Foramina of the Skull and their Contents, Dr Adel Bondok

0:17 This is Dr. Adel Bondok, Professor of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Montsouro University, Egypt. I am going to talk about the foramen of the skull and their contents. I will start by the cranial cavity, foramen in the cranial cavity. Okay? This is the first foramen. This is the foramen cecum. Foramen cecum transmits a mystery vein between the superior sagittal sinus and the nasal veins. Second foramen or foramen, this one, this plate is the crepary form plate of ismoid bone. It transmits the olfactory

1:06 nerves. We have two canals related to the crepary form plate of ismoid. anterior ismoidal canal and the posterior ismoidal canal. This is the anterior ismoidal canal. It transmits anterior ismoidal nerve and vessels. And this is the posterior ismoidal canal transmits posterior ismoidal nerve and vessels. Then this foramen or canal, this is the optic canal. The optic canal transmits the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery. And actually the optic nerve is surrounded by three

1:54 meningeal layers. Therefore the optic canal transmits optic nerve of salmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery and the meningial layers, three meningial layers around the optic nerve. Then this fissure between the lesser wing of the sphenoid and the greater wing of the sphenoid. This is the superior orbital fissure. This superior orbital fissure transmits Seven nerves and of salmary veins that read live free to see no insult at all.

2:41 Lacrimal nerve followed by frontal nerve, trochlear nerve, superior division of the ocular motor nerve, nasocelular nerve, inferior division of the ocular motor nerve, abducent nerve and of salmary veins. This is an of salmary vein. okay okay this is the lacrimal nerve frontal nerve trochlear nerve superior division of oculomotor nerve nasal cellular nerve inferior division of oculomotor nerve and the abducent nerve so this is the superior orbital fissure then this foramen this rounded foramen

3:28 this is the foramen rotundum Foramen rotundum transmits this nerve. This is the maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve. Okay? So foramen rotundum maxillary nerve. Then this oval foramen, foramen ovale. Foramen ovale transmits four structures that read male, mandibular nerve, accessory, meningeal artery, lesser pitrosal nerve and the emissary vein of the cavernous sinus. So again, foramen ovale, four structures are passing through foramen ovale, mandibular nerve, this is the mandibular nerve, okay, and accessory, meningeal artery, lesser

4:19 pitrosal nerve, and these are emissary veins, okay, of the cavernous sinus. Connecting the cavernous sinus with the trigoid venous plexus. Then this small foramen, foramen spinosum. Foramen spinosum transmits artery and nerve. This artery is the middle meningeal artery and this nerve is nervous spinosis or the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve. So foramen spinosum, middle meningeal artery and the nervous spinosis. Okay? then this foramen this one this is the foramen lesrum this one foramen lesrum

5:06 transmits the internal carotid artery after leaving the carotid canal surrounded by sympathetic plexis this sympathetic plexis form the deep betrothal nerve So foramen leserum transmits internal carotid artery surrounded by sympathetic plexus, which form the deep petrosal nerve. Then this foramen, this one, this one, this is the internal auditory meatus. Internal auditory meatus transmits two nerves and an artery, the two nerves, fission nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve and the labyrinthine artery from the basilar artery supplying the labyrinth or

5:54 the inner ear. So internal auditory meatus transmits this meatus, internal auditory meatus transmits two nerves, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve and the labyrinthine artery. Okay. Then this foramen between the petrous temporal bone and the occipital bone. This is the jugular foramen. Jugular foramen is divided into three compartments. The three compartments transmit two veins, two arteries, and the three nerves. The two veins, the anterior compartment, transmits the inferior pitrosal sinus. The

6:41 posterior compartment transmits the sigmoid sinus to continue as the internal jugular vein and the middle compartment transmits three nerves and two arteries the three nerves glussopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve and accessory nerve the two arteries are meningeal branches of the occipital artery and ascending pharyngeal artery so this is jugular foramen transmitting two veins, inferior, betrothal sinus anterior, sigmoid sinus posterior, and in the middle compartment, glossopharyngeal, vegas, and accessory, plus two meningeal arteries from

7:29 the ascending pharyngeal artery and occipital artery. This is the hypoglossal canal. or the anterior condyler canal. This is the hypoglossal canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve. And this is the largest foramen, foramen magnum. Foramen magnum transmits at least nine structures, three nervous structures, the medulla oblongata to continue as the spinal cord and again and again and again the spinal cord doesn't pass through the foramen magnum because it begins below foramen magnum so medulla oblongata spinal accessory

8:16 nerves or the spinal roots of the two accessory nerves right and left sympathetic fibers around the arteries and you can add Meningeal branches of the upper three cervical nerves. Then three arteries, vertebral, anterior spinal, and the posterior spinal. Three meningial layers, dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the PA mater. So these are the foramina in the cranial cavity. Norma basalis interna. Now this is Norma basalis externa. Start by this foramen, this is the incisive foramen. Incisive foramen transmits artery

9:04 and nerve, of course, on each side. The artery is the sphenopalatine artery, and the nerve is the nasopalatine nerve from the sphenopalatine ganglion. So, incisive foramen transmits nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery. Then this foramen, the greater palatine foramen, greater palatine foramen transmits greater palatine nerve and vessels. And this small foramen, lesser palatine foramen, lesser palatine foramen transmit lesser palatine nerve and vessels. Okay. Then this is foramen ovale, and again foramen ovale,

9:55 transmits four structures that read male mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery from the maxillary artery, lesser pitrosal nerve from the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the mystery vein of the cavernous sinus, connecting the cavernous sinus with the trigoid plexus of veins. Then this foramen, foramen spinosum, foramen spinosum, transmits the middle meningial artery and the nervous spinosis or the meningial branch of the mandibular nerve. This is the foramen lesrum. Transmits the internal carotid artery after leaving the carotid canal surrounded by sympathetic plexus which form the deep petrusal

10:42 nerve. Okay, this is the carotid canal. transmitting internal carotid artery surrounded by sympathetic plexus. This is the jugular foramen. Okay, this is the stylomastoid foramen. Stylomastoid foramen between the styloid process and the mastoid process. Stylomastoid foramen transmits the facial nerve and the stylomastoid artery which is a branch from the posterior auricular artery. Stylomastoid foramen, facial nerve and the stylomastoid artery. Stylomastoid artery is a branch from the posterior auricular artery. Okay, and this is the jugular foramen.

11:30 Again, jugular foramen is divided into three compartments transmitting two veins. two arteries and three nerves. The anterior compartment transmits inferior petrosal sinus. The posterior compartment transmits the sigmoid sinus. The middle compartment transmits glosopharyngeal vegas and accessory nerves plus the meningial branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery and the meningial branch of the occipital artery. This is the mastoid foramen. Mestoid foramen transmits artery and vein. The artery is the meningial branch of the occipital artery, another meningial branch of the occipital artery, supplying the dura of the posterior cranial fossa and the

12:21 emissary vein between the occipital veins and the sigmoid sinus. And this is the foramen magnum again transmitting nine structures, at least nine structures, three nervous medulla to become spinal cord, spinal accessory, and sympathetic fibers around the arteries, plus meningeal branches of the upper three cervical nerves, three arteries, vertebral, anterior spinal, and posterior spinal arteries, three meningeal layers, dura, arachnoid, and the pia. And this is the anterior condylar canal. Anterior condylar canal is the hypoglossal canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve. And this is the posterior

13:09 condylar canal. Transmits a mystery vein between the sigmoid sinus and the suboccipital plexus of veins. And thank you very much. Best wishes and good luck.