GK FOR SSC EXAMS 2024 | FRB | PLANT TISSUES | PARMAR SSC

0:00 So hello everyone and welcome to the lecture number two of FRB in which today we are going to talk about plant issues, we had done the cell topic in the morning and now we are going to talk about plant tissues i.e. plant tissues, now some things for you guys which I Checked the comment section and it was mentioned that firstly, you were saying to make the background white, then I will upload it by making the background white, if there is no problem, then it will be in Hindi, rest of this mind map, you can use it in Hindi. When you were asking to give, I am trying my best to convert it into Hindi and get it so that the Hindi medium students also do not have any problem. So, these two were the only ones I thought were your queries. Let's

0:47 start with the tissues. First of all, let us understand what tissues are. So, we had studied about cells in the morning. So, when special type of cells are found, then there are cells of one kind. When the cells of one kind are found, then they are They start performing a definite type of function and when they start performing a different type of function, group of cells, we call them tissues, we call them tissue, we are going to read about these two types of tissue in this lecture. You have one in plants and one in animals, so in this particular lecture we are going to cover the plant tissues and then later on, the special specialized tissues which together make up your organs, this makes up the organ system and this is our Organist makes us like we have become humans, we have become animals, so if we talk about the organs, then it has become liver, heart has become all different, kidney has become different, if there are

1:34 different organs, then what are they made up of? They are made up of tissue. Which organ is made up of which type of tissue, we will see in the next lecture, in animal tissues, because here we are going to cover only plant tissues, so let's start, this is the complete mind map here you can see. In plant tissues, we will first learn the basics about the two types of plant tissues, after that we will see simple tissues and complex types which are types of permanent tissues. If you do not know any things at all, then I will also consider this. I am saying that brother, even if someone does not know anything, here I am covering all the things very basic, so that no one has any problem here, there can be a little quality issue here. You can see that it is a little bit because we have to zoom in. I think it is a little bit like that it looks like a little blurry type but I think is visible to everyone, there

2:20 will be no problem in this, I will try to make this also clear. If it remains, it will be more correct. Okay, let's start. Keep in mind that our plant tissues are of two types, mytic and permanent. We call them meristem tissues. Meristmatic tissues are called meristem tissues in Hindi and these are called meristem tissues. Permanent tissues: Now what is the main difference between them? Well, if I first talk about some differences between plant tissues and animal tissues, then in plant tissues it is that what happens in most of the plant tissues is that they do not have the ability to walk etc. Plants are the main ones who need support so that if a storm comes then they do not fall, they remain a little tougher, they remain tough, so that if no one comes and goes away, they fall and break, that is why they need support. So because they need the support of plant tissues, that is why most of the tissues in it, which

3:08 are our tissues, are mostly made up of dead cells, how they are made up of dead cells, while if we talk about why this second is gone, it is okay. So if we talk, yes, then if we talk, it was mostly made up of dead cells, same if we talk about animal cells, then because animals have to walk, now I am talking about animals, here I am talking about humans, okay. Meaning, whatever we consider animal, cow, buffalo, all these come in the category of animals and we humans also come in the category of animals, so humans are also included in this, so they all have to walk, so most of our cells in this are living and here What happens is that when you have a plant cell, the growth that happens here happens only in fixed regions. There are fixed regions where growth happens, but

3:55 for a human being, it grows from anywhere like ginger. No, its legs also grow, hands also grow, head also grows and many other things also grow, some things grow due to the environment but they definitely grow. Okay, so our growth happens from many different places, so this is why. There are no fixed regions here On the other hand, if we talk about plant tissue, then sorry, there are fixed regions for growth, so now I told you that there are two types of it, Meristmatic and Permanent, what is the difference, what is the difference, understand that the meristematic tissues are these, they are your growing. Growing regions will be present in the regions, meaning where cell division will be taking place, that is, in a way, I can say that the meristematic tissues are responsible for what they are

4:40 responsible for, so whatever growth occurs in plants. Whatever they grow, now keep in mind that the growth that is there can be of two types. Now we will see that the growth that is there can be of two types. One is that the height of anyone grows, if we humans consider ourselves. So, how do we grow? Our height grows or our fatness grows, which means we become a little wider, this is what happens, so wherever there is growth, wherever there is growth in the plant, there is meristematic tissue. We get to see how many types are there, what are they, we also come to the types but let us see some more characteristics like vacuoles are absent in meristematic tissues. We had just read in the morning that vacuoles are called vacuoles in Hindi. So these are not present in it, now in the plant cell we had read that there is a very large vacuole in the plant cell

5:27 which occupies the volume of the cell from 50 to 90. You are right that the vacuoles have to be divided into these people, now these are from 50 to 90. But if this happens in the entire cell at 90 then what will we do with the divide? What will we do with the divide if the cell is completely filled then it is okay, Bachman had explained it in a different way but it will take time, we do not want to go unnecessarily, okay here it is like this. Understand that if vacuoles become so big, then how will the cell divide? Vacuole is absent. It has dense cytoplasm which is the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm had given the jelly -like matrix between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. What do we call this? We know it by the name of cytoplasm, so it is dense in it and the cellulose in it is because it is a plant cell, so it will have a cell wall and what is this cell wall made of? What is cellulose

6:15 made of in bacteria? And in the fungus, just comment and let's see how many people revised it. What is the cellulose? Here, keep this thing in mind that if it is not there, then I will write with this, it contains your thin cellulose, what kind of cellulose you have in it, it contains thin cellulose. Keep this thing in mind, there is dense cytoplasm, vacuoles are absent, the intercellular spaces which are yours are also absent, that is, you will not get to see much space in it, that is, it is in compact form. Now let us come to its three types. This is the apical inter calary and lateral meristem tissue, it is of three types, one is your apical in Hindi I think if I am not wrong, it is called cheap meristem, finally it is called a meristem and this is lateral. The one on your side is like

7:03 I told you that growth can happen in two ways, either height will grow or width will grow, then those which are apical meristematic tissues i.e. the apical meristem tissues and those which are intermediate. There are caloric nodes and then there are inter caloric tissues i.e. those which are there till your end meristem, these are responsible for growth, these are the height ones and the lateral tissues which are the ones which grow on the sides i.e. the ones which grow in obesity. That is because of the lateral meristematic tissues. Now where are they present? So in the fixed region, here I told you that growth takes place in the fixed region, so the dividing regions which are the growing regions of the plant. The growing regions of the plant are there. These will be present at the tips of roots and shoots, so here if you look carefully,

7:48 these are the tips, here you will see your apical meristematic tissue. Firstly, this is the tip and below also you will see what You will be able to see apical meristematic tissue at the tip of the roots of the shoots. If we talk about the inter caloric meristem mat tissues, then you will see them present at the inter caloric nodes in between. Growth is due to this only. For example, let us assume that an animal comes here and eats the apical meristem or the top tip. How will it grow? Well, this is fine, then the cell will divide. Apical will come again butt inter calorie Meristem tissue is also responsible for growth to a large extent. End which is lateral meristematic tissue. Where will it be present? Inter calary is present in the middle. End lateral which is present is on the side. This is on the side. And what it does is it increases the girth of the stem. Girth means

8:37 it increases the thickness which is the lateral meristematic tissue. Okay, so that's what is written here. It increases the girth of the root of. Stem It is present below the bark, it is present here on the side of the bark and this is its main role in increasing the width. This is done sir. Now let us come to the other type of tissues which we It is called permanent tissue, i.e. permanent tissue, see, this is the meristematic tissue which later gets converted into permanent tissue, i.e. how does it actually happen in permanent tissue? Like I just told you that the meristematic tissue is for growth. If it is responsible then it will be present from the dividing region or the growing region. Cell division will be taking place. You will see it by dividing the cells and we have seen that there are three types of it, apical, intercal, lateral, we

9:24 also call it cambium, okay. If ever it is written 'Cambium' then do not get confused, it means that he is talking about you, whose lateral meristematic tissues are clear, this is when they stop dividing because brother, the cells which are plants now, if we look at animals then they are of animals. Like humans, for example, growth keeps on happening, here if we talk about plants, then after reaching a particular point, their growth will stop, then what will happen then, they will have to perform a defined function, this is where my sweat tissue gets divided and stops. They become differentiable through the process of differentiation. It would be written here that it is correct, by the process of differentiation. Is this called differentiation? Is this called differentiation? Through the process of differentiation, it

10:11 becomes differentiable automatically and it takes a specific role. They start performing a specific function. What are these and what functions do they perform? Now let's see but let's see a little difference between meristematic and permanent. What did we read in meristematic ? What was happening was that it was absent, cytoplasm was dense, cellulose was thin, here the cell wall could be thin or thick, large central vacuole, this is a very important major difference that there the vacuole was absent, but here a very large central vacuole was seen. By the process of difference memetic convert into the permanent, a little bit there, I thought that there might be a slight blur due to zooming, I will try that next time it should not be blurred, it is absolutely fine, a little bit, now manage in it. Do it, I think it

11:00 must be clearly visible to everyone, it is okay, then by the process of and if not, then increase the quality a little, by the process of differentiating, we classify it into two types, that is, then divide into simple tissue and complexion. That means this will be your simple permanent tissue and this will be your complex permanent tissue. Now we divide the simple tissue into three categories, then for that matter you can also consider four. Parenchyma, colon chyme and sclerenchymatous tissue

11:59 are fine. What is the main function of parenchyma? The main function of parenchyma is that it is a food storage tissue, that is, its function is to store food. Okay, it is a food storing tissue. It has two parts, one of parenchyma is aron moss and the other is clone. Now what happens is the parenchyma, which is made up of living cells, which one is made up of living cells, the parenchyma, even your colon chyme is usually made up of living cells, the scleral chyme, this third one, it is made up of dead cells. Keep this thing in mind, wherever you find the word parenchyma written, it means that it is made of living cells. This thing is clear, this is one of your food storage tissue. Now, brother, what food is it storing? We know that the plant makes its own food, okay, you must be remembering that there were chloroplasts in the plastids, right?

12:48 Similarly, in our parenchyma there is a chlorine chyme which contains chlorophyll or you can understand it like this, two sons and two parts of the parenchyma. Whatever you want to understand then remember the overall parenchyma like this. What was the main function of endoplasmic reticulum but it was of transport. It had two parts rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This is of protein. It was synthesizing, it was synthesizing fats and lipids, but ER had a different function, it was transporting and transporting and was delivering the data to Golg operators who were doing packaging and dispatching. However, the function of parenchyma is food storage. But its parts are aron, body, clone body, they have different parts, it contains chlorophyll, so it will evolve in food synthesis and air and body, it has air spaces, inter cellular spaces, inter cellular area area spaces which

13:35 helps to float which helps the plant. They help in floating. Now they help in floating the plant. For example, you must have seen Lotus which is a lotus flower, so what does it do? It floats, why because the parenchyma in it has inter cellular spaces. Many can be seen like you see here, see the parenchyma tissues. Okay, so here in the parenchyma, you will be able to see how these spaces are there, this is the air space and this is what helps in floating. This is what it does , it helps in floating. Okay, now let's come to the colon chyme tissue. Now let me come up and then bring it down. Before that, understand here that the colon chyme that is your colon chyme is here. You will not be able to see much of air spaces or inter cellular spaces and here if this is a corner, this is a corner, this

14:22 is a corner, then there you will see a point written above which is irregularly thickened at the corners, that is, this Parenchyma is thickened at the corners. We call it soft tissue in Hindi. These are called gross angle tissue. The clear thing is that the colon chyme is irregularly thickened at the corner. Now the colon and the scler are not the colon and the scler. Collectively we call them mechanical. Tissue , we call both of these collectively, it is mechanical tissue, it is of mechanical type, it is mechanical tissue, that means it provides mechanical strength, okay, what is the work of both, no, it is mechanical tissue, it provides mechanical strength, but still there is some difference. What is the difference which is colon kai ma, it provides flexibility, just

15:08 one thing you have to remember that it is flexible, it provides mechanical strength, it also provides some lean work for you but this main flexibility provides living. It happens that I told you that it is living like parenchyma and can be seen in leaf stocks. What are leaf stocks? So you must have seen the leaf like this. You have seen the leaf like this. This is what I am drawing. They say veins, this is the vein of the leaf, it contains scleral, this is what you are seeing, this is your stock of leaves, it contains culmen chyme, only then the leaf does not break quickly, it gets bent completely, so it is flexible. This is the work of this colon, this is the work of Kama, so that suddenly it should not happen that a storm comes and your tree breaks or the leaves break immediately, okay, then why it allows the bending of parts because it

15:56 is flexible, there is a little inter-cellar. The spaces being inter cellular spaces were in the parenchyma due to which it was able to float. Okay, this much thing i.e. Aron Cama clone Cama is not your tissue separately, it is a part of the parenchyma itself, they are okay. Stems of dacus come to see you. Now let's come to the scleral compound which is sclerenchymatous because it provides toughness to the tissue. How is this work actually done? A chemical is injected here and its name is ligneous. If I teach you, you will see this thing there which is ligneous coating. Due to which any thing becomes tough, even when

16:42 I teach in the environment, I will tell you how lignan, which slows down the rate of decomposition, is lignious. Both kites were that complex of ours, like I had told about fungus. Whose cell wall is made up, then it is made up of dead cells. Slane kama will be the outer part and will provide toughness to the tissue. Where is the best example of this, then you will get this Husk of Coconut which is the husk of coconut. Coconut Husk of Coconut, which is the husk of the coconut, is where your seed is, which is its outer covering, which is the tough outer covering, you will see there, okay, which is the outer covering of your seed. Wherever you will get to see the tough part, you will get to see the slime body there, it provides toughness to the tissue, this much thing is clear, the parenchyma is also

17:29 done, we are fine, I hope no one will have any problem till now, it is fine. Parenchyma clean tissue was our living. Let me summarize again, this is food storage tissue, it provides flexibility and it provides strength, it provides toughness. Okay, and it is made up of dead cells. Now let's come to the protective tissue. Like, we humans have a complete protective layer. What do we call it? We call it shadow, not skin. If it is okay then it is skin. We have a kind of protective covering, it is the outer covering which is in our entire body. Is the skin in the entire body or not? We have skin everywhere. Similarly, plants also have epidermis. There is an outer covering of single layered cell. Single layered cell has a complete outer covering which is called epidermis and this

18:17 epidermis is the outer most layer of the plant parts. Plants of dry habitats have their epidermis, now what is it, this epidermis is fine, it is the outer covering in every plant, but the covering it has will be different in everyone, like now the skin of Indians. Africans also have it and Europeans also have it but there is a difference in the skin, Africans have black, Indians have brown and Europeans usually have white. Similarly, understand that there is epidermis which is the skin of the plant. Well, it will be different, like the epidermis of the desert plants will be thick, the reason is simple, because they have to avoid water loss, they have to avoid water loss, that

19:04 is why they secrete a waxy material which Cutin is said like there was lignan in the skin, there was lignan in the work, there was lignan here, sir ma'am, there is cuticle and when the layer of cuticle gathers like this, we call it cuticle, this is what we call cuticle here. What is written is correct, so that is why they have thick epidermis, because water loss has to be avoided and the epid miss in it, there are very less inter cellular spaces. Keep in mind, now if there are less inter cellular spaces in the entire plant, see us. If we get oxygen then the next thing to come is how do these plants breathe? Oxygen means oxygen and all this means gaseous exchange. How does water loss happen? What we read from plants, how does it happen? Keep in mind that it happens through stomata, okay,

19:52 what are stomata, stomata are present in your epidermis only, stomata are openings, they have guard cells which guard them, okay, what is the stomata opening here, this is what Here you can see in the middle, this is where your gaseous exchange happens, this is where your gaseous exchange happens, clear these things and this is where your water loss happens, this is where your water loss happens. Loss, which we call what we call it, which we call transpiration , it is okay, it is also done by doing one station, if you ever listen, then the station which is done, na ji u double t a t i y n, these hides become one after doing a few things. That's what happens in them,

20:39 like you can see in the stems that have grown, you can see the hyoid glands and this happens at night, this process of transpiration and transpiration happens in the day, so what happens that whenever you have this Ask a question, what will happen in this condition, when your humidity is too high, what will happen in the atmosphere, then the humidity will be too high or the water will go away, otherwise what will happen is that these will become turgid and will open, it is okay if it is very high. If there is more water then it is excessive water. In case of less access water then it is obvious that what will happen is that it will shrink in this way so that anyway there is shortage of water. If more water goes away then there will be more problem like for example. Our urine which is there, if there is lack of water in our body then it becomes slimy because in the same way, if there is lack of water in our body, if it secretes water then there will be lack of more water in us, that is why there is less water in the urine. The content is a gift, so I hope this thing

21:28 must have been clear to you, how the epidermis is a cell, it is a protective covering, but still, there are no inter-cellular spaces in it, the whole is of a very continuous type, but still small. You will find these small ports at some places, which we call stomata openings, from where gases are exchanged and from where your water loss also occurs, which we also call transpiration, so many things, like clear cuticle, prevent water loss, injury and fungus. Sa friend, I am sure that this comment from you guys is going to come that it is not visible clearly, it is not visible clearly from next time. This problem will start appearing, you will not face it, okay, if you manage a little then the cuticle presents a water loss, so what happens here is that this is your epiderm cell and the cuticle released in it, it prevents water loss, okay. Because you are in the desert, think for yourself, there is a shortage of water, what will it do if it does not prevent water loss? Then it also prevents injuries and fungal infections.

22:15 Epithermal cells of roots form long hair like structure which increases absorption of surface area. Now what are the roots? What are the roots? What are the roots? They have to absorb water so they surf in it like this which is epidermis. Epidermis has hair like structure like this or we can say that these epiderm cells are many extended forms. What do hairs do? They increase the surface area. For what for the water absorption cork i.e. increase the surface area. For what do they increase? Well, for the absorption of water. So this is our protective tissue, these epiderm cells. Now we have seen the whole of what epidermis is like. Sir, this epidermis is not seen in every plant. Now you say sir, you can see it in actual plants which grow old, which means a very big thing. When plants become old, their epidermis

23:01 slowly slowly slowly slowly gets converted into cork, this and this is very much, now its work is very much, all these water loss is not more than water loss, main now its The work is done, now I just have to provide the toughness, it is absolutely fine, now you say toughness, the scleral was doing the work, it was definitely doing it, it is inside it, okay, but cork is a kind of outer covering, bark type, I told. Was it cork? Yesterday we read, sorry, we read in the morning that Robert Hooke was the first to discover dead cells in cork, hence he is called the Father of Cytology. Okay, so cork is the outer covering. This is the same epidermis that will be seen in mature roots and shoots. This is the outer skin which later gets converted into cork. Protection to mature roots and shoots

23:46 is that dead inter cellular spaces are absent. There will be no walls in it. Now listen carefully. Listen carefully. Slane Kama There was lignan in the epidermis, there was cutin and it would be released in the cork. Subin Subin is an impure vessel to water loss, that is, impur vius means that brother, there is a lot of water ter loss and all this will not happen. Imper vis is the meaning of the name Subare. The coating of this chemical gets absorbed into the cork due to which there will not be much water loss etc. Now understand that the tree has reached the mature stage, then cork will develop in it and it is obvious that it is dead. It must be made of cells, it is okay, Robert Hooke had discovered dead cells in cork. Now coming to the last topic and that is

24:34 complexation i.e. complex permanent tissue because we are reading this. We are reading this about permanent tissue. Permanent tissue is a simple component. We have seen the entire component. Now let us come to the complexities . They are also of two types . We also know it by the name of vascular tissues. Vascular tissues are those which conduct something or the other, so here if we talk about what they conduct, then the xylem which is there, transports water or transports water and minerals. If so, then you will remember that xylem is of water

25:20 and phloem is of the fruit and transports the food. This thing is clear. Now because the water is there, it comes from below. It is not like that brother, there is water in the leaf, in the leaf in the leaf. Let us assume that if water falls on top, it will absorb the water, no one would think so, then what happens from here is that the water comes from below, your water comes from below because it comes from above from here, otherwise it is one way. When we talk about phloem , phloem means conduction of food, transport of food, so it is two way, now how is it two way because the food can be made anywhere where there is a green part. Wherever you have, wherever there is chlorophyll, wherever there is a green part, wherever there is chlorophyll, your food will be made, whether it is here in the stem, in the stem, the green part of the plant or if

26:06 you believe it is in the leaf, somewhere in the branch. That means from top to bottom bottom to top that 's the way it is a Two - way conduction If we talk, then different types of cells are made up of tissue. They are made up of different types of cells. What did we read there? Parenchyma, these types of cells, these parts of the colon, these parts of the colon. Slane Kama is not read there, we will read here why because

26:52 which complex functions are performed like xylem which is xylem parenchyma Which is your sieve tubes, sieve tubes company cells, phloem is made up of parenchyma and phloem fiber. Come here, this is your xylem and phloem. Okay, now we do not need to put too much thought into it, we just need to know a little bit about this. Just need to know some two things, which are the types of xylem, which are the types of phloem, it is very easy to remember, look, two things are common in both, is xylem one, then parenchyma, okay, one or two things are common. No one, there is xylem parenchyma in it, it is not there, no, let's go, there is no xylem parenchyma and xylem fiber, is there phloem parenchyma and phloem fiber or not, it

27:38 is not written here that it has parenchyma, let me write here, wait here, it is of xylem. There is another part of ours, that is, write it down brother, there is another part of xylem, and that is xylem, there is a part of parenchyma and phloem, phloem parenchyma , okay, two things are common, now how to remember, listen carefully, Public Service Commission PSC Phloem K part hake sieve plate and company traka id fiber will be simple

28:25 in Xylem Fiber Phloem Parenchyma Phloem Fiber If he writes, he will never ask whose part brother is because he will have to write whose part and after that he will ask, trachea, it has become vessels, it has become vessel, it is not written in this that traka and vessel are called vessels. What is the vessel and the C plate called? We can call it a sieve. We can call it a tube. Okay, we have remembered the C tube from PSC. Now the second and final thing that you have to remember is which of these is living and which is dead. One second, who is living and who is dead, this is also easy, very easy, look, in the xylem one, remove this in the xylem one, remove this, in the xylem one, all are dead, in the xylem one, all are dead, accept, in the xylem parenchyma,

29:14 the phloem one, all are living, accept. Phloem fiber because I have told you sir ma'am that the parenchyma will always be living. Look here, now it has disappeared, it is okay, so I had told you above that the parenchyma will always be living, no matter what happens, the parenchyma here will also be living here. There will be living everywhere, there will be living everywhere, so all these who are there, all your who are there are dead, these traik id vessels, these parents, all are dead, everyone is dead except the one who is alive here. All are living. All are living. All are living. Okay, all are living except one who is dead. Your lecture is over. I hope you have completely revised this particular mind map.

30:00 Where can you find this particular mind? You will get the map, where you will get it, which is the Tegra channel of Parmar SSC, the link of which you will get in the description of the video and tomorrow morning we will do animal tissue in tissue. Okay, tomorrow we will do animal tissue in the remaining one. I leave you with a question, which you will answer in the comment section. The question here is, tell me which of these is living, sorry, which of these is dead, tell me, okay, if I have told you now, then you will immediately tell the fruit seller. Once you have written it, let's answer one question. A That's it. Let's see how many alerts were there in the lecture. And that's it. And in the next lecture, I will try to

30:45 put some bonus component in the last one. An incentive for those people who watch the video till the end. Okay. Okay, now let me give you a question, that is, which is the outer hard covering of seeds, which is the outer hard covering of nuts, which type of tissue will you see in it. tell you comment it is homework for you thank you for watching this lecture till the last and in telegram you will get your pdf in mind thank you