Brief Summary
This video is a Bengali language lesson focused on word formation, specifically prefixes and suffixes. It explains the structure of words and phrases, classifications of words, and how new words are created by adding prefixes and suffixes. The lesson includes examples, explanations, and practice questions to help viewers understand the concepts.
- Word structure and classification
- Prefix and suffix word formation
- Examples and practice questions
Introduction
The instructor, Tanvir Ahmed from Dhaka University, introduces the topic of the class: Bengali II, focusing on word formation using prefixes and suffixes. The lesson aims to cover these topics concisely, preparing students without overwhelming them.
Word and Phrase Structure
The lesson begins by defining what constitutes a word: a combination of sounds and letters that carries meaning. Words are classified into two types: root words (words that cannot be divided) and derived words (words that can be divided into meaningful parts). Root words like "mother," "tree," and "head" cannot be split without losing meaning, while derived words like "market" can be divided into "market" and "bazaar." New words can be created through prefixes, suffixes, Samas (compounding), and doubling.
Classification of Positions (Lagnak)
Positions (Lagnak) are classified based on their association with words. Salagnak are positions connected to words, while Alagnak are not. Lagnas are further divided into four types: division indicators, verb conjugations, causal divisions, and indicators. Division indicators establish relationships between terms, verb conjugations indicate verb tenses, causal divisions relate to causes, and indicators specify or define words. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, such as showing the moon to a child to demonstrate division.
Brainstorming and Root Words
The instructor leads a brainstorming session, starting with the question: "What is the root of the word called?" The correct answer is "nature." The discussion explains that the root of a word, also known as its nature, can be divided into name and verb. Name nature refers to nouns, while verb nature refers to actions. New words are created by joining nature and metal (verb root) with suffixes. Examples like "fish pond," "trees," and "flowers" are used to differentiate between name nature and verb nature.
Words in Sentences and Derived Words
The lesson addresses how words function in sentences, defining a word used in a sentence as a position. Syllables added to words are called Lagnak, which are of four types. The discussion then transitions to derived words, using the example of "director." The word "driver" is prefixed with "di," creating the derived word "director." The process of creating new words through prefixes and suffixes is highlighted.
Basic Words and Suffixes
The concept of basic words is explored, with "moon" given as an example. Basic words cannot be divided into meaningful parts. The lesson emphasizes that suffixes are added to the end of words, contrasting this with prefixes, which are added at the beginning. The suffix "ik" in "journalist" is used as an example.
Indicators and Ruling Signs
Indicators are defined as syllables that specify the meaning of a word. An example is given: specifying "this pen" instead of just "a pen." The lesson includes a question about identifying a non-Lagna, with the correct answer being "suffix." The formation of Saddhi words through suffixes, prefixes, and Samas is reiterated.
Alangnak and Symptoms
Alangnak is defined as a word with which the Lagna is not associated. The example of "blue fish sitting on the boat's stern" is used, with "blue" identified as Alagnak. The discussion then moves to symptoms, which are meaningless words or syllables added to the beginning of a word to create new meaningful words or alter the meaning of the original word.
Prefixes: Meaning and Function
Prefixes are defined as meaningless syllables added to the beginning of words to form new words. The lesson emphasizes that prefixes themselves have no meaning but can create new meanings when combined with other words. Examples such as adding "un" to "work" to create "unwork" are used to illustrate how prefixes can change or negate the meaning of a word. The importance of understanding prefixes for MCQ questions is highlighted.
Prefix Examples and Functions
The instructor provides several examples of prefixes, such as "pro," "sub," and "a," and demonstrates how they create new words and alter meanings. The functions of prefixes are summarized as creating new words and changing the meaning of existing words. Examples like "evil eye" (with the prefix "ku") and "complete" (with the prefix "full") are used to show how prefixes can contract or expand the meaning of a word.
Prefix Functions and Examples
The two primary functions of prefixes are reiterated: creating new words and changing the meaning of existing words. The example of "news" (with the prefix "b") and "dispute" (with the prefix "all") is used to illustrate the creation of new words. The prefix "a" in "average" is shown to change the meaning of "present" to its opposite. The lesson includes a reminder that these concepts are important for MCQ exams.
Prefix Usage and Meaning
The lesson continues with a discussion on the special usage of prefixes, using examples like "coast" (near the village) and "Upavan" (similar to a forest). The prefix "enjoy" is analyzed to mean "completely." The use of prefixes to create opposite meanings is also discussed, with "average presence" meaning "not present." The prefix "mis" in "misdeed" is shown to express a bad or evil meaning.
Prefix Meanings and Suffix Introduction
The lesson continues to explore the meanings of prefixes, noting that "good" expresses a positive meaning. The prefix "a" in "sky" is used to illustrate how prefixes can change or shrink the meaning of a word. The discussion then transitions to the formation of suffixed words, introducing the concept of conviction and its role in creating new words.
Suffixes: Definition and Types
Suffixes are defined as meaningless words or syllables added after sounds and metals (verb roots) to form new words. The lesson emphasizes that suffixes themselves have no meaning but can create meaningful words when combined with other words. Two types of suffixes are introduced: double conviction (suffixes that go with the word) and commitment (suffixes associated with metals). Examples like "reader" and "daily" are used to illustrate these concepts.
Suffix Types and Examples
The lesson elaborates on the two types of suffixes: Tadvids (suffixes that appear after the word) and Kridantas (suffixes that are added after the element). Examples such as "swing" and "duty" are used to illustrate how suffixes can change the class identity of words. The importance of studying examples of completed words for MCQs is highlighted.
Suffix Examples and Meaning Changes
The instructor provides examples of suffixes, such as "G" in "yoga" and "a" in "tiger," and explains how they create new words. The lesson emphasizes that suffixes have no meaning of their own but can change the meaning of words. Examples like "thief" becoming "thieves" (used in a derogatory sense) and "dinghy" (a boat) becoming "dinghy" (something big) are used to illustrate how suffixes can alter the meaning of words.
Suffix Meaning Changes and Examples
The lesson continues with examples of how suffixes change the meaning of words. Adding "a" to "South" to create "Dakshina" changes the meaning from a direction to something coming from that direction. Adding "i" to "Dhaka" to create "Dhakai" refers to a breed or origin. The suffix "e" in "medicine" transforms the word into a profession.
Suffixes and Word Formation
The lesson reviews the types of suffixes, noting that suffixes added after metals are called verb suffixes, while those added after words are called double suffixes. The instructor leads a brainstorming session to identify word examples, such as "toy," and analyzes how suffixes are added to create new words. The lesson concludes with a review of key concepts and a reminder to comment with any questions.
