Immunology Map VII - Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

0:00 arand Sudan biology and Medicine videos please make sure to subscribe join the Forman group for the latest videos please visit Facebook Armand again here you can also like please ask questions answer some questions and post some interesting things including artworks or you can send them to me and you can also change the quality settings to the highest graphics for better yeah better graphics um in the last video we looked at um the formation of a plasma cell from a immature B cell and then we learned that the plasma cells with the CD4 t- cells and the cd8 T cells the t- helper and the T killer they will want to leave the lymph node to initiate to to initiate and promote the immune response and this is and

0:45 these cells make up the Adaptive immune response the pl the B the B cells and the t- cells and so they leave the lymph node through the errant lymph vessel and they circulate around the bod through the lymphatic circulation some cells migrate to the infected tissue to where the pathogen Invasion occurred or where where it has caused damage so in this case for example we have the te- helper and the te- killer cell migrating to this infected side now what would they do for starters a t- helper one cell will promote tissue maccrage engulf ofation of a pathogen by secreting inter fur and Gamma let's have a closer look at the T helper one cell and look at its

1:32 functions and what it secretes and how it promotes the immune response so T helper one secretes interon um gamma and this activates macrofagos to destroy pathogen T helper one also secretes uh tnf Alpha which stimulates diapedesis of lucites so that Lucy can enter the injured or damaged tissues or infected tissues much more easily t one also secretes Incan 3 and GM GM CST which stimulates maccrage differentiation in the bone marrow so so it allows bone marrow to produce more macrofagos so or monocytes in this case tl1 also secretes um a chemo kind cxcl2

2:18 which is a chemotaxis attractant so this chemo attractant will attract more Luc coytes into the area if you know what I mean now the T killer cells role as I mentioned earlier is similar like natural killer cells they essentially kill infected cells so in this case the macros is infected and so the te killer cell will kill it the plasma cells in also in the lymphatic circulation are long lived plasma cells and so they will continue on to the bone marrow through the lymphatic circulation in the bone marrow they will secrete their antibodies and the antibodies secreted secreted by these plasma cells will promote the immune response the Adaptive immune response and so this plasma cell will

3:04 secrete antibodies the antibodies will travel via the lymphatic circulation Andor the blood circulation these antibodies can also encounter pathogens along the way and help destroy it um these antibodies will travel to the site of invasion usually and circulate around to stop the pathogens uh from encounter from traveling to other destinations so here we have the antibodies and the antibodies will bind onto the pathogens let's just say and it will promote phagocytosis as well as many other things in this video we mainly looked at the Adaptive immune response uh with the t- cells and the B cells traveling to the site of infiltration to promote the immune response now let's just take a step back

3:51 and look at the innate immune response because there is an important um group of proteins known as inflammatory mediators and these inflammatory mediators they also promote the immune response as well as uh many other things pain response as well so um these inflammatory mediators are part of the innate immunity and also part of the adaptive immunity to an extent so in this in uh in in this final uh part of this video we're just going to look at some of the inflammatory mediators so here I wrote in here I wrote arachadonic met metabolites this is a mistake this should say um inflammatory mediators and there are two types of inflammatory

4:36 mediators there are PL uh plasma protein derived mediators and there are also cell derived mediators a good example of a plasma protein derived inflammatory mediator is a is a complement proteins which we have already learned a bit about now these are plasma protein derived because they travel through the plasma and go into the site of infection infiltration Etc to promote the immune response and we won't really talk about the plasma protein derived we mainly concentrate on the cell derived which means that these inflammatory mediators come from cells specifically right so cell-derived um inflammatory meteors we have serotonin and histamine which are good examples

5:23 serotonin and histamine um as we might know causes Vaso dilation and increases vascular permeability and serotonin and histamine are typically secreted by platelets for serotonin and histamine by m cells and as we know the this is important for the immune response now cell derived and cell derived inflammatory mediators another important group are What's called the arachadonic acid metabolites and this and this group is very important and there are many types of arachidonic acid metabolites but there are three main uh groups you can can say we have prostaglandins which are usually secreted by macrofagos and M

6:09 cells and they cause Vaso dilation and also increase increases vascular permeability we also have lucrin which causes Vaso constriction but increases vascular permeability and then we have lipoxins which are secreted by um neutrophils through the activation of platelets and lipoxins actually are Inhibitors of inflammation uh important thing to know and it also inhibits a neutrophil adhesion on epithelial cells and also chemotaxis which basically inhibits inflammation so that was it for the inflammatory mediators that's just important to know because uh these inflammatory mediators are important in hypers sensitivity response uh hypers

6:56 sensitivity response which we'll learn about later on in this IM Immunology map so this concludes the overall picture of the innate immune system and the Adaptive immune system um so that was just like an overall uh image of how the immune system works in the next series well which continues on from this we will look at the mucosal immunity which are part of the lungs and our gastrointestinal tract and also we look at the hypers sensitivity reactions like 1 2 3 4 and also if if I can remember and something else uh so stay tuned please uh subscribe share and like thank you very much