Full transcript of “Class 9 - Biology - Chapter 9 - Lecture 9 Blood Group System - Allied Schools”. Click a timestamp to open the video at that moment. Need another video? Use the YouTube transcript generator.
0:08 Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Asalamu alaikum, DI students, how are you all? Surely you are well and healthy. Waqar Arshad, your biology teacher. Let's discuss today's lecture and move towards the whiteboard. D students, recall your memory. In the previous lecture, we were discussing blood disorders. Blood disorders are called blood disorders. There are different types of blood disorders, two of which we have already discussed in the previous lecture. D. Students, the first of the two blood disorders is leukemia, which is also called blood cancer. Leukemia actually involves a genetic mutation, causing a change in the genes that produce white
0:57 blood cells. This change causes white blood cells to become defective. Abnormal ones are produced, and they are produced in large numbers. D. Students, because of this, the immune system becomes weakened because the function of white blood cells is to induce immunity. The goal is to cultivate compassion. Develop the ability to fight germs. D. Students, this blood cancer is caused by defective white blood cells. Therefore, the affected individual needs regular blood transfusions. D. Students, There is no other option for survival for such individuals except blood donation. However, this disease can be cured through a bone marrow transplant. Without blood transfusions,
1:48 the affected individual may be unable to live. Similarly, there is thalassemia. This is also a blood disease. It is caused by a mutation in the genes that produce hemoglobin. If these changes occur, Abnormal hemoglobin is produced. Hemoglobin production decreases, and this decrease leads to a lack of oxygen in the blood. This lack of oxygen causes the death of red blood cells. Red blood cells begin to decrease, and this anemia is called thalassemia. It is also called Cole's anemia, because Thomas B. Cole was the scientist who first observed this disorder.
2:35 D. Students, treatment for this disease is only possible through a bone marrow transplant. Otherwise, if the affected individual wishes to survive, it is essential for them to have their blood transfused regularly. D. Students, when it comes to blood group systems, there are 29 blood group systems for studying human blood, recognized by the International Society for Blood Transfusion. these 29 blood group systems, there are two that we are going to study and understand. Those two blood group systems are the blood group system and the Rh blood group system. D students, let's explore the details of the blood
3:22 group system. Which scientist introduced it and how many blood groups are there based on it? Blood group system, based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B, classifies blood into four groups, blood group A, blood group B, blood group O, and blood group AB. Dear students, based on antigens, which are of two types, A and B blood groups
4:08 are divided into four groups. And what are those four groups? Blood group A, blood group B, blood group O, and blood group A plus B. Dear students, what are antigens? These are special proteins that trigger an immune response. They are responsible for immunity through the production of antibodies. We know that antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell and fight germs. Dear students, let's move on to further details to discuss the blood group system further. Dear students, the definition of antigen may be asked in examinations.
4:55 This short question may appear in the subjective portion of exams. If asked this question, you can write its answer like this. A protein that produces an immune response by the production of antibodies is called an antigen. A protein that produces immunity in the body, elicits an immune response, by producing antibodies, is called an antigen. Dear students, there are two types of antigens. Antigen A and antigen B Based on their presence, blood groups are divided into four types. Let's discuss them one by one. Dear students, you have a list of blood groups mentioned.
5:41 Speaking of blood group A, blood group A develops when antigen A is present on red blood cells in human blood. The antibodies formed due to the presence of antigen A become anti-B antibodies. You can see this in the picture. Similarly, when does blood group B develop? when antigen B is present on the RBCs inside the blood. And in the presence of antigen B, antibody A is formed. Similarly, if we talk about blood group O, blood group O develops when no antigen A is present in the blood. Consequently, both antibodies, i.e., anti-A and anti-B antibodies, are present in the blood.
6:32 Such a blood group is called blood group O blood group AB. D students when does blood group AB develop? When both antigen A and antigen B are present in the blood, blood group A is also produced and no antibodies are found in such blood. Blood transfusions D students what does blood transfusion mean? Transfer of blood from one person to another. And what is the reason for this? It is a life-saving process. If a person's blood level decreases due to an accident, injury, surgery, or illness, it is donated. It is taken from a donor. A
7:19 donor performs the blood transfusion. This process is called blood transfusion. Dear students, a crucial step before a blood transfusion is a blood test. This blood test checks whether the donor's blood type matches the recipients. Dear students, a person with blood type A can be given blood of the same blood type. A person with blood type B can be given blood of the same blood type. To analyze this, cross-matching is performed before donating blood. After cross-matching,
8:04 when confirmed results are obtained, confirming that the blood types match and there is no infection in the blood, the blood is then donated. If, God forbid, for some reason, the blood is given or transfused without cross-matching the blood group, then as a result, the human body, the patient's body, the recipient's body, or the recipient's body, considers the blood injected from outside as a germ. It considers it an attacker. It treats it as an invader. It starts producing antibodies against it. As a result, agglutination occurs, and agglutination is called clumping of cells. Students can be
8:52 asked this short question. What is meant by agglutination? So you can write that if a blood transfusion is done without cross-matching, the recipient's blood starts producing antibodies against the incoming blood. It considers it as any other and starts fighting it. As a result, the blood cells get damaged and die. Agglutination is the condition in which the cells clump. Let's discuss further details. D. Students Blood type A can accept blood type A similarly, blood type B accepts blood type B there are two exceptional cases here.
9:42 If a person has blood type O, it can be donated to anyone. A person with such a blood type is called a universal donor. If you were asked this short question, you could write your answer like this. The blood can be donated to any other individual having any blood type is known as a universal donor. D students, a person with blood type O is called a universal donor. His blood can be donated to anyone. An example of this is blood type O D students, a person with blood type O does not have any antigens.
10:32 That is why it can be donated to anyone because it already has antibodies and no antigens. Then there's the universal recipient. This is another exceptional case. An organism with blood type O that contains both antigens A and B is called a universal recipient because it has the ability to accept any other blood type. This is because it doesn't have any antibodies, although both antigens are present. This short question is asked, and you can answer it like this. The blood type
11:17 that can accept blood from any recipient having any blood type is called a universal recipient. Students are asked to explain the difference between a universal donor and a recipient. You can explain the difference between the two. You can write their definitions on both sides with a line in the middle. You can write examples of these. You can mention them. Blood type O is called the universal donor. Blood type A and B are called universal recipients. Next, let's discuss the Rh blood type system. Dear students, speaking of the Rh blood group system, it is another blood group system
12:03 that was observed and introduced by Karl Landsteiner in the 1930s. The story goes like this. A protein was observed in a monkey named rhesus, which was named the Rh protein, the Rh factor, or Rh antigen. The abbreviation Rh is derived from rhesus, the name of the rhesus monkey in which this protein was first observed. Karl Landsteiner further classified blood based on the Rh factor, based on the presence of the Rh antigen, or protein. Based on this, two types of blood groups are identified, one positive and the other negative. Based on the presence
12:52 or absence of Rh factor antigens, blood groups are classified as Rh positive and negative. This is the Rh blood group system. Let's explore its further details. D students, let's talk about the Rh blood group. Here to understand blood transfusion. It's an important question. You might ask for a definition. What is meant by blood transfusion or how to define blood transfusion? You could answer this like this. Transferring blood and blood products from one person to another is a life-saving process. The transfer of blood from one person to another is called blood transfusion. And this
13:38 is a life-saving practice. D. Students, When is a blood transfusion needed? God forbid, you are involved in an accident. You suffer an injury. You undergo surgery and a lot of blood is lost during the operation. Or, God forbid, you are affected by a blood disorder. You have blood cancer or thalassemia, also known as anemia. Such affected individuals need blood. Blood donors are required to maintain the continuity of their lives. And if a person donates blood, their body gains medical benefits from it.
14:24 Blood regenerates within the body, and it is the sunnah of the Prophet of Allah that one person helps another. A Muslim helps another. For students, when it comes to blood transfusions, just like the blood group system, The Rh positive and negative blood group systems also have specific blood transfusion phenomena. Let's discuss this. Rh positive blood can be donated to an Rh positive recipient. A person with an Rh positive blood group can only receive blood from an Rh positive donor. Rh negative blood can only be donated to an Rh negative recipient. Similarly, A person with a negative blood
15:09 group, which lacks the Rh antigen, can only receive blood that is Rh negative and lacks the Rh antigen. DI students, please also keep this in mind that Rh negative blood can be transferred to Rh positive recipient only if the donor's blood has never been exposed to Rh antigen and does not contain any Rh antibodies. The blood of a person with negative blood group can be transferred to a person with positive blood group. The condition is that the donor's blood should never have been exposed to Rh antigen before and there should not be any Rh antibodies present in him. This is an important question.
15:58 You may be asked this in the objective type portion. DI students, while getting the blood crossed, it is kept in mind that the donor's blood should not be infected. It is checked whether he has any infectious disease. Because if infected blood is transfused into a normal person, this defective blood can transfer the infection to the recipient, who is the patient accepting the blood. For example, Here you can write about AIDS and hepatitis B and C. These are diseases that are transmitted from one person to another through transfusion of infected blood.
16:48 DI students, this was our lecture today, and today we discussed blood group systems. Today our topic was the AB0 blood group system and the RH blood group system. These are two types of classification systems based on which we divide blood into groups. You may be asked a long question. Write a detailed note on the blood group system. You may be asked a long question. Write a note on the RS blood group system. You may be asked a short question. How many blood groups are there in the AB0 system? How many blood groups are there in the RH blood group system? You may be asked MCQs. Name the scientist who introduced this blood group system. You can tell me that Karl Landsteiner was the scientist who
17:38 introduced the blood group system and, along with it, the RH blood group system. DI students, you must keep all these questions in mind. Universal donor and universal recipient is also an important short question, and you must memorize it as well. I hope you have understood today's lecture, and after understanding it, you should note it down in your notebooks. DI students, take care until the next lecture. Please allow me. Allah Hafiz.
