binging fish and fragmentation we will go in detail. Okay. Clear to all of you. So look here vegetative reproduction asexual reproduction is by spose called conidia or spangiopose or zuspose. Look at coidia students here remember konidospores are exogenous. What is exogenous? Meaning it is outside right? It is going outside. So let's say the structure is like this. Okay the structure is like this. You will see

1:01:55 conidio spores like this. Understood? Like outside exoggenous. On the other side you can see sparangi spores where there is a sparangium. Inside the sparangium the spores are going to be present. Zeus pose if you notice you can see that these people are like motile and they just move around. Okay. They just move around. They're motile structures. Clear? Yes. Okay. Now look here. See remember do not get confused. For everything you will have sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, vegetative reproduction. Okay. So all the three are going to be present in different different classes of fungi. So fomicius itself you will study one sexual, one asexual, one vegetative like that. Each one you're going to study like that. Okay. Got it? Done. This is clear to all of you. Okay. Now here look here students

1:02:42 you will notice that ascos when I talk about there's a structure which is a sack like structure called as ascus inside that there will be asospose. So if I have to draw enlarge structure and show you know I will just show like this. See look here this is not how I wanted it to be. Huh? Like this? Yeah. Okay. Okay. Now look here students. Let's say we will just put them in a box. Okay. Okay, we put them in a box because many students get confused with this one thing but to be frank it's not that confusing. So students when I talk about ascos remember there's a sacklike

1:03:29 structure which is called the ascus and inside that inside that there is going to be your ascos and that's why this is also called as the uh sac fungi okay sac fungi. So this one you tell me can you understand? So this is the ascus. Okay. Inside that there is ascospores. But on the other side you have basedium. Okay. Berium where your basidio spores are going to be present on the top of the structure like this. Okay. Four of them are going to be seen. So it is going to be like this. Understood the difference between basidio pose and ascospores. I hope it is clear. Okay. Thank you so much. Patmawati ma'am both zygospor yeah we will come into that okay hercuis

1:04:14 don't get confused we will come into that okay so what did I say you this is ascus that is a sacklike structure inside which the ascospores are going to be present and this is your asco spose any confusion in this any confusion confusion that song is coming students but I don't know the lyrics based spores okay besidio spores clear and this is going to be the bidium okay this is going to be the bidium why I'm drawing diagram so it'll be more clear for all of you okay I can rush with the chapter but what is the use what is the

1:04:59 use of it okay this is the difference I hope this is clear to all of you now yes sexual reproduction I told you there are some events that take place. Okay, there are some events at which the sexual reproduction is going to happen. See now I'm just going to introduce to the spores. I'm just going to introduce you to the events and then by one by one depending on each fungi fomicitis as basomic and duty we are going to learn individually. Okay. Yes. Now students sexual reproduction remember it is going to happen in a events events of cycle of events or events of cycle. Oh, English is not English. Cycle of events, I guess. Students, tell me all the encyclopedias

1:05:45 in the class, please open up. Cycles of events. Okay. Yes, this is what is correct. Sounds correct. Okay. Cycle of tell me it is correct. Cycle of events. Okay. Content is correct. But then I don't know the heading of it. First one is going to be called as plasmmoami. What is it going to be called as? Plasmogami. Again I'm going to explain it with the help of a diagram. So don't worry. Okay. Let's take two different colors. Okay. This one our teachers also used to draw like this and teach us students once upon a time. Okay. So this is how we have two structures. Okay. Like this. Right. This is the initial stage. Okay. Where two of them are going to come together. Right. Now

1:06:30 what is going to happen? First what is going to happen? Ma'am first what is going to happen? protoplasm is going to mix. So you go like this. Okay. So it's not an easy task students to draw. Okay. Like this protolacid mixing is going to happen. Okay. So the nucleus is going to remain intact here. Okay. Here also same thing protoplasm is going to the movement. Okay. Movement of the protoplasm. See I cannot draw 3D. I'm trying my level best to draw and make

1:07:16 you understand this. Okay. Clear? I hope at least you can understand what is going to happen. Okay. So students in plasmogami what is going to happen? It is going to be fusion. Okay. Fusion of protoplasm. Fusion of protoplasm. between two motile or non-mile. Okay. Or non-mile gamts. Correct. Structures. Yes or no? Correct ma'am. Correct ma'am. Okay. Very nice. Okay. Two motile and non motile gamts. That is what we see in your your first stage. Okay. So this is your protoplasm where the protoplasm

1:08:04 fusion is going to happen. Okay. Protoplasm fusion is going to happen. After protoplasm fuse what would happen students? Ma'am after protoplasm fuse then it should be definitely what the nucleus should come together. What do you call that students? Karaogami. Karaogami. That means the nucleus has to come together. So let's say let's take it to the next stage. Okay. Let's next take it to the next stage where it is karaogami. Okay, cario gam next stage that is here protoplasm mixing has happened. Now these people are going to come into one entire cycle. Right. So

1:08:50 here I'm just drawing it in two colors so you know you understand it properly. It's not necessary to draw in two colors. We can just draw it in one single color also. Geometry is not geometry. Yes. Yes. Okay. So here students see two situations will come. Okay. Two situations. Yes. Gameamt sexual reproduction. No dear. So gameamtes are going to be formed. correct or not? Yes. So students remember two situations are there. Okay. This situation here where you can see two

1:09:36 nucleus, right? This is nucleus one. This is nucleus 2. We call this condition as diearon stage. What do we call this condition as carryon stage? Why do we call it diearon stage? Because here we notice that the protoplasm fusion fusion has happened but the nucleus have not got fused. Right? We will notice that there are two nucleus in the stage. This is why we call it the dicarion stage. Okay. Now if you notice here students a single okay a single nucleus is going to be present. Okay. Single nucleus is going to be present and this is where karaogami has happened. Okay. Karaogami has happened. So I have done it like in different colors but you can just draw it in one color to understand. Karaogami that means fusion of the nucleus has

1:10:21 happened. Okay. Fusion of the nucleus has happened. So is dicaron stage clear for all of you? Because later you're going to study about it. That's why protoplasm fusion is happening in the first scenario. Okay. This is the first scenario. This is the second scenario where the karaogami fusion is going to happen. Yes. Very good. 2 n Okay. 2 in. Okay. Even without the line we can just write it 2 n. Okay. So here karaog gami means what? Fusion of nucleus. Okay. Fusion of nuclei. Yes. Done. Done. Is this clear? Yes. I'll move to the side for

1:11:08 you to all understand. Yes. This is clear students. Yes. Die carryon stage also is clear. I hope. Yes. Students. Gam formation normally you know no sexual reproduction game formation has to happen so that will happen okay that will happen the last one is obviously zygote okay zygote formation by meiosis so that we don't have to write specifically but here I'm just writing zygote formation by meiosis so remember in your asexual spores. No, we talk about mitosis. Remember that also one thing here when we talk about your asexual reproduction,

1:11:54 no, we mainly here focus on mitosis. Okay. So that is why here we say asexual sports. Here what will we talk about? Miosis, right? Here mainly we will talk about mossis. So this is the proper sexual reproduction. Got it? Yes. Now I hope this is clear. So students three cycles are there. important on plasmmoi, karaogami and zygote formation by meiosis. These are the three things that will happen. Now types of gametes that is when sexual reproduction is happening we know that two types of gamts will be there. One from the male, one from the female. But here in fungi there is more types of you know categories we have to study. First one students depending on their shape size we have three categories. First one is called as

1:12:42 isogamus. Okay isoggamas. Second one is called as unisogamas. Unisogamas. Third one is called as ugamas. Ugamas. Okay. Just with the structure we are going to learn it. We are not going to break our head into learning more about it. See isogamas means both of them will be of the same shape and both of them will be motile. Okay, like this one scenario and other scenario where both are non-moile this scenario will be less because again you know they have to

1:13:28 travel. So this scenario where their size okay size will be same okay size and shape okay will be same okay and both will be motile or both will be non-motile isogamas iso means same right iso means same yes I'll be finishing the chapter today okay so that is done clear to all of you now an isogamas Unito means what ma'am? One will be bigger maybe. Okay, one will be bigger. Okay, understood. Another one will be smaller but both will be motile students. Okay, both will be motile. So here what is going to happen?

1:14:14 Size and shape will be different. Okay, size and shape will be different but their motility will be the same. Okay, this is an isog gamma. So opposite

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