GK FOR SSC EXAMS 2024 | FRB | BIOLOGY | CELL

0:00 So hello everyone, welcome to the first lecture of FRB that is free revision batch, so from today our FRB is starting and for those who do not know what we are going to do in FRB, then in FRB we will give one lesson in a week. We are going to cover the subject completely, okay, from Monday to Saturday, we will have lectures. Okay , from Monday to Saturday, we are going to give only lectures, that is topic wise, like today we are going to target Biology in this week. And our first topic in Biology today is going to be that will be sold and how are we going to do it, we are going to do it with the mind map like here you can see all the things are fine and this is the background noise like now you This lovely bird's voice can be heard a little, if you compromise a little then you will not have any problem in this lecture nor in Biology, because at the end

0:48 and that is the end, we will do it on Sunday. One Shot One Shot means that we are going to do complete biology revision through total 100 questions together, so it will help you practice and in one go, all the things which we revise here from Monday to Saturday will be done. Okay, so without wasting much time, let's start and one thing is that this is your mind map and as I had already told you in this announcement video that all the things are here, all the things are there for you. That means that this lecture will also be free on your youtube1, whatever I do is private, those batch videos are okay, this is also a batch in a way, but as I told you, the free revision batch is in the name itself and this is what Which is your complete mind map which you can see here, through which you can do revision by yourself in a very effective manner. Later, for example, if

1:37 your exam is fine and you have to revise the cell topic, then you have made it in your mind. Opened in one particular picture, you will get everything in one particular picture, that is, parts of cell, cell, organ, cell division. We are going to cover all these things in this particular lecture, but we will not cover it in as much detail as we have . I had done it in the lecture but yes, we will revise all the things one by one, one by one corner and in this way I will make you revise so that brother, even if someone does not know the things, he should still understand the things. Okay, this is your mind map there. But you will get the test on Sunday. Your test will also be done on Sunday. Not just on this particular topic cell, we will do 100 questions on the entire biology. It is okay. Your test of 2 questions is being done on Sunday, that too in mixed format.

2:24 So now only you know that from this week onwards, the subject we will cover will be tested on Sunday, okay and please do share your feedback because this is my first time with some of these new tools. I am making a video, so if you see something like this, then there will be no problem except that sometimes there may be a little background noise like the sound of birds, then you should enjoy it. I have implanted the birds here, they will enhance the beauty of this video and won't they. If there is any sound of honking etc. then I apologize in advance for that. Okay, don't focus beyond that, focus on the lecture. So you will be able to focus more and other noises will also not come to you, so let's start with the definition onwards. So let's start with the definition from here. First of all, the spelling of the definition itself

3:13 is wrong, no problem, whatever mind map you will get, everything is spelled on it. If some correction is needed at one or two places, then I will upload it after making the correction. What is the study of cells called? If you ask, then we call the study of cells as cytology. Keep this thing in mind. Cyto is what it is. We use the root word for what, we use this root word for cell and logic, you know the study, cytology is the study of cell, now let's come to definition, definition of it, these are the building blocks of life, building blocks. That is, and this is the fundamental unit of life i.e. the fundamental unit of life. Now how are building blocks? For example, if we make a building, then how is a building made, whether it is a house, whether it is a

4:00 building or anything, it is made up of bricks. Neither bricks are made by combining them, so you can compare that brick with a cell, that is, whoever is in any organism, any living organism is the same, whether we have become humans, animals or plants, we are humans. also category of animals We will read this in the Plant and Animal Kingdom chapter and these are the structure of functional basis of life, that is, the life that exists is not possible without them, that is, in a way, we can say that they are the one foundation of life. The fundamental unit is, now coming to the discoveries, in the discoveries component, we are going to read many discoveries like the discovery of dead cell, discovery of living cell and many more discoveries like if we talk first of all then the one who discovered the cell. That was done by Robert Hooke in the year 1665. You

4:47 should also remember this year because it is also asked that in 1665, Robert Hooke had discovered the cell. But this cell that he discovered was it was a dead cell. What was the cork in? Understand the cork like this, it is a piece of wood, isn't it? If you have ever opened a bottle, you would have seen a cork attached here. There is a piece of wood attached, it is called cork, it is fine and that is why it is called father. He is also known as Cytology , that is, he is called the father of cell because he was the first to discover the cell, so we call Robert Hooke the father of the study of cell, after this in the year 1674 1665. Whose dead cell was discovered in 1674 Antony, this is correct, it will not be atomic, this should also be corrected by you Antony von Leeuwen Hawke Antony von Leeuwen Hawke

5:34 had discovered living cells in pond water. He had discovered living cells in pond water. The nucleus was given for the first time. Now we will read. For those who do not know what is the nucleus, inside the cell there is a structure inside the cell which is called the nucleus, so it is the nucleus. Okay, nucleus was discovered by Robert. Brown in the year 1831, it is okay, do not remember when the nucleus was discovered, but questions have come on these dead cells and living cells, so remember this, then DNA. If you do not want to remember this now, then remember this now. Skip completely, when I will teach you about DNA etc., then we will come back to the discoveries about who discovered what because till now we have not studied what is DNA, what are Golgi bodies, considering that many of you You will know because we are doing revision but it is okay, I am considering that even if you are a beginner, it is okay that you have not studied at all and

6:22 even if you want to cover all the things with this, then all your things should be covered. Are to come, are yet to come are the parts of the cell Okay, we have seen the definition of the cell, we have seen the discovery of the cell, now let's come to the parts of the cell, but before that, even before that, I want to write something here for you. What are those things which are not written here, first understand them here, what I want to tell you here, okay, that is your small cell and largest cell, sometimes the question arises from this, okay? If your Smollett asks which is the smallest cell and which is the biggest cell then Smollett will ask the answer is B. Mycoplasma is correct. It is a kind of bacterial cell. This is the bacterial cell of the bacterial cell. This mycoplasma is the smallest. If we talk about the largest, then the ostrich egg is the ostrich egg, the sutur mutt egg is the

7:12 largest cell, it is the largest cell, keep this thing in mind, now we are talking about this overall but If we talk about this in humans, then in humans, the smallest cell in humans is called sperm, which is called in English, sperm, which is sperm, which is a male sex cell, we can call it. It is the smallest cell and the largest, if we talk about it in humans, it is the ovum, which we call the egg. Okay, so the ovum is the largest cell. Now if we apply a little logic to it, then the smallest cell in humans is sperm. Yes, and the largest is the ovum. Now the ovum is seen only in females, right, the ovum is seen only in females, then which will be the largest in the male? So, which is the largest in the male, that is the neuron which is

7:57 in humans. Neuron is also the longest cell which forms our nervous system. As you might have read about Nephron, Nephron which is our excretory system is mainly the functional unit of kidney. Similarly, Neuron is a type of cell. In a way, we have a lot of cells from which we can see in the brain and our entire spinal cord, that is, in our nervous system, and the neuron, which is our longest cell, is also the longest. The long cell is also like this, okay, now we are not going to its structure, we will come to the structure which will read the chapter on tissue, so this much is clear from there, so let us come here now, we are going to read the parts of the cell, we will read the cell membrane. We will read the cell wall, after that we will read the nucleus, okay and then we will read the cytoplasm, and after that we will come to the cell organelle, what is mitochondria, endoplasm reticulum, we will come to all these things, now let us come to the cell membrane,

8:46 we will call it cell membrane, we will call it cell membrane, okay, which is the cell membrane. That is the cell which is the membrane, first of all it is thin, elastic, flexible and living, living is thin, elastic, flexible, due to which it is able to provide a definite shape and it holds. The Content of the Cell The Content of the Cell What has happened now, what we will read now is mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, all the things that are inside the cell, it is the job of holding it in a way, this is the cell membrane, it is holding it. If not all the things inside , then what will happen to all the things, they will spread. Simple, okay, your cell membrane is selectively permeable. Now before I come to this particular thing, let me tell you something else because on this I will have to tell you some more things that the cell. What is the membrane made of? It is made of proteins plus lipids or

9:35 instead of lipids you may also see phospholipids. If you see phospholipids also written then what is our cell membrane made of and how much. If you ask the percentage only once. If it was taken, then almost you can assume it to be 50%, it may be a little less, it may be more, it also depends on the sale. What is the meaning of selectively permeable, which we can say that it is also your semi permeable, okay semi permeable. Now this means that it selectively keeps things inside, you can call it a kind of bodyguard of the cell which selectively allows things to come in and out and because of this, because it is selectively permeable, it is semi-permeable. It is written here that its composition is made of proteins and lipids, because of this, you have osmosis, which you must have heard, which is

10:23 called osmosis. Now, if you want to know what is meant by osmosis, then before moving ahead, let us understand these things : What is osmosis etc. So look carefully here, question comes on hypertonic solution, isotonic solution and hypotonic solution, what are these, see which is osmosis or for that matter diffusion is also called osmosis or diffusion osmosis in Hindi. In this we call osmosis and diffusion is called diffusion. Okay, so these are ours. Osmosis and Diffusion are okay. Osmosis and Diffusion, they always move high concentration things. Here, from high concentration to low concentration, that is, from high concentration to low concentration areas. Like diffusion, your solid liquid gas can happen in all three. What is osmosis? It usually happens in liquids and through a semi permeable membrane. Okay, that is, it

11:11 happens through a semi permeable membrane which we call semi permeable. Membrane is spoken in English, now for example, if I give an example of diffusion, then for example, Agarbatti means your mother lit an incense stick during puja and it spreads in the whole house, then it spreads through diffusion, if anyone ever asks you about the rate of diffusion. Which one happens the fastest and which one happens the most late? Diffusion happens faster in gases than in liquids. Diffusion also happens in solids. When I was teaching you in the batch, I had taught you there, but here we have to go deeper. There is no need to know how diffusion happens in a solid, so osmosis is now happening here, what you are seeing is hypo iso and ha hyper, osmosis is happening in it because of the cell kept here, it is an RBC cell. The question usually arises due to this, the question arises on your red blood cells (RBCC) that if we keep it in a hypertonic solution,

11:58 what will happen? If we keep it in isotonic, what will happen if we keep it in hypotonic solution? Because this is your cell and here also there will be a selectively permeable membrane, so we will see some changes in it too. Movement will always be from high concentration to low concentration. Now how will it happen, understand carefully quickly. Let's see what happens, not what is hypotonic. Hypotonic concentration outside in this, now when I say concentration, then concentration of what, concentration of what, always Keep in mind that we talk about concentration of water. Okay, what is the matter of concentration ? So when we are talking about concentration of water here, then we just have to focus on that. Now what is it here? There is high concentration around here, what is outside outside, whose water is in high concentration,

12:46 what will happen inside because of this, because if there is low concentration, then water will run inside, where will water run inside, due to which our RBCs are there, what will RBCs become? Our RBCs will swell, their size will increase, the opposite of this will happen in hypertonic because here there is low concentration of water outside and high concentration inside due to which there will be movement from high to low and this cell. It will shrink, there will be no effect in isotonic, because the concentration of water is equal inside and outside, that is why there will be no effect here, it is okay. You have understood the cell membrane, now come sir, it is okay on the cell wall, this is called Cell wall: Now keep in mind that the cell membrane is not there,

13:33 you will find it in every cell, no matter which cell it is in the world, it will definitely have a cell membrane. There should be no doubt about the presence of cell wall in everything. If it is not found in what then is it found in everything? If it is not found in everything then it is found in bacteria and fungi. It is okay and in plants we find it in all three. We find cell wall which is called cell wall. Now let's talk about these separately, we will come to that also but first. The shape of the cell wall determines the strength and tension, so now you will say that the cell membrane was also doing the same work, it was providing the shape, it was providing the definite shape, it was definitely providing the shape there. Where it was there only, it was not there, it would be everywhere and wherever it was there, it would be outside, it would be inside, let's say if I draw a cell which has

14:21 a cell wall, then there will definitely be a cell membrane. This cell membrane has become there will be a cell wall outside it, so whatever is outside, it provides the shape, so wherever there is a cell wall, it will provide the shape. If it is not there, then it will provide the shape. It is non-living, what would it be? Ours was living, this was non-living, if you focus carefully here, then it is freely permeable, it was semi-permeable, this is freely permeable, that means it allows everyone, it is made to go in and out, so it is made because. Now I have told that it is present in plants also, it is also present in bacteria, it is also present in fungus, so what is it made of? In plants, it is made of different types of cellulose. In bacteria, it is also known by the name of Pepto Gluckanspil. It is made of peptin or Then this type of complex is made in peptoglycer and fungus,

15:07 which is called okay, so this complexation wall is made of kite or chitin, it will be clear, even the cell wall has also been read, now let's come to what. We are on the nucleus, you consider it like this, let's come here, now I show you the diagram of the cell here, then now you will understand this, this is your cell membrane, what you are able to see here, this is your cell membrane, okay. Well, Secret Vesicle is written here, this also means that I will tell you what this is, what actually happens, I told you that things go in and out through a semi permeable membrane, so you know the process that goes inside here. When I write, we call it endo-

15:53 cytosis. What is called endo-cytosis? Things go in. When things go out, we call it ego-cytosis. It is going out of the cell from the cell . If it is coming in, it is called ego-cytosis . We say pinocytosis, it is okay, pinocytosis, so there are not many questions on this, but because we will cover all the things, that is why I have told you that thing here, okay, so what was I telling you just here? I was explaining the structure of the cell that your cell membrane is made of proteins and lipids, it does not have a cell wall, hence it will be the outer one, it is selectively permeable, it is living, then on this we read about the cell membrane.

16:41 Now we are coming to what we have read about the cell wall. Now we are coming to the nucleus. This is what you can see here. It is nothing but the nucleus. So let's come to the nucleus. This is our nucleus. Okay, the nucleus. Brain of the cell is called, now come here, we read on Discovery page, who discovered the nucleus, Robert Brown? Okay, so Bhure ji had discovered it, so if we talk about the nucleus, it is the largest cell structure and it is the brain of the cell. It is called the brain of the cell because it controls the activity. Okay, it controls the activity of other parts of the cell. Okay, it controls the activity of other parts of the cell, due to which we

17:26 also know it as brain of the cell. It has different components like nuclear envelope and nucleoplasm. Now what is the nuclear envelope and what is the nucleoplasm, first see here, what you can see here is this part which we call the nuclear envelope, it is in the envelope itself, like in our cell membrane. All the things inside the cell are held in it , in the same way, this nucleo which is your nucleus is plasma or in a way we can say nuclear membrane, inside it all the things are held here and here your nucleoplasm is filled, this is what is filled. Nucleoplasm: I have not yet told you about cytoplasm, let me tell you that we will read about it now too. This water like structure inside the cell which is filled with water like matrix, we call it cytoplasm. Just like there is cytoplasm inside, similarly

18:15 there is nucleoplasm inside, just like there is cell membrane, similarly we have nuclear membrane. Okay, so we call this nuclear envelope also, okay, so what all comes in the nuclear envelope, you come in it. It is composed of membrane and nucleus separates nucleus from cytoplasm. This is the cell. This is your nuclear envelope, so it is separating the nucleus from what, it is separating it from the cytoplasm. Okay, what is nucleoplasm? It is a liquid ground substance. It is of nuclear envelope, so nuclear. The jelly like matrix filled inside the envelope is what we know as Nuclear Envelope. What are the types of nucleoplasm? What will you see in the nucleoplasm? If this is the meaning of types, then in it you will find nucleolus and chromating material . You will get to see what is a nucleolus, first of all, there can be one or more than one, it is the protein forming centrum, ribosome,

19:01 that is, it evolves in ribogenesis, how come here, this is the nucleus, neither is it What you are seeing here is called nucleolus. Look here, it is called nucleolus and whatever it is, it is evolved in ribogenesis i.e. it is evolved in the formation of ribosomes. Here you can see the dot dot red colored structures. It is nothing but ribosomes, these are the ribosomes in whose formation this nucleolus is evolved. Clear, this much thing is ok, so you understand the nucleolus and you are seeing the chromatids, right, this is like a thread, this is the chromating material. Ok, so this is the chromating material of yours. The chromating material is an entangled mass of thread like structures and this

19:46 is the chromating material that is visible during cell division when the cell divides. When the process of cell division occurs, it turns into chromosomes. The thread like structures are visible during cell division . If it is string, then when the cell is dividing, it gets converted into chromosomes. Okay, so it is also a string like structure, that is, it is arranged in a way, so when it is lying like this, then it is chromatic. It is a material when it gets arranged in a fixed pattern. It is called a chromosome. Okay, what are its components? DNA and protein. What is the chromosome made of? What is DNA and protein? So what is DNA like? DNA has a double-like structure. Well, DNA has a double-like structure and the DNA that is attached to each other is a protein

20:33 which we call a protein called histone. Which protein is histone? So histone is from protein. DNA and the functional segment of DNA are connected, like for example, now I draw here, come down here, okay, so the functional segment in it is called gene and here in this we can see What base pairs are seen? Base pairs are seen. There are four base pairs in DNA. Adenine, Gwa, Mine, Thymanum. These four base pairs are found in DNA. Good in DNA and RNA. What is the difference, then what is the name of DNA? If we look carefully, then deoxy ribonucleic acid and what is it? Ribonucleic acid, so what is it here,

21:19 DNA is made of deoxy ribose sugar and this RNA is made of ribose sugar. There are also four base pairs in DNA and there are four base pairs in RNA too. What did I tell you about adenine, guava, thymanum, these four base pairs, I have drawn these lines. RNA also has four base pairs per base pair, but adenine, guava, mine. Uracil comes from the thymus, not cytosine. Now if we talk about DNA, its functional unit is the gene, which you know is transferred from one generation to the other, and this protein, I told you, is from the histone protein. Now this DNA is formed, I think the thing must be written regarding it, okay, I don't know regarding the DNA, yes, it was written above, it was written above, which we had skipped,

22:05 the discovery one, which we mixed the components, we had just skipped it. Which is DNA, keep in mind its double helical structure that is, which is its double helical structure, which is its double helical structure, which was discovered by Watson and Crick in the year 1953 and which is its molecule, which was discovered by Friedrich Miescher, keep in mind that its year is if. You can take a little look because the question has come up on when the double-sided picture was discovered. Watson and Crick also received the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1962. If we have not studied Golgi bodies yet, we are coming to that also. If it is okay on Golgi bodies, then you have seen the nucleus. You have seen the nucleus. And what is it called? Is it called nucleus inward in Hindi? Okay, it is called nuclear fluid because it is a kind of liquid, a kind of jelly like, in a way we can say

22:50 structure. Okay, so you have understood what are the components of chromosomes, now how many chromosomes are there, so chromosomes keep in mind that these are 23 pairs, they exist in pairs, there are 23 pairs, in which there are 22, there are 22. They are autosomal and we call one pair as six chromosomes, that is, those which are not evolved in sex, we call them autosomal and those which are evolved in sex, this is what you will see when we will read the chapter on diseases, there too. This thing will help. When we read the chapter on diseases, we will see that our diseases are caused due to abnormality in chromosomes or genes, which are called hereditary diseases and are not passed from one generation to another. If it passes due to normality of chromosomes or genes, then we will see that also, then you will understand that brother, these are chromosomes, then you should know what is chromosome,

23:39 what is autosomal chromosome, what is sex chromosome. So sex is our chromosome , the sex pair can be either Keep in mind that this thing is fine and when the deficiency occurs, let 's say one X chromosome is missing or one No, you have understood what all the things are, so this entire component on the right side, we have finished, now we will come to the very important and that is cell organelles. Okay, so cell organelles come first, what are cell organelles, so here I am. First let me show you what are the cell organelles, what are these mitochondria that you are seeing which are floating in the cytoplasm, we call these as cell organelles which have some function or the other, they

24:26 have some role in this particular cell. We are going to see those who are performing, what is their role and some extra information regarding them, but before that, our cytoplasm is missing here, so what is cytoplasm, as I told, which is the cell, inside the cell which is filled with jelly like matrix. This is what is called cytoplasm. It is it is between the plasma membrane and keep in mind that the cell membrane is this, we call it the plasma membrane, then what is filled between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, this is what we call cytoplasm. In this Our cell organelles are present differently and that part of the cytoplasm where there is no organelle is called cytosol. The only ground substance that is present is cytosine or keep in mind that if Ask what is Cytosol, then don't think that what is this new thing that has come, it is nothing, whatever is in the cytoplasm is the same as your butt, where there is no cell organ, it

25:12 is here where it is not there, then it is called Cytosol. Okay, so there is the Focusing, you do not need to focus on the rest, keep it in mind, okay or whatever, let's start from here first, from the endoplasmic reticulum itself, the endoplasm which is the reticulum, what is it developed into, it is developed, it is okay in manufacturing. And it is developed in transport. Mainly it is developed in transport. The manufacturers who do the work of manufacturing are these two parts of it, which are the two parts of endoplasm reticulum, they are developed in manufacturing and they themselves are

26:00 involved in the transportation of that thing. Its structure is developed in I. First see the cell here, which is attached to the nucleus. This is the structure that you can see, it is nothing but an endoplasmic reticulum and remember this is the structure that I have shown here. I drew it like this, what is this called, this is what we call it, I am calling it a cistern, okay, you will see a crist in the mitochondria, that too you have a structure similar to this, I will show you that too. Your cistern is fine, we call it cistern or if there is a cistern, then what are these types of things you will see in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is like this structure, we know it by the name of cistern, so the endoplasmic reticulum. Have you understood the function, what is its function, what is it to transport, what

26:47 will it transport, whatever these rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum will manufacture, what will the rough one manufacture, it will manufacture the protein, it will make the protein because it contains ribosomes. Just now I showed you the structure which was dot dot dot dot red colored structure, that was the ribosome due to which it becomes rough and it makes proteins, the smooth one synthesizes fats and lipids, ribosomes are absent here otherwise proteins. And if there was a ribosome, then why would it be smooth or rough? Now, whatever proteins and lipids they have made, it will transport them and take them to whom, Golgi bodies or Golgi aretes, whose discovery. Camelio Golgi had done what we had seen, now what happens in it, some structure of Golgi's bodies is like this, let's leave that

27:34 structure first, first see that whatever it transported and sent, it was stored, mud modified, packaged. That work is done, you imagine it like any thing is being manufactured, for example, suppose you ordered something, ordered some item and packaging and dispatching would have happened from there, then the manufacturing work is done and its Now the work of transport is done, the work of packaging and dispatching will be seen in Golgi Appetite or Golgi bodies. Okay, so it stores, modifies and packaging forms the lysosome, now they will see what a lysosome is but right now in the back of the mind. Keep in mind that the formation of lysosomes takes

28:19 place only in Golgi bodies or Golgi Apt. Now what is this cis face and trans face? Pay attention from here, look carefully here, this is your Golgi, this Golgi vesicle or Golgi Apt or Then Golgi bodies, this is the face which is pointing towards the nucleus, we call it the cis face and this is the face here, this is the face which is this nuclear membrane, this is sorry, towards the plasma membrane or the cell membrane. I am pointing out that what is called trans face is cis and trans cis trans cis trans. Okay, so keep this thing in mind that which is cis face and which is trans face. Okay, so now we have understood Golgi bodies also. Evolved in the formation of lysosome. What is lysosome? So lysosome is our suicidal bag of the cell. Suicidal bag of the cell means that what actually happens is that in it

29:07 you get to see hydrolytic enzymes. You get to see hydrolytic enzymes in it. This is the hydrolytic enzyme in it and in ER I told you in Hindi, right? Its name is Padvika Jalika, it is ok, keep this thing in mind in Hindi and its work etc. And yes, one work is missing, so usually we do not read it and many of you may not know that that is. It is also developed in the detoxification of poison , that is, if any poisonous substance or drugs etc. is ingested, then its work is also done in detoxification. We usually think that its work is only for manufacturing or the main work of lysosome is that things which A. It has become useless to remove it, but this is when the lysosome will come in handy. We know it by the name of suicide bag. Suicide bag means suicidal

29:55 bag of the cell. What is it called? Suicidal bag of the cell. It contains hydrolytic enzymes. That is, there is a digestive enzyme. Now what happens is that whenever any organ of the cell is not working, its membrane bursts. Whatever happens is fine, this is the outer membrane, so what happens from it, hydrolytic enzyme is released and That hydrolytic enzyme digests that cell. Now when digesting the cell means that it will completely destroy the cell and there a new cell will be born through the cell division which we are going to see now. If there is endoplasm reticulum, then keep in mind that if any cell organ is not performing then it will destroy the entire cell. It is not destroying the entire cell. It has digestive enzyme, hydrolytic enzyme, okay, hydrolytic enzyme, which is actually manufactured. Do you know where this is happening,

30:43 where the lysosomes are being formed, on the Golgi bodies, but the hydrolytic enzyme that I was talking about just now, that is, the digestive enzyme which has digestive capabilities, is in the rough endoplasmic membrane. It is there that the ER is formed. If any foreign substance like drugs comes in, then the job of removing it and sending it out does not kill the entire cell. The job of sending it out is done by the ER and in the ER also keep in mind that it A little bit means that it also stores a little bit of nutrients etc. but its main function is that of transport and a little bit is that it clears all these things which also gets developed in your detoxification. We have also seen the formation of lysosome. Where is the hydrolytic enzyme of lysosome? Where is the hydrolytic enzyme made? We have also seen that. Okay, the hydrolytic enzyme is made here in the RER and it itself is made in the Golgi bodies and climbs up and comes to the mitochondria. Mitochondria

31:30 means sutra corpuscle. It is called this in Hindi. This is our power house of the cell. Now Golgi bodies because they were evolved in packaging and dispatching, that is why we call them post office of the cell. These are the post offices of the cell. Well, this kind of packaging and dispatching is done in the post office itself. Mitochondria are the power houses of the cell, that is, they work to generate power. Now understand carefully how they generate power. They generate it in the form of ATP. Full form of Adenosine Tri Phosphate is These are called the energy currency of the cell, that is, the energy currency. We will also see the structure of the cell. Actually, it has two membranes, one outer and one inner, the outer one is porous and the inner one is inner, which is

32:16 developed in the synthesis of ATP. This is what you see, these are mitochondria, now what you are able to see is this outer layer which is porous in nature and it is porous in the sense that these things keep coming and going because now as you should know that This energy is being created, from where is the energy being created because the blood that is coming is supplying oxygen to it. Respiration is happening here through oxygen. Okay, you people must have read about respiration otherwise we will move ahead now. Not read, further we will read that your respiration takes place here in the mitochondria. Okay, so what will happen here? First, there will be a little respiration in the cytoplasm, due to which two ATP molecules will be formed here too, but the main energy that is produced is the mitochondria. Where 36 ATP molecules are formed inside the mitochondria, there are 36 more two here, look carefully here, you cannot see some of its structure in this way, this is called crystal,

33:05 it is crystal, I told you that. This type of structure is there in the endoplasmic reticulum, this type of structure is called crystal and this is the inner membrane, this is where the ATP is for, the formation of ATP is taking place in the mitochondria and because this is what provides energy. That's why we We know it by the name of energy currency of the cell, okay so where were we, we were here okay, the specialty of mitochondria is that it has its own DNA and ribosomes because it is believed that brother long ago, that means it has its own You used to have a cell that existed independently and did not exist inside the cell, so it became mandatory for it to have its own DNA and ribosomes. Now let's skip to another such cell organelle which has its own DNA and ribosomes. Ribosomes are there, they are called plastids, you

33:53 will see them only in plant cells, as we were studying the cell wall, cell wall was also seen only in plastic cells, animals, sorry, bacterial cells and fungal cells , there was no cell in animal cells. Wall is similarly plaster which is only your plant cell, your bacteria is not even in fungus, it is found only in plant and it is not found in animal cell, it also has its own DNA and ribosome, it has three types like There were two types of endoplasmic membrane, RER and SER, its three are chlorochromo and leucochloro, which stores chlorophyll pigment or it contains chlorophyll pigment, which you know is green. We will also read further that it provides green color. It contains magnesium metal, hence it is a chlorophyll pigment, due to which it is developed in photosynthesis, that is,

34:39 it is developed in cooking. It is from photosynthesis only that we know that plants are autotrophs, so it is from photosynthesis only. They make their food by photosynthesis, they make it by using chlorophyll , with the help of chloroplast, they make chromoplast, chromo is chloro, so your chlorophyll is chromo, your chroma is the color, they provide the color, it stores color. For example, if we talk about pigments, like tomatoes, you have tomatoes, what is the reason behind the red color of tomatoes? It is lycopene, due to which it is red, like if we talk about carats. So , these carotes are carotenes, you are right, because of them, the color is there, so the color is there, I just gave you two examples, whether our petals have become colored, sepals have become colored or flower petals have become colored. You must have seen the colors, all those colors

35:25 are provided by the chromoplast. The function of the leucoplast is that of storage. What things does it store? So, right now something must have been made from photosynthesis, either starch must have been made, that is, you can accept it. Carbohydrate is a kind of carbohydrate, it must be made of either oil or protein, these three things must be made, like if we read macro nutrients then we will read that brother humans have to either take carbs or fat and this is what we need. If we have to take protein then these three are our macros, the rest are vitamins and minerals, all these come in our micros, so these are ours too, starch, oil and protein, then starch or carbs, who stores it, then this is a type of leucoplast. It is what we call amyloplast, keep this thing in mind, it is amyloplast, it stores oil, it

36:14 stores plastic and if we talk about protein, then it has the function of storing it. Whose alero is L E U R O? P L A S T E L E R O P L A S T Okay, whose ela is doing it, remember it like ly, if ly is not gram then there is a lot of fat in ly, the work of storing the fat will be done by ela and there is also ly in alu ro ro. And in protein also r is coming, in this way you can remember it. Now coming to the last cell organelle, that is vacuole, which is present in plant cell also, it is also present in animal cell but with some difference. Also, like in a plant cell, it is permanent, it is always there when needed, that means it is temporary, here it is very big, it

36:59 is so big that the ruffle of the cell ranges from 50 to 50 to 90 percent i.e. 50 to 90. The volume of the cell is occupied, it is small here, it is temporary, it stores glucose, it stores glycogen, its function is to store protein, it stores nutrients etc., it prevents injury . Prevents injuries. How does it prevent injuries? Because it must be written on the terms and conditions. Is it not written? What must be written? It must be written somewhere. Provides terms and conditions. Okay, provides terms and conditions. Now feel it a little. What does resit mean? So, it is like filling a balloon with water. Two, when it gets turgid, what does it do? It works to prevent shock injury, maintains water balance, stores nutrients

37:45 and this is called vacuole in Hindi. What are vacuoles called? Ritika says, everything is over, not everything, there is still something left, and what is that something? First, we read the types of cells, then cell division and this is the end of our topic. There are two types of cells in our types of cells. What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic? What are prokaryotic? These people are pro. They are very pro. That means these people do not need many things. They do not need many things and they are small. These people are 0.1 to 0.5 micrometers in size. Their size ranges from 10 to 100 micrometers, that is, they are very big. Eukaryotic. U means true and carry means nucleus, that is, I have a true nucleus, so don't think here, come here, where are you,

38:31 here. Come here, prokaryotes are eukaryotic , except the eukaryotic things on the right side, that is, keep in mind, we do not see many cell organelles in it, we do find them in it, it does not have a nucleus, it has a nucleus, which is not found, now if you say so, sir son. Here at some places you can see the nuclear membrane. It is not visible. At some places here you can see the nuclear envelope. The nucleus is visible inwards. If it is not visible then this is the undefined nuclear region. This is the undefined nuclear region. This is called nucleoid clear. So much is said about the nucleus that there will be a cell wall. It is obvious that there will be a cell wall because that is what will hold it and if it is not there, then where

39:20 will the cell come from, this is your nucleus. Now one thing is common which is common for pro and eukaryotic people. Only then there is a ribosome here too, there is a ribosome here too, so just two things very carefully, you just have to keep three things in mind, just three things, nothing else, there are no cell organelles in it, there is no nucleus in it, the undefined nuclear region is called naked. And the thing that is common in Procut and U Carrot is the ribosome, that's it, now you will say that there is a cell wall too, so the cell wall will definitely be there, okay, you have to remember that a little bit. It is a sure thing that it will happen, so it is known that it is prokaryotic, where can we see it, we will see it in plants also, we will see it in cells also, that is, all the cell organelles are quite well developed,

40:07 that is. That it is a well developed cell, it is not prokaryotic, like bacteria is its best example, as it is written here, you look carefully, bacteria, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma, the same mycoplasma which has the smallest cell, we know only this cyano bacteria as blue green. Keep this thing in mind from the name of algae, we call this blue green algae, these large complexations can also be multi-multi cellular, unicellular i.e. they can be made up of one cell, then there are different types of cells, if we talk about eukaryotic. Clisse, everything happens, okay, I told you that, now look at one thing carefully, there I told you something about flag, we saw here, what is flaglum, what is flaglum, so flaglum is that thing

40:56 which helps these eukaryotes. That is, what they do to the menial bacteria is that they provide them with motility, that is, they help them to move. Okay, the flagella are there, they help them to move. Here is your flagellum. Many questions have arisen regarding its structure. 2022 In CGL and CGL 2023 and other SSC exams, it is okay, there is no difference. I have already told you whether it is CGL, CHSL, CP MTSO, it is okay, there is no such difference in GK, it has three parts to remember. One is this which is called the bezel body and the other is the filament which keeps both of them connected in this way, this part is known as the hook, this bezel body hook and this filament are just three parts, remember this, that's the end, now we come to the last one. Part pe and that is cell division i.e. cell division, there are four phases of cell division, what are these four phases, g1, ao

41:46 s phase and g2 and m, so it goes like this, see, first of all, g1 phase will come where There will be growth of the cell, then there will be a phase where DNA will be synthesized, then there will be your G2 phase where there will be preparation for the cell division, which is our last step, which is the last step, which is MM means mitosis i.e. the cell has divided. Do you understand that first there was life, there was growth, there was cell growth, what happened when DNA was synthesized, what happened then there was growth, that is, sorry, preparation happened for cell division and here the cell got divided, the last step is written here, okay, the phases are done. But many questions have also been raised, if we talk about the types of cell division, then there are two types: mitosis and myosis. Mitosis exists in somatic cells.

42:31 Somatic cells are those cells which are not sex cells. Those cells which do not evolve into sex are called somatic cells. And those which evolve in sex are called germ cells. Meiosis occurs here. In mitosis, one parent cell converts into two daughter cells or divides. In mitosis, one parent cell converts into four daughter cells, first two daughter cells. Then they divide into two, that is, if seen ultimately, four daughter cells are coming out, this is what you see in dips, here it means dips and here haploid or dips and what is haploid dips are seen in somatic cells. Dips of chromosomes are found. Two sets of chromosomes. Haploid means

43:27 only one set of chromosomes. Right, same The entire chapter is over. Okay, now let's look at it a little bit. Is there anything missing? Everything is done. The centrosome is missing. A little bit of the centrosome is missing. So what is the centrosome? So what I was teaching you about maintaining the equal distribution of chromosomes, daughter. The main function of chromosomes in cells is the formation of centrosomes and one thing to keep in mind here is that these are the micro tubules that you are seeing. These micro tubules are organized to organize it. The work here is to organize it. It is the centrosome , that is, these are micro tubules organizing center. And the last part is this peroxisomes. Some which generate oxidative crystals.

44:12 Generate oxidative crystals and what do these oxidative crystals do ? They oxidize those things. Which is not a cellmate, like for example, the oxide on hydrogen will oxidise it and say, go away, now it will say the word, later if something is ok, then the oxide on hydrogen removes it by oxidising it, then it evolves in the formation of oxidative crystals and ends. Sir, your chapter is done, now if you want to ask a question from anywhere, then you can ask, rest, I have got you to finish it from my side, now what will we do, the next chapter will be that which would be tissues, okay, tissue will be ours. I will try to cover plant tissue and animal tissue in one lecture. If it is finished in one lecture then it is okay because if it is not the case then we will cover plant tissue in one lecture and animal tissue in one.

44:58 It is okay, a little timing may also be up or down. Will you compromise with her because it is for me too, isn't it? I mean, it is our first day too. I have started this series, so I will also have to adjust the timing a bit, so that there is no disturbance, class on the same day at the same time as you. Okay, so how did you like the rest of the lecture? Please do tell in the comment section. Feedback is important. Okay, like it, you will like it or not, it is your choice, but you will definitely give feedback in the comment section. And its mind map is available to you on Parmar SSC Telegram channel. You will get it, the link of which is given in the description of the video. And I would request that you will get the link of the quiz group in the description of the video, join it also because you keep attempting questions there also. Thank

45:44 you very much for watching the complete lecture.