0:04 [music] >> Welcome you all to the course on basics of food and nutrition. I'm Dr. V. Supriya, an associate professor from the Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research. [music] We welcome you all to the week one module on nutrition related terminologies and history and concepts of nutrition. The first week you will be able to learn on the definition [music] on the nutrition related terminologies appropriately and to understand the history and concepts of nutrition. When we talk about nutrition, food is a basic
0:51 necessity of life and is essential for survival. The food that we eat is digested, assimilated in the body. It supports the maintenance, growth, and repair of body tissues. >> [music] >> Food also provides the energy required for performing daily activities. Proper nutrition is important for maintaining the overall health and well-being. [music] What is the major purpose of food? When you eat food, it goes around the body and it plays a vital role in sustaining the life and promoting the health. It provides energy that is required for your physical and mental work. It helps in the growth and development of your body. Food also contributes to the proper functioning of body systems. A balanced intake of food
1:37 will help in preventing diseases as well. How do we get the food from? As you can see the picture, there are variety of food groups that are available in the picture. >> [music] >> Humans cultivate a wide variety of food crops such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. Nuts and oil seeds are also important sources of nutrients. Animals, birds are reared for use as food. These food sources provide essential nutrients required by the body. The diversity of food sources ensures a balanced [music] diet. So, if you consume all the five food groups all the food groups which are listed here will become a balanced diet. [music] So, having said about food, nutrients,
2:22 and food groups, how is nutrition related to the food? Nutrition refers to the process by which the body receives and utilizes food. It involves the [music] intake, digestion, absorption, and utilization of the nutrients [music] through all the process which will be explained in the further chapters as [music] well. Nutrition supports growth, development, and maintenance of the body. It helps in keeping the body in good health and proper condition. Proper nutrition begins [music] with the consumption of adequate and balanced food. So, having said about food, nutrition, and all that, [music] there's a history
3:07 that we have to look at when we talk about the nutritional sciences. The history dates back to the 18th century with the discovery of respiratory [music] gases and the studies of energy quantification by Antoine Lavoisier. >> [music] >> The picture would depict that he is the Antoine Lavoisier who is often referred to as the father of nutrition. He believed that when organic substances were oxidized by the body, carbon dioxide and heat were generated. So, when we talk about the history, it starts way back when Hippocrates, uh who is also known as the father of medicine, said, "Let food by be the medicine and medicine be the food." That was being uh emphasized in 400 BC itself, where he introduced the idea that diet and
3:53 lifestyle influence [music] the overall well-being and stated that food itself can act as a medicine. And right now, people are still following this >> [music] >> as a part of the food as medicine and medicine being the food. In 1500, Leonardo da Vinci >> [music] >> compared the process of metabolism in the human body to burning of a candle. The analogy helped early scientists understand that the body converts food into energy similar to the fuel combustion. In 1747, James [music] Lind was a person who studied that vitamin C prevented the sailors suffering from scurvy, which is [music] the deficiency of vitamin C. In 1770, Antoine Lavoisier again explained
4:40 [music] the scientific basis of metabolism by showing that food combines with oxygen in the body to release energy. His [music] work laid the foundation for understanding that respiration and energy production in [music] living organisms. In 18th century and 19th century, there are a lot of discoveries that have been made with regard to vitamins and minerals by eminent scientist. Coming to the concept of nutrition, having heard about nutrition history, what is the concept of nutrition? Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining the health and preventing diseases. The body requires a continuous supply of nutrients to function efficiently. Nutrition also helps in repairing the damaged [music] tissues and supporting
5:26 the body processes as well. So, coming to the definitions and terminologies, this [music] is going to be this particular week's uh schedule where you will be learning about the introduction [music] part, what is food, nutrition history, and the definitions, which is going to lead you to the next week's session on various other components on nutrients and food groups and so on. >> [music] >> So, coming to the definition of the food as discussed in the previous slides, it is anything solid, liquid, or semi-solid [music] which when ingested, putting into the mouth, gets digested, assimilated, and they nourish your [music] body. The edible stuff that provides us with nutrients is termed as food. Food is broadly classified as
6:12 >> [music] >> cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milks, milk, eggs, fleshy foods, fats, and sugars. [music] So, there there are basically five food groups which you can remember as our five [music] fingers. Nutrients are defined as those chemical substances [music] which are supplied by the food which you consume, and they are needed as a source of energy [music] and as a structural material for every cell of the body. Therefore, nutrients are very important, and these nutrients are obtained by the food that we consume. [music] Nutrition is a science that deals with food, nutrients, their intake, digestion absorption utilization and excretion in relation to the health and
6:58 disease. Having said all this, these [music] are all important for maintaining a good health. So, what is the definition of the health? WHO has given a proper definition on health [music] as to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, >> [music] >> and not having merely any absence of disease or infirmity. That is being given by [music] the World Health Organization. Coming to the digestion, absorption, and utilization, the process of digestion begins with the intake of the food. The food that we consume gets swallowed, >> [music] >> and it passes through the stomach and the small intestine. During digestion, complex food substances are [music] broken down to simpler forms. These simpler substances are easier for the
7:45 body to absorb. The digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and these nutrients are [music] then transported to different parts of the body. The liver plays an important role in processing these nutrients. Nutrients may be stored or further modified in the body and are utilized based on the body's needs. So, this is the picture of the digestive system and how the digestion, absorption, and utilization takes place with regard to the different organs and the final [music] end products. So, if you see the food that we consume starts with the larynx and it goes pharynx and the mouth [music] and the salivary glands and then it gets assimilated in the stomach, pancreas, and in the excretion also [music] it
8:30 takes place. So, uh coming to the uh the after digesting and the nutrients that we consume, they are basically divided into two major nutrients, which is macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients include your carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, whereas micronutrients are nothing but >> [music] >> vitamins and minerals. These nutrients provide energy, help regulate various metabolic reactions of the body, and they support growth, maintenance, [music] and repairing of the body tissues. So, these nutrients, though macro the term indicates that they are required in more quantity [music] and micronutrients are required in less quantity, though they are less in requirement is less,
9:16 >> [music] >> but their deficiency may lead to various uh health complications. And another definition which I wanted to highlight on is about the malnutrition. Malnutrition undergoes overnutrition as well as undernutrition. So, malnutrition is nothing but lack of proper nutrition due to poor access of the right food and not being able to eat the right food [music] or poor utilization of the food consumed. Under nutrition is a state of insufficient supply of essential nutrients and [music] decreased physical and mental development and compromised immune system where because of under nutrition people can have a compromised immune system and they may have getting
10:01 infections is [music] very common and these are some of the health consequences of under nutrition. >> [music] >> Whereas over nutrition is a state resulting from the consumption of increased quantity of food intake over a prolonged period of time >> [music] >> and this results to obesity which is a result of prolonged over nutrition. So having said about food, nutrients, history, digestion and absorption, we are going to talk about few things which are very important which is nothing but five food groups. As I discussed earlier, there are five food groups which we will be considering it as a our fingers also. So the major things are nothing but you can put it in the form of a food pyramid where you can see cereals and pulses and then um
10:48 fruits and vegetables and milk and milk products and these things are forming the base [music] of the pyramid shaped pictorial representation of various food groups and these depict the optimal number of servings >> [music] >> to be eaten each day from each of these five food groups. So when we talk about the five food groups, how are they balanced? So that's why we [music] call it as a eat well plate. That is a new concept that's coming up and balanced diet is one [music] that contains all the five food groups in such proportions and amounts in order to promote optimal health. It provides the body with all the nutrients needed in the right quantity so that the body functions flawlessly. The components of these
11:34 balanced diet will differ based on various factors such as age, sex, physical activity, socio-economic status, and the physiological state. Coming to the next terminology, which is nothing but dietary reference intake. So, this particular term feels important because how [music] much in you take and how what is the actual quantity that your body is requiring and what is the recommendation. So, this is the collective term which is used to encompass the four specific types of nutrient recommendation. First is adequate intake, which is the normal intake requirement for your body. Estimated average requirement, [music] which is nothing but EAR, and recommended dietary allowance, which is
12:20 being prescribed by the ICMR, which is RDA. Tolerable upper intake level is UPL, which is the to the toxic level before beyond going to the toxic level, how [music] is the tolerable level of the particular nutrient. The DRI, which is nothing but the dietary reference intake, provides recommended intake levels of all the essential nutrients and safe upper level of intake. [music] They help reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. So, coming to the adequate intake, which is nothing but the recommended average [music] daily intake level, which is based on the observed or experimentally determined estimate. It is used when there [music] is not enough scientific evidence to establish an estimated
13:07 average requirement. Adequate intake is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy for >> [music] >> healthy individuals. It is commonly used for nutrients like calcium, >> [music] >> vitamin D, where precise requirements are not fully known. The values are generally higher than the actual requirements [music] to ensure the safety and adequacy. Adequate intake of any nutrient is very important because >> [music] >> we have to find out the actual intake compared to the adequate intake so [music] that we can find out whether there is any deficiency or the higher recommend levels of intake. Estimated average requirement again is a
13:52 daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the needs of about 50% of the healthy individuals in a particular [music] group. It is based on scientific research and it is used as a foundation for setting other nutritional standards also. [music] So, EAR, which is nothing but estimated average [music] requirement, helps in assessing the adequacy of nutrient intake in populations rather than individuals. [music] So, it is concentrating more on the population rather than the individuals. It is mainly used for planning and evaluating the dietary intake in groups. [music] EAR is an important reference for deriving the recommended dietary allowances. [music]
14:38 Recommended Recommended dietary allowances is being given for each and every individual age [music] group wise and it is based on the population survey and rather than going to the individual. Recommended dietary allowance is the average daily intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of overall 97 to 98% of the healthy individuals. It is derived from [music] the estimated average requirement by adding a safety margin, which is a factor, so that it gives a proper recommendation for a entire population. RDA is widely used for planning balanced diets for individuals. >> [music] >> It ensures adequate intake to prevent
15:24 any deficiency diseases. [music] RDA values vary based on age, gender, and physiological conditions such as [music] pregnancy and lactation. So, RDA is a uh major source to find [music] out how much level of the nutrient is required for the particular age, for the particular gender, and for the pregnant or lactating women, and all that. So, this is being recommended by the ICMR, which is the Indian Council of Medical Research. [music] And the values are being given, and all that will be shared in the coming uh classes. So, this is the tolerable upper intake level. Anything that you eat can be more or less, right? So, the more you eat, that it can cause some adverse effects
16:10 also. >> [music] >> So, that is being measured as tolerable upper intake level. Tolerable upper intake level is a maximum daily intake of a nutrient that you can do, and that [music] is unlikely to cause any adverse health effects. So, intake of of anything above this may increase the risk of toxicity or may lead to any harmful side effects. So, [music] if you ask me as an example, you're you're allowed to take about 10 g of salt. Anything more than that may cause some side effects. So, similar to that, anything above the recommended level of tolerable upper intake level [music] can cause harmful effects as it's given in the uh proper way. Upper limit is the important for
16:56 nutrients that can be harmful in excessive amounts such as fat-soluble vitamins and [music] minerals. It helps in preventing over consumption. You don't consume [music] more, especially through supplements or fortified foods. The normal food that you're consuming may not cause any tolerable upper intake [music] level. Whereas, if you consume anything beyond the level like supplement additional supplements and fortified foods [music] apart from the daily dosage of food may cause an impact on the tolerable upper limit. Upper limit applies to the total intake from all the sources including food, water, and supplements. These are the references. >> [music] >> Request all of you all to go to the video properly and then complete the assignment given. Happy learning and
17:43 hope to see you all in the next video. Thank you.
