Cell – The Unit of Life Part 1 | NEET 2026 | Class 11 Biology | Basavaraj Sir

0:02 Hello students, welcome back to your own channel Vidant English. This is Basarat S your biology master teacher. Students quickly let me know in the chat right now before I start today's amazing class if I'm properly audible and visible to each and every one of you. Students quickly let me know in the chat if I'm properly audible and visible. So students this is a very very what do I say fundamental chapter right? So if you want to understand the chapters of your class 11th plant physiology and human physiology or or the chapters of your class 12th ma basis genetics human reproduction plant reproduction this is the foundation chapter unless you understand this chapter you cannot go further. You cannot go further students. So if you are ready students if you are

0:48 ready for today's class quickly fire emotional chat all of you students quickly fire emotional chat to let me know sir yes I am ready for today's class I'm going to learn a lot of things now first of all students first of all who should watch this lecture a student who has zero understanding or the student who is preparing for neat 2026 27 from the scratch you have zero knowledge you can watch this if you are if you do not know anything about cell you can watch this if you know something well and good because 90% of learning will happen in the class you will write the notes with me you will learn with me okay students all of you ready students in the chat quickly all of you ready all of you in the chat quickly can I get a

1:35 fire emoji students can I get a fire emoji in the chat yes now now now let me ask all of you a very simple question very very simple question students a simple rule In my class, very simple rule throughout the year. Every single time I ask you a question in my class, everyone should spam the answer in the chat. Deal students. Deal all of you. So, every single time I ask you a question, you should completely spam the answer in the chat. That is my simple rule in my class. Okay? I want you to be active. Now, I want all of you to look around yourself and tell me three things which you see around yourself. Three things which you see around yourself. For example, for in my case, right? In my case, I see lights, I see camera, and I see all of you, right? There is a

2:22 board here, right? Then I see a certain books lying around. Then I see my gaming console there. I can see my dog outside. He's sleeping outside, right? So, I see a lot of things around me. I see a lots and lots of things around me, students. Now, in this entire things, everything can be divided into two categories. Your brother also. Okay. your brother also. Okay. All of these things can be divided into two categories. Let's say Swara's brother Wittita, right? Worshittita's brother is a living organism. Let's say in Harini's Hari's room, there is one cockroach. Don't tell her, but okay. There's a cockroach. Cockroach is living. In let's say in Rushi's Rushi's house, there is a spider in the corner. That is a living. Some of you have

3:08 penstand books that is non-living. So around you right now you can see something called as students you can see all of you can students all of you can see something called as living as well as non-living things. Yes or no students around all of you students right now you can see something called as living things living things as well as non-living things as well as non-living things. Now you might wonder what is the difference students? What is the difference between living things and non-living things? What is that fundamental difference? What is that fundamental difference living and non-living? Very simple students, very simple. All of this living things are made up of a tiny tiny structure called

3:56 as dash. All of you in the chat. All the living things are made up of a tiny structure called as cell. Called as cell. Okay. They're called as cells. Now students, all of you might have seen a house building, right? All of you might have seen this houses. All of you also have a house. How is the house made students? The house is made up of tiny tiny bricks. Yes. This entire house is made up of tiny bricks. Yes. Similarly, we can use Legos to make one entire Lego building. Yes. Similarly students I want all of you to understand our entire body you me all of you all the entire body students is made up of

4:41 cells made up of cells now I will show all of you one small image which all of you will remember you might have done this experiment you might have noticed experiment called as onion peel experiment students students how many of you done this experiment how raise your hands raise your hands students okay this is a onion peel here in this onion peel can all of you It is made up of tiny tiny brick-like structures. Tiny tiny brick-like structures called as cells. It is made up of cells. Right? It is made up of cells. Now, one ultimate question to all of you ready harini au roshi. Yes. Mani all of you ready. One ultimate question. Okay. Do you think a atom is smaller or do you think a cell

5:28 is smaller? In the chat, go. A simple question yet also tricky. It's not tricky actually. It is a very basic question which many students sometimes do not know. Okay. So what is smaller? All of you tell me what is smaller? Okay. Do you think a cell is smaller or do you think a atom is smaller? So if you have basic understanding of physics and everything you will tell me sir atom is smaller always. Okay. A atom is always smaller. So atoms will make up molecules. Molecules will make up the cell. Students, molecules will make up the cell. Now, when we have multiple cells, when we have multiple cells and we join everything together, what do we get? When we join multiple cells, we get tissue. We get tissue. Yes or no students? So, from a cell, we get

6:14 tissue. Tissue to organ, organ to organ system and organ system to a organism. This all of you should know student. This all of you should know. Now students coming back to our um introduction to cell here I want all of you to understand every single life on earth starts with a single cell. I repeat students every single life on earth starts with a single cell. Every life starts with a single cell. Now students can anyone tell me in the case of humans what is a cell called as? In the case of

7:01 humans the cell is called as what? It is called as zygote. It is called as zygotans. Now this zygote divides divides divides and it will make up the trillions of cells. So this single zygote can divide and divide and divide and divide and we can get trillions of cells. One single zyote. Now students do you think there is some organisms in the world? They are starting from a single life. They starting from a single cell but they never divide only. Students do you think it is possible that a organism can survive with a single cell? Yes it is possible. So students I want all of you to understand that this living organisms right they can be of two types. They can be of two types here which are made up

7:49 of a single cell. Some are made up of many cells. Okay. If they are made up of a single cell it is called as unisellular organisms. They are called as what? Unicellular organisms. What about many cells? They are called as multisellular organisms. So we have unisellular organisms as well as your multisellular organisms. Clear all of you students. Clear dashi? Yes. Clear all of you? Now students. Now I want all of you to give me a quick example. Example see unisellular organisms. All of you know examples. Bacteria, amoeba,

8:35 parramium. Now can anyone give me the examples of multisellular in nature? Anyone multisellular organisms? Anyone? Quickly students. Quickly all of you in the chat. Quickly in the chat students. Anyone any examples of multisellular in nature? You will tell me and you students. Me and you. We are multi-humans. Humans. Then do you think plants? Plants. What about students? Animals. Animals also. Students. What about fungi? What about fungi students? Apart from east all of them are multisellular in nature. Apart from east they are multisellular in nature. Now butum I am talking about cell this cell that uni multi but what is the definition of cell? Can anyone in the chat from your class 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th? What have you learned a definition

9:22 of a cell? What is the definition of a cell? So what exactly is the definition of a cell? You will tell me sir cell is nothing but structural. It is nothing but structural and functional unit of life. Unit of life. Yes or no students? Yes or no? This is a definition for you students. This is the definition to you. Yes. So I will just modify it a little. I'll just modify this definition for you students. Okay. Cell is the basic structure. Cell is the basic cell is the basic structure and

10:07 function of life. Okay. Now I want all of you to understand it is actually the smallest unit. Just try to imagine there's a smallest unit. Okay. It is capable of independent Independent existence. Independent existence. It is able to independent exist inference. It is able to present. It is capable of independent existence. Independent existence. Now what do I mean by? What do I mean by independent exist existence? This one cell. Now try to imagine um one BHT

10:54 apartment. Okay. There is only one apartment here. Okay. In one apartment in to survive in your house, what in all do you need students? Let's say there is one house. Okay. In one house, what do you what do you need? Do you need a main living room? Okay. We have a living room. We have let's say if you little money, you have dining room is there. Okay. Then you need a kitchen to cook the food. Okay. Then you need something called as what? Bathroom to remove the waste. Okay. Then if you have more money balcony and all that is there. Similarly students how we have one house right? Similarly cell also is like that. One cell is one cell is like a small room. It is can do every single function required for our body. For example a

11:40 cell should be able to do respiration. A cell should be able to do reproduc. A cell should be able to do excretion. So every single every single students every single right every single in function can be done by a small unit called as a cell small unit called a cell. Now this is especially true this is especially true for unicellular organisms in in the case of unisellular organisms right it can show independent existence and there is no division of labor here students there is no division of labor here no division of labor at all in the case of unisal organisms that one cell is only doing everything one cell is doing every single function there okay now I want all of you to understand anything less than a complete structure of a

12:27 is not sell at all. Okay, it does not it will not show independent existence only. Now try to imagine there is no bathroom in your house. Can you survive there? All of it. Tell me yes or no in the chat. In your house there is no bathroom only. Can you survive? You have to go outside somewhere but again you will not be able to live inside. Let's say in your house there's no kitchen only. Will you able to survive? No. So anything if a house is incomplete, right? You cannot live there. Similarly, if in a cell something is not there, you cannot the cell cell is incomplete. Okay, the cell is incomplete students. Now, a question to all of you students. A question to all of you? A question to all of you students? Okay, who discovered the cell? Who discovered the cell students? Who discovered the cell? You might know this. You might all of

13:12 you might know this. Okay, let me rephrase the question. Who discovered the dead cell? First of all, anyone students who can tell me who discovered a dead cell? First of all, students, who discovered the dead cell? Anyone who can tell me students, this scientist here, this handsome sir here, who discovered a dead cell? First of all, the dead cell was first time discovered by a scientist called as Robert Hook. Okay, this right here students is your Robert Hook. Robert Hook. Now, but I want all of you to understand. Do you think Robert Hook was a scientist, first scientist, first scientist to use the microscope? Friends, do you think that? Do you think Robert Hook was the first person to use a microscope? No. There

13:59 was Jansen. Then there was Gileo. After Gileo, we have Robert Hook. After Robert Hook, we have Antinino Levon Hook. Okay. So, Robert Hook was the first scientist to observe the dead cells. Now, I want all of you to understand what do you mean by dead cell? Okay. Now do all of you know what is what is the meaning of protoplasm? Does anyone know what is the meaning of protoplasm protolast? Do all of you know should I teach? Students ask me see in my class you can ask. You can ask d and everything. Do all of you know what is a protoplasm? Yes or no in the chat. Okay. Because to understand the Robert Hook's work you need to understand what do you mean by the protoplasm? Listen to me. Listen to me. Okay. Now let's say this is one cell right here. this cell right

14:44 here. Okay, let's say I have a cell here. Let's say I have a cell here. Okay, now this cell right now students, this cell right now has something called as cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is different. Cytoplasm is different. So inside we have the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm. Okay. Now apart from cytoplasm students there is something called as right in the middle there is something called as nucleus also nucleus also then there is mitochondria here then there are other different organals here everything is there now this is called a cytoplasm. Now students whatever is present inside the cell membrane

15:31 whatever is present inside the cell membrane inside here this inner part here that is basically the cytoplasm plus nucleus plus other organals other organals this entire thing together is called as what it is called as protoplasm. Protoplasm. So whatever we have inside the inside the cell membrane inside the cell membrane whatever is present inside is called as your protoplasm students. Protoplasm and this protoplasm students is actually the living part of the cell. It is actually the living

16:18 part of cell. Living part of cell. Friends is that clear to all of you? Protoplasm is clear students. Cytoplasm plus nucleus plus other orgals are part of your protoplasm. Now I want all of you to understand what did actually Robert Hook discover. Okay, he actually never discovered the cell. He had never obser sorry he never observed the cell. Actually Robert Hook never observed the cell. Very important evidence. Okay. Robert Hook actually observed something called as cork cells. He observed something called as corals. Understand what is cor understand what is corell students. Ku canul understand the meaning of cyto

17:03 meaning of protoplasm. The meaning of protoplasm is cytoplasm plus the nucleus plus other organals. All three together is called as protoplasm. Okay. Now what do you mean by cel students? What do you mean by cork cell? Listen to me students. This is a tree here. It has a tree has a bark outside bark bark this bark has a outer layer called as that is a bark only okay and when he observed this this is what he observed this is what he observed students now I want all of you to understand students let's take a plant cell here let's take a plant cell okay this let's say this is a plant cell right now and this plant cell has a this plant cell right now has a cell membrane on the outside okay this

17:50 plant cell has the cell membrane here. Okay. Now students, once this particular cell dies, once after it dies, what do we have students? Once this particular cell dies, the remaining part is going to be the cell wall. Yes or no? Only the cell wall will be remaining here. Only the cell wall be remaining here. The inner part, the inside is completely hollow. It is completely empty. Completely empty on the inside. Completely inside. This is what was observed by Robert Hook. Robert Hook observed this one student. This is what Robert Hook observed students. Okay. So, Robert Hook observed, right?

18:36 He observed students. He observed the cell wall. Actually, he observed the cell wall. Okay? So, he observed the cell wall. enclosing the enclosing the protoplasm. enclosing the protoplasm. So he observed the cell wall. He actually did not observe the cell at all. Cell was gone. Cell was dead already. So he observed a hollow hollow structures. Hollow structures. Okay. So students tell me he this hollow structures right these hollow structures don't they look like honeycomb? Tell me. So students, don't they look like honeycomb here? All of you in the chat who can tell me. Students, don't you think so? They look like honeycomb here. Yes or no?

19:23 Students, honeycomb. They look like honeycomb, right? Yes, they look like honey. Honeycomb. Now he called this honeycomb structures as small small compartment. Okay. He call this honeycomb as small compartment. small compartment. Small compartment or small space. And the small compartment in his language Latin it is called as students it is called as what? Cellula. It is called as cellul student. It's called as cellul. And today we know it as this cellul student. This cell today we know it

20:09 as cell. That is how cell came into existence by Robert Hook. Robert Hook he observed the cor cells which were dead. He observed he only observed students he only observed the cell wall here in like a honeycomb structure. They look like a small small compartments or small small rooms here tiny rooms and he called them cellula and we call them cell in today's world. We call them cell and that is how student that is how the existence of existence of cell was first time came into picture students how many of you understood if you understood a quick fire emoji chat let me know that yes you're understanding the first and foremost the history of cell students all of you understood students all of you understood yes or no students all of

20:56 you understood yes this is the story of Robert Hook this is the story of Robert Hook here Okay. Now then came second scientist called as Anthony von Lewon Hook. Anthony van Leon Hook students. So Anthony van Lewon Hook was a scientist who observed the living cells. He observed the living cells. Living cells. Now you might ask me sir which living cell did he observe students? Which living cell did he observe? Very simple students. The living cell observed by anti-born nebon hook was none none other than the bacteria spermatzoa. Right? So he obserance he observed the

21:42 bacteria protozoa right spermatzoa and RBC not RCB RBC RBC is called as red blood cells now even he observed water in water only he found all this in water only he found all this like imagine he's going on the road nicely walking on the road okay then he see water there. Take and observe. Observe. Now students, now you only tell me when you observe these microbes, do you think they look like one small small animals moving in water? Yes or no? All of you Roshni, Rashi, Subraman, Subramanyan, Aishwara students, I can't see them. Students, I can't see my my specs. I can't forget. I don't know where I kept my specs today. Okay. So, they look like small tiny tiny animals moving in water. Yes. So, he actually

22:29 observed what? He actually observed something called as right he called them students. He found something called as little animals. Little animals. And this little animals he called them students. He called them animal cues. He called them animal cues. Small tiny tiny motile structures. Small tiny tiny motile structures. Motile structures. He called them animal cues. Animal cues came into existence. So that's what is observed by your Anthony von Leonhook. Anthony von Leonhook students. Okay. Now next scientist is called as your brown color brown person here called as Robert Brown. Robert Brown discovered the

23:14 nucleus. He discovered the nucleus in the case of orchid roots. In the case of students orchid root friends. Okay. In the case of orchid roots he observed the nucleus Robert Brown. Now students after this there was electro electron more microscopy developed and we found other organals one by one. Okay students how do you think till now all of you understood. If I can get a red hearts in the chat will tell me yes all of you understood the history till now because the next step is very important students. The next step which we'll be going is called as cell theory students. Cell theory. All of you ready students. All of you ready. All of you drink some

24:00 water students. All of you keep always water bottle next to you. Always keep a water bottle next to you. Students and students sir quickly smash smash a like button. All of you quickly smash a like button right now. All of you smash smash smash. Okay now let's go to the next cell theory. Let's go to cell theory right now. Let's go to cell theory right now. Okay. Shall we start all of you? Shall we start cell theory? Shall we start? Yes. Now cell theory is very important students because there are three main scientists here who are part of cell theory. In old NCERT it says one one was British, one was German. Now both are German. Right? Now there are two main scientist students here. One is called as Shiden, one is called as Swan. Okay.

24:46 Two main scientist students here. Two main scientists. Okay. in 1838 and 1839. Okay. Two scientists gave a major contribution to the cell theory student cell theory. The first scientist is called as Matis Shiden. Okay. Matthysse Shiden here. Okay. Matis Shiden. Matthysse Shiden students was a botist like me. He was a botist. We write bot. Okay. Botist. Now one more scientist in 1839 was called a Theodor Swan. Students just see the name. It's a beautiful name, right? Beautiful name. Theodor Swan. Okay. Theodor Swan. Theodor. That's some movie name it is.

25:34 Okay. Theodor Swan. He was a zoologologist. He was a zoologologist. Like a go. Okay. Like a goam. Now students I want all of you to understand next part will come don't worry students why you see focus on first part first of all now all of you tell me in the chat right now this entire his name the your mat shiden he is a botonist will he work on plants or will he work on animals obviously students he'll work on plants so his main work was on plants and he told us that students he told us that all the plants Plants are made up of made up of

26:21 different kinds of cells. Can anyone tell me the different kinds of cells we find here students? Different kinds of cells. For example, you know there is something called as um your meristematic tissue, right? Mismatic cells, right? Then all of the cells they make up something called as tissue. Eventually tissue tissue we have something called as your colona parenma scleranca xyllem phm. So there are different types of tissues found in the case of your plants. Now your Theodor swan told us students. He told us that Theodor Swan told us that here in this case in the case of animal cell in the case of Theodos one student Theodos one told

27:07 us that in the case of animal cell in the case of animal cell it has a covering. It has a covering and this covering we today we know it as cell membrane or plasma membrane. Cell membrane or plasma membrane. So he told animal cell has a covering. It is called a cell membrane. It is present even in the case of plant cell also. He told us that eventually now he also told us he also told us that there is a structure called a cell wall which is very unique to your plant cell. Also there's something called as cell wall which is unique which is unique to

27:53 the unique to the plant cell. Obviously cell wall is present only in the case of plant cell. And at the finally students finally he told us that all the plants and animals plants and animals again students this last statement right this last statement was even told by Matthew Shiden also all the plants and animals are made up of cells and product of cells. products of cells. That is what told by your theor. And this right this right here student this

28:38 right here is actually the first law of your first part of your cell theory. First part of your cell theory students. Okay. So see here we have Matis Shiden here who was a botist who told us that plants are made up of cells different kinds of cells and tissues. Theodor Swan told us that animal cells has a covering. Animal cell has a covering around it. Covering around it. And that covering is called a cell membrane or plasma membrane. And he told us that the something called a cell wall. The cell wall is very unique to only to your plant cell. It is not found in the case of animal cell at all. Not found at all. Okay. And then what answer? He told us

29:24 that plants and animals are plants and animals are made up of cells like we are made up of cells and product of cells. Product of cells. Now you will ask me students what do I mean by product here students? What do I mean by product here? Product means we have proteins, we have carbohydrates, we have lipids, different different proteins structures are there. All of these are called as product of cells. So we are made up of carbohydrates. We are made up of proteins. We are made up of lipids and all the things. That was that was the main theor theorem about your cell theory. Now all this is okay. All this is okay. But these two scientists could not explain how cells came into existence. Like from where are the cells

30:10 even coming from like how did the cells come into existence? To tell this one line how cells come into existence. There was one more scientist called as Radaf Wchow. There was one more scientist students called as Raf Wchow. He was like all of you be quiet. I know I will tell you the answer. Okay. So Radafo came and told us that cells exist from preexisting cells. Students see here this is your Mat Shiden and Theodor Swan here. Okay. This is Radafo. Rad for told us that students cells divide cells divide and cells right cells divide okay cells will divide students

30:59 and new cells right new cells new cells are formed from preexisting cells. Pre-existing cells. Okay. So there are there are some old cells are there, right? There are old cells which will divide and we get new cells here. Okay. So there are cells divide and new cells are formed from the preexisting cells. That is what told by Radchaw. Now he also given Harry Potter spell here. Okay. Also give us Harry Potter spell. The Harry Potter spell is called as students [Music]

31:44 omniscellular e- cellular omnisellular e cellular this was given by first student okay so students any doubt here all of you any doubt students any doubt here students I can't see the chat there properly I'll see my phone itself students any doubt here all of you all of With this cell theory came into existence. Okay. So cell theory mainly has two things actually according to NCR only two things. According to NCERTT right cell theory has only two things. Plants and animals are made up of cells and product of cells. First point and second point students is this one. Cells divide and new cells are formed from the

32:31 preexisting cells. Now students sir do you want to know do you want to see the actual cell theory which is not given your NCERT students do you want to see the actual cell theory which is not part of NCERTT but it may be asked but you should know sometime okay students do you want to see the actual cell theory students the actual cell theory here this is called as fundamental features of cell theory this right here is called as fundamental features of cell theory see this one is common here all cells all living organisms are composed of cells and the products here cells arise from pre-existing cells this two are given your NCRT these two are given in your NCRT okay NCRT this next three this

33:17 actually this is not there okay there are only five of them 1 2 3 4 5 each cell is made up of small mass of protoplasm containing nucleus in its inside and a plasm membrane with or without cell wall on the outside this is also part of your cell theory itself. All cells are basically alike in chemistry and physiology. Again this is not true also to some extent. Okay. Activities of organisms are sum total of activities of and interaction of their cell constituents. So activity of a cell activity of organism is basically sum total of all the activities of a cell. Now this is called as fundamental features of the cell theory. Now students do you want to see modern cell theory? Students see modern cell theory cell theory is not given in NCERTT at

34:02 all but do you want to have a look at it students do you want to have a look at it all of you can I get a fire emoji in the chat to let me know sir show us the modern cell theory because you'll be shocked see you'll be shocked because NCRT says for according to your NCERTT you should only study these two these two are enough NCERTT this three are actually part of your cell theory but not given NCERTT okay not given NCERTT But do you actually want to see the modern cell theory? One look you'll give students one look you'll give students one look here. I think all of you can't even read it but if you can't read it don't worry I will give you this in in PDF in telegram channel I'll give you as a PDF so you can download from there the notes

34:48 and read read once they will not ask you this. So but you can have a look at it and read it once. Okay. class number J right okay so this is what is your actual cell theory students crazy no easy now students is there any organism which do you think is not a part of cell theory anyone students anyone okay any organism which is like I will not be part of cell theory okay there is something called as virus okay students virus is actually not a part of cell theory it does not follow a virus is like I'm the my life my rules. Virus is like my life my rules. I will only care for myself. So virus is like cell theory doesn't apply to me because I am

35:35 a cellular. So viruses are students. Virus are asellular or non cellular in nature. Non cellular in nature. They do not have cells only non viruses. Okay. Now students now with that we come to the end of the cell theory students. Any doubt in law students? Any doubt in law? We are going as detailed as possible. Okay. Any doubt in our students? Anyone any doubt in anyone any doubt in students? If there is no doubt now we go to cell overview. Now we go to cell overview. Right? Now overview. Okay. Shall we start? Friends, before I go forward, I want to know more about all of you. So students, I want all of you to drop a one word in the chat. Where you from?

36:22 All of you. Where you from? All of you. I want to know I want to see my new students where are all the students from quickly I drop a message students quickly drop in the chat where all are you from which part of the country or outside India also who knows students we never know okay outside Indo might be there someone might there someone might be there from this uh America or Europe or somewhere in European country anywhere yes all of you quickly Hyderabad Tamil Nadu Tamil Ladu Tamil Nadu I can see one majority here. One majority is here. Okay. All Tambi is in the chat. Uh ishwaria if it is um does not have a cell I'll teach students that

37:10 ma'am will teach you in your bio classification because viruses can become living once they infect. They become living once they infect. Okay. So all ties in the chat. Nice AP. Nice nice students. Northeast. Perfect students. Nice. Nice. Now, now students, we'll go over cell overview. Right now, basic overview of the cell. Basic overview. Students. Basic overview of the cell. Okay. Basic overview of the cell. Now, till now we have understood there is something called as there is something called as unisellular and multisellular organisms. There is something called as unisellular as well as multisellular

37:55 organisms. Multisellular organism. This we have learned right now. This we have learned right now. Now all of you should know there is something called as plant cell and animal cell also. Plant cell as well as animal cell. Both are different. Can anyone tell me one difference between plant cell and animal cell? Anyone? One difference between plant cell and animal cell. Anyone? Okay. Now all of you should know there is something called as your plants and animal cell. Okay. Now if you talk about your animal cell in general students. Yes. Because yes [Music] uh Jesuit Jeshwit your RBC and W RBC and CE cells. SE

38:41 cells actually seve cells they're little exception to cell theory because they don't have nucleus right RBC and se tube se cells do not have nucleus only they don't have nucleus only then there is something called as riso risopus also doesn't have that little exception here then there is cyanobacteria and mona is exception again because they have they're made up of single cell so there are multiple exception to modern cell theory modern cell theory okay now students now in the case of Plant cell we have cell wall. Animal cell we do not have cell wall. Okay that basic thing all of you should know. Now all of you should know students. There is something called as nucleus. Inside this nucleus students what do we find? Inside the nucleus we

39:28 find the genetic material. Genetic material can be in the form of chromatin or chromosome that is basically the DNA here DNA here chromatin in the interface chromatin in the interface and chromosome where chromosome in the Mphase all of you know that okay if you do not know don't worry I will teach you cell cycle I will teach you cell cycle what is interphase what is Mphase G1 S G2 to pro meta nto law I'll teach you all that don't worry for that it'll come up okay now students I want all of you to understand something right now the overview okay overview of the cell okay overview of the cell right now okay

40:17 now okay let's talk about first of all let's talk about let's divide into three parts okay last one doesn't require much Okay. Okay. Now we have broadly speaking we have two types of cells. Okay. We have something called as we have something called as proariotic cell and we have something called as ukarotic cell. Okay. Ukarotic cell. Okay.

41:04 Proarotic and ukarotic cell. Okay. Then there are some features which are common in pro and u. There are some common fishes in pro and you okay now students [Music] okay fresher yes this is for fresher only this is for fresher only I'm going as slow as possible for a fresher itself okay if you do not know what is chromatin what is chromosome don't worry I will teach you all of that in cell cycle okay now students now I want all of you to understand one simple thing in proarotic ukarot what is the difference here all the proarotic cells students they will have something called as in protetics. answer. There is

41:49 no membrane bound organals. The all the organals here, right? Or there's no orgals. In fact, there are not many organals here. They do not have any membrane itself. They do not have any membrane at all. So here no membrane bound organals here in the case of proarot. That is they do not have a they do not have one entire layer only membrane. Okay. They have cell membrane on the outside but apart from that inside nothing no memor organals. But in the case of ukarots they have something called as membrane bound organals. Membrane bound organals are present. They are

42:36 present here students. They're present here right now. Membrane bound organals are present here. Okay. Now students now in the case of your proarots they do not have any nucleus no nucleus is not present only. So if there is no nucleus only the genetic material is scattered everywhere. Okayment is car scattered here. Now here we have nucleus. Here we can find nucleus and everything. We can find nucleus. We can find here er. We can find ggi complex. All of them can be found here students. All of them can be found here. Okay. Now students I want all of you to tell me do you find any type of do you find any type of organal

43:23 in the ukareot which does not have any membrane? Anyone? Anyway students, okay, there are actually two of them here. Two of them are such there are two organals here which do not have any membrane. Okay, the two organals here are called as redone. One is your ribosomes. Other one is centrosome. Ribosome and centtoans. Ribosome and centrosomes do not have any organ do not have any membrane around them. There's no membrane and this ribosome students all of you know ribosome helps in what? Ribosome helps in protein synthesis. Protein synthesis while your

44:10 centrosome student centrosome helps in what? Centrosome helps in Centrosome helps in cell division. It helps in cell division. Now let me ask you one more thing students. Do you find ribosomes here also? Yes, we do. Yes, we do students. We find ribosomes here also. Ribosomes here also because non-membrane bound, right? Non-membrane bound. So, we find ribosomes here. Now, students, but there's a small difference here. Small difference. The ribosome here and ribosome here are two different things. They're not same at all. Not same. The ribosome here is called as 70S ribosome. So, don't worry if you do not know what is 70s. It is 70s ribosome

44:55 here and here we have 80s ribosome. 70s and 80s ribosome. Okay, that is the main difference. Now I want all of you tell me but all these differences are there but do you think there are any similarities? Yes, there is. The first similarity students both of them have cell membrane. Yes or no? Both of them have cell membrane. Pro on you. Both of them have a something called as semifluid matrix. Can anyone tell me what is that? Semifluid matrix. Anyone? The semifluid matrix I'm talking about is called as cytoplasm. Cytoplasm. So both of them

45:41 have cytoplasm. And this cytoplasm student this cytoplasm right here this is the ground for all the activities or enzyme reactions all the reactions will happen in the cytoplasm. Okay. And this same cytoplasm can provide living state to the cell. Living state to cell. Okay. That is your cytoplasm. Then the common thing is again there is DNA in both genetic material. Then there is also something called as the ribosome is common. Obviously ribosomes are common right. So I will just move aside all of you look at the notes and just try to understand any doubt you can shoot. Any doubt you can shoot students. Any doubt here you can tell me students if there is no doubt a quick fire emoji in the chat because I want to know my eyesight is a little weak here.

46:27 I can't see the chat very easily students. So any doubt here students? Any doubt here? This is called as the overview of the cell. This is called as what students? Overview of the cell. This is the entire overview of the cell. Okay, done. Done students. Perfect students. Perfect. All of you are crazy. Now students, now this is called overview. Now we talk about cell size. Let me ask all of you one simple logical logical question. Okay. When I say okay when I say a small animal and a large animal

47:14 okay do you think large animal has big right large animal students do you think the large animal has bigger cell than compared to a small animal or the difference is that small animal has less cells big animal has more cells what is the difference students what is the difference main difference I'll teach Misome don't worry misome is coming okay the main difference is the number of cells please remember that okay but size of the cell also varies for example for example okay the first thing is the smallest cell let's talk about the smallest cell let's talk about the smallest cell smallest cell anyone then we have

48:00 the largest cell then we have the bacteria size you have to tell bacterial cell then we have the let's say human RBC then longest cell anyone students anyone you can start filling you can start filling the smallest cell is actually part of kingdom mona the smallest cell is actually the part of kingdom mona which you might have learned yesterday. It does not have cell wall. It can survive in without oxygen called as myopplasma called as my plasma. Myopplasma students

48:47 myopplasma. And this myopplasma right students is anything between 0.1 micrometer to 0.3 micrometer. Very tiny like can't even see. Obviously you can't see but it is so tiny compared to even a bacteria also obviously. Okay. Now largest cells largest cell anyone largest cell is going to be ostrich egg ostrich egg ostrich egg students bacterial cell anyone students size of bacterial cell anyone size of bacterial cell anyone okay I'll give you a small clue okay it is less than 10 micrometer it is somewhere between 3 to 3 micrometer

49:32 to 5 micrometer Friends, all of you know what is how much is 1 micrometer? 1 microme is how much students? 1 micrometer is 10 ^ of 10 ^ of - 6. Remember that. Okay. Now, what about RBC student? 7 micrometer. 7 micrometer. Okay. Now, what about the longest students? What about the longest? Longest is going to be nerve cell. Longest is going to be nerve cell. Okay. Nerve cell. nerve cell. Done students? Done. Now you can see students here nerve cell, red blood cells, white blood cells, colar epithelial cells here, misoil cells, trachets here. Okay. Now can anyone tell

50:19 me students? Anyone here? Right. This trache are part of xyllem. If you know, you know. If you do not know, don't worry. Ties are part of xyllem. In the chat, traces are part of xyllem. Okay. Now students today's main topic for today after this I will leave you okay today's main topic is called as proarotic cell so we'll finish proarotic cell full today full entire class is going to be proarotic cell today students ready all of you ready shall we start all of you shall we start the first question for all of students proarotic cell is observed in which of the following organisms the first question to all of you proarotic cell is found in which of the following organism MS or which kingdom? Just tell me which

51:06 kingdom students. Proarotic cell is found in your kingdom mona. Kingdom mona. Okay. Now under kingdom mona obviously all of you know there is something called as your bacteria. Then there is BGA. Students what is the other name of BGA? Students. What is the other name of BGA in the chat? Then we have the myopplasma and we have the pplo. PLO fluid organisms plo here. Okay. BJ is also called as your blue green algae is also called as syobacteria. Also called as what? Cyino

51:52 bacteria here. Okay. Now students I want all of you to understand this. Yesterday goam told all of you goam told all of you students there is something called a shape of cells. How many of you know there are different shapes? See here there are different different shapes here. There is cocky, there is basilus, there's vibrio and there is spiral shape. Cy is sperical. Cai is sperical here. Sperical here. Basilus is rod shape here. Then we have vibrio is comma shape. Spirila is the spiral shape here. Spiral shape. Okay. Now let me ask all of you one simple question right now. When I say a proarotic cell, what is coming to your mind right now? All of you. When I say a proarotic cell, when I say a proarotic cell, what is coming to

52:37 your mind right now? Students, all of you quickly smash the like button. First of all, all of you quickly smash the like button right now and tell me the answer. When I say a proarotic cell, what is coming to your mind students? Proarotic cell. What is coming to your mind right now? Bacteria. Yes or no? Hello students, tell me what is coming to your mind right now. When I say a proarotic cell, what is coming to your mind? This or this mean? Tell me. Do you think this image is coming to your mind right now? Is this image coming to your mind? Now this right here, this right here is a proarotic cell. Proarotic cell, right?

53:25 A proarotic cell students, a procarotic cell will have a flagula here. Flagula is seen here. Students, do you see here? It has your three layers outside. Then it has ribosomes on the inside. It has genetic material. Genetic material is completely scattered here. Genetic material students is completely scattered here called as nucleid. Nucleoid here. Nucleide here. This right here is your this friends this right here is your proarotic cell. Now students I want all of you to quickly run and get a book. All of you I want all of you to quickly run and get a book because now I'll make you write about the entire structure. I'll make you draw the entire structure. If you do this right now the chapter the proced is over. Okay. So

54:12 quickly run get a book all of you. Once you get a book, just say dancer in the chat. All of you, you're listening to a podcast. Don't listen to a podcast. Go get a book fast. All of you quickly run and get a book. Okay. Now, once you get a book, students, I want all of you to start drawing here. I want all of you to start drawing right now. Okay? I want all of you to start drawing. Okay, start drawing friends.

55:13 Can all of you see here? There are three different layers here. One second. My dog is going mental here. I think someone came home. Okay friends, can all of you see three different layers here students? Yes. Got the book? I want all of you to draw three different structures like this. Now, this right here student, this right here is a typical proarotic cell. This is a proarotic cell. This is a proarotic cell. Now I want all of you to label. I want all of you to start labeling one by one. Okay. Now in this proarotic cell the outermost layer is known as what? Here this one the outermost layer students. Here the outermost layer is called as

55:59 glycoalics. Here the outermost layer is called as glycoalics. Okay. Glycoalics. Now this outermost layer glycoalics can be found as a let's say as a loose sheath or it can be found as thick and tough layer. Thick and tough layer. Okay. Glycoalics. Glycalix students. Now when it is present as loose sheet it is called as what? It is called as loose sheet called as slime layer. Slime layer. Loose sheet is called as slime layer. Okay. Now when it

56:46 is present as thick and tough it is called as what? It is called as capsule. It is called as capsule. That is the outermost. That is the outermost layer. Okay. So we have here slime layer, slime layer and capsule here. Glycoalix is the outermost layer of your entire proarotic cell. Done students? Done. Now I want all of you to understand which is the second layer. Right? Now the second layer is called a cell wall here. Second layer is called as cell wall here. Now what is cell wall made up of the cell wall is made up of something called as pepidoglycen. The cell wall is made up

57:35 of pepido glycon. Peptooglycen. Okay. Peptooglycen. Now you'll ask me sir what is peptooglycen made up of? Peptoly students is made up of something called as nag and n. Pepidoglycen is actually made up of something called as nag and nam. Nag and n. Students, do you want to see the structure of epidoglycen? Students, do you want to see the structure of epidoglycen? Yes or no? Students, let me check quickly. All of you want to see students. Yes or no?

58:30 This right here is a peply. You see students? This right here is a pepoglycen. It is made up of nag and n. Nicetyl glucetyl glucosamine and nicetyl muromic acid. This is your nag and n. Okay. Here we have nag. Here we have n repeating units. Nag and n. Along students along with that we have also have different different types of amino acids here. Different types of amino acids are also present here. Okay. Alen, glutamic acid, lysine, alene everything is present here. This is how the pepoglycen looks like. This is how the pepoglycen looks like. Okay. It is made up of nag and n. Now which is the innermost students? The innermost layer is called as the innermost layer is called as the cell membrane.

59:17 It is the cell membrane students. Innermost layer is called a cell membrane. Now this innermost layer cell membrane students all of you should know it is very selectively permeable. Selectively permeable. It will not allow anyone inside. This cell membrane will not allow any random person to enter inside. Not possible at all. So here we have students the entire proarotic cell has three main layers here. First we have the entire thing is called as glyicoalics. Glycalix can be in the form of two forms. Loose sheet or called as slime layer thick and tiff called as capsule. Then we have the cell wall here made up of peptoly which is which is basically nag and nam and certain amino acids. Then we have cell membrane which

1:00:03 is selectively permeable in nature but will not allow anyone randomly inside. Okay. Now students what do you have on the inside? on the inside the main is the cytoplasm. It is the cytoplasm on the inside. Okay. The other cytoplasm on the inside. Let's say we draw the cytoplasm here. Done. Done students. Done. Now I want all of you to understand students. This particular structure called as your cell membrane or plasma membrane will have certain something called as extensions. Let me just show you. Let me just show you. Just take a paper and show you students. Okay. Let's say this is a cell membrane here. This cell membrane will have certain you know extension like this extensions. These extensions of cell membrane are called

1:00:50 as misosomes. Okay. Let's draw extension your students. Now this is a cell membrane. It'll have extension like this. Let's say extension. Okay. This extension of cell membrane. Let me just do color filling here students. Color color. This is called as extension of cell membrane students. And this extension of cell membrane is called as misosomes. Misosomes. Misosomes. Misosomes. Okay, that is called as your misosomes students. Done. Done students. This misosome has a lot of function that function I'll teach you in the next slide. It has DNA

1:01:37 replication, respiration, cell wall formation, uh increasing the surface area, all that is there. I'll teach you one by one student. I'll teach you one by one. That is called as your misosomes. Now, similar to misosome, there is one more extension of cell membrane here. Similar to misosome, there is one more extension. Can all students there's one more extension here. Students, I'm audible, right? [Music] Okay friends, am I audible to all of you? Okay. Now, similar to misosome, there is one more extension here. Can you see extension here? This extension. Now students, this is one more extension here. Now this extension is called as

1:02:24 chromataphor. Okay, this extension is called as chromataphor. Chromat 4. Now what are the main functions students? This chromataphor actually has pigment in it. Pigment in it. And this chromatophor is found in your BGA blue green algae. So chromataphor can be found in your blue green algae. Okay. Blue green algae. Okay. Done students. Now students I want all of you to understand from the cell wall there can be a structure like this extension of cell wall. Okay from the entire cell wall here cell wall here there can be extension like this which

1:03:10 helps in mobility. Can anyone tell me what is structure here? This extension of cell wall here this extension of cell wall this structure is called as flagagula. This structure is called as flagagula. It's called as flagagula. Flagula helps in movement and modility here. Movement and motility. Now similar to the flagagula, there is something also called as students a tube-l like structure here. Okay, tube-like structure students. This tube- like structure here is called as pile or fimria. It is called as pile or fimria. Pyop fimbria. Okay. Now all of you told me

1:03:58 this main function of flagagula is motility. Motility. Then what is the main function of pylin fimri? The main function of pylen fimria is not motility. It is actually attachment. Attachment to substratum. Okay. Attachment to substrate. To substrate. Okay. P students. P helps in conjugation. P helps in main conjugation. Helps in conjugation. Here

1:04:44 it helps in conjugation that is pyria. What is conjugation students? Conjugation is basically a type of your uh type of reproduction here where the exchange of genetic metal happen. There's a this is one cell one more cell between the two cells there's a bridge formation that is called as the entire pile formation. Okay. Sorry conjugation formation. Okay. Now pyri anything outside we have left. No outside we have covered everything. Okay. Flagula pylin fibria attachment chromataphor pigment in blue green algae misosomes is the extension of placel membrane here done none now what do we have on the inside students on the inside do we have the genetic material here yes we do but do you think the genetic material is free floating or inside the nucleus students do you find

1:05:31 a nucleus here all of you do you find a nucleus students here do you find a nucleus here students anyone Yes. Ask the doubts. Ask the doubts. Ask the doubts. Do you find a nucleus? No, you do not. There's no nucleus here students. All the genetic material is present as such. Genetic material is present as such. And this structure here genetic material is present as such is called as nucleid. It is called as nucleoid here. Okay. Nucleoid structure here. Now students apart from nucleid do they have ribosomes here? Yes there is ribosome here. Okay large subunit small subunit. This ribosome is called as 70S ribosome. It is a 70s

1:06:19 ribosome present here. 70s ribosome here. Now apart from the main genetic material which is basically your double stranded DNA here. Okay. which can be circular or straight. Which can be circular or straight. This is your double standard DNA. Double standard DNA which can be circular or straight. circular state here that is your DNA double strand DNA here apart my students do you think there is extra chromosomeal

1:07:05 DNA here somewhat circular self-replicating yes there is there is something called as plasmid here there is something called as a plasmid also here okay something called as plasmid this is extra chromosomeal self-replicating DNA extra chromosomeal self-replicating DNA called as your plasmid also say students apart from this do you think anything is missing here yes there is there is something called as inclusion bodies inclusion bodies RX storage like we have vacules right vacules similar to vacules there is something called as inclusion bodies also okay where do we write where do we write okay we write here only students

1:07:51 okay there are inclusion bodies here inside a cell there is something called as inclusion bodies Round structures storage for storage. Okay, these are called as what? Inclusion bodies. Inclusion bodies are also present here students. Now, how do you think the entire concept students? How do you think the entire I'm going to move aside just try to take a screenshot right now and just try to look at it how beautiful it looks? All of you students, how beautiful is it looking students? Tell me in the chat, friends. How beautiful does it

1:08:39 look? Let me show in the chat quickly. How beautiful does it look? Crazy. No. All of you. [Music] All of you students yes or no there is no mitochondria here there's no plastid here there is no mitochondria no plastid nothing all of you students now if you open your NCERT students okay let's just finish entire thing okay let me just finish the entire thing then I'll I'll show you NCRT okay students let me just

1:09:25 look at it this This is what was given here. This is what we drew. I hope all of you drew with me students. I hope all of you drew this with me. Like this is what we love in biology. The colorful you know diagrams and everything in biology where we cover the entire board. Right? Beautiful students. Beautiful. Yes or no? Crazy. So I hope all of you also do very nicely in your book also. Students did all of you draw very well. All of you drew also very well students. Yes or no? So students, I know you are confused. So students, do you want me to give a small recap of the entire thing? Do you want me to give you the small recap of the entire structure here? One small recap. Okay, now listen to me. Listen to me very carefully. Listen to me very very carefully right now. One small recap of the entire thing. Okay,

1:10:10 small recap of the entire thing students. Once again, huh? One small recap of the entire thing. Okay, first of all students, a proarotic cell is does not have any memorable organs. Doesn't have any membrane bound organals are not present at all. Okay, it has how many layers? Can you even tell students how many layers are present here? It has three main layers. The outermost layer is called as glyicoal which can be present in loose sheath called as slime layer thick and tough called as capsule. Now second layer second layer is called a cell wall made up of pepidoglycen nagen nam. Okay n acetyl muromic acid netyl glucosamine okay that is nagen nam then innermost layer is called a cell

1:10:56 membrane which is selectively permeable in nature selectively permeable in nature students. Okay. Now then we have a flagagula here which helps in modility. Then we have pylon fibria which main function is attachment to the substratum here. Okay. Okay. P helps in conjugation also. Then in the genetic material is DNA circular single strate double stranded DNA called as nucleid here. Then you have cytoplasm on the inside. Then in the cell membrane there are extensions here called as misosomes. Extensions of cell membrane. Then along with the extension of cell membrane we have something called as chromatour also here. Chromataphor is basically a extension of cell membrane but it has pigment inside. It has pigment on the inside. Okay. And it is present in your blue green algae here. Blue green algae here. Okay. Then we have ribosome that

1:11:42 is 70 years. Then we have inclusion body also. Then we also have the inclusion body here. Inclusion body students. Now next main thing is students all of you need to understand which they can ask you in the examination is what is misosome and what is the function of misosome. Okay. So what is moo? Mosome is what? Misosome is extension of cell membrane. Yes, it is extension of cell membrane. All of you know that. Now this misosome can be present in three different forms also. It can be like you know vesicle round on it can be tubular or it can be lamely shape.

1:12:28 Or it can be lame shape also. It can be label shape also. Now what are the main functions of misosomes? Understood. Understand? Very important. What are the functions? This is where the questions will come from. Okay. Functions of misosomes. Understood. Understand all of you. The first main function is called as your DNA replication. DNA replication. Then you have cell wall formation. cell wall formation. Okay. Then the students have the helps in respiration. It has the it acts like a mitochondria. The misosomes act like a mitochondria. So they help in respiration. All the students help in respiration. Now all of you students you

1:13:15 know uh every single time you want to wipe something you increase the surface area. So can I tell misosomes also increase the surface area because it is forming the foldings here. Yes, it does. So, it increases the surface area. Surface area. Then students, then it helps in distribution. Distribution of daughter cells that is basically it helps in replication also. It helps in it helps in cell division also. It helps in cell division also students. Okay. Apart from apart from that it can also be secondary in nature. It can also be

1:14:00 secondary in nature also helps in secretion. Okay. Apart from it also has a lot of enzymes also. It has a lot of enzymes also. It has a lot of enzymes also. That is your misosomes here. Mosomes. Now then there is students something called as gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Okay. This is basically a type of classification of bacteria. And if you can see students there is something called as your in the case of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. This is the main difference in gram positive we have more peptoly gram negative very lessly here that is the main difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria students. Okay. Gram positive and gram bacteria. Okay. Function of what is coming up? Don't worry. Inclusion what is coming up.

1:14:49 Okay. Done students. Done. Okay. Now all of you need to understand the flagula here. Students. Flagula. Students. Do you want to see an animation of flagula? You want to see animation of flagula? How does the flagula actually works here? It is like a motor. It is like a motor here. Okay. This flagagula students actually has three main parts here. Okay. Flagula whose main function is motility here. It has three main parts here. Three main parts. Okay. Three main parts here. The first main part bottom part is called as basal body. It is called as basal body. Then it has a hook. Hook. Hook.

1:15:35 Then it has the long flagagula filament here. Long filament. Okay. This is basically the flagula here. Okay. This is basically the flagula students here. Flagula. Okay. One second students. One second. Let me just show you the flagula working. It looks like a machine. Looks like a machine. It looks like a machine students. Looks like a machine. This is how it looks. Students. Can all of you see it? Looks like a machine. Can you see it? This is the basal body. This is the entire thing called a hook. Then you have filament. It'll keep on. There are rings. There are multiple rings here. Three rings, four rings, everything present. All the rings will be rotating here. And this is the lipid billayer. Can you see lipid billayer? Cell membrane. Cell membrane

1:16:22 here. Peptoly here. Peptoly here. Okay. Peptoly here. Students. This is how it rotates. This is how it rotates. Okay. This is the flagula looks like. This is how the flagula looks like students. Okay. Now next this can you see here? This is the basal body hook and filament here. Hook and filament. This is the entire basal body part which rotates

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