Brief Summary
This video discusses the Scientific Revolution, the Age of Enlightenment and Liberalism, Absolutism, and the American Revolution. It highlights key figures and their contributions to science and philosophy, the impact of enlightenment ideas on political and social reforms, and the causes and consequences of the American Revolution.
- The Scientific Revolution emphasized investigation through experimentation, diminishing the Church's influence.
- The Enlightenment promoted reason and individual rights, influencing political thought and social reforms.
- Absolutism saw monarchs embracing enlightened ideas while maintaining power, leading to reforms in governance and economic development.
- The American Revolution, sparked by grievances over taxation and representation, led to the formation of a new nation based on enlightenment principles.
INTRO
The video introduces the scientific revolution, the era of enlightenment and liberalism, and absolutism. It mentions that many scientists were recognized for their contributions to advancing knowledge and perspectives, particularly in astronomy, mathematics, physics, and medicine.
Rebolusyong Siyentipiko
The scientific revolution, occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries, marked a period of investigation through experimentation and observation. The influence of the church diminished as new scientific discoveries were published. The Age of Reason shed light on traditional ideas, leading to a redefinition of society. Key figures include Nicholas Copernicus, known for his heliocentric view; Galileo Galilei, who invented the telescope; Tycho Brahe, who proved comets were not atmospheric phenomena; Johan Kepler, who discovered the acceleration of planetary motion; Isaac Newton, who discovered the law of gravity; and Rene de Cart, who used mathematical methods to explain scientific and philosophical problems, emphasizing reason as the key to knowledge.
Panahon ng Enlightenment at Liberalismo
The Enlightenment and Liberalism era saw the impact of the scientific method extend to various aspects of life, with suggestions to improve human life in economic, political, religious, and educational fields. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that aimed to lift Europeans out of irrationality and superstition. Philosophers during this time sought to develop ideal methods for leadership, education, democracy, and address other social problems. Key figures include Thomas Hubbs, who believed humans are inherently selfish; John Jacques Rosu and John Lock, who believed government is established by the consent of the people; and Mary Wollstonecraft, who advocated for women's rights to vote and hold government positions. The legacy of the Enlightenment is also seen in classical music composers like Beethoven, Mozart and Heiden. The significance of the scientific revolution and enlightenment is seen in man's taking his destiny into his own hands through the use of reason.
Absolutismo
The spread of philosophers' ideas led to changes in European politics, with some leaders embracing liberal ideas and enlightened absolutism. This type of government upheld the power of the monarchy but promoted political and social reforms. Enlightened leaders promoted good governance, freedom of religion, and intellectual and economic development. King Louis XIV of France was a famous example, strengthening the monarchy while weakening the aristocracy. He appointed ordinary individuals as government officials, organized the French economy, and fostered French culture. Catherine the Great of Russia initiated political reforms, and Frederick the Great of Prussia advocated for rationalism. Despite their awareness, they suppressed freedom of the press and human rights and engaged in wars to expand their territories.
Rebolusyong Amerikano
Enlightenment ideas spread to the 13 British colonies in North America, leading to the American Revolution in 1775. The revolution began when English immigrants rebelled against excessive taxation without representation. They declared independence in 1776 and formed a strong army. The English began migrating to North America in the 16th century, seeking religious freedom. By the mid-18th century, they had formed 13 colonies, each with its own local government. Britain's increased taxation after the Seven Years' War led to colonial protests, including the slogan "no taxation without representation" and the Boston Tea Party in 1773. The British government responded with the Intolerable Acts. The First Continental Congress in 1774 agreed to cease trade with Britain and form volunteer soldiers. In April 1775, British soldiers were met by American guards in Lexington, leading to the start of the American war for independence. The Second Continental Congress declared the United Colonies of America and appointed George Washington as commander in chief. Despite initial defeats, the Americans drove out the British from Boston in March 1776. The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776, written by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the colonies as the independent United States of America. George Washington launched a surprise attack against the British, winning the war at Trenton and Princeton. The British began attacking America from Canada but were thwarted by the Continental Army. The Americans won the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777, ending British attacks from Canada. France, a traditional enemy of Britain, supported the Americans with warships. Britain occupied the southern part of the colonies, capturing the port of Savanna and controlling Georgia. The British besieged the Continental Army in Charleston. General Charles Cornwallis attempted to conquer South Carolina but was defeated at the Battle of Kings Mountain and Cowpens. Cornwallis camped at Yorktown, where General George Washington, with French support, defeated the British. General Corn Wallace surrendered on October 19, 1781, and America gained its independence. The American victory astonished the world, leading to the formation of a new nation that became a powerful country. The ideas of the war for independence inspired many colonies to seek freedom from their conquerors.
