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1:46 The voice is coming proper, everyone will confirm once, let's go, if everything is proper then we will confirm once , so all the things are going to be our next bomb shot after completing the Economics after completing the piti. Now we
2:36 are going to start Geography. Okay? Let me tell you some things first like who has to do it, who does not have to do it, I will tell all those things here. Okay ? And what is going to be different in this warm-up. Okay? So that 's it. So the first thing is that whoever has just completed a one-shot lecture in the recent. Okay? Like I said in the piti one about Geography that if you have completed a one-shot lecture in the recent then do not watch it. You should revise the one that you have just completed . If you have watched it in the recent then okay? The first thing is done. The second
3:21 thing is that Sir what is going to be new here? Look, the additivity that has come, the new vendor has come, so what is the new change of pattern that has been seen in this? So the first thing is that if I talk about the change of pattern, then from Geography I can say that if we assume four questions used to come earlier, then now three questions, that means one question has reduced on an average, that is, the number of students because I cannot say exactly with confirmation until the answer key comes because many times it happens that the question is of Geography of that subject only, but the students are not able to tell because it is not conventional Geography, it is asked in a roundabout way. Okay? Due to which there are many questions of landforms. So many people feel that those
4:07 are not Geography questions. Okay? So that also happens. But the main thing to note here is that from which section have more questions been seen which were not seen earlier. So the topic of landform is there and there are a couple of other topics . Okay? You have seen maximum questions from there. Okay? So I will advise only those people who have completed one shot in recent times that suppose you have completed it a week or two or three weeks ago, then you should revise that and the topic of landform should be revised separately, if not then I will upload a separate video for that, it is useful for all the other people because in this we are going to revise complete
4:53 geography in a single lecture and I am keeping in mind the kind of things that the new vendor has asked. Okay? I am going to get that here. Like, I will give you an example. If you have studied solar system before that. Okay? So we have done a lot in Hindi medium and all other things will be there. Okay? We study it in great detail there . No, we study different types of constellations, their names, how to do OPI, etc. But if I talk about the current vendor, then it has asked very easy questions. Okay? From this particular topic, like if I talk about the solar system and other topics, why do people find it difficult? Then there are reasons for people finding it difficult, like the topic of landform, ah, if you
5:42 have studied with me, for example, if you are in the batch, then you must have studied it, we have done it, but okay, so the first thing is that we do not focus too much on it because TCS asks a lot of questions from it, although we do it, but what happens in many places, in many places where Geography is taught for SSC, this topic is totally skipped, it is not taught. I am talking about the topic of landform. Where erosion deposition land because I have seen many students asking this, Sir, what is this? What is this cast topography? So it is clearly understood from there that they do not even have an idea what is this? So it means they have never seen it till date. Okay? And I have also observed this thing. So this is the reason why? And because statement type questions came, that is why they seemed tough. This is the reason. Okay? But the questions that were made, like
6:31 TCS, used to ask something very out of the box, meaning such a question was asked that it was a little in depth. Like for example, tell me how much time does the planet take to complete its revolution around the sun. Yes, but not this, this is it, okay? Those who must have given the exam would know that tell me which is the fastest rotating planet and in how much time does it rotate which is Very simple, that means there is no tough question. Okay? So I am going to get this done keeping all those things in mind. Now let me start without giving much lecture, without imparting knowledge. Okay? First of all, here is the Origin of Universe. Let me tell you how our whole system is going to be. So first of all we are going to see World Geography. After that we will see Indian Geography here
7:17 . Okay? And you should not have any problem. And if I compare both, what used to happen earlier, that the ratio used to be like this. That means World Geography 40 60 means this is World Geography. This is Indian Geography. But if I talk about the current latest pattern now, then the current pattern is 60:40. Okay? And before starting, those who have Fatman. Okay? So anyway, I will not tell you anything extra here which is not like this in Fatman. So you can revise either simultaneously or later as you like. But do go through it once. Okay? Like first of all you will get to see in Batman what we call Study of Universe. So we start all the things here
8:05 right now. Okay? World Geography, as I said, in World Geography, the component of land, warm weathering and all these things are more than there. So we are going to do those things with a little more focus. So first of all if we talk about study, then try to study a little more. I would like to interrupt again that do not expect everything to be like why did you not write? Why did you not write? Okay? If I do not write anything sometimes, then I do not write because I feel that it is not that important. Okay? So why should I waste time in writing? But why do I say that if by chance it comes then at least you should know that thing. Okay? You must have heard about it. Sometimes it happens that only those spoken things come to mind. That is why I speak. So if you think that friend I do not know this. And I do not write
8:50 because many times we have already read it. That is also why it is okay? So what do you call the study? Study of Universe is called Cosmology. Okay? The first thing is this. Now we are going to study here how will its origin happen? So the most popular theory for the origin is that is Big Bang Theory. Okay? Which theory is in use? Big Bang Theory. Now what does Big Bang Theory say? Big Bang Theory says look something exploded here. Something exploded here. What exploded? So Big Bang Theory says that there was an infinitely small very small hot done single point, our universe was a very small point. Okay? What was it? It was a very small point. It was a very small point. And suddenly there was an explosion in it. Big Bang Explosion
9:37 which we call it. When did this happen? So this happened about 13.8 billion years ago. Okay? This happened so many years ago. This happened 13.8 billion years ago. So who saw it? Who was sitting there? So George Lemaitre saw it. Actually nobody saw it. Okay? Because you know human life came much later . George Lemaitre probable presented this theory. And that was with respect to the origin of the universe. When did he give it? 1931. And one more thing which I have observed. TCS used to focus a lot on the year, when did it give this? When did it give that? It does not focus so much on the year. Its focus is
10:23 on statements of a few things because the question is asking to give statements, so it will be given long statements. Where the focus is less on the year and a little bit on whether you are able to understand things theoretically or not or just look, there is no problem. The main problem is whether you know how to ask questions based on statements or not, which we are asking at level two. It is not like that you get surprised by seeing long theories because we understand that there are arbitrary type of sentences, there are statements, there are definitions. They are generally not wrong. Where we have data fact extreme keyword, there we have to be a little aware that there are more chances of changing something here in the data. Like if I write that The Big Bang Theory was given in the year 1913, what did I do? I changed 1931 to 13. It
11:09 was simple and very easy. But if the definition is that there was an infinitely hot dense single point in which an explosion took place. It is very difficult to change it or make any change in it. So that is why this little meaning statement You should know how to deal with this question. So it was given in 1931. Okay? This explosion happened 13.8 billion years ago. Okay? Here I would like to tell you about one or two more theories. And that is Steady State Theory. Steady State Theory. Who gave this theory? This theory was given by Fred Hoyle. Mainly Fred Hoyle and in this there was also Herman Buddy, Thomas Gold. But we call it Hoyle's Steady State Theory. So keep Fred Hoyle's name in mind in this. According to him,
11:54 the universe is constantly expanding. Now like there is Big Bang Explosion, so according to him, since the Big Bang Explosion, this universe is constantly expanding till today. And how is it proved? It is proved in such a way that the distance between our celestial bodies, whatever bodies are there in our universe, is increasing. For example, let's assume that these and these are two galaxies. The distance between them is increasing. It is like you are blowing a balloon. Mark two points in the balloon without inflating it. Okay? And then start blowing it. You will see that gradually the distance between those two points will increase. So, in the same way, Big Bang Theory is happening here. Okay? Steady State Theory says that the balloon is expanding continuously, but its average properties, its average density,
12:43 is constant. Okay? You just have to keep in mind that the average properties are constant. Okay? Okay. Let's move ahead. Now let's come to the Sun. Okay? And what is a galaxy? Like I just mentioned the name of the galaxy. So what is a galaxy? What is a galaxy? So, there are many solar systems in a galaxy . It is a kind of a collected collection of many stars, gas, dust, etc. So for example, if I talk about our galaxy, ours is the Milky Way Galaxy. Which one is it? The Milky Way Galaxy. The galaxy of which we are a part. The galaxy in which our solar system is located. So there are many solar systems in our galaxy. And one of them is our solar system in which there is a sun and eight planets
13:30 are revolving around it. Okay? And one of them is our planet. And you can see how miniscule we are at, how small a level. Okay? I mean we should realize this thing. I mean it is a philosophical thing that there are so many galaxies in our universe. Now we don't even know how many universes are there, whether it is just one or multiple. Okay? But this much is sure that there are so many galaxies. One of them is our galaxy. There are many solar systems in that galaxy, the Milky Way . One of them is our solar system. There are eight planets in that solar system . And the eight planets are our Earth. There are so many continents in it. Then there are so many countries in it. There are so many states, cities, districts, small towns. You get these. It is your house, you are living there. I mean, it
14:16 is such a philosophical thing at such a small level, if you understand. And we are troubled by the thoughts running in our mind that if this happens then that will happen, if that happens then this will happen. We want to fix all these things in our mind that we will do this, we will do that, we will do this. Whereas you can see how small a level we are at and how small is our time period. Maximum how much will we live. If we remove such exceptions then we will live 90 years. Okay? If we look at the average, then it is 80 years, so do not expect more than this. Gradually, life expectancy may increase due to medical science, life expectancy may increase but over time it is going to decrease. Okay ? So let's assume 80 years. Now understand when our universe was formed? 13.8 billion years ago. Okay? Now we will see when our earth was formed? About 4.6 billion years
15:03 ago. And what is our safe time period? Only 80 years. And we get so worried about that. Isn't it? It has become a bit philosophical. But let's move ahead and keep one thing in mind that it asks us which galaxy is the nearest to our Milky Way galaxy? So it is Adromeda galaxy. It is the closest to the Milky Way. Okay? Now what is the Sun? Sun is the source of energy. But what is the Sun? Sun is the central point of our solar system. Central point of our solar system. Now if we talk about the solar system, when did our solar system originate ? So our solar system, which is our solar system in which all the other planets are in the sun center, its origin was near the Sun. It is coming, brother, I will have to write it 4.8 billion years ago, okay, 4.8 billion years
15:54 ago is the origin of our solar system. Now there are multiple theories about this as well, how our solar system evolved. Okay? So the first theory that comes out is called Nebular Laplace Theory. Okay? Nebular Laplace Theory. Who gave this? Who gave it? Tell us by commenting. Let us see how much you are in your senses. So first of all, the first thing is that Immanuel Kant proposed it first. Where there is a nebula, what is a nebula? Nebula is a rotating cloud of dust and gases. A very fierce rotating cloud of dust and gases. We call it nebula. So according to him, Laplace did that later from there
16:42 . Meaning, he made some modifications on it. So keep in mind that Immanuel Kant first proposed it. Plus later Laplace revised it a little further. And he believed that the nebula is rotating very fast due to which all the low density gases have come to the center and the rest of the high density gases have come to the edges. So what has come to the center is the Sun. Now we will see that it is mainly a compost of hydrogen and helium. That means the composition of hydrogen and helium is its main composition. Okay? There is about 70% hydrogen and about 30% helium in it. Then we have a theory which we call planetesimal.
17:27 Who gave this? It was given by Thomas Chamber Thomas Chamblin and Forest Ray Multon. In 1905, the year when Bengal partition happened. Remember like this. It was given in that year which we call planetesimal theory. Just keep a little attention about this theory . The planet decimal theory tells us how our Sun is in the center and all the other planets are revolving around it. Okay? Keep this thing in mind. And there was another theory which we call Copernicus' theory. Copernicus' theory which we call heliocentric theory. Okay? Copernicus ' heliocentric theory. Heliocentric means
18:13 concentric, like we don't know concentric, you must be studying circles in maths which have a common center. So in the same way this Sun is in the center and all the other planets are revolving around it. So this is because Copernicus gave the heliocentric theory. So that's why it is also called Copernicus' theory. Okay? Now let's come to constellation, what is this constellation? Constellation is a group of stars. That means a group of many stars meet together. That means it forms a pattern. Now how do they meet together? We make them meet. So we get to see a pattern in it. That is called as constellation. Okay ? Like we get to see the hunt constellation. If we combine it, then we get to see something like this. So let's call it Orion the Hunter. Okay ? We get to see it in the shape of a hunter. Clear? Then let's see, how are you
19:04 Piya? But what is it now, TCS was asking, but how are you Piya, how are you Saajan, all this addiction is not asked that much, so keep in mind that this Kaso Piya is W shaped, we will not focus too much on it, Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, you should know Ursa Major, so if we talk about Ursa Major, then this is known as Saptarishi, Saptarshi or Great Bear, okay, Great Bear is known as Saptarishi and in this, what is your name, Big Dipper Asterism, this
19:53 asterism means a small pattern in a big constellation, wait a second.
20:46 Okay. So what is Big Dipper? It is a asterism. Now let us read about our different planets in the solar system . First of all, okay? But before that, we will know about the Sun, what are its different layers etc., all these things? So the Sun is a type of star. Okay ? Sun is a kind of star. What are stars? They make their own energy . They make their own light. So we call them luminous objects. All the objects in our solar system that have their own light are called luminous. Those that do not have their own light are called non-luminous . For example, take the moon. So the moon
21:34 is a non-luminous object. Why? It does not have its own light. It reflects the light of the sun. It does. That's why it shines at night. That's why. Okay? So the Sun is a new luminous object. Now what is different about the Sun? It has layers. The outermost layer is called the photosphere. The photo, sorry, outermost layer is your corona. This outermost layer that you are seeing is called the corona. The photosphere is what we can call the visible surface. It is the visible part. It is the visible surface of the Sun. It is the corona. It is the outermost. Okay? Corona is the outermost. And just above the photosphere, you see the chromosphere. Above the photosphere is
22:20 the chromosphere and what is in the center is what we call the core of the Sun. That is called the core of the Sun. You should know this thing. Well, the light of the Sun and one more thing, what is the temperature of the Sun at its core? So keep in mind that the Earth has a temperature of 15.7 million Kelvin if we talk about the center. Okay? Then if we talk about how much time it takes for the sunlight to reach? So it takes 8.2 minutes or you can remember it like this that it takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds. It takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds for the sunlight to reach here, to reach our Earth surface. Okay? And
23:08 in what do we measure the distance between the Earth and the Sun? Or in what do we measure the distance between any celestial body? So we measure it in light years. For example, if I talk about how much is there in one light year? How many kilometers are there in one light year? So keep in mind that one light year is 9.46 * 10 power 12 km. And if we talk about the distance between the earth and the sun, do you know how many million km? Approximately 150 million km. But to be very precise, 149.6 million km is the distance between the earth and the sun. Keep this in mind. By the way, there is also a unit called parsec . Do not confuse it with pascal to measure distance . It is of pressure. Parsec
23:55 is a bigger unit than light year. There are 3.26 light years in one light year. So keep this in mind a little. What are solar flares? Or forget solar flares. First, what are sun spots? You can see. So where the temperature becomes very high . So you can see here that part of the sun becomes dark. So that is called sun spot. Okay? Now we will see about all the planets one by one here. So the first planet is our Mercury. Remember this fact regarding Mercury that it is the nearest planet. Nearest planet to what? Nearest planet to the Sun. That is, it is the nearest planet to the Sun. And can you recall the fact regarding Mercury that it is the warmest and hottest? Not at all. Do not confuse us that it is the nearest to the Sun so it must be the hottest. This
24:43 is not so at all. Now we will see which one it is. So the first thing to keep in mind is that its revolution time is the shortest. Revolution time is the shortest. What is revolution time? The time taken by the Earth to revolve around the Sun is the shortest. How much is it? Its one revolution is completed in about 88 days . Talking about Mercury, it has no atmosphere. There is no atmosphere in it . Why is there no atmosphere? Because solar flares, you can assume that the winds coming from the Sun are in a way solar flares, they are so strong that they completely remove the atmosphere from here. So there is no atmosphere in it. It does not have any satellite.
25:31 Okay? Satellite is called moon. So call it satellite or call it moon. So it does not have it. This thing has to be kept in mind. Only four facts with respect to the Mercury. Okay? Let's talk about Venus. Okay? Venus is our second planet. If we talk after Mercury, it comes after Sun Mercury. So regarding Venus we have to remember many facts. First of all, we know it by the name of Lucifer. Lucifer means light bringer. What does Lucifer mean? Light bringer. One who brings light. Then we call Venus the twin of Earth . It is called the twin planet of Earth. Also, it
26:16 is known as the morning star and evening star. Morning and evening star. We call it Sanjh ka Tara and Bor ka Tara in Hindi. Then it is also the hottest planet. It is the hottest planet and also the brightest planet. It is also the brightest planet. It is the hottest and also the brightest. Now why is it the hottest? Is it so? Because we find a lot of CO2 here. Carbon dioxide is a kind of greenhouse gas. And the specialty of greenhouse gas is that it traps heat very well. Okay? And at the same time, if you ask in which atmosphere of the planet are thick clouds of H2SO4 found, then they are found in Venus. Keep this thing in mind.
27:01 Okay? And why is it called the twin of Earth? Because it is almost of the shape and size of Earth. That is why we call it and know it by this name. Okay? Wait for 1 second. Then you have to keep one thing in mind that its rotation time is the longest. That means it takes the most time to complete one rotation. How much time? How much time does it take? So its rotation is completed in 243 days, 243 Earth days. Rotation means rotating on its axis. Like the one that was rotating right now, right?
27:50 As you can see, it is rotating on its axis. So this is called rotation. This rotation on its axis. And the rotation around the sun is called revolution. So its rotation time is the longest. And it is that it is not the only planet but it is one of the two planets that rotate from east to west. Right? Venus rotates from east to west. You have to keep this in mind. Right? So you have to keep so many facts in mind. Now let's come to Earth. Right? Earth which is our planet, we know it as the blue planet. Then if we talk about Earth, along with being a blue planet, it is also the densest planet. Right?
28:38 It is the planet with the highest density. That means its density is the highest. What is its density approximately? So the density of Earth is 5.5 grams per centimeter. Then Earth is the only planet where life is possible till now. That's it, we don't need to remember much here. And keep this thing in mind that like Mercury also did not have any satellite. It also does not have any satellite. Okay? No satellite or moon. Okay? And it rotates east to west. Now if we talk about Earth, then it is a blue planet. It is a dense planet. It has its own satellite and we know it as Moon. There are many satellites. We also keep sending artificial satellites. ISRO sends, our NASA sends. There are many space agencies
29:27 . Everyone sends their own. But if we talk about it, then Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth. Okay? Then if we talk about Mars, then we know Mars as the Red Planet. Okay? We know it as the Red Graha. Plus Mars is red. Why? So it is red due to the presence of iron oxide. Okay? And keep this thing in mind that it has two satellites of its own. Which are those two satellites? There is Phobos and there is Deimos. Phobos and Deimos. Okay? So our Earth had only one. It has two. We have to keep this in mind . And it is the red planet red. Why? We have seen that too. Here, if we
30:15 talk about the whole solar system, as far as we know about the planets, the highest point in it is found here, which we know as the next Olympia. Okay? We have to remember only this much here. Now what is after this? What we have just read about Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These four planets are different and after this, different types of planets start. Why does this happen? This happens because in this solar system of ours, if I draw it completely, then for example, let's take our Sun. Okay? So just after this, our first planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Okay? After this, our next planet is Mercury
31:01 . This is your asteroid belt. What is this? This is the asteroid belt. This is a belt of very big rocks. This is what we call the asteroid belt. It separates these four planets from these four planets. It separates these four planets from these four planets. Now how are they different ? So these first four planets which are near the sun are called terrestrial planets. Okay? We call them terrestrial planets. We call them terrestrial or inner planets. But these four planets are known as outer planets or Jovian planets.
31:49 Their density is very high. Their density is very low. Why? Because these are made of dance etc. These are made of rocks. But these are made of gases. So which are these two? So this is Mercury. This is Venus. This is your Earth. This is Mars which we have just read. After this we will read that would be Jupiter. That would be Saturn sorry Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. So we will read about these four now . Okay? So which are these? These are our outer planets which we know as Jupiter. Okay? Clear till here? So these four are your inner and these four are your outer. These are called terrestrial. These are called Jovian. Now
32:36 keep in mind a few more things here that you have heard the name of asteroids. What are comets? What are meteoroids? Along with asteroids, there are other celestial bodies of ours which we should know about. So these are the asteroids which become small which are small stones. These are big stones called asteroids. If they are small, they are called meteorites. What do they call them? Meteorite. And if they come and enter our atmosphere and there is a layer called mesosphere, if they burn in it, then they are called meteorites. Okay? So, sorry, they are called meteors. Okay? They are called meteorites. We call them shooting stars. And if they strike further, then they are called meteorites. Simple. Do
33:21 you understand? Meteorite is a small stone. If it enters the earth's atmosphere and burns, then meteorite is fine and it will be seen burning, it is called shooting star. And if it comes and strikes our earth's surface, then meteorite is D, right? In its place, T comes. So, this is the difference between meteorite D, meteorite and meteorite T. Okay ? I am not writing because I have not asked the question yet and I am speaking so that once I have asked the question, you will know. Okay? What is a comet? Comet is a type of ice object. When it passes near the Sun, because it is made of ice, it melts and appears to be burning. Did you understand this much? Okay. We have eight planets. There are some dwarf planets as well. That means there are dwarf planets which are not true planets. One of them is seen in the asteroid belt
34:06 which is known as Ceres. Okay? Is it clear? That means now we are going to read about the Jovian planets or these are our outer planets. Okay? And among them there are two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. So if we talk about Jupiter, then it is the largest planet in our solar system. It is the biggest. Now if you notice one thing, I have made these outer ones bigger because actually they are bigger. These are smaller. Their density is more but they are smaller in size. Their density is less than the outer ones. But they are bigger in size. Keep this thing in mind. Okay? So if we talk about Jupiter, then it is the largest planet of our solar system. Its rotation time, okay? One second. Its rotation time is the shortest. Rotation time is the shortest. That means it
34:56 completes one rotation on its axis very quickly. This question has just been asked. Okay? Your new vendor has asked this question. What is the rotation time in many shifts? Jupiter's. So it is 9 hours and 55 minutes. Okay? There is a competition between this satellite and Saturn. Whose satellite is more? So right now Jupiter's satellite is more. But now this question has been stopped from being asked in the exam because sometimes one satellite is discovered and sometimes another . So that is why it has been stopped from being asked in the exam . Okay? So you should know that Jupiter has the most satellites. One of its biggest satellites is Ganymede, which is not only its biggest satellite but it is the biggest satellite of the entire solar system that has been discovered till now. Largest of all. Okay? We
35:46 have four such satellites which are now called moons. So there are four such moons, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, which are known as Galilean moons. Because they were discovered by Galileo Galilei. Okay? So they are known as Galilean moons. Is this much clear about the chapter? Okay. Let's come to Saturn. Now one special thing about Saturn is that it has rings. You can see the rings. So is it the only planet with rings ? No. Other planets also have rings. But first of all, the interior planets, the terrestrial ones, do not have them. This is for sure. Exterior It is present in the planets. But it is very clearly visible in it. Okay? What is it made of? It is made of ice, rock, dust, gases. This is the first thing
36:32 we have to keep in mind. Okay? We have to keep this in mind about Saturn that it has the lowest density. Which one had the highest? Let me tell you in a comment. Which one had the highest density? Okay? You have to tell us this. Your Saturn has the lowest density. How much is it? It is less than 1 gram per centimeter. That means it is so low that if we take a hypothetical scenario and put the whole plant in water, it will start floating in the water. Meaning it will float. Okay? So 0.69 grams per cm is the density of Saturn. Okay? You should know this. And if someone ever asks which is its biggest satellite ? Then Titan is its biggest satellite. And the same competition continues between Jupiter and Jupiter for the most number of satellites. Who discovered it? Its
37:20 rings were discovered by Hazen. And you can see the gap in between. Who discovered that gap? Cassini ji discovered it. Let's come to Uranus. So if we talk about Uranus, we know it as the Green Planet . Okay? We know it as the Rolling Planet . We know it as the Lobsided Planet. Now why is it called Rolling Lobsided? Because it is so much tilted on its axis. It is tilted more than 90°. It is almost 98° tilted on its axis. Because of which it appears to be rolling. It appears to be rolling to us. It was discovered by William Herschel. This thing should be known. William H. Marshall discovered it in 1781 . And you don't have to remember much about the rest. Green rolling lows of 98°
38:07 Herschel are on the last planet. It is the last planet from the Sun so it must be the coldest but the coldest temperature has been recorded on Uranus till date. Remember that. So that is why we call it the coldest. Okay? Then if we talk about Neptune, it is the coldest and its revolution time is the longest. Revolution time means that it completes one revolution around the Sun. It takes the maximum time to complete one revolution. So its revolution time is the longest. If I talk about its revolution time, then it takes 165 years. It completes one revolution around the Sun in 165 years. Okay, so let us summarize because this
38:53 question asks, so if you close your eyes and imagine which planet has the shortest rotation time? Let's talk about rotation. Jupiter's time is 9 hours 55 minutes. Which planet has the longest rotation time? Venus's time is 243 Earth days. Which planet has the shortest revolution time? Mercury's time is 88 Earth days for the planet which is closest to the Sun. And the one which is farthest from the Sun has the longest time . That is Neptune's 165 years. Note one more fact about Uranus. And that is that it also rotates from east to west just like Venus. That is it rotates clockwise. All the planets in our solar system rotate counter clockwise, that is, west to east. But Venus and Uranus are the only two planets that rotate from east to west. Only these two planets. Okay? We
39:43 should remember this. Okay? Now, before we move ahead with the rest of the things, I will tell you a little about the order, what is the order, the decreasing order of the planets, we remember it like EVM Mercury, we remember it in this way, if you have any other trick then remember it, Jupiter is the biggest, than Saturn, than Uranus, than Neptune, that is, you can see that our outer planets, the Jovians, are bigger than Earth, Venus, Mars and then Mercury. We also call Venus the closest planet to Earth . Okay? Now it is different because if you see, on one side of Earth there is Venus, on the other side there is Mars. So we consider Venus. You should know this thing a little bit. Then if I talk about dwarf planets, then what happens is that this is Neptune,
40:32 beside it, let me come to that. Now this figure is the asteroid belt. It is here that beyond Neptune, we find the Kuiper Belt. What is this? It is called the Kuiper Belt. In this Kuiper Belt, we find some dots. Like we saw Sirius in the asteroid belt. Similarly, what do we find here? So keep an eye on Pluto, keep an eye on Homia and keep an eye on Makemake. Okay? So, you have to keep an eye on these things. Let's move ahead. Let's go. So all these things are related to our solar system. And I would like to tell you just one more thing . And that is with respect to the moon. Okay? I had already written
41:18 one fact about the moon that it is a non-luminous object. That means it does not have its own light. You should know this thing. Plus, we can see only one side of it. Like we recently sent Chandrayaan, Chandrayaan 3. So in that you saw that India became the fourth country to ah ah do a soft landing on the South Pole of the Moon. So, which side of the moon is the South Pole or the far side of the moon? Which is never visible to us from the Earth. Because we can see only one side of the moon from the Earth. The reason behind it is that the rotation time and revolution time of the moon are both the same. And that is 27.3 days. That is why we can see only one side of it . The one that is not visible is known as the Southern Pole or the far side of the moon. The gravity here.
42:05 The gravity of the moon is 1/6th of the gravity of the earth. That is why the mass does not change . The change is the weight. Because weight is dependent on gravity and not mass. Okay? And Mount Labontes, which is known as Mount Huygens, is the highest point here. Call it Huygens or Labontes. Now let's come to our new chapter and that chapter is Shape of the Earth. And all these things. Okay? Understand world geography well. Because as I said, the question is more focused on this. Keep this thing in mind. And as for the rest, the eclipses etc., solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, tides, all of them will come now, we will see about them. Where we will see tide wide, we will read and see all the things there. Okay? Now let's come to the shape of the earth
42:52 . First of all, what is the shape of the earth? So this is the shape of the earth which you can see on your left side. This is the shape of the earth. What are you talking about sir? Yes. So what happens is that our earth is not perfect. It is absolutely perfect. Now you can see how perfectly shaped it is. It is not like that. Why? Because somewhere there are mountains, somewhere there are craters, so it is an uneven shape. Then why do they show it as even? Nothing. We take its average. So it turns out to be something like this. This is also not a perfect sphere. The shape that it actually is, we call it geoid or oblate spheroid . Shape oblate spheroid or geoid. This shape is something like this. This shape is something like this. It is something like this. How is it like this? Now sir, if we are broken from the middle, water
43:40 will flow from here. Okay? Do not think too much here. Okay? So this shape is such that where our earth is bulged from the center. There is bulging at the center . And it is flat at the poles. How is it at the poles? It is flat here. This shape is called geoid or blade slide. Now pay attention, this is the reason why equatorial radius or equatorial circumference is greater than the polar one than the polar radius or polar circumference. Why? What is it? What is it? Why? What is it? So this thing is equatorial radius
44:27 equatorial circumference and this is polar means this is polar radius and this is equatorial radius whether you take equatorial diameter or polar diameter or radius, you are able to understand the point, right? This is about the equator, this is about the polar because it is bulged at the center, so it is obvious that the distance from here to here will be more as compared to from here to here. We can ask anything about the reason of everything, what is the geoid shape of the earth and it is geoid, why? Why is it bulged at the center? So it is because of the centrifugal force. And why is there a centrifugal force? Because of the rotation of the earth. Because of the rotation of the earth. Did you understand? Now let's come to the tilt of the earth. Our
45:14 earth is actually slightly tilted. On its axis. It is tilted. How much? It is tilted 23 1/2° on its axis. Why is it tilted? Hanuman ji has lifted it . That is why it is slightly tilted. Okay? Understand it like this. Because actually no one asks the reason, no one knows the actual reason. It is believed that there must have been an impact from an asteroid that must have been a big impact. Due to which it has tilted. Did you understand? Here the tilt of the earth. Now on its axis, it is tilted 23 1/2°. Okay? On its axis. But if we talk about its orbital, you will see that here it is tilted 23 1/2° on its axis. And this dotted line is showing its orbit. That orbit
45:59 means the path on which the Earth revolves around the Sun. So if you see this whole thing is 90°. If ah this entire is 90° then it is 23 1/2°. So if you subtract 23 1/2 from 90, how much will it be? It will be 66 1/2° which is tilted on its orbital plane. It is tilted 23 1/2° on its axis and 66 1/2° on the orbital plane. Ok, let's come now, okay? Let's come now, what are latitude and longitude? Is this okay? Let's understand latitude and longitude. I hope everyone must have understood till here. So what is latitude? Be it latitude or longitude, both are imaginary lines which we
46:46 draw on our globe. Why do we draw them? To show the specific position of a specific place . Okay? We draw latitude and longitude . What is latitude? These are horizontal lines. These which run East to West. OK? I think I didn't write the definition. Never mind. Which runs East to West. Now look, this East West is going like this, East West, so it runs East to West. Then from here we ask different types of questions like what is the total number of latitude lines? So how many are there? So it is 0°. OK? This is 10°. 20° 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 So how many are there? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 It is 10, right? Why?
47:33 It is 10. So keep in mind that after 0, one will also come, two will also come, three will come 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 will come 11 12 In this way, what is the total 90 If you go down like this then how much will be 90? Yes 1 2 3 4 90 1 2 3 4 90 So 90 + 90 Add 180 and 0° as well then the total will be 181 Latitudinal lines What is the total latitude? It becomes 181 The distance between every latitude is same and the distance between every 1 degree of latitude is 111 km. 11 is 1 km. Keep this thing in mind, okay? So there are 181 numbers of latitude and the distance between 1° of latitude, that is 1 km. Clear? Now
48:21 we should know about some important latitudes. Okay? Some important latitudes. There are some important latitudes. Like this 0° is the equator. It is the equator. It divides the earth into two equal parts. The upper part is called the Northern Hemisphere, the lower one is called the Southern Hemisphere. Then here just above 20, you see 23 1/2. It will be a little higher. Don't go by that. Okay? Don't take it too seriously. Just understand that yes, it is 23 1/2° here. Okay? And it is 23 1/2° here. This will be 23 1/2° North. I think if you are reading this much, I can expect this much that I know that this is 23 1/2° North. This is 23 1/2° South. Because this
49:06 entire upper part is the Northern Hemisphere and the lower part is the Southern Hemisphere. So, we will represent it with n and this one with s. This is the Tropic of Cancer and this is the Tropic of Capricorn. That means, this is the Tropic of Cancer and this is the Tropic of Capricorn. Did you understand this? Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn. And then here, 66 1/2° North is the Arctic Circle. And here, 66 1/2° South, which we will call the Antarctic Circle. Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle. OK? Now, how many states does it pass through , how much is there, we will see everything later. Is it clear? And you should even know, through which countries does it actually pass. Yes, because if I say, I am not wrong, probably a question has been asked. Either I don't know if I asked you this in level two or maybe
49:56 the question was in level two itself, in the level two mocks that I give you on a daily basis. So I think this was in it. What are longitudes? So longitudes are your vertical lines. What kind of lines are they? They are vertical lines. They are vertical imaginary lines. Longitudes. How do they run? So they run. We also know them by the name of meridians. They are also known as meridians. They run in the North South direction. Okay? Major distance East and West of Prime Meridian. Now what is this Prime Meridian? So just like we had considered 0° as a reference . We had considered 0° as a reference. 0° was our reference. That is , something that was dividing the whole earth into two equal parts. Similarly, let us consider Prime Meridian here. But now some longitude
50:42 had to be accepted. So we accepted it and called it Prime Meridian 0°. The Greenwich Laboratory is in London. It is close to there. That is why it is also known as Greenwich Mean Time. From where the time is measured. Okay? Clear? Now the specialty of longitude is that the distance between every latitude is the same. There is a distance between every latitude but the distance between longitudes is not the same. Now see how much distance is there here, then here it decreased a little bit, it decreased , it decreased, it is decreasing and it is decreasing. And finally, on reaching the poles, that means this is the North Pole. That is 90° North. If you go to the South Pole, it will keep decreasing like this. It will keep decreasing. And if you go to the South Pole, that is 90° South. So there also the distance between the two longitudes will become zero.
51:29 The distance between the North Pole and the South Pole is zero between the longitudes. That means all the longitudes meet each other at the North Pole and the South Pole. Is it clear? So the distance between every longitude decreases from the equator towards the poles. It is maximum at the equator. Where is the maximum? It is at the equator. And how much is it? It is almost as much as the distance between 1° latitude. That is 111. If we see a little, it is 3 km. Remember this much. 111.3 km. Okay? Which is the distance between every 1° of latitude. We saw the total number of latitudes as 181. What are the longitudes? So the total longitude is 360. You see from here. Okay? If you go around completely, you will
52:15 get 180 from here, you will get 180 from here, then the total will be 360. The total is 360. This is correct. The total is 360. This is your prime meridian. Now, from where does this prime meridian pass? Which countries does it pass? You should know a little about that as well. For that we use this trick that if I talk about BSF total then let's write it down first. So BSF game BSF game in Togo Kingdom. Okay? In Togo Kingdom. Burkina Faso, Spain, France, Ghana, Algeria, Mali,
53:05 Togo and United Kingdom. So how many countries are there? 3, 6, 2, 8 it passes through eight countries. Okay? Clear? Now here we will see a little about the concept of longitude and time. We will see a little about how the concept of longitude and time works. And one more thing you should know here. And that is the prime meridian, well first let's understand this. So keep in mind that the prime meridian means 0° that is gain which means time, when we go towards East, when we go towards East then we add time. Okay? And when we go towards West then we subtract time. For example, when we talk about Indian Standard Time, the first thing to keep in mind is that we divide the total globe into 24 time zones.
53:55 In how many time zones? It is divided into 24 time zones. 24 time zones and our entire Earth rotates 360°. It rotates 360° in 1 day. Is n't it? And there are 24 hours in a day. So one time zone or if I talk about 1 hour, one second is going. Okay? So there are 24 time zones. If we talk about total 360 i.e. in 1 hour, then how many degrees will our Earth rotate? 15°, okay? 1 hour means 15°. If we calculate it
54:41 accordingly, then 1° will give you 4 minutes. So the concept of time emerges from here . For example, if we talk about Indian Standard Time , we take 82 1/2° East. 82 1/2° East. This is the East longitude. We measure from 82 1/2° East longitude. So this 0° becomes Prime Meridian and this is our India's 82.5°. Okay? So how do we calculate the time ? So now we know that we find the difference. How do we find the difference as to which are our two reference longitudes. Hey, you are not able to understand. I will explain it to you clearly. Like for example, this 0° is Prime Meridian. Okay? Well, you will understand if you have read a little bit before . Otherwise, if you are not able to understand, then look at this, it is 0°. I will go 10° East 10° this way
55:29 . Okay? Moving 10° here means how many hours' difference will there be between this and this ? 2 hours. No brother. How many hours' difference will there be? If we see, 15 in 1 hour means less than 1 hour or suppose this is 30°. So 30° now it becomes two hours. Brother 15° means one hour. So 30° means 2 hours, so the difference between 0° and 30° is two hours, which means how much difference will there be between these two points, between these two places ? There will be a time difference of 2 hours. But will this be ahead or will this be ahead? So what did I tell you? If you go east of the reference longitude, if you go east of the reference longitude, then the time has to be added, which means if suppose it is evening here So here it is 6:00 pm, you are thinking it is 8:00 pm, because it will be 2 hours ahead
56:18 , but if you take 30° here, suppose you take 30° here, then it will also be 2 hours difference, but here if it is 6 pm, then here it will be 4 pm, why because the time has to be subtracted from the reference longitude while going towards West, right? Now India is on this side of the prime meridian, it is on the east side and its reference longitude is 82 1/2°. I am talking about India . Then if we find the difference between them, then what is it? What is the difference between 82.5 and zero? There is a difference of 82.5. So 15° means 1 hour. So what will be the meaning of 82 1.5 degrees? So sir 15 degrees means 1 hour. So 75 degrees means 5 hours. How much is left? 7 1.5 degrees. So 15° means 1 hour and 7 1/2° means half an hour, that is 30 minutes. Simply 7 1/2° means 30
57:10 minutes or half an hour. So what does 82 1/2° mean? 5 1/2 hours and we say 5 1/2 hours because we are at the head of Greenwich Mean Time or GMT or the head of the Prime Meridian or GMT. Why? Because we are located on the East side. So, what is the International Date Line? What is ideal? So, ideal is a line just opposite to the Prime Meridian, crossing which the date changes . What does it change? The date changes. This is a zigzag line. The Prime Meridian is a straight line. It is a straight line. If you look, it is a completely straight line. You can see something like this anywhere, it is not zigzag type. But the ideal is the International Date Line which is nothing but 180° East and West. This is your zigzag line. Where does it pass?
57:59 It passes through the Pacific Ocean and the date changes as soon as it crosses it. Here we were using time. Time is used in the Prime Meridian. But ideally, the date changes. There is a zigzag line and it passes through the Pacific Ocean . Now if we see the concept of the Great Circle here, what is a great circle? So the Great Circle is the circle that divides the Earth into two equal parts. Now in all these latitudes, the equator is the only great circle. This is the only great circle. That is, there is only one latitude which is a great circle. That is your 0° great circle, the great circle that divides the Earth into two equal parts. But when we talk about longitudes, each longitude and each longitude is a great circle in itself. Because this is the prime meridian of 0°. Okay? If I take this half, but if
58:48 I take the other side of it, then the other side will also go like this, okay, then this whole will become a great circle in itself. So always remember my words, always remember my words, what is only one, latitude, which is a great circle, is the equator which divides two earths into two equal parts. There are 180 degrees of longitude. Sir, longitude is 360. There are 360 degrees, but it was becoming 360 when we were adding halves. Are we halves of a great circle? Half of a great circle. Are you able to understand or not that I drew this, then I drew this. Yes? Like this. So I drew this, then I drew this. I did this, I did this. I am not drawing the whole thing right now. But if you consider the whole to be one. You take the whole to be one. That means it went till here and
59:36 what came from behind it. Okay? So it will be 180, right? So 180 is your longitude which is a great circle. Is this clear? All are equal in length. If you have understood the concept of latitude longitude then proceed in rotation revolution. Tell me now. If you have understood this concept then proceed in rotation revolution. But longitude was not 60 60 brother it was 360 Sia I am a beginner, this is sufficient with 2026. For 2026 do not read now. Okay,
1:00:23 if you want to read then you can read. You will come to know a lot of things a little bit but for that you have to do things from scratch. When the next batch etc. comes then not now. Okay. Okay. Let's move ahead. What all have you written? Sharma ji, improve a little. Let's come to rotation and evolution of the earth . Okay? So what happens in rotation evolution? Maybe you missed the video. I'll show you again. Rotation on its own axis . Now look at the one below. Now you see this one below. Okay? Come on brother look at the one below, now what is the one below? This whole thing is revolving around the sun
1:01:10 . Okay? Are you seeing it? Okay? It is revolving around the sun. This is the sun, it is revolving around it. Okay? It is revolving around it. That is called as revolution. Now, the earth has day and night because of rotation. There are days and nights. It is a very basic thing. Okay? Now, how will you understand? If I talk about how much time it takes in total? How much time does it take for the earth to complete one rotation? So that is what we call one day. That is 24 hours. But tell me whether it takes exactly 24 hours? So the answer is no. It does not take exactly 24 hours. Then how much time does it take? It takes 23 hours and then 56 minutes. Okay?
1:01:59 It takes 23 hours and 56 minutes. 56 minutes. And if we talk about revolution, what happens with this? Revolution plus remember revolution, just understand this much for now. There is a year. Okay? We will also see the seasons etc. But for now, just remember this much that there is a year. There is a year. That's it, okay. Yes. So there is one year and how much time does one year take? So that is what we say, we say approximately 365 days. Okay? Let's say 365 days. But this is where the concept of light year comes from. Where those six hours are extra. So in four years we get that one day extra.
1:02:44 Okay sir. It takes so much time, so what is the problem, hmm right, what is the problem, 75 degrees means 5 hours and 7 1/2 degrees are left, 30 minutes are left, if you add both, it will come to 72 1/2, 5 1/2 hours, just add a little bit, okay? So you will understand rotation revolution. It is a basic thing. Okay? And this is where those 6 hours extra come from where you get leap year in 4 years. Okay? There is a time of 365 days 6 hours. So that little extra means 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes if I talk exactly.
1:03:34 But you can remove it. So 6 hours becomes 24 hours in 4 years. The concept of leap year comes out. Okay? Now here we will understand a little about revolution. Okay? When any planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. This was the law given by our Kepler ji. Kepler ji's planetary law which we will also study in physics. We will study in physics only. So there we will see that his first law was the law of orbit that all the planets are revolving around the sun in an elliptical orbit in an elliptical path. They are revolving in orbit. Now when they are revolving, because our earth is tilted. I mean the earth is tilted, then what happens is that the sunlight falling on the surface of the earth is not equal everywhere. Now you watch this video, then you will understand well
1:04:20 and watch it properly. Okay? Understand it properly. Now look, this is the month of September. This is the entire state in the month of September. This is the entire state. Okay? This is the entire state of September. Now look, after roaming around again and again, which month will come? Understand carefully, I will not play it again . Look at this carefully. Now this is the month of winter December. In December, you are seeing this Southern Hemisphere. This is the Southern Hemisphere, the Equator, this is the Southern Hemisphere. This is tilted towards the Sun. More sunlight is falling here and more sunlight is being received here in December. So it will be hot here, it will be cold here. It will be cold here, it will be hot here in December. Here is India, look at this India.
1:05:05 Look, India is visible here. So it will be cold here. Why? Because there will be no direct rays. Now you come in the summer. Now not in the summer, first come in March. Now look in March also. In March, the entire Earth has become straight again. It has become straight. Meaning state means that direct rays of the Sun are falling on the Equator. Meaning, neither heat here, nor cold here, nor nothing there . Everywhere there will be equal days and nights. Like it happened in September for the first time. Like it happened in September. Now come to which? Now come when you will read direct rays sun in June. See, our India has just arrived. Now this India is in the Northern Hemisphere on India. Northern means above the equator. Now see here how intense sunlight is falling. Here slanting rays are falling. Look at this point. No matter how much it rotates, no matter how much it rotates, it will remain dark because the keelvus
1:05:53 is sitting here. No matter how much it rotates, it will remain light here. Okay? No matter how much it rotates, it will remain light here. So that is why at this point there is day for 6 months and night for 6 months. Did you understand this thing now? Yes, did you understand? No matter how much this head rotates, this point here, no matter how much it rotates, will remain in darkness. No matter how much this point rotates, it will rotate from here and come here, then from here and come here, light will always fall on it, so here sir I want to explain this to you What I want to explain is that this is 21st March and this is 23rd September where the direct rays of the Sun are falling on the equator and we call it equinox where
1:06:39 the entire Earth experiences equal days and nights. And that is your equinox. There are two dates, 21st March and 23rd September. Did you understand? And when the Earth is tilted from the tropic of Cancer, that is, on the Tropic of Cancer. This is your Tropic of Cancer. So when the direct rays of the Sun are falling on it, we call it summer solstice. It happens on 21st June. And we also celebrate it as International Yoga Earth Day. And when it keeps rotating because our Earth is tilted. So when its southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, that is, the direct rays of the Earth are falling on the Tropic of Capricorn, then we call it winter solstice. This is summer solstice and this is winter solstice. This happens on 21st June
1:07:25 and 21st and 22nd December. We celebrate International Yoga Day on 21st June. And 21st December has been announced very recently. I taught current affairs. Which day has been announced now which will be celebrated on 21st December from now on. Okay? And what else? What else? Yes, you see this point which I was showing you just now, these points are experienced by you for the entire six months. Like this is the night here. Okay? So from where would this night have started? Something like this. Okay? It will remain dark there. And what will remain here? There will be light at the upper point. And then there will be light at the lower point . When it will be southern tilted and there will be darkness above. Now if you are not
1:08:11 able to understand then you should not understand. You just memorize it because I showed the video and explained it in it. Now I will not be able to explain more than this. Okay? On this day we will celebrate Meditation Day, okay? International Meditation Day will be celebrated on 21st December. This thing should be clear to you. So we can say seasons, tell me what is the reason for seasons? What is the reason for the seasons ? So firstly, if we think that the earth should not revolve, it should remain standing at the same place. It should keep rotating, rotating, rotating, rotating. The sun should not revolve, we should just fix it at one point. The seasons will not exist. Why? Because suppose if we take this point here, then it will be hot here only. It will be cold here only and there will always be light here. It will always
1:08:56 be dark here. We will fix it here. Equinoxes are those points. We call it vernal equinox. It is called autumnal. This is also called spring equinox. Equinoxes are when the entire earth is facing the direct rays of the sun over the equator and the entire earth is experiencing equal days and nights. What is here? In the summer solstice, the day is the longest and the night is the shortest. Okay? What is night? It is the shortest. What will happen here? Here, if we talk about 21st or 22nd December, the night is the longest. Okay? And what is the day? The day
1:09:44 is the shortest. Sir, I am talking about this from the perspective of the northern hemisphere . Not from the perspective of the southern hemisphere. Okay? So seasons are caused by two reasons . One is our revolution plus the tilt of the earth. Both are responsible for this. Okay? Let's move ahead. So when our earth revolves around the sun, there comes a point which is closest to it. To whom? To the sun. And there comes a point which is farthest. So far away is aphielion and near P is perihelion. Okay? So if we talk about perihelion and aphielion then perihelion is 147 million km. Distance is 152 million km and aphielion is 152 million km. Similarly, apogee and perigee also happen. Perigee happens when the moon
1:10:30 because the way the earth revolves around the sun, in the same way the moon revolves around the earth. So when the moon revolves in this way and reaches closest to the earth, then we call it perigee. And when it is farthest, it is the closest. And when it goes farthest, then we call it apogee. Sir, what is the date? It does not have a date. There is no need to remember the date in this. There is a need to remember the date in this . Which date is there? So when the Earth reaches closest to the Sun, then that date is third of January and when it goes farthest, that is aphelion, that is fourth of July, so we have to remember the distance as well, in this 147 and 152 are correct, and we also have to remember the day, but in apogee and perigee, we don't have to remember the day, so
1:11:18 You just need to remember the distance. You just need to know that if it will hit you then remember the moon and the moon uncle and if it is a perihelion appellation then it is related to the sun and the earth. Okay? Let's see the eclipse. Now what is eclipse?
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