0:00 [music] either or [music] this podcast about scientific discoveries and the people who make them is called the naked mole rat Now you can hear How this
0:45 wonderful animal squeaks I will remind you that the naked mole rat is not a naked road worker but a rodent from East Africa that does not age and does not get cancer in the second season we had an episode about the naked mole rat and its longevity usually because in nature large animals live a long time and small ones live a short time, only a few years, but the mole rat, being a small animal, lives an atypically long time up to 30-40 years it is as if a person of his size lived 600 years death from aging for most mammals is death from cancer but mole rats do not get cancer and do not have other diseases of old age
1:33 when the Sun this became clear colonies of mole rats moved to luxurious modern laboratories for example in Google Abet or Harvard or the University of Rochester Where are we going today many scientific groups in Europe in the USA are trying to find out the secret of the naked some people are interested in his constantly low body temperature, and some study, for example, all of him in bulk and analyze this Big data using machine learning. But our story today will revolve around one, at first glance, completely private incident. Our Guest is one of the main experts on aging and on bare Earth digging. I am Vera
2:18 Gorbunova. I am a professor at the University of Rochester and I study aging. This story began 15 years ago with one detail that I would like to tell you about because it is very typical and because it gives an idea of how this craft works. Scientists made such an observation. They tried to grow not diggers, but their cells in a Petri dish, and then it turned out that the liquid nutrient medium in which the cells usually live quickly becomes viscous like jelly and clogs the tubes through which lab technicians suck out the medium to change it to a new one. Well, at first, somehow people did n’t think much about it at all. They say that it interferes with clogging
3:06 all sorts of tubes there, but then We noticed that the cells have an unusual growth pattern and that they seem to sense when the medium is filling up. some spaces still remain and therefore we began to think that maybe what makes the environment viscous also somehow gives some kind of signal to the cells and what thoughts then began to look for what it is it turned out that hyaluronic acid then Vera Gorbunova and her colleagues realized that the mole rat has one big feature literally a huge feature in its skin and then in different organs in the space between the cells they found
3:52 molecules of hyaluronic acid of a gigantic size Now I will explain hyaluronic acid is such a complex substance a polymer that is found in all vertebrates from fish to birds and from frogs to us, that is, to people, for example, in the body of one person about 15 g of hyaluronic acid about half is contained in the skin and the rest in different internal organs per day in the whole human body about is produced as all victims of aggressive marketing of any cosmetology know potentially This substance makes the skin strong and viscous in the joints there is also
4:38 hyaluronic acid But it is more liquid and it works as a lubricant hyaluronic acid is in cartilages and ligaments in the membranes of organs in the lining of various cavities of the body and it usually fills the space between cells and is also usually contained in the outer membrane of cells surrounding the cells in such a shield jelly this polymer has the property of absorbing a lot of water that is, one part of the polymer swells in water about a thousand times a little like dry gelatin from which we make jelly in the kitchen And by the way, hyaluronic acid can draw water from your skin If you, I repeat, are a victim of advertising and continuously apply hyaluronic acid to your face often as a
5:24 result the skin cracks and becomes inflamed Here you need to explain a little I said This means that the molecule is similar to a long chain of beads these chains come in different lengths short chains are more common than large ones and large ones are mainly found in the skin and they are 10 times larger than short ones and here the naked mole rat, as it turned out, has giant chains they weigh 10 times more than the largest chains in humans and in the body of mole rats there are a lot of giant chains they are in all there are no other animals like them on the planet in the organs mole rats are made of a special dough how did it
6:10 happen maybe it's in the way of life naked mole rats live underground in the desert and there are such tightly packed rocky sandy soils in these soils a system of narrow and very long twists of passages with sharp stones these animals do not come to the surface and are always mouth new passages with teeth in search of juicy rhizomes For example, the Mole is covered with fur and digs black soil And in the desert of East Africa he simply could not dig his covers would be subject to severe wear mole rats adapted to these conditions they lost their fur And their skin is very strong stretches well and gathers in folds They are so invulnerable that they do not even
6:55 need information about pain and they would have lost skin receptors in their evolution they do not care that they touched something they just go forward like such a small digging apparatus all this became possible because their skin, I repeat again, is very strong and stretches well because it contains many giant chains hyaluronic acid when Vera Gorbunova's employees saw the same hyaluronic jelly that surrounded the mole rat cells in a dish, they came up with a hypothesis. What if it is precisely because of this strange hyaluronic acid that they do not have tumors? Maybe cancer cells and tumors have a hard time
7:42 living in such an environment and find it difficult to spread and metastasize. To test this idea, they conducted their first experiment. They used mice in whose skin, under the influence of a special poison, cancerous tumors easily arose. If you implant healthy cells from other mice into them, these cells also readily became cancerous. What if you implant mole rat cells into such mice? In the first part of this experiment, scientists took naked mole rat cells and implanted them into the skin of mice. The cells refused to turn into cancer cells. But there could be many different reasons for this. And scientists were interested in the role of hyaluronic acid, and that is
8:28 why Gorbunova's group then conducted a second experiment. They specifically broke the ability of mole rat cells to produce these giant chains of hyaluronic acid and then the landing net willingly turned into cancerous and created tumors, which means that the unusual form of hyaluronic acid really protects mole rats from cancer and this is interesting But these were just skin cells IZH mice into the skin and cancer which scientists studied It was skin cancer but does hyaluronic acid have anything to do with aging in general because aging is far from just cancer from the incident about the
9:15 unusual craving for the skin of some desert animal our story turns into a rather big story about how the body works as a whole as a complex system where as one of my friends said Little boy everything is connected with everything in order to move on We need a rather epic experiment we need to transfer this feature entirely to another organism that is needed about mole rats and see what happens if we find in a long-living animal some Gene or mechanism that is important for its longevity so you immediately think and can it be transferred to another animal will it help mice live longer
10:00 Because if it helps mice maybe then it can be transferred to people too There are 48,000 genes in the mouse genome, that's how many genes are needed in nature to grow a mouse from one cell, make an adult mouse out of it, and then keep it alive until it can reproduce. Last year, Gorbunova's group published an article in Nature. About the experiment on a naked mole rat, it took 10 years. That's how much time was needed to get, grow, age, and study a hundred mice in whose entire body 48,000 genes work. They
10:46 did IVF, that is, they created mice in a test tube and before implanting them, they added one gene to these lumps of mouse cells. The gene was copied from the naked mole rat genome. What kind of gene is this? We are talking about the gene that codes for the creation of a remarkable machine for the production of giant chains of hyaluronic acid. This is an enzyme called hyaluronic synthase. This enzyme is built into the surface of cells and squeezes the finished polymer out of the cells like paste from a tube. Scientists have found that the mole rat 's hyaluronic acid works in a special way. synthase although it is not yet clear how exactly otherwise How and why
11:31 such large chains are assembled but it became clear what needs to be done mice are needed in whose genomes the gene encoding the enzyme specifically for mole rats will be written And so in the laboratory of Professor Vera Gorbunova from the University of Rochester unusual mice grew up these mice lived there grew up and looked like ordinary mice all the indicators were also quite ordinary and perhaps for a long time no one would have noticed anything if not for a strange incident this, frankly speaking, was not my observation it was a veterinarian's observation we asked to give an injection to these mice there was something that needed to be injected and asked the veterinarian Varya to help because our lab assistant was
12:18 not there at the time or something like that and then the veterinarian tells us something is wrong with your mice It's strange they have such elastic skin that stretches it turns out that Yes, they really do have hyaluronic acid in their skin That is, it even turned out that a person completely unexpectedly made such an observation that is, these mole rat mice cannot be distinguished externally but can be distinguished by touch especially if you are well versed in ordinary mouse skins by touch at the start of such an experiment we know nothing about how the cells of the tissue and organs will use this particular implanted gene how to find out what this led to in practice for this it was necessary to grow
13:04 a hundred of such mice and subject them to comprehensive study and testing the first result when these mice were cut into many pieces after death it turned out that in many cells of the tissues and organs of these Zemlyakov mice the machine taken from the mole rat the enzyme hyaluronic synthase really started working and they really began to get giant chains of hyaluronic acid like the mole rat these giant chains were found in mice mainly in the skin in the muscles in the heart in the kidneys in the bone marrow and another result on such living mice if you inject them with special carcinogenic poisons in the skin they refuse to develop tumors but not
13:51 only in the skin here is what is interesting usually in laboratory mice of this breed the main cause of death is lymphomas bone marrow tumors so they get old and die in mutants at the mole rat Mice did not develop lymphomas and Vera Gorbunova connects this is with the fact that their bone marrow is dug up with these giant chains of hyaluronic acid But the most interesting thing is that these mutants generally refused to age And by the way, what does this mean in reality, what is it like to age at all [music] It's amazing, but no one knows exactly how
14:38 aging works There are many theories, many different mechanisms that are studied in this science, on the one hand, there are things that are simply visible to the eye that we can measure: the aging of the liver, the condition of the fur, muscle strength, mobility, dexterity, vision, hearing, osteoporosis, here is the fragility of bones in females Why does all this happen? No one knows similar markers of aging, but no longer visible externally, can be found at the DNA level, for example, there is such a phenomenon called methylation of the genome, biological age, that is, the accumulation of special marks on DNA molecules, these marks are our age baggage, they remain Every time
15:24 cells access their DNA libraries during life, and these marks can be analyzed, this is a kind of time counter Well, that is, such a clock, they are even called that [music] More and more people are discussing who they should kill here This is inflammation with with age all inflammatory processes increase and today many diseases of old age heart attack stroke diabetes
16:11 macular degeneration is the main cause of senile blindness all these diseases of old age today are studied from this angle That is, as inflammation as an attack of the immune system on its own organs why this happens also no one knows but this can also be measured and the age of a specific animal another popular concept of aging perhaps this process insidiously overtakes us over the entire surface of the intestine And this is 300 Quad mtro and maybe this is the root of all troubles signs of aging of this surface are known the so -called increased intestinal permeability When the inner wall becomes more permeable and through not into the ditch various
16:57 toxins are considered this mechanism the cause of many age-related troubles however no one has yet proven this in humans in medicine so far this mechanism is studied in mice and in the laboratory of Professor Vera Gorbunova these about the earthworm their mutant mice were studied on all these points they were more cheerful they solved complex problems better they were less bald and muscles they are not so fast lost in old age they were mobile and on all deep floors too and the structure of the liver and inflammation this intestinal permeability DNA methylation on all counts they defeated ordinary normal mice and all these effects all these differences were especially strong in old age in the
17:43 third year of life Vera Gorbunova says that by this age an inexperienced look would easily distinguish such a little Lousy with age wool begins to lose But these transgenic mice look better they have such a good shiny fur friends Now you are listening to the last episode of the fourth season of our podcast But in addition to the main episodes We have many more bonuses in this season we made as many as 11 pieces among them not only full interviews with our heroes in the language but also several
18:30 Russian-language bonuses for example for this episode we got a bonus with stories that did not fit into the main episode Here is about this story with mole mice and there I tell how scientists solved the problem of embryos that did not want to develop in hyaluronic jelly and also some amazing story about dogs of the breed Shar Pei and their amazing skin and they also tell us something about hyaluronic acid you listen to bonus releases through a subscription or or plus in a closed Telegram channel or in Apple podcast and there you will get access to all bonus releases of all podcasts of the studio or-or or you can support me personally if you subscribe to my boost or patreon And if you have already subscribed, you can
19:16 recommend it to friends or relatives all links will be in the description of this release and one more announcement If you listen to this episode on the day of release, then the day after tomorrow on Friday, July 12, there will be a celebration of the birthday of the studio or-or we are turning 5 years old and the offline party will take place in Tbilisi Therefore, if you are also here, then be sure to come to the birthday there will be performances by Lika Kremer Andrey Aksyonov Andrey Borzenko me and other employees of the studio and there will also be a DJ set from Nastya Krasilnikova I am going to perform there and show several scientific tricks you can buy a ticket to our party at the link in description [music]
20:04 Let's get back to our diggers Zron mice the last criterion of success of this experiment they actually lived a little longer than normal mice they won on two parameters firstly such females won normal females in average life expectancy by about 10% and secondly such males won normal males in maximum life expectancy by 16% but it must be said that these figures interest scientists less than that bouquet of signs of the bed that we talked about the fact that they have no goal at all to create long-lived mice and there is not even a goal to make long-lived people they are much more interested in the fact that these
20:51 mice died healthy their goal is to prolong health that is health span and not to my surprise it turned out that scientists do not know at all what these youthful mutants died from and are not even very interested in this to answer what the mouse died from is quite difficult it is the same as doing autopsies with a person there to really understand what was the cause of death and often the cause can be one and the disease that led to this can be another it is very difficult to actually establish the exact cause of death Especially for mice because they can die there at night and when they are found in the morning it is difficult to establish anything because decomposition begins very quickly in mice So the
21:39 main thing is that they died healthier and healthier at once in many, many parameters Why is it so Perhaps aging has many causes and not one and we could and we will look for not one but a thousand drugs Victory over each individual disease aging will be a breakthrough for humanity But this New story with naked mole rats an amazing experiment in the African desert millions of years ago rodents with mutations in one gene with changes in one enzyme accidentally arose natural selection picked up
22:24 this acquisition the structure of the skin changed thick soils began to leave fewer wounds on their bodies But this dragged along with itself a cascade of mysterious changes in the whole body that blocked a thousand different problems and the mole rat began to live a very long Random Side Effect as very often happens in evolution scientists argue About whether aging has a single Central mechanism or the body disintegrates maybe in many reasons how Trishkin's caftan from the proverb is falling apart This new experiment that we are talking about today partly removes the urgency of this discussion of troubles We may still have seven but we cannot exclude that one answer may work The key
23:11 question now is how to turn this answer into something that can be bought at a pharmacy here, completely unexpectedly, our attention will shift and we will begin to be interested Not in the machine for producing giant chains but in the one that works in tandem with it suddenly we discovered that there is an even stronger difference that the naked mole rat has enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid They have very low activity That is, if in humans and mice we constantly break it down the mole rat No, it remains this is an important point many things in nature are arranged this way production Here are such polymers, for example This is not such a
23:57 simple Factory process as we could imagine that is Yes there is a machine that makes long chains And there is also a second machine that immediately cuts them and destroys them to the state of individual beads such a cut is called hyaluronidase in reality the length of the chains is determined by At what speed both of these work machines if the cutter works faster than the machine that makes the polymer then the molecules are short it looks irrational at a fresh glance but it is the only way to regulate something in a living system a living system can further slow down one or another machine and so change the
24:43 desired length of the chains to imagine it is easier to imagine an example without cutter without a machine that destroys these chains what will happen then yes then the chains will grow infinitely large and everything there would have been sealed already completely solid jelly and not jelly in the fall of last year we talked with Vera Gorbunova about the details of that experiment with mole mice and of course then I asked about the next step What can be done next Gorbunova said that they are looking for and have already even found a simple small molecule that should muffle the work of hyaluronic acid in mice and then in humans
25:29 and then the chains will become large without gene modification Well I can't help but ask it is clear that you are asked about this 10 times a day what are your thoughts about a person and about the future yes about some areas related to therapy How can you imagine maybe the most Fanta some kind of scenario Well, it's not even particularly fun [music] that degradation is important we started looking for inhibitors of enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid and some molecules now we will also screen at the word screen I immediately felt like my ears news screening method in recent
26:17 years often gives amazing results we are talking about the approach when they set up one experiment after another with some sets of substances looking for a needle in a haystack They are looking for some substance that does the trick we need in our case, I repeat, we need to find a small molecule that will jam how screening works If you came up with a simple experiment, then today you can instruct a special robot to repeat this experiment 20,000 times with different substances for this they use special tablets with hundreds of wells and wells Well, for example, as in our case, a solution of hyaluronidase, the robot takes turns drawing a
27:04 drop of the next substance from the set into a pipette and drips it into the next well this way you can run it simultaneously hundreds of experiments and then watch with a video camera and computer vision or just with your eyes In which of the wells did interesting events occur in Gorbunova's laboratory the robot tested 20,000 substances from special kits that are provided to scientists by the National Cancer Institute in the United States such an initiative arose several years ago at this institute they took 140,000 different molecules as possible and ran them through machine learning for potential suitability as drugs and the computer said that here you have 20,000 that
27:50 could potentially be drugs and then the cancer institute began to send scientists if they ask for such kits of 20,000 in our case the task of Gorbunova's group was to find some substance that has potential as a drug and which would extinguish the activity of hyaluronidase and in this interview last fall Gorbunova told me that they found such a substance and even tried it on mice the first observation that we began to give them to mice and we see that in mice metastases slow down in them ra about one thing to me Horrible I want to know the name of this molecule, what did they give to ordinary mice, since this is a screening, then
28:35 it must be something very simple, small, and already known to mankind. Well, the molecule that we just found, the one we tried, is a natural product, it comes from plants, how else can I ask so that they simply answer my question, and when will we find out the name of this plant? When will the publication be published, it will be soon, we are already writing an article. Now you will hear my biggest screw-up in my entire journalistic career, in essence. I have nothing to be ashamed of, I just have to admit that in 20 years of this activity I still have not become a real journalist, but you still can’t tell me the name of the plants, what did I just do, why didn’t I just ask what kind of plant it was? No, not yet. Okay, okay.
29:23 Well, that’s pretty soon [music] like that, instead of finding out about this plant before anyone else, I was forced to say goodbye and leave to wait for the publication. I waited for many months. And finally, once again, in the middle of spring, I typed Vera Gorbunova’s name into a search engine and noticed that her group had released a print. I immediately wrote to her again. for a month I was trying to catch at least a small window in her incredibly busy schedule and finally we called each other again more than half a year later I already knew the name of the molecule from this print but asked her to tell it to us out loud the molecule is called delphinium Den an
30:08 interesting molecule is a natural product it is found in some fruits in flowers you know such a blue flower delphinium that's where the name delphinium comes from the most amazing thing is that this substance was not originally in that screening kit that the national cancer agency sends out here But in this kit there was a similar substance about dolphin nedin and it was in the hole with it that the long-awaited reaction occurred and then a living person connected to the robot to professor Vera Gorbunova the name seemed familiar once her grandmother grew a flower with a similar name delphinium in the country Then it seemed funny to me that this name
30:53 because I know this flower my grandmother grew it in her garden and I told our post doc who was doing I said Oh interesting and Let's try not about delphinium from delphinium but he ordered it checked and the effect was twice as good so we switched to A by the way why did you decide to do that there was some human logic behind it not the logic of a robot but some thought Why would it be better Well somehow it seemed that way to me Why not check if it is a natural molecule partly my logic was that if it is a molecule that is simply from this chemical library then we know nothing about its properties it will need to be tested for a very long time
31:39 before someone can take it And if it is natur comp then in principle people can already take it as a simple food supplement so I thought Why not check that is in the garden of a confident grandmother there was a delphinium so Vera knew this name a close moment when Random search is supplemented with human ideas By the way just in case do not rush to pick and eat these flowers themselves they are deadly poisonous Vera Gorbunova found out that people are already taking Delphine Den as a food supplement it is made from the extract of one South American berry That is, it is potentially Safe And so she compared two substances in an experiment and saw that this natural substance
32:25 Dolphin works twice as well as about Dolphin So She got a very strong candidate already for such experiments with mice that should be done not by a robot But by hand and this is the Moment of Truth will the prognosis come true in practice the cat has this whole endless gigantic theory and the Find that the robot made they started testing it on mice in whose bodies tumors live they injected Dolphin into such mice the belly of my postdoc Jeremy he injected tumor cells into mice then he measured the size and presence of metastases and saw that there was a positive
33:11 effect that these are mice that were given dolphin Dean their development of metastasis slowed down but that's not all they did an experiment with healthy young mice they injected them with dolphin from a young age and got the same effect of the mole rat gene with a mouse embryo remember this epic experiment of theirs that took 10 years and here several weeks of these injections and these mice also accumulated this path only to find out that it is possible to inject some simple In addition, a substance already known to mankind and so slow down development
33:56 metastases or here to inject and get rejuvenated cop after several decades of persistent research as if pointed a claw at the shelf where we already had a jar of capsules though nobody was interested until this moment however do not rush to run and buy this jar we took these articles if we recalculate for our weight those quantities of dolphin that scientists injected Mouse belly then we will be talking about simply a completely monstrous amount that we would have to eat through the mouth to get the same concentrations of dolphin Den in the blood we would have to
34:42 eat 11 kg of blueberries three times a week or drink 4 tons of Cabernet wine these are the products that contain this same substance If you eat such a food supplement in capsule form you will have to swallow 140 capsules three times a week each time this is about 160 dollars and we do not know anything about whether they will actually be absorbed in a real body if you eat them through the mouth Of course in reality no one will do this I asked Vera Gorbunova about the possible following steps and realized that they were going to launch a collaboration with medical chemists they would look for the next molecules they would involve artificial intelligence and would
35:28 achieve multiple increases in efficiency then the substance could be used in much lower concentrations the first volunteers at that stage would be cancer patients who needed to become a little like mole rats yes that is to say start making giant chains of hyaluronic acid and maybe stop the spread of metastases but I was terribly interested in discussing something else I immediately asked how we ordinary healthy people who would want to become naked mole rats This would be a unique moment in the history of our civilization if scientists bring people the results of such a study in which we started with the amazing features of an exotic animal and ended with a
36:13 simple molecule that is worth trying to use and not for treating some disease but in order to fundamentally shift something in ourselves in all organs and tissues and get an unpredictable result Povet then maybe get up a little Like a mole rat mice that is to get rejuvenation or slow down aging Professor Vera Gorbunova immediately began to discuss how it would be possible to conduct a test for such a group Volunteers Well, yes, of course, it's interesting to look at the results of this, I think at some point. It would be good to do such a fairly short urgent clinical trial so that people drink, say, for six months, and then just healthy people. And check
37:00 their health. Well, health and, say, biomarkers, aging, if we see a slowdown, say, in the aging clock, a decrease in inflammatory processes in the body, I think this will be important before making such recommendations for everyone. And this is possible. Yes, such biomarkers exist. This is a scientific clock. They take a blood sample, evaluate the Thiel NCI, and therefore you can find out approximately the biological age of a person. This can be done before and after. Remember, we already talked about this clock by which we measure aging. But people
37:45 age slowly and on a specific person, this research method, if you could show anything, then on a period of tens of years, it seems that this will take a very long time. This is impossible and such research is not done, but then Vera Gorbunova reminded me that biologists have another approach. Instead of tens of years, you can take tens of people. To be more precise, she said that when it comes down to it, she will need about 100 people. With such a large sample, it will be enough to use the new substance for one year. And if everything is ok then using statistical methods it will be possible to find signs of slowing down of aging in them in comparison with the control group even
38:30 if individually each of them does not slow down aging much I assured my interlocutor that such Volunteers will not be difficult to find among the listeners of our podcast And I myself caught myself involuntarily googling drinks with dolphin extract Dan I already really want to become a mole rat as soon as possible Although I understand all the naivety of this search of mine [music] we finish this season with a story that is exclusively symbolic It's not that it's about a naked mole rat the experiment we are talking about here is a wonderful illustration of what I jokingly call stories about
39:16 fantastic creatures and scientists call synthetic biology all that season We return to this topic how in the 21st century biologists are studying the superpowers of a wide variety of creatures on the planet in order to find a solution to our own problems We once talked about a special super-energetic body and even our society the Wolves domesticated by us and domesticated by
40:03 their females tell noba and also elephant shrew and spiny mouse but the story that we told today is probably an example of this approach in its completeness here lived an exotic desert animal in East Africa And he had one strange adaptation for life in rocky soil one unusual feature of the skin and then the 21st century came and the animal found itself in the center of an ideally complete cycle for the production of benefits for us e History is a preview of how the future is coming we will not need to take powder from mole rats as they would have done in the Middle Ages and we will not need to transplant mole rat genes into people
40:48 as we would have thought 20 years ago it is quite likely that soon an entire generation of people will be faced with a choice whether to start taking a drug from youth or even from childhood some new molecule and perhaps a whole bunch of different molecules that are all obtained from different studies of fantastic creatures and not for the treatment of diseases but for the acquisition of their superpowers [music] this was the last episode of the naked mole rat podcast this season we are going to Nani but either studios will not leave you without interesting projects for example today is
41:33 July 10 the first episode of our new podcast a matter of time has been released this is a podcast about how, under the influence of major changes in politics, economics, culture and science, our attitude towards dying, grief, memory and dead bodies is changing in other words, how death is changing along with life throughout the podcast she plans her own death She understands how to bequeath a body or at least parts of it sciences what is better burial or cremation what documents need to be prepared is it possible to scatter ashes over a favorite lake in your hometown and at the same time she understands such issues as how thirty-year-olds see their wakes
42:19 who are death doulas and do we all need them and in this episode by the way we have Sasha Primakova my wife who is just about to die where scientists doctors university teachers find a cadaver that is, corpses on which they study the structure of our body and individual organs students learn to operate and hone their surgical skills doctors and in many other issues We hope that this podcast will help both us and you better understand how to prepare for the inevitable and whether it is possible to prepare for this at all And it will also save from fears and prejudices of someone let's have fun link to the podcast a question of time in the description of this episode the first episode is already available and new episodes will be waiting for you in the podcast feed every 2
43:06 [music] weeks It was a podcast naked mole rat studios either-or it was made together with me editor Andrey Borzenko producer Danil Ostap and sound engineer Alexey Vorobyov Many thanks for the help Maria garmoniya My name is Ilya Kolmanovsky Thank you and [music]
