AKIDAH AKHLAK KELAS XI BAB MUNCULNYA ALIRAN KALAM DALAM PERISTIWA TAHKIM

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Video ini membahas latar belakang munculnya aliran-aliran kalam dalam Islam, khususnya setelah peristiwa tahkim (arbitrase). Perpecahan umat Islam menjadi beberapa golongan setelah wafatnya Nabi Muhammad SAW dan mencapai puncaknya setelah terbunuhnya Khalifah Utsman bin Affan. Peristiwa tahkim, yang seharusnya menyelesaikan konflik antara Ali bin Abi Thalib dan Muawiyah, justru memperdalam perpecahan dan memunculkan berbagai aliran kalam seperti Khawarij, Syiah, dan Murji'ah.

  • Perpecahan umat Islam bermula dari perbedaan politik dan kemudian merambah ke perbedaan teologis.
  • Peristiwa tahkim menjadi titik balik yang mempercepat munculnya berbagai aliran kalam.
  • Pembunuhan Ali bin Abi Thalib merupakan dampak dari konflik yang berkepanjangan.

Pendahuluan

Video ini membahas tentang kompetensi dasar 3.1, yaitu menganalisis latar belakang munculnya aliran-aliran kalam yang terjadi akibat peristiwa tahkim. Tujuan pembelajaran ini adalah untuk memahami bagaimana perbedaan pendapat dan konflik politik pada masa awal Islam memicu lahirnya berbagai pemikiran teologis yang berbeda.

Pengertian Ilmu Kalam

Ilmu kalam adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang keyakinan atau rukun iman dalam Islam, yaitu iman kepada Allah, malaikat, kitab-kitab Allah, rasul-rasul Allah, hari kiamat, serta qada dan qadar. Ilmu ini membahas dasar-dasar keyakinan Islam dan berusaha untuk memberikan argumentasi rasional terhadap keyakinan tersebut.

Kondisi Umat Islam pada Masa Nabi Muhammad SAW

Pada masa Nabi Muhammad SAW, umat Islam masih bersatu dan tidak ada perpecahan dalam masalah akidah. Jika terjadi perbedaan pendapat, para sahabat langsung bertanya kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW dan solusi dari beliau selalu ditaati. Semangat persatuan sangat dijaga oleh para sahabat dengan berpegang pada Al-Qur'an, khususnya surat Al-Anfal ayat 46 yang menekankan pentingnya taat kepada Allah dan Rasul serta menghindari perselisihan.

Masa Khulafaurrasyidin dan Awal Perpecahan

Pada masa Khulafaurrasyidin, terutama pada masa Abu Bakar dan Umar bin Khattab, persatuan umat Islam masih terjaga meskipun muncul beberapa nabi palsu dan penolakan membayar zakat. Namun, masalah-masalah ini dapat diatasi oleh Abu Bakar As-Siddiq. Benih-benih perpecahan mulai muncul pada akhir pemerintahan Utsman bin Affan, terutama karena kebijakan-kebijakan reformasi yang dilakukannya dalam bidang pemerintahan yang menyebabkan situasi politik menjadi tidak stabil. Ketidakstabilan ini mencapai puncaknya dengan pembunuhan Utsman bin Affan, yang dikenal sebagai al-fitnah al-kubra atau fitnah besar. Peristiwa ini dianggap sebagai akar dari munculnya berbagai sekte atau aliran dalam Islam.

Peristiwa Tahkim dan Dampaknya

Setelah pembunuhan Utsman bin Affan, Ali bin Abi Thalib diangkat menjadi khalifah dalam situasi yang sulit. Muawiyah, yang merasa mewakili keluarga Utsman, menuntut agar Ali memprioritaskan pengusutan kasus pembunuhan Utsman. Karena tidak menemukan titik temu, Muawiyah menolak berbaiat kepada Ali dan secara terbuka menentang kekhalifahannya. Konflik ini berujung pada Perang Shiffin yang kemudian diakhiri dengan perundingan atau tahkim di Daumatul Jandal. Dalam perundingan tersebut, disepakati bahwa Ali dan Muawiyah harus diturunkan dari jabatannya. Namun, Amr bin Ash dari pihak Muawiyah menyampaikan hasil perundingan yang berbeda, yaitu Ali diturunkan dan Muawiyah diangkat sebagai khalifah. Hal ini menyebabkan kekacauan dan kekecewaan di pihak Ali.

Terbentuknya Faksi-Faksi dan Munculnya Aliran Kalam

Akibat peristiwa tahkim, umat Islam terpecah menjadi tiga faksi: kelompok yang setia kepada Ali (cikal bakal Syiah), kelompok yang memisahkan diri dari Ali (Khawarij), dan kelompok yang mendukung Muawiyah. Perpecahan ini awalnya hanya terkait masalah politik, tetapi kemudian merambah ke masalah akidah atau teologi. Kaum Khawarij menganggap Ali dan Muawiyah sebagai kafir karena dianggap mencampuradukkan kebenaran dan kesalahan. Mereka kemudian merencanakan pembunuhan terhadap Ali, Muawiyah, dan Amr bin Ash. Namun, hanya Ali yang berhasil dibunuh, sementara Muawiyah hanya terluka dan Amr bin Ash selamat.

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0:00 Hello, peace be upon you, welcome to the learning of aqidah and akhlak with the timeline of Islamic Education teachers Hi, okay, today we will learn about one of the basic competencies, namely basic competency 3.1 analyzing the background of the emergence of schools of kalam in the tahkim event. Okay, my children, at the end of the reign of the khulafa urrasyidin, the

0:46 science of kalam has split into several schools such as the Khawarij Murji'ah Shia Jabariyah Qodariyah and others. So what is the background of the emergence of these schools of kalam. Hi, to be able to answer this question, let's observe and pay attention to the following explanation. Hi, before we learn about the background of the emergence of schools of kalam. What do you know about the science of kalam?

1:32 In Islam, we know six pillars of faith, namely faith in Allah, faith in the angels, faith in the books of Allah, faith in the Messengers, faith in the Day of Judgment, and faith in Qada and Qadar. As for the science that studies faith, namely faith in Allah, faith in the angels, faith in the books of Allah, faith in the prophets. The Apostle's faith in the Day of Judgment and faith in Qada and Qadar. This is what is called the science of kalam the lounge. Hi regarding the history of the science of kalam, we begin by discussing the

2:18 Islamic creed during the time of the Prophet Muhammad Shallallahu Alaihi Wasallam, when the Prophet Muhammad Shallallahu Alaihi Wa Sallam was still alive, Muslims can be said to be still united, there are no divisions in the sects or firqoh of the science of kalam. If there is a difference in understanding of a problem, the companions immediately consult the prophet with the guidance of the prophet, then all problems can be resolved. and the friends obey it. O the spirit of unity is very much maintained by the friends because they always adhere to the word of Allah, Koran

3:04 surah al-anfal verse 46, which means and obey you all to Allah and His Messenger and do not argue because all of that will cause you to fail. Koran surah al-anfal verse 46. During the time of the Prophet, the Companions who came to the Prophet were not to debate the teachings he brought but to ask questions that they did not yet understand. The embryo of division only emerged after the Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu Alaihi Wasallam died at that time Khulafaurrasyidin Hi during the khulafaurrasyidin era,

3:51 especially during the reign of Abu Bakar and Umar Bin Khattab, the unity of the Muslim community could still be maintained even though at the beginning of the caliphate, several false prophets appeared and some Muslims were reluctant to pay zakat. However, all these problems could be overcome by Abu Bakar as-Siddiq. The seeds of division began to appear at the end of the reign of Uthman bin Affan, namely when Uthman bin Affan carried out reforms in the field of government administration. The policies taken by the Caliph Uthman had an impact on an

4:37 unstable political situation. The unstable political situation during the Caliph Uthman bin Affan reached its peak with the assassination of the third Caliph. Hi this sad event in Islamic history is known as al fitnah al-kubra or the great slander. This event is considered to be the root of the emergence of sects or schools of thought in Islam. Hi hai Hi after the assassination of Uthman bin Affan Ali bin Abi Tholib was appointed caliph in a very difficult situation. The assassination of Uthman bin Affan

5:23 became a very heavy burden to be resolved. Muawiyah, who at that time felt that he was representing the family of Uthman bin Affan, demanded that Ali bin Abi Tholib prioritize the investigation into the murder of Uthman bin Affan. In fact, Ali bin Abi Tholib had seriously tried to uncover the murder case of Uthman but had not succeeded. Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan did not want to pledge allegiance to Ali bin Abi Tholib and openly rejected his caliphate. Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan, who at that time served as governor in Syam, assembled a force to fight against Gholib. Analyst bin Abi Thalib

6:10 eventually fought. The two disciplined forces fought in the month of Shafar 37 Hijri. The battle between Ali bin Abi Thalib's troops and Muawiyah's troops was what was later known as the Shiffin War. The battle between Ali bin Abi Thalib's troops and Muawiyah's troops ended with negotiations. Daumatul Jandal was the location agreed to be used as a place for negotiations. The negotiation event between Ali bin Abi Thalib and Muawiyah's party was what was later known as tahkim or arbitration. Each delegation consisted of four

6:58 hundred people delegate Ali bin Abi Tholib led by Abu Musa al-Asy'ari while Muawiyah delegation led by Amr Bin as in the negotiations reached an agreement that to calm the conflict Ali Bin Abi Thalib and Muawiyah must be removed from their positions after reaching an agreement then Amr Bin as asked Ali Bin Abi Thalib to convey the results of the negotiations first Ali Bin Abi Thalib conveyed the results of the negotiations in front of the Muslim community according to the agreement that to

7:45 stop the conflict then Ali Bin Abi Thalib and Muawiyah were removed from their positions to calm the conflict then Ali bin Abi Thalib was removed as caliph Amr Bin as invited Ali bin Abi Thalib to convey the results of the negotiations first it turned out to be just a strategy to win diplomacy Hai Amr Bin as conveyed different results of the negotiations after Ali Bin Abi Thalib conveyed the results of the negotiations Amr Bin as stated that to calm

8:31 the conflict then Ali bin Abi Thalib was removed as caliph and replaced by Muawiyah as leader of the Muslim community He heard Amr Bin as's statement, one can imagine how chaotic and noisy the atmosphere was. Dido Mantul General at that time, all supporters of Ali bin Abi Tholib were certainly very disappointed, on the other hand, Mu'awiyah's camp was happy and rejoiced after the chaotic incident. Ali bin Abi Tholib's side left the city of Domato Jandal to Mecca to inform the results of the tahkim meeting, while Amr Bin as and his

9:18 delegation members left Domato General to meet and inform Mu'awiyah about the results of the tahkim and at the same time congratulate Mu'awiyah who was appointed as caliph to replace Ali bin Abi Tholib. As for the impact of the tahkim event, the Muslims were divided into three factions, namely the first faction, a group loyal to Ali Bin Abi Thalib, which later became the embryo of the Shia group. The second faction was a splinter group of Ali Bin Abi Thalib, which was later known as the Khawarij, while the last faction was a

10:05 group that supported Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan. Initially, the division among Muslims only debated political issues, but then spread to issues of faith or theology, for example, Warid's attitude towards Ali Bin Abi Thalib and Muawiyah were considered infidels because they were considered to mix the right and the wrong. Therefore, they planned to kill Ali Bin Abi Thalib, Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan and Amr Bin regarding the murder plan, it was carefully planned. Ibn Muljam was assigned to kill Ali bin Abi Tholib in Kufa, Hajjaj bin Abdullah was assigned to kill Muawiyah in

10:54 Damascus, and Amr Bin Bakar was assigned to kill Amr Bin al-'ash in Egypt, but in the end, only Ali bin Abi Tholib was killed, while Muawiyah only suffered injuries and Amr Bin as survived completely because he did not go to the mosque and only managed to kill Khadijah who was thought to be Amr Bin as because of her similar appearance. Hi, my children, hopefully what has been conveyed can add to the treasury of knowledge related to the material on the emergence of the flow of kalam in the tahkim incident. Thank you, katsiron, hopefully it will be useful. Wassalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh, hi,

11:42 the lounge.

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