Full transcript of “CCE TOPIC 07 : શબ્દોને શબ્દકોશના ક્રમમાં ગોઠવો | Gujarati Grammar For CCE”. Click a timestamp to open the video at that moment. Need another video? Use the YouTube transcript generator.
0:00 What you need to look at is the dictionary. Now what is the dictionary? You must have been given many words and you are told that brother, put this in ascending order or put this in descending order or put it according to the kakka or according to the twelve letters, that is, you should understand that words are given to you as multiples, such as Kishan is Karan is Kanu is Ajay is Urmila is Tejas is Ripple. Many such multiple words are given. There can also be a pair of letters. Yagya is Akshar. Such words are given to you and you, brother, you have to arrange them alphabetically, that is, according to the vowel, according to the consonant, according to the dictionary. Such questions are asked in your exams
0:45 and according to the current trend, such questions are asked. So in the dictionary, we know that brother, after ka, comes kha, then comes small g, then comes small g, then comes big g, then comes cha. We know kakka. We also know twelve letters that brother, after ka, then comes small ki, then comes big ki, then comes small ku, then comes big ku. Even if we know the twelve letters, there are some rules based on which we have to arrange the words. If we only know that much, it will not work. You will never be able to arrange the words even if you know that much. That is, if we only know the letters and we only know the twelve letters, then you will never be able to arrange the words in the dictionary. There
1:30 are many rules within this, that is, understand that if there is an anuswar, where to put the anuswar. It is a simple thing that this type of anuswar is there, that is, here is an infinite word, here is a word infinite, there is a word like this, and here is a word. Understand that the letter a will come first or the dotted a will come first, that is, if the anuswar comes first, then we do not know that, then there is a rule for that too. You have to understand that rule in the same way. Understand that it is work and understand that it is anger or understand that it is ear, okay, it is an ear with dots, that is, here this ka will come first or the anuswar ka will come first, we do not know. There are rules for this too, meaning that if you only
2:17 know Kakka and Barakshari, you will not be able to arrange the words from the dictionary. That's all the rules for this. If I give very few examples in this, that is, the examples have no importance. What is to be explained in this is its rules. Once you understand the rules, because I will give you as many examples as you like, those words will not be included in the exam. It is final. But here, if you understand the rules, as much as I call them rules, if you understand those rules, you will be able to solve any letter in the world, you will be able to arrange it properly. So where do you have to pay attention to, what do you have to pay attention to, what do you have to pay attention to, what do
3:10 you have to pay attention to, what are the rules, if there are four or five rules, those four or five rules, you have understood that brother, the dot comes first, then the letter comes first, then the letter comes after which, then you have understood that enough, after that, they will bring any letter in the world and give it to you and ask you to arrange it in order, you will know, you will know, you will know, you will know, you will know, you will know, you will know, what is a dictionary, what is a dictionary or the arrangement of a dictionary somewhere, if there is such a title, then do n't take tension, in short, what do you have to do, you will be given multiple words and you will have to arrange those words according to which, according to the rules of Kakka and Barakshari, you have to arrange them, let's start, first of all, let's see some theory, in 1929, Gujarat Vidyapith published a rich spelling dictionary of Gujarati language, to which many words have been added till date, now two sentences are written here that the word starts with A and the word
3:55 ends with H, now why is it written like this, if it is simple or the first one with a vowel What does the rule say about which letter comes first? When words are given, which one should be chosen first? The vowel and the consonant I. Hope you know that A, E, E, U, A are called vowels while K, K, K, D, G, Ch are called consonants. Remember that Kakka starts with a vowel, that is, it will start with A. But sir, when we finish the twelve letters, when Kakka finishes, what comes last? K, G, N, what comes last? But here, H is written like that. Why is that? I will tell you the rule ahead.
4:41 Based on that rule, you will see H at the end of the word. Why G, N, does not come? I will also explain to you because G, N, comes in the middle. Why does it come in the middle? I will also explain to you ahead. So remember that the word starts with A, that is, it is a vowel. First comes the vowel. After that, the consonant comes. And what comes first in the vowel is A. That is why it is written here that the word starts with A. The word is formed from a and the word ends with h. Let us first talk about the rules of vowels. What are the rules within vowels? So in the dictionary, vowels and consonants will come first in the words. Understand that here Kishan is written and here Aman is written. If you
5:28 look at the first letter, here Kishan has a consonant and Aman has a vowel. If such multiple letters are given, if multiple words are given, what will come first in those words? Vowels will come first. That is, Aman has a sky, then it is a deep. Okay, that is, all these are vowels. Look, all these are vowels. So first, when there is a consonant and a vowel, what should be put first in the comparison. First, we have to put vowels. Now there are rules within vowels too. Now, look, simple, which vowels have we studied? So, I am drawing a line here, that is, the vowels we have studied. Then a, then small e, then big e, then small u, then big u, then a, then ai, then o, then au, then
6:18 what comes after au, then a We will come. Then ego will come. Whose will come? The ego will come. Remember this . What does the law say now? So the rule says that the Samvrutta comes first. Then comes the opening and then comes the following. Now
7:04 what is a deviant? So, what is rapped above is called vivrit. Now look, the rule says that A comes first. Then comes the one with a dot and then comes the one with a double dot, that is, the ego. It is not necessary that it comes inside all of them or just inside A, but here some words are not formed at all. I have written this as an example. If you pay attention here, first I wrote A, then I wrote A with a dot and after A, I put two dots like this. After that, what came after this came, then this with a dot and after that this with a dot. But no word starts with this. So what is the need to put this? That is why I have not put it. In the same way, first a small e came, then a dot e came, then this type of e came. If I want to
7:49 put it here, I can put it, but no word starts with this. There is no such word. There is no such word that starts with this. That is why I have not written it inside. What do you mean by misreading this? What is the need to misread this? No word is formed from this. So no word is formed from this. That is why I have skipped all these because in the future, words are not formed from this. No word is formed from this. In life and the world. There is no word in the alphabet that starts with aha or there is no word that starts with ehi that's why I didn't put it so it's simple what you have to remember then a then ah will come ok that means dotted will come and then ah will come ok am ah remember am ah then ah then e this is small e
8:37 then dotted e then big e dotted e small u dotted u big u dotted u then ru will come after that remember u then e will not come normally what comes after u comes but in between remember ru will come what will come ru will come i.e. whenever we go to climb up that means what will come before double a when we go to do this what will come before ru will come i.e. what will come after u what will come after ru will come after double a all those will come clear so let's clear then ah what will come before ru will come after a now remember what is called vivrit it is called see samvrit vivrit and Anusvara This rule applies from here, so what is this called, it is called Samvrit, that is, it is
9:22 whole, it is called Samvrit, then this rap comes, what is it called, it is called Vivrit, and after that, Anusvara, Anusvara means a dot, so here you have to pay attention, then Vivrit is and then Anusvara is, now Anusvara is called M, what is called M, that is, then Vivrit is and what is called M, what is called M, after that, here, okay, what is called Ai, then Am, what is called Am, Am is called M, this dot is called M, then O, then Vivrit O, this Vivrit O is, okay, what is called, rapping it on top, it is called Vivrit, then Om, what is said Om, then what is this, then Au, what is this, Au is
10:08 clear, then Ai, O, Au, then Om, what is Om, Om, ok, Om is called Om, that is, Au, then M, Pa, behind If it is spoken, it is called Om. In short, if you do n't understand anything else, understand it simply. First comes Samvrut, then comes Vivrut, and then comes Anusvar. Do you understand this much or not? I will give you an example so that you will get more ideas. I hope you have understood this much. Just here pay special attention to these last two, and the Am and Aham that come inside the vowel, the one that comes last, comes first. Remember this with A. Then this dotted E, dotted E, then big E, dotted E, then U, dotted U, big U, dotted U, then Ru, then A,
10:55 then Vivrut. Okay, remember what comes between them. Vivrut comes. That is, remember this order. First Samvrut, Vivrut, and Anusvar. If two such words are mixed together at some place, it means that someone of this kind has come. It means that such and such a word has come. If a word comes up, say OK, if two such words come up, which one will come first? First, the open word will come and then the consonant will come. So, remember this. First, the rap word will come, then the dotted word will come, and then the simple word will come on top of it. Understand that here is one, then here is one with rap, and then there is one with rap, and then there is one. So, what will come first in this, one will come, that is, simple, then the open word, and then the consonant will come on top of it. Okay, we will remember this. Ok, after moving forward, the same
11:43 pattern is followed here till the end. For example, here I have given some words which we will arrange in order. Abh Airavat Onam Rishi Ant Aush and Ochitta. These are the words. Let us arrange them in order. First, what comes? A comes. So tell me if there is any word starting with A inside this. If there is no word starting with A, then what comes after A? If there is a dotted A, then inside this, there is a dotted one. You will see one. End. So whose order will come first? The end will come. Now A has gone. What comes after it? There is no word. Who is after it? This is why you will see Abh. Abh is seen. So what will come in the second order? There is someone else. So why is this not true?
12:29 After that, next, if you see, Airavat is then Onam. Rishi is then Aush and Ochitta are the words. So here, you will see that what comes after Ru comes. From Ru, you will see the word. Rishi is the third. What will come in order? What comes after Rishi? What comes after that? If you see that, then Airavat comes after that. Okay, then Airavat comes here. Then Airavat comes fourth. What comes after that? If O comes here, then you will see two words from O. Uchita and On. Here too, there is O. And here too, there is O. So when you see the same letters, then you have to go to the next letter. Here, there is Na. And here, there is Cha. So Na and Cha come first. Obviously, what comes first in Cha? If Ch comes first, then Onam and Uchita
13:16 come first. Uchita comes, then four comes fifth. Uchita comes after that. What comes sixth, Onam and Osi? Look, Onam comes first and then the dotted line comes. So within Osi and Onam, Aryu comes first. That means this will be your six and this will be your seven. If you have an idea, you can arrange it like this. In short, this is the vowel inside the very first slide. The rules of these vowels are especially important to remember. Okay, let's move on. Now let's talk about the next thing. I have also arranged the twelve letters here in the same way as these vowels. So that no one knows what this vowel means. Suppose we attach it inside the consonant. For example, if it is a, then I attached it to the consonant.
14:02 Suppose we attach all these vowels with a. If we attach all these vowels with a, what kind of words will be formed? If you attach a to a, what will happen? Then if you attach the consonant a to a, what will happen? What will happen? Then it will become ka. Then if you attach a dot, then it will become kam. Then it will become ki, dot, ki, then a long one. Okay. Then a dot, long one. Then a dot, ki, then a big ku, then a big dot, ku, then a ru. Okay. Then you attach a ru with a. If you do this, what will happen? If it becomes kr, remember what will come after this ku? kr will
14:49 come, that is, what will come before k? kr will come, like worm is a word, worm is written as worm and here it is written why worm and who will come first inside kam, then worm will come first and after that kam will come. Remember, if this big ku is finished, then kr will come here. There was ru and ru, then attach this to any word, then it will happen like this, that is, I attached ru with k, then kr will become after that or after it is ark, ok, it is a rap, which ark, like the word ark is ark, then what comes inside the ark or above, k, rap comes above, then that will come after that kam ok, this m is said why is it said why is it said then why is it said then why is it said then what is it said then what is it said then who is the ark, that is, who will come after
15:38 what will come after who is the ark, that is, who will come after If the word is clear, remember this, it is of this type, that is, we have attached the vowel to the consonant. Now, I have given an example. Here you can take any consonant. Here I have taken the consonant K. Instead of this, I hope you have got an idea of what type it will be. I will say simple here as an example. Understand that here is the word Kinjal. It is the word Kinjal and there is another word. Suppose Kishan. Okay, there are two words of this type. So who will come first in this? Obviously, the simple one will come first. Okay, it is seen that the simple one will come first and after that, the consonant will come. Let me give you another example. Understand which one is of this type. Which one is this
16:27 word and some other word. Understand that there are two words of this type. So who will come first? Obviously, what came before which one? If the letter K comes, then the letter K will come first, and then the letter K will come after it. Below is a series of examples. Let us find out who comes first, who comes after it. Let's say it is Kaam Anuswar Wala, then Kishan Kana Komal Krim Keshav and Komal. Let's say what comes first in this. If the first K is seen, then it is not seen. Then the dotted K is seen. Then the simple dotted K is not seen. But the Ka is not seen. So if Ka you will see inside Kaam and inside Kanai. If two, you will see Kaam and Kaam. One is dotted. One is
17:14 without a dot. So what comes first? If the one without a dot comes, then whose number will be Kanai's and after that the dotted one comes, then whose number will be Kamano's. After that, you move on. Next comes Kishan. Ok, Kishan comes, then Kishan Kishan comes at the third number. After that, the worm Keshav Komal means First of all, after all this is completed, then comes the number OK. Whenever, it means that putting a number on top of this type is not called a number. But whenever it is put on top of this type, a double or a number like this, what will come first? If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number
18:03 comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. If a number comes first, then a number comes first. Then Anyone can give in the exam. What I am going to run here is not going to come but the rule will remain the same. If you understand this rule, you will have to arrange any words in the dictionary. If you know the rule, then okay, let's talk now. The talk about the
18:49 vowels of consonants is over. Now let's talk about the consonants of consonants. We know that brother, what are ka, kha, g, ch? All are consonants. But there is a little twist in the consonants too. So whenever all the vowel words are finished, then the consonant words have to be placed after that. That is, if a series of words is given, it has both vowels and consonants. So, which one should be given priority first? Give the vowel and only then give the consonant. That is, understand that the letter is written and this is written. So here, look at the first letter, one has a vowel and one has a consonant. So, give priority to the vowel first. That is, when all the vowels come first, only then does the consonant begin. The
19:35 order of consonants is as follows: Another thing is that these four letters or four consonants do not have a single word that starts with them, there is no word that starts with them, which parts are called parts, if there are dots like this, what is called parts If there are
20:37 consonants of the type written, then these four letters will not be written inside it because there are no words starting with these four. If there are more words with one consonant in the world, then look at the two letters, that is, understand that here Kamal is written and here Kishan is written, then both of them have K. But then look at the two letters, here this simple K and what is Rasvavala, that is, first the simple comes and after that the Rasvavala comes, then look at the two letters. Now pay attention inside this. Normally in the two letters that we read, what comes after K? Kh comes, but in this, K comes after K. Sir, why is K after K? Because K is K and it is a compound letter and
21:23 what kind of K is it? If it is made up of the joint of K and S, then this K is K. It is K + S. What is K plus? So what comes first in it? Whether it comes or not, then K will come after Ksha, that is, tomorrow some such word will come. Let's take Kshatri as an example and here it is Kanu and here it is Tava. If there are three such words, then Kanu will come first, then Kshatri will come and Tava will come third. Why will this Ksha come first? Normally, in our Kakka, Ma Ksha comes last, but remember that Ksha is a compound letter, it is made up of a combination of K and S,
22:08 therefore Ksha will come second. So remember this will come second and yours will come third. Come on, after that comes the letter ख चज. Remember, not only is it capitalized, but what comes after ज्य, why does ज्य come? Because ज्य is also a consonant, which is made up of ज्य plus अंज, then what will come after ज्य? Remember this is highlighted because all these have come in place of others. It means that here I have entered, the one who comes last has come in between, then what will come after ज्य will come because ज्य is made up of ज्य plus अंज, then what will come after ज्य because ज्य is made up of ज्य it is going to come after. So remember this, that is, if the
22:55 word yajna comes tomorrow, sorry yajna will come after it, but understand that the word jati comes, jati jati comes and here is a word written, understand that if the word damru damru is written, then damru na will come before jati na or after ok ok then Caste will come first because D comes before Na, then Gyan, then Mota, then Anj. If there is no word starting with Anj, then it doesn't matter whether you write it or not because there is no word starting with Anj . After that, I have checked the letters त ठ द ध ध अन
24:41 Only after that will come the S of the hexagon and the rabbit, then H and finally comes Al. What comes after Al? After Al, Ksha and Gna come, but Ksha and Gna come first, so we need to write them, then H comes after Al, but no word is formed from Al, so we don't need to write Al. So here it is seen that what has been added at the end is H at the end, and because of that, I told you earlier that where does the word end, it starts with H. So have you got the proof or not that when your entire sentence is finished, what is added at the end? What comes last? What comes last? Now comes now, then there is now. But no word is formed from 'al'. No word is formed from a letter . These four letters do
25:26 not form any word, so it makes no difference whether you write "al" or not. It is clear in the dictionary, so if you remove "al", what is left in the end? It increases. So what normally comes last? Knowledge comes, but you can see it here, it comes here, you will see it here. If you understand, you have to remember this rule in the dictionary, that is, you have to remember these rules, what comes after ka, what comes after ksh, if what I have highlighted, you just have to pay attention to it. The rest of the rules are normal. The rest of the rules are as it is. Simple. Where do you have to pay attention to? Ka comes after ksh, then nasya, then jna comes. There is no need to write it, it doesn't matter. After that, write it, it doesn't matter. Then,
26:12 tr comes. Here, you have to pay attention to one place, pay attention to one place, pay attention to one place, pay attention to one place, and you have to pay attention to one place, that is, after the s of sharnai, shr, the rest of the rules are the same as normal. There is no difference. So if you know these many rules, if you know these many rules, it means that you have understood the dictionary. Now, give me any words, you should know these many rules. If you know these many rules, it means that you have understood the dictionary. If you know these rules, you can arrange any word in the world in order. These are the rules. These are the rules of vowels and consonants. If you know these rules, you will be able to arrange any letter in the world. Now, you have an idea. Now, if there is a consonant,
27:04 what should you do? Here, as an example, understand the sequence. Here, the sequence is written. Here, the sequence is written. Here, the sequence is written. Here, the sequence is written. Here, the sequence is written. Here, the sequence is written. Here, the sequence is written. So, there is a K in both. So, what should we do in this? If what happens in the sequence is K plus R plus M, that is, what is connected to K? R is connected. While what is connected to K inside, the sequence is connected to Y. So, sir, which one should we give first priority to? K plus R or K + Y? This is a question. If it happens, then what are its rules? If you look at the rules, mostly the following consonants are connected in the consonants. If you take any consonant, then most of the time it will be Y, R, L, V, S and S.
27:57 Whenever a consonant comes, you have to give preference in the order that is written. If it is written in ascending order, then look here, Ka plus R and here Ka plus Y. So what comes first in this, what comes first, Ya comes or not? If Ya comes first, then when Ya comes first, then Ya will come first and when Ya comes second, then this will come second. If you understand, you have to give preference in this way. This series that is written is first Ya, then R, then L, then V, then three S and S. So you have to arrange the consonants in the order mentioned above. So whenever any x y z any combination comes then we will remember this sequence y ra la v sas y ra la v su
28:43 like here see example so you will get more idea when sequence capacity krishna jwala like and when we have to arrange these in ascending order then first of all you see where it comes then here you will see k you will see here also you will see k after that here ku is if ku is also then that is the second number but k is somewhere else then k is nowhere else i.e. brawl is inside these two brawl is inside these two so first write which k then here k plus r is inside sequence k plus r is spoken then r is spoken while inside ka is k plus ya. So here you see that what is is comes first. So, when is the order, it will come first, and when is the
29:28 order, it will come second. After that, we talk about Krishna, inside Krishna, there is K plus R, K plus R, but then what is below it, then we have to laugh about it, meaning that Ku is what is Ku, then what will come third after it, Krishna will come, okay, what comes after K, then K comes after K, remember what comes after K, then K, then what will come after K, then K will come, that is, what will come fourth, capacity will come, then Jwala, and when, put three words in it, just on the side, just inside these two, just and, then inside this, just inside Jwala, what is J plus V, when, just inside, there is a plus Y, then Y comes first, or V comes first, then
30:14 obviously Y comes first, then V comes after, then Y should be written first, if you have four, then what will come fifth, when, and what will come sixth, Jwala, and what will come seventh, in short, whenever there is a conjunction, there is no need to get confused even within the conjunction, when But if any consonant is formed, normally it means that it will be formed in this way, whether it will be connected to y, or to ra, or to lah, or to v, or if any of these three is connected, then it is simple to look in the consonant to see which consonant is connected to the consonant. If it is connected, then it comes first, then the letter R, then the letter L, then the letter V, then the letter S, then the letter S, and then the letter S.
31:03 If you understand all these rules, your rule of connection is clear. If we know these rules, then XYZ. If any example is given in your book or any example is asked in your exam, you should be able to understand and clear it. Here are some examples that I have written earlier on YouTube. But the rules have changed a little. I have taken you a little deeper. I did not take you that deep on YouTube, but in this, I took you deep and maximum, totally x, y, z, all zeros, zeros. I have explained all the rules to you. If you understand all these rules, then after that, if anyone gives you any such letters, any words, you should be able to arrange them. And the simple one is the same, so here
31:50 Amdu this Gadi Aakti Aurangzeb Akshar Osam and Aushadhi are given, so what comes first, then the first letter comes Simple, what comes after that Aakti means Simple, then Anuswar Wala comes, then this comes A and then this comes A, then Aaggadi, then Dotted this OK means Amdu then Aurangzeb Aurangzeb then Aushadhi is OK simple, if this simple comes first, then Rap Wala comes and after that Dotted comes Clear, then here Aurang Aurangzeb and Osam first write Simple O Walao, then Visarg Wala means write Rap Wala and lastly Awadhik OK it will come last, here if you see what comes first inside this then Amar will come
32:36 first, then Simple Amar will come, then what comes after that then Small U comes, then you see Small U then Dotted U small dot U then big U then big dot U then what comes after that Ru remember Ru comes and after that O comes Clear then this is a simple step here you can see that Atlas Atlam Atlam then Ekadashi Attik Acid and Amja if this is A then it is not then it will start from this then this is If here A is this and here also this then look where else is this No then here and here this is this then look when there are two A then look at the second letter T and here is M then T and M who comes first T comes then this came first and M came second then
33:22 this is finished then after that there is A the A the A the A the three the three are three then all three are in three then we have to leave the first then look at the second here is T here is K here and here is Ka so here is K and here is Ka so K comes first then Ka comes third then it comes first then it comes third then it comes first and fourth Ekadashi will come in order and after that t will come so then after that increased what then after that increased acid then acid will come last let's talk next tree mine village sehed kshama harsh corn then here all simple ahead you see if there are consonants then where does the consonant start from then if from ka then first ka will come ka then what will come ksha will come ksha ksha will come because ksha is
34:11 made of k plus sa if ksha will come then ksha will come in second place then after that ka will come in third place i.e. sugar ksha then small g then village small g then big only i.e. tree will come corn and then will come city ok then corn and then city is simple you have to go according to kakka after that here if you see if there is a mix in this i.e. there are consonants and vowels are mixed then which are the first ones with vowels then only one with vowels you will see arpan in which there is a vowel then it came after all the consonants then ka first inside the consonant If it comes to the soft and the reason, then the reason will come second, and the soft will come third . After that, knowledge comes in fourth place. If it is small, what comes after this small thing? Knowledge comes.
34:59 So, if knowledge comes after the small ones, then knowledge will come, that is, knowledge will come first. After that, the pan and then the radius, okay? What comes after you and what comes after you? Come here. The word "t" comes after it . So what will come after the pan? The radius will come. In the same way, if you look here, first of all you should look at the vowels, then you will see only one vowel. If there is a vowel in front, then it will come first. Then let's talk about ka kha ga dh, then ka kha ga dh dh will come. That is, if you look inside the small g, there are two cows and cows. In that, obviously, gha will come first. Go will come after that. This will come first. This will come after that. After that, the ship. That is, there are two of these. So the ship comes first, the beast comes after that. And after that, sa and ma, then sa and ma ma come first. Then sa comes after that. Then ma comes after that.
35:47 After that, look here, there are three vowels, Acharaj, Angana and Airavat. First, the simple A will come. Within Acharaj, after that, the following A will come. Angana will come in second place and Airavat will come in third place . After that, you see, if you start doing something, what comes next? If you want forgiveness, you will be forgiven. What will come after that, Ganesha will come and what will come after that, winter will come. Okay, so in short, if this is not important, I can give as many examples as I want, it is not important. The important thing is the following rules. If you have understood the following rules well, you have understood them, then there is no need to look at anything else. All this is based on those rules
36:33 . You can solve multiple examples from your book. Just keeping those rules in mind, you have to remember those rules, so with this, the arrangement of words or the dictionary or the arrangement of words, okay, or the dictionary ends here. Whatever you have given different titles in different books, then see you in the next lecture with a new topic. Keep reading until then.
