The Living World Class 11 One Shot | NCERT 11th Biology Chapter-1 | Apeksha Ma'am | CBSE 2025-26

0:00 The first topic that we will cover is What is living? Good. and the other one which covers The second topic we are going to discuss is that Biodiversity. The third is taxonomy. The fourth is systematics and the fifth is Taxonomic hierarchy. The stuff is great. And What answer does he seek? He searches for answers What is the purpose of life after all? What are you saying? of self-replicate It means if I change my genetic I am able to replicate the material. Understanding had been? If I could make a copy of it Am. genetic material such as DNA or Then RNA. And bio means Living. Bio means living. Good. Diversity means Diversity means Different types. Different types. Okay okay. Okay okay. what was written I did this? Different types. wow that this Where did the name come from? I took first class.

0:45 These are the examples I gave. set off Rules, some set of principles I follow Have to do it. We call it generic Name. What is said? Generic name. Who There will be a second component, we will call it Specific epithet. Ok? Ok. It Is classification of organisms into different Groups. Unit Taxa and Capital. Again Let me tell you. Isn't it? I will do the naming. So there are four pillars, your conventional Taxonomy or traditional taxonomy Of. clear? Yes. So come on, let's start Are. Hi everyone I am Preksha Singh your Biology Educator and I Welcome Everyone In This wonderful session in which we discussed Today we are going to do the first exam of class 11th. Chapter The Living World. This is very

1:33 It's a cute little chapter. Isn't it? Very We will finish this soon. Isn't it? So Let's get started without any delay. But Before starting the class, my friend There are some class rules which I will share with you guys. I would like to tell you. First from high Epiphyses Mamm. Now what is this Apephis, ma'am? And Who is Epiphys? So Apephis is me. Isn't it? And these kids have given me a name. So First of all, you will know its story in this session. You will know where this name came from. From. Right? And there is one more rule in my class. That whenever something becomes understandable. Isn't it? Whenever we understand something, We write hashtag epiphys. What Do you write? Write hashtag epiphys. Okay, so if you complete this chapter, If you see it, you can write in the comment section.

2:19 Yes #hashtagappyphis ma'am. We understand everything I have come. So these are the two rules that you People have to follow. Alright, let's go Let's start without any delay. Before starting the chapter, let us understand Let us see which topics we will cover. This is what we are going to cover in this chapter. To all The first topic that we will cover is what is Living. Ok? We will cover this. And the second one who is going to cover the second one The topic is that is biodiversity. The third is taxonomy. The fourth is systematics and the fifth is taxonomic Hierarchy. First there were some topics in it which is no longer in your NCERT Is. So we focus so much on that. Will not do. Which is given in your NCERT happened, which is given in your syllabus, We are going to cover that only.

3:04 All right. Let's get started. Chapter Start Before I do, a big sweetheart for you. I have a small question. Look, summer vacations are here! Is. Isn't it? Now everyone is going somewhere. You will go. Some people will go to the mountains for a walk, Some people will go to the beaches. Isn't it? So When you go to such places, your mind I don't have this question that in the end this Is this life? Isn't it? I look at my friend I like travelling a lot. this this is mine This is a place I have visited. I always get this question What is this life after all? Isn't it? after all Is this life? You see these are my photos You can see. Whenever I see such things I see the natural beauty, the nature or if you look at living organisms You are looking at hoses in your surroundings

3:51 Yes, you are looking at the reverse, you are looking at the Lexx And I mean, you're looking at mountains like this and Looking at the hot springs, Valley of Are you looking at the flowers? So finally, friend This question will definitely come to your mind that Friend, is this living after all? Isn't it? Is this life? Right? So friend, this is what I asked the question, what is life? There are two questions in this question also. Can. Isn't it? First question. First The question is a bit technical. The first question is a bit technical. Technical One. Ok? What answer does he seek? Is? Seax Answer What is the difference between living and non-living?

4:36 Is. Isn't it? that in living and non living What is the difference? What is the difference? Between? whats The Difference between Living End Non-living. Ok? what is the second question Is it ma'am? The second question is a bit philosophical. There is a question. The second question is a little bit It is a philosophical question. This is a philosophical question, isn't it? Philosophical There is a question. And what answer does it seek? He searches for the answer to what life ultimately means.

5:21 What is the purpose? Isn't it? What's the purpose of Life? whats The Purpose of Life? Why are we on this earth? Are? What is our objective? This is its Looks for the answer. So brother, we are science are students of. We are from Bio There are students. We are friends in philosophy Will not enter. We are looking for the answer to this Let's find out what the difference is. In living and non-living. Dude, now this I don't need to tell you the difference Because since childhood you know seventh aeth You have been reading since class that ma'am living He is the one who can move from here to there Is. Isn't it? If I could move here If I am, I am living. something in my body Such are the life processes. Life Processes means some important

6:08 processes that are very important for survival It is more important. If that life processes are taking place in my body That means I am living. Opposite Tax Two. If these life processes are If it is not happening then what is it? Non Is living. All right. So this is the basic difference So I don't need to tell you or you You have been studying since very early classes. All right. Now let us look at the definition once Let's see what is living in the end. Isn't it? So if you asked me something If you go, you will tell the features in which growth Might be possible. in which we can grow We consider that as living. in which Reproduction is taking place, we consider it Let's do living. Ability to Sense Environment. Isn't it? Ability to Sense

6:54 What should we consider the environment? Do you give? Let's consider living. But If you are asked, this is fine. this is These are very basic things. This is too much These are the basic things. But if you are asked Tell us some such unique features. something like Tell me the unique features that are only available in Living Yes. Who are only in the living. friend this So these are very basic things. We have something like Tell me your unique features. So first of all, if I I ask you to give me a concrete definition. Of Living. So what will you say ma'am in which the metabolic process is taking place Metabolism means whatever Chemical reactions are taking place in your body What name did we give him? If we give it the name metabolism then whatever

7:39 Metabolism as many chemical reactions If this is happening in your body then If so, that means you are living second What about the ability to self-replicate? What does it mean, ma'am, self-replicate? what happens if I change my genetic material I am able to replicate it. If I were his I am able to make copies of genetic material like Whether DNA or RNA. Ok? If I If I am able to make one or two copies of it then What will I be considered for? Me Living Will be considered. as well as what is the third Is there a feature? The third unique feature is Evolving. Now what does evolving mean? Does it happen ma'am? Evolving means That some changes will happen inside me Needed Changes gradually over time

8:25 Should come. Any changes in the environment With time, I am also getting used to him. Will have to adapt. Ok? If I time As these changes are taking place in the environment If I don't adapt according to him then What will happen to me? I will become extended. So what will I become? Extent be I will go. So my body is slowly evolving Changes are coming in. Ok? that'll be Another unique feature of yours. Alright? Next It is self-organized. Self-Organize I Being able to self-organize yourself I have been. I am able to organize myself. That means I was considered Is? Living consideration has been taken. Any external changes that are taking place According to them in the environment I am able to respond. Such as

9:12 It is very hot right now. Isn't it? Now! If it is too hot, what will happen to my body? Will you do it? My body will start sweating Sweating. Isn't it? sweating It will start and what will happen because of it? I will get some coolness. So this is one of the body It is a natural mechanism. Whatever the environment Changes are taking place in it according to To respond. Right? Very much out right now It is very cold. So what should my body do? Will you start it? start to shiver So that my body gets some heat meet. That is a natural mechanism. All right. So I'm hoping you understand this now. Must have gone. Understand this definition very well. I must have come. Lots of things here It used to be in your syllabus but now your It is not in the syllabus. So we are so into it

9:58 Will not enter. Alright? We are absolutely The things that are written in NCERT, We will limit ourselves to what is in the syllabus. To your knowledge. Right? Come on, let's get started Are. What is the next topic? Next The topic is Biodiversity. what about biodiversity What do you mean, ma'am? What does bio mean? If I break this word, right? If I If I break this word down, bio would mean Is living. Bio means living. Diversity means Diversity means Different types. Isn't it? Different Types. What did I write to him? Different Types. If I say in Hindi, ma'am is a different type, right? If you speak in Hindi, then it means different

10:44 Types of Living Organisms. Ok? Biodiversity means whatever different types of living organisms are on your meaning them we What did people say? I told him Biodiversity. Now it can also include species that Different types of species are yours It is on the meaning. All of them collectively What name did I give it? Biodiversity. Isn't it? Different Types of Living Organism. different types of species on Meaning. What did I say to him? Biodiversity said it. Ok? As yet So far only 1.7 to 1.8 million species We have been able to explore this. Their Have been able to know about it. Ok? what did you say

11:30 Ma'am? Ma'am said that till now only 1.7 We were able to explore 1.8 million and have been able to know about them. So ma'am Does this mean no more species? No. As such There are other species but till now we have get any information about them I haven't done it. So far we have known about them People have not explored such things. It's curry. As they say, Oceans is still Only 20% has been explored so far. The remaining 80% are still The oceans have not been explored yet. So you can imagine how much There are species on Earth that we don't know yet. Not there. Isn't it? We don't know yet which is the data given in your NCERT

12:17 It ranges from 1.7 to 1.8 million We have yet to know the species. Okay ma'am, we have understood this. We understand the meaning of biodiversity. Has gone. How many species have we explored? We have also understood that it has been taken. The next topic we are going to discuss Yes, pay a little attention here. Ok? Listen to this a little carefully. Ok? Who I'm getting it done a little bit here. Listen carefully. Alright what is the topic? Local Names and Scientific Names. Local Names and Scientific Name. What is local name? And What is the scientific name? Ok? For this Let me give you an example. For this I Let me give you an example. For example. Ok? For example, my name is A, my

13:04 Shubhi is on uncle's side. Ok? My The name on uncle's side is Shubh. Ok? Me Shubhi is called. my grandfather's side But I am called Vishu. Isn't it? Vishu Vishu is called. Is it okay ma'am? My You have friends, right? my friends me They call it Appyfizz. my friends me My friends call me Appy Fizz. Ok? Now you must have understood that this Where did you read the name? which I did in first class I had taken it, these were the examples I gave and The children picked up this name and ever since I You are the one who calls the fees, since then I also said ok if you guys are calling then no problem No, let us also start. Allright Okay, so what did I say? my uncle's I am called Shubh on the side. My I was called Vishu on Dadu's side.

13:51 Is. My friends call me Epiphus Are. And some of my other friends call me Appu They call. Ok? what do you call me Are? Appu calls. Ma'am, you did all this Why did you tell me? What was the need to tell this? of Look, there are so many names. This is the same A human being has so many names. Isn't it? And this He is doing it from place to place. my uncle My name is something else at home. my grandfather My name is something else at home. My Friends call me something else. My Other friends call me something else. One person has so many names. And These are going from place to place. Correct Is? What are they doing? are doing very Place to place. Ok? This is a name. Now This question came that friend there are so many names. So there is a lot of confusion. Is No? There is a lot of confusion. So

14:38 My mom and dad used their brains a little. He said, brother, don't know its name. Standard name needs to be given. Its name needs to be given a standard name. Correct Is? so that it can be found in any corner of the world Go. It can go to any corner of the world. It will be known by the same name. Ok? If she is going to school then there too He will have only one name. If you are going to college Will you also know him by the same name or office? Even if she is going, she will be called by the same name. Will know. Ok? So in the solution of this Wasn't it a big problem? Because he was doing it very well. So the local There are names, they very very From place to place. Is No? And that causes a lot of confusion

15:25 It happens. Isn't it? So what do they do? Creates confusion. So this is what What solution did we find? We People said that brother, we are of the same standard. Any person who goes anywhere will give their name go to any corner of the world Only one name will do. So my mom What standard name did Dad come up with? Expectation Lion Expectation Lion What did they take out of me? Standard Name Apeksha Singh. Now I would like Even when I go to school, my name is the same. I I will go to the office, this is my name. Isn't it? I Even when I went to college, my name remained the same. I I will go to any corner of the world What will be the name? It will be Apeeksha Singh. Correct Is? So that's why we need to know names as well.

16:12 There was a need to standardize so that man Because the names are very Are. He is doing very well. Ok? state There are many names for each and every thing in India. It happens. He will vary from state to state. So what did we do? Standardized the name and what did he say that We need to keep scientific names. Is No? so that anywhere in the world You will also be known by the same name. Correct Is? Now two authorities come here. Here Two authorities come here. So if If you want to name a plant. Ok? You have found a plant you know. Isn't it? You found a plant and you want to plant it. If you want to give your name, what authority do you have?

16:58 Will I have to go to? International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Ok? This is what happened to the plant. Now Ma'am What about animals? If I have any An animal has been found, a new species has been found and I have to name it so for that What? There is another authority for that which is ICED N That Is International Code Off Zoological Nomenclature.

17:47 Ok? Ok ma'am, I understand this. Correct Is? Now let us come to the next topic On the topic. Read an example before that. Are. I have given my name, right? I have given my name. Now let's go Children, let's go on a world tour. Where are you going? going on a world tour Are. Look what we have here? These It's Cat. Ok? It's Cat. In English this It is called cat. Call it in India are the cat. Isn't it? In India it What is being said? cat being spoken Is. Otherwise you are going somewhere, some country I'm going in, right? put it there somewhere Pay cat is being said. somewhere Speaking. Somewhere Mao is being said Is. Somewhere the word 'caught' is being said. Isn't it? There are different names and these are very Are doing. So what about this because of this

18:33 The solution was found that brother, we should have one I need a scientific name. go anywhere you want If you go to any corner of the world If you say Felis domesticus, they will know. Who are you talking about? Cat is being talked about. Is this thing Did you understand? Isn't it? If it is understood So by pausing the video, you You can write in the comment that yes ma'am, this thing We have understood it. Because friend, this There is a recorded video. so much of us Will not be able to interact. But still I I will try as much as we can The more you can interact, the better. Allright All these things have become clear. Let go Let's come to the next topic. Next Topic What is? Binomial Nomenclature. What is the next topic? Binomial There is nomenclature. This is also important. Is

19:20 No? I will mark the star here. Is No? This is an important topic. A little attention Look at this topic from. binomial if I Let me break this word. bye means Two. Ok? And nominal, right? Name. Ok? What did I say that what I You have to keep the name, right? He doesn't keep it like that Can. I wouldn't name anyone just like that. Can. Some set of rules, some set of I have to follow the principal. Ok? What is there here? Binomial Nomenclature. This is a naming system that was given by who? It was given by Carolus Linnaeus. So here Write in brackets who gave it to you?

20:07 Carolus Linnaeus. Uncle had given it. Carolus Linnaeus uncle Had given. See what they have to say? What binomial nomenclature says is that a The name has two components Are. Meaning ma'am, you are experienced, right? of a name There are two components. Such as I am giving an example. him seriously Don't take it. I will give you a good example now. Things will become clear there. Example I am giving it. I said that there are two people with the same name. There are components. Like I am my I am taking the name Apeksha Singh. Ok? What name am I taking here? Apeksha Singh. Ok? So two components. which is the first

20:53 We will call it a component Generic name. What is said? Generic Name. The second component will be We will call it specific epithet. Ok? Here I will write it on it. I will say this Generic Name. And what is the second component? Is? Specific epithet. Ok? What is this representing? These Representing the genus. Now if this You will not understand the meaning of the word, you may have understood it Then you will understand further. because we are people This is how things are classified in the taxonomic hierarchy. Will discuss. Ok? Alright? Ok? What is this representing? to the genus

21:39 Representing. what does this represent doing? Whom? Species. to the species Representing. Whom to represent doing? To Species. repeating again Am. I said binomial nomenclature. Isn't it? Binomial nomenclature means That there are two components. Isn't it? What Are there? There are two components. One The name has two components. And here But as I gave the example, Apeksha Singh So what is the first component? It is a generic name. The second is specific Epithet. What does a generic name represent? Is? Represents the genus. And What does the specific epithet represent? Is? Represents the species. Correct Yes ma'am. Till here it is clear. Here Till then it became clear. Good, which is generic The first letter of the name is. Isn't it?

22:26 The first letter is always capitalized. So if you look here, I have capital A. It is written. Isn't it? So the first letter is it is always Capital. It is always capital. Joe Specific The first letter of the epithet is always It is small. What happens? Small Hota Is. So here you will see here I The S is written in small letters. Ok? Now I made a mistake here. here I have made a mistake. I have both of these Not underlined. This is also a rule that if you write any name, any also write the biological name, then you You will underline it separately. Isn't it? You You can't underline it like this. one line

23:13 You cannot underline both of them. If you write any name, they You will underline them separately. then do it Gave. It has been underlined separately. Correct Is? Now let's go through its rules once. Let's understand. Isn't it? Once we Let's understand the rules. Right? The first What is written? each come each name has to Component Generic Name and Specification Epithet. Ok? this system of Providing a name with two components is called binomial nomenclature and it was Given by Carolus Linnaeus. Who gave it? It was given by Carolus Linnaeus. This is what we have done It was already discussed. Let's go here Let's see. The first here is the first What does the rule say? Biological Names R

23:59 Generali in Latin. What is written here? Joe Biological Names are given generally in Latin. Why is it in Latin? Because it is Latin Yours is a dead language. Any further in this Changes will not come. Ok? What is this? Latin is a dead language. Ok? Next Written in italics they are Latinized and Derived from Latin irrespective of Their origin. What does the second rule say? First Word in a Biological Name Represent the genus while the second Component denotes the specific epithet or Then Species. Ok? both the words in a Biological name when hand written are Separately underlined and printed. if you

24:44 If you are typing, put it in italics. Will you do it? Isn't it? If you are typing that So what will you indicate in italics? What does it mean? What is its origin? Latin Is. Which represents what? What Indicates? The origin is Latin Is. All right. Ok? The First Word Denoting the genus starts with a capital Letter. The first letter is always capitalized Will be of the genus. and which specific epithet His first letter will always be It will always be small. Ok? Now, let's take a good example. Let's see. Here is the example Mangifera indica. Ok? What is the example? Mangifera Indica which we also call Mango. The scientific name of mango is Mangifera.

25:31 Indica. If you look here, the first What is a component? It is a generic name. The second component is the specific epithet. These What is it representing? to the genus Representing. Who is this Is he representing? to the species Representing. Is it okay ma'am? First The first letter is capital. here You will see that the first letter is capital and The first letter here is small. Correct Is? All right. Okay, now you can say it here. Ma'am what is this? What is this? This is what you just told No. What is this? This is the name of that person who first identified this species or discovered this species for the first time Was. Ok? If I go ahead and do a

26:17 If I find the species, my name will also be found. It will be written in abbreviated form. Ok? In what form? In abbreviated form. after what? written after the specific epithet Will go. Ok? You got it, right? So this fellow Carolus Linnaeus first described Mangifera Indica was found. Find this species It was there, it was described. For this reason its The name is written. after what? after what? written after the specific epithet In abbreviated form. clear? Let's go very Excellent. Very good. On the next topic Let's come. The next topic is Taxonomy. Now listen a little carefully. What does taxonomy mean, ma'am? Look, friend, as I said, different Types of Living Organisms Your Meaning

27:03 I am on. Ok? Now this is not possible I want to read them all carefully. Isn't it? All Read the characters carefully. of all Study them very well about them Can't do it. It is not possible. Isn't it? If seen practically then it is not Possible. So why don't I Let me put organisms into groups. Correct Is? Why don't I use these organisms? create groups and their general characters or Then I should study the basic characters. And From studying those basic characters, I It will be known that all these groups Organisms have the same characteristics Are. Didn't understand? I will tell you again.

27:49 What did ma'am say that it is practically possible It is not that I go to everyone and their Read the characters. Ok? Sare Living Study the characters of organisms. Their I should know about it well. But I do this I can create groups and I will read the general characters. So their After reading the General Characters I know It will be done that all the living in those groups What are organisms, what is their character? So that's why we do grouping. Isn't it? This is why we do groupings. Are. So what does taxonomy mean? What does taxonomy mean? it is it is classification of organisms in Different groups unit taxa and

28:34 Category. I will tell you again. taxonomy of What does it mean? Classification of Organisms in Different Groups Taxa Unit Or category. any of these things that you say You can say it if you want. Ok? So here let's write Classification Classification. Off organism in Different You can say groups or texts or Call it unit or category. Ok? Okay ma'am. Now this word,

29:21 Isn't it? The word which is this is first this word was proposed by A.P. de Candolle He has it in his book, hasn't he? what was the name of this book what was the theory of This is Elementary Botany, isn't it? This book was The name of this was Theory of Elementary botany okay so as I said it is a branch of biology that deals with the Classification of organisms into different Group Taxa Unit and Category and These Words Who was the first one to propose? The book which A.P. de Candolle has mentioned in his book The name was Theory of Elementary Botany. Ok? Okay, that's great. Very good. Now, friend, let's come to this taxonomy.

30:06 This is in two ways. What about taxonomy? Did I tell you what I mean? Classification of Organisms in different group taxa Unit Category. This is in two ways. To all The first is conventional taxonomy and the second is There is modern taxonomy. Conventional taxonomy and what we call traditional Taxonomy is also spoken of and what else Is? Modern Taxonomy. So if I am the most The first main difference between these two If I talk to him then he will be number off. About the criteria. Ok? If I'll talk about conventional taxonomy. If I talk about then here is the number of The criteria are very low for someone But the same for classifying organisms If I talk about modern taxonomy So there's a lot there. Number of

30:52 The criteria are very high. So, I This is the difference. Number of It has come to the criteria itself. If I If I talk about conventional taxonomy There are four things here. Ok? That How would you classify an organism? To? The first one comes Characterization. You will go into the woods No? You saw something. Ok? Let's go to the forest Leave it. You saw an organism. You studied some of his characters. Is No? Studied some characters. What do you do in characterization? You study the characters. like I I saw that there are two eyes, two ears, one nose, There is one mouth and two hands, two legs. Correct Is? What is this? There are characters. Now the second

31:39 What comes? What will be the second step? Identification. These are the characters of On this basis, I identify that organism. I will do it. I will repeat it again. I Bola characterization. First, I will tell you about the characters. I will see that brother he has two ears, two One eye, one nose, one mouth, two hands Yes, there are two legs. Now I am these characters I will identify him on this basis. Now after reading these characters I I think it's a man or something We are talking about humans. Ok? So I What did you do? Identified him. What comes next? Classification. Now I will classify it. his group I will put it. And what will come last? Nomenclature that is naming is not naming

32:25 I will do it, you have four pillars Conventional taxonomy or traditional Clear taxonomy okay here number of criteria is very low as compared to In Modern Taxonomy. Now we come In Modern Taxonomy. Modern Taxonomy Now here we are at the microscopic level. Will go. Going to the microscopic level Are. Ok? So if you look here Morphology Morphology means External features. what does one look like from the outside Used to be? That is morphology. So morphology On the basis of external features in You are classifying some organism. Anatomy that means internal structure. What does morphology mean here?

33:11 External features. Ok? Anatomy means internal The brother of structures is his internal structure. How it is. Ok? its development process What is the development process like? If all these If you want to see things, you We will have to go to the microscopic level. You You are looking at a very specific thing. Is No? you're getting into specific things and You are doing classification on that basis. Is No? So how is the development process development? Is it his? What is the cell structure like? What is its ecological information? What is Habitat? Where does he live? So this is your What will come? Modern taxonomy will come.

33:58 So I am hoping that you will now get to know both of them. I understood the difference between will be. Ok? Let's move ahead. Next Next Our topic is Systematics. What is the next topic? Systematics. so it is a branch of Biology. It is a branch of biology that Deals with taxonomy plus phylogenetic Relationship. If I talk about systematics If I do, how can I write this? Am? I can write that Taxonomy Plus Phyllo Genetic relationship.

34:46 Ok? There is taxonomy. In that we What did people add to it? Phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic What does relationship mean, ma'am? That If I were to plant both these plants If I am doing classification then are these two Plants are connected to each other. There is no connection between them. none of their Is there any relation? Who are their ancestors? Were? Where are they evolving from? These All these small, specific things I am adding. What did I say to him? Systematics spoke. Isn't it? I him what did you say? Systematics spoke. Evolutionary Relationship. Where did the evolutionary relationship come from? Evolving? What is the relation between these Between the two? Isn't it? Now I am very

35:33 I have reached a more specific point. reached a very specific point Am. Here I am talking about phylogeny. Am. Evol Sorry Evolutionary Relationship Key I am talking. Ok? So I gave him what did you say? Systematics spoke. Systematics has taxonomy. What are the common things in the taxonomy? All four are your characterizations, Identification, Classification and Nomenclature. Along with its Phylogenetic relationships. Ok? Who first coined this term? Did you give it? It was given by Linnaeus. Isn't it? It was given by Carolus Linnaeus. And It Is Derived from a Latin word meaning jis Word means systematic arrangement of

36:19 Organisms. Ok? What does this mean? Systematic Arrangement of Organisms. All right. Let go Let's move ahead. Now solve some questions Let's do it. Isn't it? Some questions too Let's solve it so we can find out What I have read so far has made me understand that No. The Term Taxonomy Was Given by First of all the first question is that is the The term taxonomy was given by an option Carolus Linnaeus then Hutchinson and P.D. Candolle and Bentham and Hokar, you can answer this in the comment section. I will write, okay, you can comment on its answer. In the section you will write allright, okay, so its Answer Taxonomy has been talked about, so I I'll tell you I've just taught you Yes, I have already taught you this. So we

37:07 People can go here and see. Isn't it? What is the answer? APD Candolle. What is Answer? APD Candolle. So what's the matter? So Its answer will be C. Isn't it? Answer to this will go c. And you can give your answer in the comment section I will write. Let's come to the next question. What does the next question say? which of The following term is used to refer to the number of varieties of plants and animals on Meaning? Taxonomy, Identification, Biodiversity, Classification. What will be the answer? You your Answer: Pause the video and comment section I will write. Ok? It is said here which term Varieties of plants are used and For animals? Isn't it? how much on meaning Greater variety of plants and animals what term is used for it

37:53 Is? And the correct answer is biodiversity. Ok? Correct answer is biodiversity. Next is systematics refers to now I have read Systematics. Right? What does systematics mean? First The option is Identification and Classification. Of Plants and Animals Only. B Option is your nomenclature identification of Plants and Animals. C is the option Diversity of Kinds of Organisms and Their relationship. Different Kind of Organisms and their Nomenclature only. Is No? So the correct answer is C. You guys have your Write the answer in the comment section. All right. Ok? Okay, what's the next question? Does he speak? The next question speaks The specific epithet of mango is specific The epithet of mango is indigus, indica,

38:39 Mangifera, Linnaeus. I mean this one. Correct Is? So you give the correct answer. here Asked for specific epithet. Specific Epithet of mango. So it will come here Indica. Mandifera indica. Indica is Specific epithet. Now our next topic is the taxonomic hierarchy. Isn't it? So this We understand this topic. After that Your entire chapter is about to end. So, if I were to look at the taxonomic hierarchy What do you think of it when I talk? Isn't it? First of all you need to know the meaning of this word You have to understand the hierarchy. what about hierarchy What does it mean? Right? for example for Take an example, everyone goes to school. Isn't it? So if I go to the basic unit there If I talk then who is the basic unit you are

39:27 Students right? Students are the basic There is a unit. Above this comes your class Teachers. Right? You must be coming over it vice principal. over the vice principal The principal must be coming. So what is this? These There is one step. Isn't it? This is one step. These What is? There is a hierarchy. Isn't it? If I will have any problem. for example The fan in my class is not working. what am I directly to the Vice President or a I will go to the principal and tell him that My fan is not working, please solve this problem Solve it. I first meet my class teacher I will talk to. What did I explain? To you? Explained the meaning of hierarchy. Now What is taxonomic hierarchy, ma'am? taxonomic hierarchy is what our There are seven obligatory categories. Isn't it? V

40:14 Have seven obligate categories. One minute. Is No? So what did ma'am say? Mam said that We have seven There are obligate categories. what does this mean Does it happen ma'am? There are seven obligatory categories We have. Ok? If I were to come here Let me look at the most basic unit of it. If I talk like I did in the example Told that the basic unit is There are students. For example, if here If you look at the basic unit, it is species. What is? Species. So our basic The unit is species. Is it okay ma'am? What is the basic unit? It is a species. Look at one And I will tell you something else that on this earth This is the only thing that exists. Only

41:02 Only species exist. the rest of Things do not exist. These are us people has made. Ok? Interesting right. Isn't it? See what I said? I said It is only the species that exists. If you have defined it, if you If you understand its meaning then you will understand the rest of the things. You will understand it easily because all this It is a group only. Isn't it? So a group of species There will be a genus. Genus group family then Order, Class, Phylum and Kingdom. so we have Seven Obligate Categories. Now between these Something may come in me too. something Categories may be added. like all family Done. All these things come in between Can. But majorly if we look at it then our

41:47 There are seven obligatory categories. In which species is the basic unit. If you define species, The rest of the things will become much easier for you. For. Also, species that exist She does. The rest of the things do not exist They do. We have made this. We People have made it for their convenience. So that we can understand things better. Right? Ok? Now there is a line like this It is not drawn that yes brother what is this? There is family. Only this family here Will remain. Well, there's a door here. If you open it, only the plant is visible. Are. Nothing like this happens, right? here Only species exist. Balance What's all this? There is a box. It's a box, right? He is one It happens that a boyfriend loves his girlfriend

42:33 He has brought a gift for me. Ok? And It is a small gift. A very small gift Is. But he has got such a big packing done. Correct Is? Such a huge packing has been done. he opened One box apart. Second box, third box, Fourth box, fourth then fifth box. Then The smallest box came out and it contained The gift turned out to be. So the same scene is here. Species' dabba dabba dabba dabba dabba The box is becoming a box. All right. Correct Is? Now, I'm going to tell you one more thing here. I am to you. What am I going to tell you? About the characters. Isn't it? I talk I am doing general characters. General Characters means general characters if When I talk, it is at the Kingdom level. I can talk. Ok? such as our There are two kingdoms, plant and animal. Correct Is? I have two kingdoms Plant and

43:21 Animal. If I talk about general character I will only talk at the Kingdom level. I can do it. I can say that all Plants Are Green and Photosynthetic. But that's what I see in species I can't do it at the level. me there You will have to be very specific. Me We should talk about specific characters there. Will have to. Isn't it? So as you leave the Kingdom You go to the species level that your general There are characters, they keep decreasing. Is No? So if you are asked that the General Characters are where they are at their maximum Are? So, they are at the kingdom level. Isn't it? So the general Characters that are maximum They are at your kingdom level. Isn't it?

44:08 They are at the Kingdom level. As the rest You can find Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, You will slowly move towards genus and species. The general characters are minimal. Will go. So here your general character It happens, we are talking about general character That is the minimum. It is minimum. Right? Species level is the minimum Pay. Is this point clear? Isn't it? What Is this point clear? Good. Now here we are People have talked about the general character. Ma'am, what about specific characters? Talk about specific characters too. So if If I talk about specific characters, Where will the maximum be? Your It will happen at the species level. what is the maximum will be? It will be at your species level. Such as

44:54 For example, Homo sapiens in me and There will be more similarity with my friend. Right? more between me and my friend Specific characters will match. Right? If I talk at the Kingdom level, That will not be considered correct. He did not consider it correct Will go. So the specific characters that would That's the maximum at your species level. There are. Is this clear? Isn't it? Is this clear? So if I Let me talk about specific characters. specific characters so that's your maximum There are. Species level is the maximum Pay. Isn't it? Species are maximum At the level. As you progress towards the Kingdom

45:41 yes, Specific characters that are decreasing Are. They become minimal. Right? Minimum It keeps happening. Ok? Are all these things cleared up? Isn't it? Are all these points clear? I will repeat it once again. I said hierarchy first of all I Did I tell you what hierarchy is? Is No? What is hierarchy? and taxonomic What is the hierarchy here? So In the taxonomic hierarchy we have We have seven obligate categories. Is No? Now anything can come between them. All The family arrives. Right? So Seven Obligates Seven Oblige If I See Majorly There are categories. And here's the most basic one. If I talk about the unit, then that species

46:26 Is. Then comes genus, family, order, Class, Phylum and here we also have Division Let's write. Isn't it? Divis Hum Log Plants Let's use it for. Divis we the people Use it for plants. Divis End Then Kingdom. Then I told that the General Characters are your maximum Maximum is at Kingdom level and Minimums are at the species level. But If I talk about specific characters So those are your maximum species. There are two minimum levels: Kingdom Level Pay. This is very important. This thing that I have explained this to you in the previous year. The question is from a competitive exam. This is from AIIMS, isn't it, this is the previous year of AIIMS? There is a question. So this is important. Isn't it?

47:12 Understand these characters. carefully these Read where the general character is It is maximum. where General Character It is minimum. All right. So I'm Hoping This point should be clear to everyone. Must have gone. If you don't remember this sequence If it happens, there's a mnemonic for it. Is No? What is the mnemonic for this? King Philip Keim over for Good soup. If you don't remember this sequence If this is happening, you can also use this mnemonic. You can. King Philip Came Over for Good Soup. All right. Let us move ahead a little now. Isn't it? Let us move ahead a little. Next topic is Texans. Ma'am Texan

47:57 What is? Isn't it? What is Ma'am Texon? And Plural is called taxa. Isn't it? What is plural called? Texas. Now I I will tell it here with its help that What is Texa after all? Texa is unit Isn't it? So what is a species? It is Texas. What is genus? It is Texas. What is family? It is Texas. As many units as you get here You can see, as many of these things as you can see Yes, what is this? It's Texas only. Ok? What is this? It is Texas. All right. if you If you talk about species, here you will find more genetically similar organisms Will see you. Isn't it? gradually Gradually they will decrease. So Species What is? There is a taxa. What is the Kingdom? There is a taxa. All right. Is this point Is it clear? Isn't it? Now let's go a little bit Let's move ahead and see the example. As

48:45 I said that point too much. It is important. So give him an example With the help of examples from my side, I I will explain. We take the example Of the cat. Isn't it? Take the example of Cat Are. Cat means write Barfili Singh. write Take the icy Lion AKA Snowy. Now whoever has snow I don't know, I think everyone knows about snow. will be. Isn't it? Snow is all anyone would know. Right? Let's look at general characters if If I talk, I talk about general characters. I told him that at the Kingdom level I I can talk. Isn't it? So this kingdom The discussion is going on at the level. Kingdom Level We are talking at the Kingdom level. Isn't it? So here we are talking about general character mammals. It is happening. Speaking of mammals. So

49:30 They have some common features which are All mammals have them. like ma'am Like have hair and fur, right? his body They have hair and fur. here I took the example of Cat. But its All mammals except You will get all these features. Right? So this What is? It is a general character. also give Birth to babies. That means it is viviparous. Is Isn't it? Not oviparous. It is viviparous. Females Produce Milk for Their Own Young Warm Blooded. So what is this? a common The feature is for all mammals. Isn't it? Cat common to all mammals except There is a feature. When did I say where this was? Will you get to see it? Where is the maximum

50:15 will be? At the Kingdom level. All right. Kingdom This will be maximum at the level. Now we will come are a little specific characters if I If I talk about specific characters If I talk about Cat, where should I talk about it? Have I been? Who am I talking about? At the species level. Isn't it? at the species level This will be the maximum. So how do I make this Shall I define it? I will speak to him There is a retractable clause. What is? she has There is a retractable clause. Mau as a Sound produces Is. Sharp Eyesight especially at night. Licks Itself to stay clean and walks silently Because what does he have? There is a padded pause. So, what will come of this to me? it Specific characters will appear that will define the species.

51:01 There will be maximum level. So, I'm Hoping It is now very clear to you It will happen with the help of examples. All right. Okay, that's great. Now let's move a little further Are. Isn't it? Next we have to read that Is there a species in it? Like you said that It is only the species that exists. Right? So, first of all, if we understand this, The remaining problems should be solved Will go. So first of all we need to understand this We will have to find out what the species is after all? Alright, look at defining species. For a lot of people, I mean a lot People have tried it, right? many People used the term to define species. Tried it. Look, some concepts have come. Is No? Like I say, I say it all the time Am. In science, nothing can arise just like that. It does not come. Isn't it? First some theories

51:47 Comes. Then it would have some limitations. Are. There are drawbacks. worked on it goes. Meaning, slowly slowly, wrong wrong Wrong: Changes happen gradually. After that Something good comes out. It may have been That too should not be so perfect. Isn't it? So if it also has drawbacks, you can remove the limitations. Who knows what will happen in the years to come? I may come up with some other theory. Right? So just like that Too many to define species The concepts came. the first of which The concept was that of morphological species. Concept. What was that of yours? Morpho logical Species Concept. Ok? What did that mean, ma'am? what about meant? What did this concept mean?

52:33 Look what does morphological mean? Morphological means external Features. Isn't it? morphology isn't it What does morphology mean? External features. So in this concept What was said? that look alike They are organisms, we consider them a species. Let's put it in. I mean, if you're like me If anyone is looking, we are a species that That is not correct at all. It is not necessary that That this will happen. Isn't it? This is not necessary that it will happen that those who appear to be one, one You consider the visible people to be a species. Put it in. Isn't it? This is very wrong Isn't it true that you can judge a person by looking at the external features? You are creating species. It was a concept Which was named Morphological Species

53:20 Concept. Then came some other concepts. Which was called topographic species Concept. What was said? Topo graphic species What was this concept, ma'am? what does this mean Was? This meant that if someone Organisms such as Living separately. like some people They are living in different places by forming groups. some people Living in a different place. So if these remain separate If so, these are two different species. Isn't it? Talking about topographic topographic Is. So if they are living separately for Example, these people are living somewhere else, these people are living somewhere else. And these two different species are living Are. What is this? These two different species

54:07 Are. So this means this is also not acceptable. was that you can't speak like that for Examples are human beings. Isn't it? There are human beings. How wide spread Are. That doesn't mean they are different species. Isn't it? that if someone is living in a different place forming a group or living in a different place By forming a group, that doesn't mean that they are one There is no species. Isn't it? So this is absolutely If seen logically, it is not Possible. Right? It is not possible. So this The second one is your topographic species. There is a concept in it, it was related to this. Then comes your biological species. Concept. What comes after that? Biological Species Concept. This one It was considered the best. Isn't it? This one Biologicals were considered the best

54:53 The Species Concept and It Was Given by Ernes Meyer. Isn't it? it was given by Ernes Meyer. This is a very important name Remember. Ok? If you understand the concept of You will see, right? So it is based on Reproductive isolation. reproductive What does isolation mean? if you You will see the concept of this species. If you look at the concept, it is sitting On the concept of reproductive isolation. I What does reproductive isolation mean? Is it ma'am? Meaning of reproductive isolation It happens if it is, right? a group of It is a species. is a group of organisms With similar morphology. If they interbreed Are doing. Isn't it? If they interbreed

55:38 There are potentials. Isn't it? Potentially or Then if it is possible and if it can happen, if They are interbreeding and a fertile Making Offspring So That Means That Belongs to the same species. I don't understand Did you come ma'am? I will repeat it again. I again I repeat from. of the species concept There is talk going on. Your concept here came that is biological species Concept. According to this it was said that if There are two organisms, right? There are two organisms. Interbreed to create fertile offspring Making a fertile offspring So that means that the organism is the same species. I belong to. like here Take one example. Like here you are Take an example. This is rats. These dogs

56:26 Are. Ok? This is rats. These are dogs. This one and this one and this one. both of these Can interbreed. Isn't it? interbreed can create offspring that are fertile will be. Which will be fertile. This is a species Went. Now come here to this species. Here But this dog and this dog are each other by interbreeding with a fertile Can create offspring. So these two species Meaning this is another species. This is a species Is. This is a different species. two different It is a species. But what? Rat and Dog together Meaning the dogs can interbreed together and Can create a fertile offspring. No Can't interbreed Can't interbreed that Meaning that these two are different species. what now

57:13 Did you understand? Do you understand now? Understood the concept of biological species Or not? Isn't it? Like I said, species It is the only thing that exists. If you have this Once you understand this, the rest is very easy. You just have to keep grouping it. Alright? So this was your biological species. Concept. I will tell you once again Am. Who introduced the biological species concept? Was it based above? Reproductive isolation. If two organisms interbreed to form a Creating a fertile offspring. that means That they belong to the same species. And If they are not producing a fertile offspring If they are, that means they are from the same species I don't belong. Those two are different Belong to a different species. Such as Here the example is one rat and another rat Both of them interbreed and become fertile.

57:59 Can create offspring. that means that this A bean belongs to the same species Are. Here dogs are interbred to create a May create a fertile offspring. So this is a It is a species. But these two together, Cannot interbreed together. Right? Right? So that's why these different species Are. That was it. so was. All right. Let go Very good. Now let's move a little further Are. So what does species mean, ma'am? Species means group of individuals Organisms with Fundamental Similarities. What do we call them? Species speaking Are. Isn't it? What do you call that? Species. Such as Homo sapiens. What is? Homo sapiens.

58:45 Ok? to group of individual with Fundamental similarities, what do we call them? Are? Species speak. All right. Let go Next let's move on. If you its You will see examples. something here Examples have been given. like mango Mangifera indica Potato Solanum tuberosum Solanum from Prinzel Solanum melongena McCoy Nigrum than lion tiger leopard a human What did you say to the lion? Panthera is a Leo, isn't it? Tiger Ko Panthera Tigerus Leopard Ko Pantherapedus Human to Homo sapiens so here On the indica, tubosum, melonjana, Nigrum, Leo, Tiger, Padus, These are all Sapiens, what do we have? These What are you representing? Specific

59:31 Representing the epithet. This Whom are you representing? Specific Representing the epithet. Alright? Now let us come to the end of the genus, ma'am. What is? We understood the species. Now what is this genus? Isn't it? what is this genus Is? Look, we have understood species. Took. Now it's the turn of the genus. Now the question is Comes what is genus ma'am? Isn't it? The question arises that what is ma'am genus Finally? Right? So as I already tell you I have already told you that only species Which exists. The rest of the things we People according to their convenience It is designed so that we can understand things better. Can. So what is the Ma'am genus? genus is group of Related Species. Ok? I have a

1:00:18 I created a group of species and I What should I say? I speak genes. if you If you want to see examples of this, look here. Just look at what is given here. Look carefully, okay, here's Solanum. What is Nigrum here Solanum Nigrum Here is Solanum tuberosum right here is Solanum melungeana right here if you If you look at species, what is a species? nigrum what is the species here tuberosum what is the species here Melungeon but if you look at the genus, these All three have the same genus. What is that? Solanum. Isn't it? What is the genus of these three? Solanum. So what is Solanum nigrum? McCoy Is. So what is Solanum tuberosum? Potato

1:01:03 Is. What is Solanum melangena? Brinjal. End They have the same genus. So what did I do? What is the group of related species called? Jean said. If you look at animals like this, What is there here? Pantherpadus. here What is? Panthera Padus. What is there here? Panthera leo. What is your Padus and Leo? It is a species. But if you look at the genes What is the genus of both? It is a panther. Correct Is? What is the genus of both? It is a panther. So Now it is very clear to us that Ma'am What does genus mean? Meaning of genus It is a group of related species. We People have put another box on it. All right. Okay, that's great. Now we go We are ahead. And this one and another category comes up

1:01:50 Have already done. Another ladder has been climbed. Is No? Another staircase. First species, then What genus will come after that? The family will come. One more thing here I want to tell you. as you as you You keep climbing the stairs as per their The similarities in between will keep decreasing. Isn't it? So if at the species level If you look at it, there are a lot of similarities. You will meet them. too much there to look for genetically similar organisms Will meet. But as you climb each step As you climb higher, those similarities will diminish. It will keep happening. Isn't it? As you get higher As you move up the category, it Whatever his characteristics are, whatever Features are there, whatever similarities there are are few

1:02:36 It keeps happening. All right. What's next? Next what do we have to understand ma'am? Family What is? Ok? We understand species Went. We understood how to live. Now Next What is family? Isn't it? Let's go to the family We also understand. So what is family? The family has a group of related genera. What is family? Group of related genera. So again I made another box. What did I make? one more on top of that one more Made a box. Created another group. What did I call a group of related genera? spoke? The family said it. Alright? with still Less number of similarities as compared to genus End Species. I'm already telling you this I've learned that as you go up Yes, as you climb the stairs, Similarities keep decreasing. Isn't it? So

1:03:23 There will be less similarities in the family, age comparison To Genus and Species. Ok? Example Let's see about this. Here if you take an example If you look here you have potatoes, Brinjal, McCoy. Ok? what is this now ma'am? What is Solanum? Solanum is the genus. What is Solanum? Genus is. And who is this genus? Does he belong to the C family? Solanaceae. Correct Is? What is this? It is a Solanaceae family. Here But if you look at the example, there are three different Isn't it genera? These three are different genera. Like here I told you what is Solanum? Genus is. Which family does he belong to? Is? Solanaceae. Isn't it? Genus Solanaceae Wright There are three different genera here. that means

1:04:11 Genus is. Which ones? Solanum, Pituia End Datura. These are three different genera. and they Are placed in the family Solanaceae. Isn't it? These three have been kept in the same family. And the name of that family is Solensi. All right. Did you understand this thing? Again we have Whose group did you create? We grouped I made it of genes and what did I do to it? spoke? I told him family. Isn't it? So If you are asked, Solanum is the genus Which family are you from? Isn't it? Which one Is it placed in the family? then you will say Solanaceae. clear? Isn't it? Now we have family It has also been cleared. Now we move forward Are. Let us see an example here. Is No? What do you see here? Example Let's see. So if you look here,

1:04:58 What is this? There is a panther here. Isn't it? These What is? Felice. Panthera and Felis. These What are both, ma'am? These two are your genus Is. What is? Genus. So this is the genus Panthera And this is the genus Felis. Now these two are the same Belongs to the family. What is that? Failed. Ok? What is this? Family Is. Family. Both these are of the genus Panthera and Felice is from the same family. the family which The name is Failidi. Right? So it is said that Isn't it true that the cat is the lion's She is an aunt. I don't know. I mean, like this I am speaking. So, I heard that, so I thought I'd ask you guys too. Is it said like this or not? cat who Yes, the lion has an aunt. because that because

1:05:45 Because they belong to the same family That is called Faily. Also if you are a cat and If you compare dogs then they both belong to Different family. Isn't it? The cat that is Belongs to the Failedi family. and which Which family will the dog belong to? Will it belong? Candy Family Se Belong Will do. Ok? Which family do you belong to? doing? Will belong to the Candy family. All right. So we should understand family well. I have arrived. Now let's go a little further Let's move on and solve some questions We do. See how to solve the question That's what it means. Isn't it? to ask questions This means that what you read is I understand it. If your question is correct

1:06:31 If it is there then that means that is your topic. It is clear. Even if the questions are not correct If it is there then there is no problem. Us I have an idea on which topic we should discuss. Have to work. Ok? If I have this topic This question is wrong. That is a good thing No. I came to know that this topic of mine was week. Is. I will go and work on that. I will solve the question again. Is the problem solved? So for this reason The meaning of asking questions is that whatever is happening now Have you understood the things I have taught you so far? Are they coming or not? Alright, let's go let start. So what is the question? What does the question say? group of similars Organisms with fundamental similarities are Non age very very easy question. What lyrics Is there any question? group of similars Organisms with Fundamental Similarities. What do we call that? Do we him

1:07:18 Genus speak? Do we call that an order? Are? Do we call that family? Do we call it a species? You your You will give the answer in the comment section. to the video Please pause and write your answer. Comment In the section. All right. The correct answer will come Its D species. The largest of the species There are fundamental similarities. genetically Similar organisms to you at the species level Only these can be seen. Specific Characters. Like I gave an example You have Cat's. Isn't it? Barfili Singh's I had given an example. Alright? So what our The correct answer is that it will come D. Ok? Okay, that's great. Let's move ahead. Second Let's solve the question. second question What do you say? Lion and Tiger Belong To Family. Lion and Tiger belong to which family?

1:08:03 Do you belong? Is that Candy? What Is? Is that Hominidae? Is that a Mercedes Is? Is that Faleady? Isn't it? Yes. Which one Do you belong to the family? You guys have your Please write your answer in the comment section. and the Correct answer is Faily. Isn't it? Correct What is the answer? It is Failidi. All right. D is the Correct Answer. Come on, let's move on. another question Let's solve it. what is another question Does he speak? Biological Species Concept was given by who gave the biological Species concept? You have four options. A A is Linnaeus, B is John Ray, C is Arnmayer, D is ap de Candolle. Right? Answer to this also Do mention it in the comment section. and the Correct answer is See Earned Mayor. Isn't it?

1:08:50 What did he give? Biological The concept of species was given. All right. Let go

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