0:00 philosophy art democracy Olympics and alphabet these things are one of the greatest contributions of Greek civilization to mankind this great civilization together with Roman civilization is the basic foundation for western civilization that we know today and without us realizing it has been present in various aspects of our lives and it is appropriate for us all to understand the history of this legendary civilization I am Joshua and welcome to the first history use channel Let's discuss the origin of the name Greek the Greek name that we use now comes from
0:45 Arabic this is the expert Yunan this Arabic name is also taken from ancient Persian yes this is Yun the Greeks with their own language called their country Heles okay Now let 's start the discussion of Ancient Greek civilization from the new stone age approximately seven thousand years before Christ the lifestyle of farming and livestock began to enter and spread across the mainland and islands of Greece there was also the development of architecture where the megaron building began to appear a building in the form of a Hall with four large pillars located at the center point of the Hall after this we entered the Greek bronze age over time the
1:32 Kila Des culture emerged which as the name suggests is located in the Chiledes islands in the Aegean Sea the people of this culture have begun to build large settlements as well as farming livestock and also going to sea However because it stands on the islands small this makes the population of this culture very small at the same time the Minoan civilization was also established Crete Island a large island in the South Aegean Sea this civilization is considered the first great civilization of Europe the Minoans are famous for their magnificent palace buildings Beautiful spacious and complex This can be proven from the remains of the
2:18 Minoan palace in the city of Knossos the ruins of this ancient city still exist today and are still being excavated and researched by archaeologists the island of Crete under the influence of the Minoan civilization became a major trading point in its time the Minoans traded with Egypt coastal cities because and Anatolia even to Spain the Minoans developed their own writing system which historians call linear anya which until now still cannot be translated the Minoan civilization collapsed due to things that are still uncertain historians argue that this civilization collapsed due to the invasion carried out by the Mycenaean civilization from
3:05 mainland Greece and also the eruption of the volcano on the island of Santorini one of the strongest volcanic eruptions in human history after the Minoans now we move on to the Mycenaean civilization which is on mainland Greece they built large cities with centralized administration and unique works of art they themselves the mycenaean people were a military culture society led by a king called warnax the mycenaean civilization was famous for their large fortresses which the classical Greeks themselves called xyclopz fortresses the mycenaean people used their own script called linear B which was also the
3:52 result of the development of the linear script a-league the minoan civilization was different from linear Fahmi Noah linear B script has been successfully translated by a British linguist yes this is Michael ventris this great civilization finally collapsed for reasons that have not been confirmed historians theorize that the mycenaean civilization collapsed due to the invasion of the Dorians who came from Northern Greece and the invasion of the sea people or also known as the English term see people which also destroyed many civilizations In the bronze age with the destruction of the mycenaean civilization the collapse of civilization
4:40 throughout the Greek region began the dark ages of Greece the great cities of mycenae which were once the center of politics, economy and culture were now destroyed and abandoned writing and administration activities were no longer carried out making the linear B script the mycenaean people no longer used Hi and finally became extinct consumed by the fall of the mycenaean civilization in a large framework is also included in the events of the fall of the bronze age or brods collapse where the collapse of the great civilizations of the bronze age on the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea at the same time if you remember my previous short history video of Ancient Egyptian civilization the period of the new Egyptian kingdom was weakened by the
5:28 invasion of the sea people This incident also occurred almost simultaneously with the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization due to the same thing but the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization was not the end of everything the process of economic and social recovery continued where certain cities that were able to survive this disaster rose to become new powers in the future now we are entering the archaic Greek era during this period the Greek city states that we commonly hear the name began to form such as Athens and Sparta this era began with the holding of the first Olympics in 776 BC the archaic era was the birth of the ancient Greek city states the
6:15 cities that managed to survive and develop from the dark ages of Greece are now strong and have their own political influence these cities are independent have their own government systems even different and unique social structures in each city in Greek this city state is called polis which literally also means city there are many polis in ancient Greece in fact there are more than 1000 polis that stood but Of course I will have a mental breakdown if I explain all the polyester mentioned in this video so briefly we will discuss the two most famous police reflections of ancient Greece which are
7:02 Athens and Sparta first Let's discuss the city of Athens the city of Athens was actually established during the Mycenaean civilization and became a fairly large and influential city but after the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization only little information is known regarding the history of Athens It was only in the archaic period that an Athenian statesman named Solon carried out political and government reforms to form the basic foundations of the Athenian democratic system his reforms were later refined and strengthened by Cleisthenes who would later be known as the father of Athenian democracy in the south of Athens there is the city of Sparta which is famous for its slaps and its
7:47 harsh military education known as agoge I have made a video that discusses Why Spartan soldiers were so feared in their time which may be seen later the history of Sparta is quite vague to explain but the most important development occurred when a figure named Lycurgus reformed Sparta's political and social system to be military oriented because of Lycurgus's reforms Sparta would later give birth to the best soldiers in all of ancient Greece in this period the Greeks also began to explore the Mediterranean Sea and colonize the Greeks building polis New and
8:34 trading port located on the shores of the Black Sea The southern region of the Italian Peninsula even to Spain In addition, the Greek alphabet was created in this period where the Greeks adopted the alphabet of the Phoenicians or also called Phoenicians and added vowels Because the alphabet of the Phoenicians did not have vowels, the writing system that did not have vowels was known as the alphabet on the military side, hoplite soldiers with phalanges formations which were typical of ancient Greek soldiers began to be born and used on the battlefield in this era, but with all
9:21 these developments, Greek civilization would later face a major crisis on an unprecedented scale. Another great civilization to the east of Greece, yes, Persia, slowly but surely expanded its territory to be close to the Greek world and this meeting would later bring these two great civilizations into the flames of a great war. The Greco-Persian war was one of the major wars that influenced the ancient world. Well, in short, this war occurred due to the rebellion of Greek poleis in the Ionia region which was under the control of the Persian empire. The
10:06 Ionian police did not like and were dissatisfied with the governor appointed by the Persian empire to lead them. This dislike triggered the poleis in Ionia to rebel and oppose Persia. The city of Athens and Er Tria supported this rebellion by sending troops and also naval assistance to the Ionian Greeks. In the end, the Ionian rebellion was crushed by the Persian Empire and now Persia understood that the poleis on the Greek mainland could be a problem in the future. Therefore, Versia decided to invade Greece twice. The Persian Empire invaded Greece, the first was led by Darius the
10:54 First or also known as Darius the Great, but failed. The second invasion was led by his son Xerxes with a fantastic number of troops. Based on ancient sources written by Herodotus himself, the total combined Persian army reached two and a half million soldiers from both the army and navy. Although modern historians still doubt this number, the large number of Persian soldiers was ultimately unable to conquer Greece thanks to the unity of the Greek poleis and also Athens and Sparta. Greek civilization survived the fire of Persian destruction. Regarding famous battles such as Marathon, Thermopylae,
11:39 Salamis, and Plate, we can discuss this another time. After the Greco-Persian war ended, we entered the classical Greek period, although the beginning of this period is still being debated. I chose the period after the end of the Greco-Persian war as the beginning of the classical period after the great war. After peace was created in the Greek world, the city of Athens, which was destroyed by the Persian siege during the war, was rebuilt and made more beautiful. On the Acropolis of Athens, the Parthenon temple was built, the most famous building in the city of Athens and became a symbol of the greatness of ancient Greek culture.
12:27 During this period, three of the most important philosophers of all time emerged, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The contributions of these three figures to the field of philosophy and the development of human understanding and thought were truly great and very important. However, this peace was finally broken by the emergence of rivalry between Athens and Sparta. Athens, which was one of the main figures in repelling the Persian invasion, greatly benefited from the formation of the De Los League led by Athens itself or became the ruler of the Aegean Sea. The rivalry and suspicion between Athens and Sparta finally broke out in the Peloponnesian War. Sparta, which led the Peloponnesian League, was finally able to defeat Athens
13:14 with its De Los League, ending the golden age of the city of Athens. This made Sparta emerge as a major power in the Greek world. However, Sparta was finally defeated by the city of Tebay in the battle of Letra and Mantine. This ended Sparta's dominance and tarnished their reputation forever. Yes, the Greeks do like to be busy killing each other. It seems that rather than uniting, this will all change when the Greek world receives unexpected guests. From the North in the north of Greece there is the Macedonian kingdom which has long gathered its military power under the leadership of King Phillip II. The
13:59 Macedonian kingdom advanced to war to unite all the Greeks. He was able to defeat the anti-Macedonian coalition forces at the Battle of Cairo near in this battle he chose to bring his son Alexander to take part in leading the cavalry and without Phillip knowing, his son, later known as Alexander the Great, would become the greatest conqueror of his time and perhaps the greatest conqueror ever after the Battle of Cairo. Philip formed the Corinthian League to unite all the Greek mainland police except Sparta and prepared his grand plan to attack the Persian empire.
14:45 But unfortunately, Phillip II was killed in 336 BC in a political conspiracy. This made his son, Alexander, advance as king of the world at the age of only 20 years old. Alexander returned to continue his father's dream and ambition to carry out a campaign of conquest over Persia which was then led by Darius III. With his genius tactics, Alexander was able to defeat the Persian empire which was much wider and had more soldiers. One by one the Persian empire fell into Alexander's hands. First Anatolia or Asia Minor, then Syria and then
15:31 Egypt. The biggest battle and Alexander's famous battle took place in the Mesopotamia region, this battle in our history is known as the Battle of Gaugamela with only 47,000 soldiers Alexander was able to defeat Darius's army of more than 100,000 soldiers certain ancient written sources claim the number of Persian soldiers even reached more than one million but many modern historians doubt this but whatever the number of Persian troops Alexander decisively defeated the Persian troops this victory gave a Death Blow to the Persian empire which ultimately collapsed in the hands of Alexander but Alexander was not satisfied with his
16:17 victory over Persia he bravely invaded the Indian mainland or more precisely the Puncak region which is now the territory of modern Pakistan in 326 BC Alexander fought with the porous king in the battle of Hida Space and won again Alexander's territory spread from the Greek mainland Egypt Mesopotamia to Punjab India something unique that after this battle Alexander's soldiers no longer wanted to participate in the military campaign to India these soldiers had missed their hometown and asked Alexander to return home with annoyance and heavy heart Alexander who was disappointed Returned to Babylon and it was very unfortunate that he
17:02 died young there at the age of only 32 years Alexander never lost even once in his military career he was able to defeat enemies with greater numbers with his tactics and strategies in approximately eleven years He expanded the territory of the Macedonian Kingdom to the edge of the Indian mainland At a very young age he began a campaign of conquest at the age of 22 and within a decade established the largest Empire of his time not only in the military side Alexander also brought and promoted Greek culture and mindset to all corners of his territory Greek language would later become the lingua franca in the eastern
17:48 Mediterranean region for a long time encouraging the writing of the four gospels in Christianity class in Greek with all his achievements and accomplishments Hi it is fitting that Alexander holds the title of Great and his military tactics are still studied today truly a big shop influenced the world and Alexander the Great should get his own special video in the future in this channel after the tragic death of Alexander the Great we entered the Hellenistic era the conquests carried out by Alexander made Greek culture spread across the eastern Mediterranean region to India a sad thing that after his death the vast empire of Alexander the Great was
18:33 fragmented and controlled by his generals also called him doki2 His great general yes this is seleucus and ptolomeus each ruled Egypt and Mesopotamia if you don't forget their names I mentioned in the video a short history of Egyptian civilization and the Mesopotamian region that you can see for yourself the Greek and Macedonian regions were ruled by Jane leaning named cassander who if it would fall and be replaced by the antigonish dynasty through political intrigue we will focus on the mainland of Greece only for now in accordance with the theme because the other adopted regions are too large to be discussed in this video and we can discuss it another time but unexpectedly a
19:22 new power emerged coming from the west yes this is the Roman Republic The Roman Republic will later go to war with the Macedonian kingdom as well as the Akean League and Italy and will eventually be defeated by the Roman Republic in 146 BC The Akean League the last confederation of Greek poleis that are still independent will be subdued The Roman Republic mainland Greece is now in the hands of the Romans and with this ends the video a short history of ancient Greek civilization But even though it is in the Roman Empire, Greek culture continues to thrive and develop side by side with Roman culture Greek
20:08 remains the lingua franca of the eastern Roman region for centuries until the era of the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages Actually there is still a lot of interesting information related to Greece ancient especially in the field of science, for example, several figures such as Aristarchus of Samos, the first person to propose a heliocentric understanding where the sun is the center of the solar system and not the earth, Eratosthenes, the first person to measure the circumference of the earth quite accurately and indirectly prove that the earth is round, these legendary mathematicians are Pythagoras tweet and Archimedes and finally Hippocrates, the father of
20:54 medicine, and there are many more famous figures of ancient Greece that I can mention, but we have to end this video first and discuss it another time, if you like historical educational content like this, you can support this channel by liking, commenting and subscribing, if you are generous, you can provide financial support through the Pak treat form with the link that I have provided in the video description, that's all and thank you
