Cape Sociology Perspectives of Crime and Deviance I Lessen 4 I SLC

0:07 welcome back guys to another video today we are going to look over perspectives of crime and devance we'll be looking at um the functionalist the Marxist and the interactionist all the theories that came from those main stream theorist um and get a view into crime and div within the Caribbean we also have our Jamaican own Dr Herbert G which he talks about sexual violence and so into shortly um we're just going to do a quick run because it's pretty easy to like articulate the perspectives of of crime because you know knowing the theorist from unit one and even our knowledge

0:53 within unit two we can easily understand exactly what the theorist are saying and what they're positing or ulating and what what we need to understand from it so it's all about using the knowledge from the theorist what what it's about what the theory is about and putting it into your essay and using it to answer the questions so starting off with the functionalist we know this is um and about the essential of Devi he argued that as Society grows more complex it becomes less effective to control people which results in deviance

1:40 you know he talks about how um social order it depends on the value consensus you know that this is the the shared norms and values that are in society and we are we learn this these values through socialization from the family and even education as well family and education and so um he talks about how div is a a behavior that disrupts the consensus as well but the thing about D is that he posited that since deviant exist in all societies it must hold functional significance so that's really what the

2:25 theory is about is they're talking about how um if the fact that it exists within Society over time then it must have some function it must be functional it must benefit someone or maybe something in some way so that's really how the functionist are looking at it he also said um deviant contributes to social order by reinforcing societal Norms media reports and deviance and the corresponding punishment serve to educate the public by reaffirming society's rules um talk about how we challenge these

3:11 people present views by offering new patterns and behaviors for example you could look at the Civil Right movements but then they were they were seen as deviant behaviors that challenge the the the Notions of segregation in 1940s in the US as well so you see um that deviance would have a lot of positive results or it will be functional as well because you know labor rights and all these things the movement um yes it consider deviant but at the end of the day it led to what freedom of the BLS it led to Liberty and

3:56 all type of so that's what they really looking at so the maintenance so he argues that some form of div can bring about positive change and as we mentioned we talk about um um movements especially black black movements um panafrican movements and all these things you know they would lead to like a lot of Liberty a lot of changes within society that positively um helped out the block when deviance is punished it reaffirms current health social norms thus ensuring social order that's very true deviance contributes to social changes because it offers alternative

4:42 definitions to what is Right deviant can act as an early warning system that part of society is malfunctioning and and is in need of social engineering so you know um like maybe crime analytics or maybe some demographers might realize that um this part of the population of the country is you have a lot of Youth violence or maybe this area have a lot of you violence that that's that's an indicator that listen some social structure isn't right here whether it be the family or um education itself and so

5:30 it act as a early warning system because once we able to see some of these signs or these signals the country has to quickly act on it Ure that there are not no further damages to the structure of society because you understand the effect the effectiveness of how deviant can destroy a nation can lead to enemy destroy society and all type of things you also say devian Pro provokes Collective outrages and therefore social integration and solidarity against Outsiders such as criminals which is um we can see this because well let's

6:15 say a lot of times um you know you know that there's a movement for no violence against woman um I remember even when in Jamaica when a child there were a man was going around killing children right and so I believe was also raping them and so it was a collective outrage happening because almost you could say everybody in the country was looking for this man searching for him brought about social integration right there was a collective outage people wanted Justice the country came together

7:01 this guy find deserving punishment what he did the crime he did was wrong and you see how it would bring about integration as well defense and his punishments are part of the secondary socialization process in that they reinforce what counts as acceptable and unacceptable behavior and we went through this and we looking at like social construction of deviant now for the critics of the theory so d right he doesn't explain why some groups are more prone to deviant than others you know like why is it that

7:48 perhaps um boys from the lower class are prone to devance than those of the middle class right some type of De are never functional nor beneficial to society which is very true because I mean you try and make an essay about how murder child abuse rape how that is like functional in any way you know you you try and do but just not going to work out um he underestimated the degree of conflict in society and exaggerated the importance of consensus in society crime can be cause crime can cause people to withdraw from society not come together yeah that is true you know a lot of people um due to the crime

8:34 rate people you know especially those lower income places like is is more it's more of a fair as well people have fear come together and get rid of criminal because within the societies members know who the criminals or the gunmen are then they know who they are but not going to um like come get most because ofar you know because crime a lot of people move from the society or move from the country itself so it's very difficult to say that um crime would bring people or cause

9:22 integration there can fail to see the degree of power an individual has to commit crime which is very true I mean someone can't really if the law won't allow you to use a social issue as a proper excuse as to doing the crime you know somebody it's because um it's because like you know politic something because the society right NOC so yeah we understand um the functionalist main talks about like the essential nature of deviant they talk about it have functional significance as well and they most looking at because it exist over time it

10:10 must have some function and the critics of the the understand the critics because you know really explain certain things properly it's more of a you know that the function is tend to keep things you um utopian uhhuh they don't look at everything a radical view so moving on to sh Theory so let's you know so Robert meron argued that deviance is an inherit part of a functioning Society but the thing is that he expanded on their ideas by developing sh Theory which notes that

10:57 access to socially acceptable goals play a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates because um like Society Society tell us to go and Achieve certain goals like buy expensive car get a house get a mansion you know get all type of things which you know um the aage man can't afford and that's the thing so when people are unable to achieve these things they find some way of going about Dev devally toon even know um well in Jamaica there's a trend of

11:42 house before Beast you know it's going viral and social media and so that it pretty much talks about like how the culture is being shift you know it talks about how materialism is having an impact on the culture because people are saying house Beast before house and they referring to Beast as cars you know being that cars can if you have a car they can go anywhere it's a status really you know it's really for status and it talks about the values that are in societies there being change and yes you could say it's because of the younger generation because the old generation things so you could try and

12:31 not necessar blame but say generation which it would happen because remember generation things have changed so this shouldn't surprise anybody umon okay so meron Theory differs somewhat from D that he argued that the real problem is not created by social change as proposed but rather social structure that holds out the same goals to all members without giving them equal means to achieve them so that's really how they break it up now let's look at um so he def like five ways that people

13:20 respond to this to to this gap between having a socially accepted goal but not not socially accepted way to pursue it right yeah so for Conformity now right it it's really about how like those who conform choose not to deviate they pursue their goals to the extent that they can toose socially acceptable means right so they decide that all right um they have a plan as to what they want and deci that they're not going to do any crime to achieve it um Innovation Innovation you know it's

14:07 about how people uses illegitimate or criminal means to achieve their goals right so they find alternative ways to succeed when conventional parts are block so scamming you know especially during like the time you know that a lot of people lost their jobs and so if you lose a job you're not going to be making money right and so because a lot of people lost their job during Co um people have to go find some ways some means in order to do it which is why during that time during the the co time um scamming L

14:55 scamming was booming all right it was it was booming um physically in real life and it was booming over song like every song that was being released in Jamaica was literally about scamming because that was like the next career part and you can call it AER because at the end of day people was using it to make money so that's how they they became innovators right now ritualism so ritualism is similar toity however the is with ritualism they lower their goals to more attainable level so they see that okay I want BM

15:42 because BM buy old Toyota and just work with that so you know they just ritualize themselves you know um lower the standards right focus on Conformity and follow rules rather than pursuing distant dreams so rre ISM retreatism now rejects both socially um acceptable goals and means some for you know you could look at like some Beggars and some beggers on the street have withdrawn from society's goal of financial success

16:29 and we use the beggers for as an example CU well a lot of people when they can work and maybe yourself look at some say if big always beging like why not do something you walk around walk and work but what people don't understand is that listen they're fully aware of it but they simply just don't want to work working and having that Big Rich life that's that's not something that they really care about you know so decid I'm I'm do whatever I'm stre I don't need no

17:15 no financial success or anything like that Rebellion now so Rebellion um speaks about a handful of people rebelling uh replacing a society's goals and means with their own so terrorists are Freedom Fighters they look to overthrow a society's goal through socially unacceptable means and so you look at riots back then you know riots led to a lot of people D and yes it was it led to positive um impacts of course but at the end of the day they they decid that okay they were

18:02 going to overthrow society's goal society's value so that's what Rebellion is and very they know people pretty much either going you're either going to confirm or you're not going to confirm you're going to confirm or you're going to innovate as simple as that confirm innovate Rebellion or Rebel now for the strength of the theory so what we really to understand in like evaluating the the really meron recognizes the importance of inequality conflict and ideology to the sociology of devian right he also adopted a critical

18:50 perspective of the US Society at the time and recogniz dysfunctional aspect so you have to remember that um the string Theory it was um based on observation of the US right and he recognized the dysfunctional aspect of it and so he wrote about it um also meriton ignores the cultural transmission of deviant adoptions or adaptations his called his theory can be linked with the concept of subculture and this would help to explain how social groups that share a similar position in the social structure

19:36 collectively evolve solutions to Common problem right so overall the sh is important because it recognizes inequality with the countries so always remember the train inequality now for the weakness okay so for the weakness not all members of society share the goal of material success and he and so um he fails to look at white color crime corporate crime and this is usually crime committed by those who achieve material success you know like why politicians or why big business persons um commit crime and the dev just

20:21 act it's all if if it's all about material success right and attaining societies um set goals then the Str here wouldn't answer why men not easily commit crime you know he does not account for violent crimes committed in groups such as juvenile delinquency as well mer ignores the cultural transmission of EV adaptations we mention that already and so yeah that's the theory is pretty easy to understand it falls under the functionist he founded on their cries um theory of crime and devance and um mainly talks about

21:08 inequalities now for socially social disorganization theory of crime um let's see it was developed by researchers at the University of Chicago in the 1920s and the 1930s and so social disorganization theory asserts that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control which is very true like crime crime is the highest in low low socio economic um societies you know or some would call it the ghettos if you wish to Define it as use

21:54 um Define it as that as well so they do happen more in there um also talk about how an individual who grows up in a poor neighborhood with high crime rates of drug du violence teenage delinquency um is more likely to become a criminal than an individual from a wealthy neighborhood with a good school system and families who are involved positively in the community which is very true because I mean I think for those who are from the wealthy would most lik commit corporate crime if anything you know they can still commit crime but because we they probably going into bus probably into some you know L sect and they pretty much cause corruption and all type of

22:40 things so yes the difference as well the disorganization Theory helps to highlight that as well so um Research into social disorganization Theory can greatly influence public policy for instance Studies have found that children from disad vage communities who attend preschool programs that teach basic social skills are significantly less likely to engage in criminal activity as well so many interventions and Community Based programs um were implemented to reduce the crime rate and it did work um move on to the Marxist

23:26 perspective now once we Mar you know Mark is going to come about with some capitalism some class things and all type of Oppression that's Marx so the conflict theory looks to Social and economic factors as the causes of crime and demons so the the conflict the it looks into the causes of crime and deance within Society unlike functionalists conflict theories don't see these factors as positive functions of society but as evidence of in equality in a system they also challenge social disorganization Theory and control theory arguing that both ignore racial and socioeconomic issues and

24:13 oversimplify social trends as well so conflict theories also look for answers to the correlation of gender and race with wealth and crime as well so the maintenant well Marx asserts that crime is an inevitable outcome of capitalism the inequalities it produce you know that would be the response they contend that disparities in wealth and income lead to poverty and homelessness making criminal a rational response to these conditions as well talks about how capitalism encourages values such as greed and materialism

24:59 which are conducive to all classes committing crime as well um inequalities in wealth and power leads to frustration hostility and also Envy as well so for the criticism um marks failed to look at the fact that crime affects mostly the working class and not the capitalist which yeah that's that's true still um they argue that crime is a response to oppressed politics but they fail to argue their point of in what way violent crime are political you know feminists would posit that they put too much emphasis on class

25:45 inequality and ignore issues of patriarchy within the society they ignore issues to do with racism in criminal behaviors as well you know and you know for the Marxist their solution to almost every single problem is a communist Society right a socialist system however um historical evidence from the Soviet Union and current examples from Modern Communist States like China and Cuba show that these societies also experience crime and devance and we're

26:31 not talking about low rates of crime and Dev so once again the marks the conflict theorists they they simply can't escape from that because they they always using communist society as this as the solution to everything however the Communist Society right now due to them not giving any guidelines as to how to properly run these countries then yeah really and also put they blame capitalism right but you could look at count such as Switzerland which is a capitalist State and it maintained low crime rates for a long time you know that the Switzerland is

27:18 also ranked within the top three happiest place yeah I believe so um yeah they they're like one of the top three happiest play but yeah we'll we'll be covering that when we reach um poverty health and environment in modu tre now for the labeling Theory so labeling Theory this would come under the interactionist perspectives now the interactionist they concerned with how people interpret and socially construct the world around them they are interested in how criminality develops in social interaction between a

28:05 potential deviant and the Agents of social control so starting off with um Howard Becker 1963 believes that there is no such thing as a deviant act because an act is only deviant when an audience sees it as such for example um sticking a needle with drugs in in in one's arm it's not deviant I mean doesn't pharmacist do that or a doctor do that they stick with me all the time and so it is considered to be deviant now when perhaps a teenager injects thems with hering in a park so you see that um deviant depends on the reaction

28:52 of society right so Becca believes that Because he believes that people are therefore labeled in a certain way and these lab Define people you know people label homosexuals or thieves which overshadows the fact that they may be they may also be parents teachers or neighbors right and so labels seem to color over the other status of people and this is this is especially why you know famous influence they scared of being accused of something which you know yeah they will be afraid of being

29:38 um called racist whether they say you're offend sexual offender or something like that because the thing is know it can overshadow their career when somebody career is overshadow then they can simply lose it in an instant right so this is why um influencers they they try to not offend anybody because especially in these times if if you if you offend someone for the simplest of things you can offend an entire country nowadays so they have to be careful you know it talks about how um the persons who are labeled would therefore see themselves in such labels

30:24 and the negative characteristics associated with them you know so the person would soon identify himself as the label or in the case of the as a deviant right if he perceives as such um all right you know che che was performed by it's a s is an artist in Jama and so what you understand is that um this eases the pressure right the education system as there are needs to be an equilibrium between skill and unskilled individuals because if you're going to have someone saying and have a bunch of children agreeing that hey I'm

31:11 done I'm not going to go to education you have to look at perhaps the how the positive side of that the somewhat positive side because if you're done so decide that you're not going to get an education then you're going to supply the workforce you know unskilled jobs we know say people fill up those areas you know we not run out um laborers for unskilled jobs right and so you see um this may lead to deviance which is when the pressure on the security increases because no people are DOs um they can't work the big jobs and make money so guess what they're going to turn to crime and in turning to crime you

31:58 putting pressure on the security forces within the country as so you see how the labeling thing howas is actually is on society now he did brought about um a labing process so start about with um stage one the individual is publicly label as a deviant you know so they get the label with a junky a gay person or a thief and um they face the the like rejection from friends and discrimination you know they stigma that exist and this person the thing is lab La know it can affect them further on so can lead to them losing

32:46 their jobs or they're not even performing so well at their job which they end up losing it right now stage two we talk about after being labeled now and the implication it had on the person life it encourages more deviant you know because a drug user turns to Crime seen as he can't get a job right no one wants to employ a drug user or a criminal so criminals sometimes have this problem when they get out of jail as well you know no one wants to employ them and they totally set their um deviant

33:32 identity as well for now just do more crime because you never you're not trying to fix me or trying to change me and because of the the stigmas which no one is obligated to change someone or help someone but thing is when when someone doesn't receive the help it leads to more Dev as so stage three now the the um stage Tre is where the Deviant career of the individual is complete when they join and organize de groups so um here they are with other similar others

34:20 similar to them and they totally accept Dev identity so you might have thieves right because listen if you AC family at least the thieves are going to AC each other all Thief same with criminals murderers gangs right they all value the same thing such as doing crime de ands so in that space you understand that it's like it's going to feel like a home to them right so you allow organized groups to be creative in stage now stage fours about within the group devian subculture develops

35:06 so and this would include beliefs and values which rationalize justify and support deviant identities and activities so you know this subculture helps the members by finding ways to avoid getting into trouble with conventional Society you know so for example you know te Young they would learn from the group how to avoid arrest or to avoid caught right so like an institution being developed here you know cuz being in a it's really like being in schoolz you're going to have our job you know you always have different position higher positions lower positions and the only difference

35:52 is that when you're a criminal compared to when you're a working man when you're work working you get fired but when you're a criminal mostely die so that's how you get fired as a criminal now for the criticism um so the label right it it argues that the act of deviance is always important than the reaction and people who commit deviant act know full well what they are doing they are full they have full self awareness of their de activities um does not suddenly result from laap

36:37 them so listen murder [Music] murder like or start murder people so you know the label app lot of critics is going to get you know it underestimates the agency of deviant suggesting that the labeling process inevitably leads to further deviance disregarding individual choices and decision which is very true because I once like I said um that person may decide that listen they're either going to find help and if they're not getting help they're just going to continue or they going to find

37:23 a group which leads to further Devi as well so you understand that lab process um was um had some a lot of truth to it right um also they got another critic would be that um it's view that the consequences of being labor are further deviant underestimate the degree that deviant have um it places too much emphasis on societal reaction for example murder child abuse will always be a deviant and therefore Society reaction is less important than the act itself you know and you know there are also no explanation as to why some people are labeled and some are not you know

38:09 there's no explanation of the reason why some people respond to their labeling one way and others different way you know so there have a lot even the Marxist Marxist believe that the neglect structural factors such as inequality of weal and you know they see it as an attempt to neglect the fact that crime is caused by capitalism you know and so to conclude just because someone is labeled as a deviant or criminal does not mean they are going to go out and do the crime there must be other factors influencing that person such as psychological maybe economical cultural social you know even

38:56 historic I factors may lead to one becoming a criminal now differential association theory now this is very easy to understand so it was postulated by Edwin sand in 1937 and he s to understand how deviant Behavior developed among people and his conclusion established the differential associ the that individuals learn behavior from those close to them who and opportunities to for deviant you know um a teen whose friends are

39:42 sexually active is more like to view sexual activity as acceptable right someone who is around a PE group that focuses on that mainly focus on their education and books that person is most likely going to focus on their books as well because that's their you know that's who they associating with and so it also talks about learning about crime includes learning the techniques of commission crime as well as learning the motivation attitude towards crime so for one to become a criminal they have they have to learn it you know at the end of day they to have learn it

40:28 and so San's Theory found support in Empirical research over the years which a longitudinal um study from the 1960s and we know that um a longitudinal longitudinal study is a research method that track the same variables over time often for like years or decades right and so what the study identified was that parental criminal Behavior it identified um parental criminal Behavior as the strongest predictor of antisocial and criminal behavior in children even when controlling for social economic factors like neighborhood conditions and educational

41:14 activities so so for the critics so the main critics of the theory is that it does not explain why a law abiding family having a child who falls into a life of crime yeah it wouldn't explain that you know I mean a lot of times you know you hear in the news we see many times like parents they teach him better and he knows what to do right when child committed a crime you know so like what went wrong so the the wouldn't explain

42:00 that um as to why lawed families children would you know turn to crime and all these things you know the theory can explain it cannot explain acts of deviance that are not learned or spontaneous for example like like ra rage domestic ra domestic violence I guess also ignores like ological conditions that can contribute to criminality because people commit crime for individual reasons as well we have to look at that and it also ignores people's personality or the role of biological and psychological factors in crime as

42:47 well now for the control theory of crime and div by Travis Hy in 1969 the control theory states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society you know individuals who believe they are a part of society are less likely to commit crime against it and so Hy he identified four types of bonds that connects people to to this Society so he first speaks on attachment right and this really measures connections or it measures our

43:35 connections to others so when we are closely attached to people we worry about their opinions of us you know people conform to society's Norms in order to gain approval and prevent disapproval from family friends and romantic Partners as well you know spouses so you where because we don't want certain people our family our friend to be looking at a certain way so you know what we just due to attachment we confirm and we just follow the rules now for commitment now it refers to the Investments we make in the community so you could try and compare like a well

44:22 respected woman a business woman she volunteer at her church and she's a member of the neighborhood block organization maybe she's a JP she would have more to lose from committing a crime than a woman who doesn't have a career or ties to the community so commitment now um within the community it it shows the difference similarly levels so levels of involvement or particip in socially legitimate activities lessons of person likelihood of devian and we could look at the children for example um children who are in like the

45:07 community football team baseball cricket team you know they would have fewer family crisis you know there's a lot of involvement and participation you know in a lot of um socially acceptable activities as well and so the final bond that he stated would be belief and this is an agreement on common values as beliefs so he or she will confir to them and environmentalists is more likely to pick up a shash in a park because a clean environment is a social value to him

45:53 right um yeah and so is that the control theory well it can explain it can explain why older people are less likely to commit crimes because you know that the older you are you have more attachment you you most likely have more commitment you know you would have a lot of investments in the community you would also have involvement you know maybe you are part of the community cricket team or whatever then you know and they also have the belief to do what is right you know a lot of people they gain they become wise and so they are a lot of environmentalist um a lot of ecosystem

46:38 this that and and say where believe exists as well um yes the extent to which a person conforms to these four elements would represent the extent to which that person is likely to engage in criminal activities now for d the amplification Theory this was done by Stanley Cohen and he argues that the mass media plays a key role in the construction of criminal statistics through the creation of moral panics and and F Devils as well so it is suggested that the media labels are stereotypes powerless group such as the Young by sensationalizing stories

47:25 about them you know this creates a moral Panic that is a public fear of crime that is exaggerated and out of population to the real threat offered you know devian is therefore Amplified selective reporting creates the the the the crime problem you know and this happens a lot a lot of um amplification would take place especially on like youth violence you know L of there are so many media articles out there that are being produced like every single day about how Youth and crime and all these things yes at the end of the day you know it does um inform the public on what's really

48:12 going on but perhaps it might be amplifying or doing a little stereotyping you know because yes youth crime may exist is it really is not necessarily as bad as they say it is and so that's what that's what the theory is really all about you know how they are amplifying the violence and all these things the subculture of delinquency Theory and this is by Albert Cohen 1955 yeah I didn't add that here 1955 and so coen's subculture of delinquency Theory posits that delinquent Behavior especially in form of young delinquency is most prevalent

49:01 among lower class Youth and So He suggests that lower class boys judge they are being judged by middle class standards and so they experience frustration due to their inability to achieve middle class goals this frustration leads to them develop a subculture that rejects mainstream values and seek status through alternative means and according to Cohen lower class youth unable to meet middle class exceptions form gangs as a response to their feelings of inadequacy these gangs provide a sense of belonging and identity allowing members to redefine success on their own terms and

49:47 legitimizing aggression against societal Norms gang Behavior characterized by its non utiliz you util utilitarian malicious and negativ negativistic nature serve as a means for lower class youth to assert themselves in the face of perceived mdle class judgment and so if we're looking at the main strength of the theory you know the greatest strength would be that it is practically the only the that has attempted to explain how a delinquent subculture gang may be formed you know comparing like the middle class to the lower class boys right um one of

50:35 the major CR criticism or the criticism of the theory is that um it assumes that while lower class juveniles look up to middle class values no lower class juvenile can obtain them even though there is a widening gap between the lower class and the other classes it is not to be assumed that lower class juveniles cannot measure up to the middle class measuring Rod or that they would cure to do so for the matter so this theory has also been it it's been criticized for underplay rational and for profit crimes that are typical of many of the

51:21 organized and mature GS as well now moving on to our Caribbean owned Dr Herbert Gale with his structural violence so Gail is a Jamaican social Anthropologist and researcher known for his work and violence especially youth violence in Jamaica and the Caribbean region his research often focuses on understanding the root causes of violence including social and economic factors and exploring strategies for violence prevention and intervention you know his work is highly respected within the

52:08 Academia and has also influenced policy discussions and interventions aimed at addressing violence in Jamaica and Beyond so structural violence now it refers to the systematic way in which social structures institutions and inequalities perpetuate arm and suffering particularly among marginalized groups you know Gale contends that in Jamaica historical legacies of colonialism entrenched poverty limited access to education and economic opportunities and social exclusion

52:54 contribute to a culture of violence and criminality Gail's work emphasizes the interconnectedness of social factors such as poverty inequality and lack of opportunity within high levels of crime and violence he argues that addressing these underlying social issues is crucial for Effective crime prevention and intervention strategies um furthermore Gil Giles research often highlights the role of masculinity and gender Dynamics in shaping patterns of violence in Jamaican Society he also explore how traditional Notions of masculin masculinity coupled

53:41 with socioeconomic pressures contribute to a culture of violence particularly among among young men as well you know in addition he also examined psychological effects of Vance on individuals and communities he advocates for trauma informed approaches to address trauma and promote healing while also highlighting the resilience of affected individuals and community and also his research often includes policy recommendations aimed at addressing the root causes of crime and violence he advocates for evidence-based policies that prioritize investment in education

54:26 Economic Development and Social Services to address structural inequalities and promote positive outcomes from marginalized group so overall Gail's theory on crime and devance in Jamaica underscores the importance of understanding the complex interplay of social economic and cultural factors in shaping patterns of criminal Behavior and advocate for holistic approaches to violence prevention that address underlying structual inequalities you know so um yeah um Dr Herbert Gil he he he's not

55:12 used by a lot of students however the thing is that he is uh he's a great Jamaican example you know as we stated he does a lot of research on violence in Jamaica and Beyond and has came with a lot of policy recommendations as well you know he's a well respected person within the Academia and he advocates for a lot of programs to try and mitigate the violence or the rates of violence within countries so we're at the end of the video um I must say it's very long even though um I was wondering like whether I

56:01 should make it more make the videos shorter but I've asked for many feedbacks from friends and schoolmates and they said they would rather see the video long because if the video is long then that then that would identify that the information would be um deep and you know a lot so I guess I'll try and I personally will try and see if I can make the video shorter or maybe I do it in section I did I did um post a part one and part two video on development so um if you reach um so far into the video go ahead subscribe like leave a comment any feedback you want um

56:47 anything you may want me to improve on go ahead and comment um share the video you know I very really love if um I could actually reach a former audience as well and next topic we'll be looking into module 3 and after I'm finished with sociology I'll be going into Caribbean studies as well and other topics as well so once again keep in touch with the channel and look out for any new videos that will be dropped hit that notification button bye-bye by

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