1:56 Hello students, good morning Good morning very good morning everyone. How are you all brother? Are you ready? Join in, join in. Quickly with friends Share the session with me. Quickly press and share the session. immediately Wake up. It's morning and morning The series of questions has started. Forest With the One Shot series. Today, take Jalji with you. We have come for you. Come join quickly. Today, whatever is ours What is going to start will be Zoology. We won Life Science within three days.
2:42 Each unit had important topics for them. Discussion has been done. Along with questions. Today Zoology will start from and next three days In this we are going to discuss Zoology completely. Are. Each of the entire 14 units is important. Discussion of the topic along with questions It will happen here. Yes sir is wearing a green t-shirt. That's why this Yes it happens. Today you will get everything checked from behind also. We will let you know if there is anyone hiding behind it. Used to be. There's no hiding behind. across me today U will see. Yes. Let's get started And before we start, some information Let me give you this result in front of you.
3:30 Of last year. This is the result you are seeing Yes, here's hoping that this time Your number will be there. Your photo will be posted here. That would be a very good score. 250 plus one The score will be yours. You will be here. Hey Sir, please tell them what you have. We have done something new today. Brother, India wins She has gone, right? Absolutely India has won and India has won. So again for you India won its third T20 World Cup And on the occasion of that, one of his As many courses as IIFA in celebration All those courses are as many courses as there are You can now get 30% off on all courses.
4:19 Going to do. 30% if he won the third World Cup You will get discount on every course. So you You can go and purchase it. For a few days this The offer is going to stay. The one who was offered 10% has been increased to 30%. So the people who Those who have not purchased batches should go and do it. Can. With that you can go to the top of the app. Whatever other information you need, You can get the information related to the exam You can get it from here. Everyone has to take the exam Here are some classes, PYQs and more All practice questions, analysis, Syllabus, cut off, all the information you need All the information is available here. you here
5:05 You can take it from. Mock Test Series for ₹1. This is already very This is a good offer. It will be available for only ₹1. Any Don't ask for a 30% discount on this. Of ₹1. By adding 30% to this, will it become 70? Has occurred? So it is not like that. It is still ₹1 It is of. But apart from this, whatever courses were there There is 30% off on all of them. Come on sir, would you like to tell him anything else? Bus This is what I am saying sir that there is a 30% discount Getting along. Brother, if India has won then We are celebrating and because of that happiness We have shared the joy for everyone that Everyone will be happy And all with 30% discount You can avail within 30% of the courses
5:52 Can do. Get it as soon as possible Because 30% of the victories have been India's. It is being celebrated. like a celebration It will end and then he will become normal. So now It is for you, you can fix it well. yes. Take as many courses as you want Recorded to take Joe Sweat PG 2027 IT Jam is being targeted Doing this for everyone, for everyone There is a discount and you can save 1% on the ₹1 purchase. It is a test series, whatever sir said in it It is certain that you will not get 30% in this for ₹1. What will you get? You only get a toffee for ₹1. Absolutely Son, if you do not have a photo on Aadhaar In your Aadhaar, you can go to Aadhaar Aadhaar. Go to any Aadhaar centre and get it done. The photo will be placed on it and even if it is not there
6:39 There is no need to worry too much because Fingerprinting is all there. It will be biometric, right son? Biometric. and automatic photo from biometric Your Aadhaar number will be captured, so your It's going to be similar wherever you go. So don't worry too much about the exam. Take tension if you are facing more problems. If you have it, go to the Aadhaar centre and get it done in 10 minutes. The work will be done and if there is any problem then Let it be, he has biometric attendance. Bus This came in an information advisory That if you have to fill the form on the basis of Aadhaar While filling the form, the person who did not link his Aadhaar number I had put it, what will that candidate do? For them I need to get there a little early and It will be biometric and our centre 1 hour before the gate closing time at the centre You have to reach one and a half hour before. Gate
7:25 biometric before closing Will go. all will be. No problem. Let's ask the questions now. Start We do. You join. Let's start our session today. Let's start today's session. And what we are going to study in today's session We will study molecular biology. Today, which We are going to discuss that molecular Every important thing in biology
8:10 From wherever questions are made, from which topic From wherever questions can be raised, all of them are there today. We are going to discuss this in the session. So let's start with molecular. To biology. and Molecular Biology When you start out, at the very beginning, you The most important part comes, which The name is DNA replication. DNA Replication. What is DNA replication? So you guys Do you know about DNA replication? Of DNA becoming DNA again. from DNA The process of making new DNA is a DNA When it makes its own copy, the same process is called
8:57 DNA replication takes place, so DNA What will happen when DNA is replicated? DNA makes a copy of itself DNA replicates to form new DNA That is known as DNA replication. Let's talk about the basics of DNA replication. of features. So the most important feature in the basic feature The thing is that the DNA Replication is semi-conservative It is of nature. DNA replication cm Is of conservative nature. cm What does Conservative mean? cm Conservative means that every new
9:43 A DNA molecule will be formed. which each new A DNA molecule will be formed, half of it will be DNA The parent DNA will remain conserved which parent DNA was one stand then his will come and the other The strand will be new, one in each daughter DNA The strand will be the parental strand and one This would be the newly synthesized strand. Has a semi-conservative mode of replication And DNA replicates in the same way. Is. DNA in a semi-conservative mode Replicates. this thing It was experimentally proven by Michelson and
10:28 Stahl. Michelson and Stahl have Had experimented. in which he A heavy isotope of nitrogen is used Had taken. N15 The experiment took place in 1958. where He got E. coli grown. Absolutely Very good morning. He grew a culture of E. coli. In Medium. in the culture medium The only source of nitrogen was Provided a source of nitrogen. He has heavy isotope of nitrogen N15 kept. And then when the entire DNA is heavy When it happened, for the first time he measured the density Got gradient centrifugation done. His
11:14 Later, transfer it to normal medium. After that he got two bands. Then again, when he said this after 20 minutes Then he did it in this way Proved it. The DNA they got for the first time It was found in a heavy density region Was found. Then the second time also they have a I got the same band. After 20 minutes he was in intermediate density and after I consciously call them every 20 minutes. Got two bands each. an intermediate density Pay and a light region pay. So in total This is a simple thing to keep in mind. to that semi-conservative mode of replication Those who are experimentally proven Michelson and Stahl, who developed the nitrogen The heavy isotope of was used. Let's talk about some important things here.
12:01 of properties then of replication The most important thing among important properties that DNA replication is bidirectional It happens. DNA replication is carried out by It is a directional process. That means these two It will continue to move in direction. Bye What does it mean to be directional? Attention Understand this from this. Suppose that this One was DNA. This is a There is DNA. When this leads to replication will start when replication occurs It will start from somewhere in the middle here. It will start. Such DNA will open somewhere in the middle. And
12:49 The new DNA that will be formed here, that new DNA It will be built on this side also. And this side also Will work. So the new DNA that will be formed will be both It will continue to be made in direction. So we make it It is called bi-directional mode off. Replication. Along with this, the replication is semi It is discontinuous. cm Discontinuous means half It will be discontinuous. which will form new DNA The two strands that will be formed in the new DNA. One The strand will then become continuous and the second The strand will be formed in a discontinuous manner. So only one strand becomes discontinuous. what we call the lagging strand
13:37 What will that strand become? that cm Discontinuous replication will occur. Its DNA replication occurs in addition to Its direction is five prime two Three primes. which directs replication that is, the direction in which DNA polymerase The direction that adds nucleotide is five prime to three prime In direction, no matter which one Whether the strand is formed or the leading strand is formed Whether the lagging strand is formed in both The direction of synthesis will be those five Prime two three will remain prime. Other than this RS to initiate synthesis. DNA polymerase, which makes DNA Polymerase needs
14:26 DNA polymerase requires a free p'OH Group Free Prime OH Group He wants a free Only then does it further add nucleotides. He would be able to do it and they would be provided to him. Hain from primer. So the RNA primer Here the requirement is for At the time of replication. Talking further about this, from where replication begins. where replication took place The beginning begins That is called the origin of replication.
15:11 Origin of Replication. of replication The origin is where replication begins. It begins. Any of your own, any ID on which Your photo should be there, you should take it. You can. Replication Origin. What is the replication origin? Is? that point that location from where Replication will start. from where The beginning of replication is called Hum Replication Origin. In prokaryotes, only in prokaryotes There is a single origin. Take care. Prokaryotes have a single origin
15:58 Is. Prokaryotes have only one single origin off replication occurs which is called Oraisi. There is a single origin site called Orai. C is called and in bacteria or replication that occurs within prokaryotes In that replication, theta structure is formed Is. Keep this in mind from here on. Here which are prokaryotes, prokaryotes Theta structure is formed during Replication. Along with this, if we talk about eukaryotes So the origin of
16:45 Replication is where the origin begins from where replication can begin Yes, those sites are multiple. Eukaryotes Origin of replication is multiple in Are. There may be multiple origins here Pay. Which are called replicans. So if If we talk about prokaryotes, then only one There is a single origin which is called oraisi. Are. And if we talk about eukaryotes then There may be multiple origins which These are called replicons. then when If replication happens then where the site Replication is going on there Replication difference is created. where
17:32 Sir, from DNA instead of RNA primer What will be the effect in replication? In natural conditions, DNA primer It will not connect. DNA primer. We only have one use the place and that's it PCR. In PCR we use DNA primers. Let's take it. It doesn't matter. DNA will form as it normally would. Is. Only if DNA primers are used So the difference will be this much in the end DNA Polymerase One will not be needed. Because if the RNA primer is used If we take it, then there is a possibility of RNA primer coming The disadvantage is that DNA is present in the last Polymerase One will come and remove it. will remove it After removing it further, there will be a gap there.
18:18 There is filling. So this is the work that is Ours will be saved. The rest of the DNA primer does not occur naturally. DNA primer is what we only use Let's take it to PCR. Let's talk further about replication difference. of. Replication fork where DNA unwinds It happens. where DNA unwinds i.e. double stood structure single Where it is converted to standard. where hydrogen bonds break Are. Where the helix starts to open it occurs. A V shaped structure was built there. She goes. Like it was a DNA of mine. In.
19:06 If the hydrogen bonds between them break Lets do it So this is what the structure looks like It is made. Some? This way the structure will be formed. and this is The structure that we have is this The part is made here it is called Replication difference. This will be the replica pork. Where this W shaped structure is built, it Replication will make a difference. If we talk Do, If we talk about which ones Proteins or should I say enzymes?
19:59 What are the main steps in DNA replication? Do enzymes come in handy? So many Contains enzymes. Like the first double stranded DNA into single stranded If you want to convert, you need helix. will be. Helicase unwinds DNA Is. double stranded DNA to single stranded Converts into DNA. This will do the unwinding. After this single If standard DNA is formed then these bases will They are still complementary to each other. There is not much distance between them either. Is. So there are chances that these two will come back together. Join together. When they are open like this, then Maybe this DNA can be put back together.
20:46 Let's join. Hydrogen bonds back to It should be made in the middle. So back to hydrogen Bond should not be formed. Here's something for it The proteins come and join together. Some proteins come and join here. on single stranded DNA that It is called SSB Single Standing Binding proteins. Single Strand Binding proteins SSB protein AKE The single strands that join here Stabilizes the . SSB Single Strand Binding proteins. Then when the helix is continuously unwound
21:33 Super coiling is formed there. Super coiling develops and that super Enzymes work to relieve coiling It occurs in topo isomerase. Topo isomerase which relieves DNA from supercoiling From. Reduces super coiling. Super Eliminates coiling. And then when the beginning If you want to do replication then do replication In the beginning we saw that a primer There will be a requirement and that is the primer An RNA primer. and that RNA primer The enzyme used to make The enzyme is primase. Primase The enzyme will come and make an RNA primer that Replication starts there.
22:32 Let go Now when synthesis takes place then after synthesis Semi-discontinuous synthesis occurs inside Is. here What is synthesis? Look at one Continuous synthesis occurs and a Discontinuous. Two new stands are built and on both the stands On one hand, what is there is Continuous Synthesis. Continuous synthesis occurs on the other It happens. Where Continuous Synthesis If so, the newly formed strand is called the leading strand And where there is discontinuous synthesis That strand is called leggings Strand. So one would be the leading strand There is a lagging strand. Leading
23:17 A strand is something that continuously It is synthesized. Legging Strand Wo which is discontinuously synthesized It happens. Now if that discontinuously will be synthesized, that is, those small It will be made in fragments. Leggings Stand It is formed into small fragments and Fragments are called Okazaki Fragments. Okazaki Fragments Legging Stand What exactly does the little one do? it It is made in small fragments. Wool The fragment is called an Okazaki fragment. And these are fragments from Okazaki fragments, it is in prokaryotes They are a little bigger. 1000 to 2000
24:02 Nucleotides can be their length. And Okazaki fragments within eukaryotes They are small. 100 to 200 Nucleotide. 100 to 200 nucleotides of Long Okaja Fragments are formed in eukaryotes and 1000 to 2000 nucleotides long Fragments of Okja Are Formed In Prokaryotes. Now the actual work of the enzyme The enzyme that actually works there To make DNA, what actually The enzyme that makes DNA is DNA.
24:48 Polymerase. DNA polymerases are Which add nucleotides. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides Five prime to three prime direction In. If we talk about prokaryotes then Three types of DNA in prokaryotes Polymerases are found. DNA polymerase One, DNA polymerase to end DNA polymerase Three different types of polymerases were found
25:34 Let's go. polymerase one to three In prokaryotes. If we talk about these In terms of functions, DNA polymerase one works It happens that this will remove the primer. Even before that, if one by one, step by step DNA works first. Polymerase Third. DNA polymerase III The main replication enzyme is DNA The main replication enzyme for is the one that Makes DNA. Any question for life science Hey Life Science was done unit wise. I made you practice questions. Life There is a complete playlist of science. You Go and see.
26:20 Life Science for 66 hours over 3 consecutive days The class is going on. where all the important I got you the topic along with questions. Have gone. No, this is not Live Science's run. Who People have joined late for their information Let me tell you that this session of ours is going on from today. and is going to last for the next three days. Today The session which will run for three days tomorrow and the day after tomorrow I am going to go to zoology. Live Science's Your portion has been done. If you haven't seen those sessions, you can watch them. You can go and see. You have life science You will find this in the playlist on this YouTube
27:06 over the channel. Let go DNA polymerase, yes, it is of zoology. Is. This is not from life science. The main DNA polymerase is the main DNA polymerase is. polymerase third Oh, that's the same thing. See Molecular Biology Your life is also in science. Same Molecular biology is also in zoology. Same is the case in Botany also. The questions are also formed in almost the same way. Then what difference does it make to you? To you Do you want to see the name of the subject or do you Molecular biology is to be seen.
27:51 If you look at the syllabus of the topics approximately If you pick it up, almost everything is the same. There are some specific things that are only available to that person. It is in the subject. other than that Most of the things that are very Not specific. There are common things. You You will see molecular biology. Biochemistry, Physiology, these are all common things that You will see it everywhere. Cell Biology is done, genetics is done. this is It is going to appear in every paper. So as much as you Its sessions are being held and everyone is attending. Go. Let go. Yes, I can definitely see it. Even those in biochemistry have molecular
28:37 Biology has to come. They also have cell biology Will come. They will also learn physiology. Let go DNA polymerase third main replication enzyme which actually Polymerization occurs. After that, when this DNA polymerase III completes its work Is. So during this time, primer add are done. Here when this replication If it is running, then the leading stand At the very beginning and lagging strand Primers interspersed throughout Are. So now I have to remove those primers. DNA will come to remove the primer Polymerase One. When it removes the primer
29:25 There will be gaps in between. those gaps too That's what Phil does. Primer Removal and Repairing. gap filling He does this too. when removing the primer gaps will form So that's what gap filling will do. And when this DNA polymerase one finishes its work He will do it. then for proof reading Here comes DNA polymerase II. He checks Both of them did their job well. Or not done. Is there an error here? Not there? No wrong base pair is added Has gone. There is no damage. So if someone If it gets DNA damage or if someone The wrong base pair has been added. Any abnormal
30:11 If it gets base pairing then it will go there It removes it and repairs the DNA. Is. With this If we talk about one of these, there is polymerase activity that produces new nucleotides Add. adding new nucleotides The activity that takes place is called Polymerase activity and polymerase activity Which is five prime to three prime Is. There is a proof reading right there. Activity from where it was proofread goes. Three to proof read Prime to five prime exonucleus hoti Is. But that's DNA polymerase one, DNA five prime to three near the polymerase
30:57 There is also prime exonuclease activity Is. DNA polymerase one has five primes Two to three prime exonuclease activity also it occurs. You can see. five prime two Three Prime Axon Nucleus Activity it occurs. Let go Move ahead. So after prokaryotes we talk about Let's now talk about eukaryotes. eukaryotic polymerase and the main five within eukaryotes There are mainly five prokaryotes Those polymerases are found. Five DNA
31:45 Polymerases are found. Which ones are They? See polymerase Alpha Beta Gamma Delta and Aps are five, Alpha Beta Remember gamma delta and epsilon simply A B C D E Alpha Beta Then Gamma Delta and Epslon The polymerase alpha that follows Polymer preimage with alpha preimage Works together in initiation. then his Then come the two main ones. After that, two main
32:32 Enzymes come in. Two main DNA polymerases come who extend that which Main polymerization takes place. As DNA polymerase was seen in prokaryotes Third single leading and lagging strand He is making both. Butt talk of eukaryotes so within eukaryotes DNA polymerase delta then forms the ligand forms the strand and polymerase epsilon Leading Strand. So polymerase delta and polymerase epsilon it lagging and leading Make strands. The polymerase that follows Beta is involved in DNA repair. Does. And that is a very important
33:21 Polymerase gamma, which breaks down mitochondrial DNA Works in replication. polymerase Gamma is what it works DNA replication in mitochondria It works on polymerase gamma so you So write down these five polymerases either Or take a screenshot of it. Because this is important in itself. From here the question can be made straightforward. Direct question can be form from here Is. If we talk further about eukaryotes then Some other common enzymes in eukaryotes
34:08 So the same helicase, primase, polymerase You all know about an enzyme called DNA ligase. yes. What does ligase do? Ligase is an enzyme that Joins fragments. ligase A It is an enzyme that joins the fragments. Does. It forms a phosphodiester bond Is. DNA ligase Phospho Forms die ester bond. With this here
34:55 Topo isomerase So it will relieve super coiling. But here It is important to keep in mind that the topo There are two types of isomerase. Topo Isomerases type one and topo isomerase type Two topo isomerase first and second topo Isomerases one is single Makes a standard cut i.e. only one stand Relieves super coiling by cutting And that's where topo isomerase second is located. Also known as gyrase, it is double-stranded. cuts topo isomerase one if agar one If it is there then one stand will cut it. Topo isomerase
35:40 If it is two to two then it will cut both the stands. and topo isomerase two is what we call DNA gyrase. After this a small point comes to us. Hai Tillo Marriage. Tilomerj Tilomiers Sorry Tilomiers and the enzymes that replicate them Telomerase What are telomeres? said Tillomier. The last one of the chromosomes goes There is a part. of a chromosome that is the most The last part is where the repetitive DNA sequence should be found. of chromosomes
36:28 repetitive DNA sequences at the ends The part that is there is called telomere And Tilomier, this is protect chromosomes from degradation Does. It is repetitive DNA. non-coding There is a part. But this is important. Joe Tillomier's sequence inside Humans That is TTA GG It is the DNA that constantly Repetitive DNA is a continuous repeat. This one remains T T A G G G The sequence repeats continuously In Human Beings inside Tilomier and
37:17 here here if we talk about one more point is a slightly different point we have I'll look at my telomerase before that. Are. What is telomerase? Telomerase is enzyme that regulates telomere replication Does or extends the telomeres. The one that extends the telomeres is called Telomerase enzyme. and telomerase which would have been It's kind of reverse Works as a transcriptase. it mRNA is used as a template And then based on that, this is Tilomier's next Do replication. One thing and attention keep it from here
38:03 If there is continuous division in the cell. Because of continuous division in the cell Telomere shortening in a normal cell It happens. Telomerase is a point don't do their work properly after Are. Inside some cells there are telomeres Shortening takes place. and Tillomier's Now there is a danger due to the short length that the chromosomes should degrade It will start. Because of this That cell is further divided
38:48 She stops it. and when cell division stops goes We call him Afflick Limit. You have seen that our Talk specifically to humans within sales of beings, so within human beings what Most of the time the sale happens, it is only a limited Shows the number of divisions. So a cell The number of times it can divide is called is the helical limit. And this helical limit we It is said that it was achieved when Tilomier It should become so short that further At replication there the chromosome is could not protect and chromosomal Degradation started happening. So but Tilomier who
39:34 It doesn't get smaller inside some cells. Because the telomerase enzyme is constantly present there. Keeps working. Telomerase enzyme agar Tilomier Short will continue to work will not happen and such sale will continue continuously Can divide without any limit. If there is a cell that is without any limit If it can divide continuously, we will accept it. that the activity of telomerase inside it is absolutely It is happening properly and we want to see this. Inside the germ cells are found cells that Creates gamits. In addition, stem cells These continuously self-renewable There are renewable sales. Self Renew It keeps happening. And with that comes cancer Cancer cells also divide continuously.
40:21 Can be. There is no limit to their How many times will it divide? So Jin Sales has no division limit, whose There is no Hayflick limit for those cells Telomerase activity is higher inside Is. Telomerase is more active in them. Is. Let's talk a little further about that. Replication fility. React Filety It happens? That the reaction is correct. Sorry Joe There is replication, replication should be done correctly What happens for proper replication? There are some mechanisms working there. There should be no problem in replication. They
41:07 The replication should be accurate and its accuracy If it is more, it is called replication fility. goes. And what is accuracy, determine it This is done through proof reading activity and From the mismatch repair system. DNA itself The polymerase that occurs is a highly accurate Is an enzyme. If anyone other than him If a mistake is made, to correct it Proof reading is an activity. If the proof Reading activity should also avoid any errors back then to fix that mismatch There is a repair system. And these three things They work so well together that Error rate is the rate at which errors occur, which is very decreases and how much does it decrease?
41:54 So it becomes almost One error per 10 to the power nucleotides That is, on adding one billion nucleotides An error may occur. So highly accurate The work is done inside DNA replication. So These are telomeres, telomerase and replication. How is the accuracy of fertility We saw their words that they will be insured. I am here. Let go Now let's talk a little further, Will do DNA damage and DNA repair. DNA damage and repair mechanisms
42:42 very important And the probability of questions coming from here is the highest. It is more. to molecular biology Whenever we read, if there is any portion Where the probability of questions coming from It is very high. that is DNA damage and its repair mechanisms. What is DNA damage? such as thiamine Becoming a dimer, deamination from somewhere alkylation oxidative Damage or break in trends To become. Some thymine dimer may be formed, somewhere There should be deamination, there should be alkylation or oxidative damage or any
43:28 The strand should break. These are different types of DNA damage occurs in different regions Can be from. And how to repair them goes? It's more than that for us It is an important thing. How will you repair them? DNA repair What will be the pathways? One happens to be Direct repair. What is Direct Repair for? So Damage caused by direct repair It is directly reversed. For example, an example of direct repair is photo reactivation. Photo Reactivation
44:16 That's where enzymes come in handy. Photolysis The photolyase enzyme comes into play. Photo in reactivation which is a type of direct There is a repair mechanism. And this photolysis This enzyme is UV induced thymine dimer Repairs the . which thiamine thiamine It repairs the dimers that have formed. Photolaz removes them from there. Enzymes. Also, if there's something a little bigger than that If there is something bigger than that, then it is like one Base Oxygen Repair. It is known by the name
45:01 Is. What to do? Excise the base Will give. to excise means from there I will remove it. That is, it modifies the base. He will do it and along with that if he is a little bigger Some mutation works there then Nucleotide oxygenase repair. Nucleotide oxygen repair is also called You can understand from this. What will he do? This is someone will excise the nucleotide. from there This will be done by removing any nucleotide. As which is base oxygen repair, it repairs There are minor base modifications. if anyone If there is a minor base modification, then it Will repair it. This helps in repairing the demineralization.
45:48 Does. If deamination has taken place then there Will this repair work or oxidation? In. What is a step? So the step is big They are simple. An enzyme comes first. is DNA glycosylase that removes that base Will give. We know that the nitrogenous bases And sugar is involved. nitrogenous base and sugar linked together They are attached to glycosidic With Bond's help. Contains glycosidic bond. So here What will happen? A DNA will come here Glycosylase enzyme. this this will break the glycosidic bond and thus
46:34 will remove the nitrogenous base from there. Remove Will give. After this an enzyme will come AP endonuclease Who will make a cut there. AP endonuclease comes from where the base is removed He will put a cut on whatever has been done. His three Make a cut towards the dash end. and then There comes DNA polymerase and DNA polymerase chain DNA polymerase comes and creates a gap there will fill that gap and whatever is there The cut that was made, the one in the middle of the cut Forming a phosphodiester bond is what seals DNA ligase will do the last
47:20 DNA will come in and seal those stands Ligase is the base of oxygen repair One base has to be removed. This removed the first base. Then the nucleotide present there was removed. AP Endonucleus came and cut it into pieces. He removed the sugar from there. then over there DNA polymerase and nucleotide addition correctly and DNA ligase will fill the gap It will seal it. The second one we have is nucleotide Oxygen repair. Now the nucleotide is a slightly larger unit. So this is nucleotide oxygen repair. rather than ligands or thymine dimers. Repairs it. Repair of thymine dimers We've also seen this here at Direct Repair From Potori Activation. right there which
48:07 This is nucleotide oxygen repair. Mostly its main work is to Removes Legions. But there are legions, that is, if someone is very big There is a group where some mutation has occurred. a very large DNA segment that has no If the change has happened and it has been damaged, then it NAR removes nucleotide oxygen How will the repair first repair the damage? will be recognized to recognize After that, whatever damaged part is short-circuited excise the DNA segment that is damaged Will do. Then DNA polymerase comes and fills that gap. He will fill it and at last he will seal it. The last thing to add to it there Making a phosphodiester bond is DNA will form ligase and the enzyme that works in it
48:54 Come in, take care of that UVR ABC System UVR A UVR B UVR C Ye What do all these bacterial enzymes come in? Are. Nucleotides inside bacteria UVR enzymes work in oxygen repair that can heal bulky legions Are. But can remove legions Nucleotide oxygen repair mechanisms From. Let go Now we have three types. Here we have seen three types of Repairing mechanisms have been taken. The fourth type is mismatch repair.
49:41 There is mismatch repair and then there is SOS repair. Mismatch Repair And SOS Repair. What happens in mismatch repair? If there is any error in the replication here If any error occurs during replication If there is any mismatching during replication Addition of nucleotides to bases Remove pairs that are not connected correctly. Does. Which protein enzymes work? We do? so mute s lh Apart from this, let's talk about SOS mechanism So there are save over souls. This is where some If it doesn't work then go there and give it to me. SOS Repair comes in handy. Emergency
50:30 This is a repair system. Here in DNA severe damage that occurs if the DNA has a lot If there is a lot of damage suddenly then that SOS comes in handy in such conditions. This We say save our soul. That brother is not doing any work. Suddenly It's messed up. So you need something Whatever you get for repairing is fine. So here it is error prone. it He does the repairing. Butt Repairing There are chances of time error here. But still it happens because at that time There is an emergency repair system. This emergency It is the work of. So in an emergency, as We have to manage as things are. So is the SOS repair system. where some There is no SOS repair system there.
51:16 Will Work. Here the Rek A and Lex A proteins work Let's do SOS Repair. Now one last type of repairing Mechanism that is double stranded brake Repair. that if a double stranded break occurs If both strands of DNA break So give it to him there for repair. There are mechanisms. homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. homologous What happens in recombination? It uses Is sequence of homologous chromosomes. And
52:06 If a template is found homologous What will this do to the chromosomes? These Accurate joining will be done again. it He will make it back the way it was. Will do accurate repairing. But non No template in homologous end joining It doesn't happen near it. NH is a non-homologous end joining There is no template presented in This is because the template is not presented. Adds at will and at will If you add it from here then some error will come there. Can. So these are double standardized Brake repair. So there are a total of six types of repairs. We have seen the mechanisms.
52:54 I have discussed the basics of the application. If there is one half thing left, then that It will come to you through questions. So He would keep five questions with him. Are. Please tell me.
54:02 Tell me Consider the following statement regarding DNA replication DNA replication in prokaryotes Here are some things to consider and tell yourself: Which of these things are correct? Are. So look RNA polymerase third pauses both three Prime to five prime and five prime to two Three Prime Exonuclei Activity. Is this correct? So this thing Not right. near DNA polymerase third Both these activities They do not happen. DNA polymerase third
54:52 What happens near it? DNA polymerase three prime to five near the third There is a prime one. But this one which The activity is five to three exonucleases Only one enzyme has it. 5 prime to 3 prime exonuclease Activity Polymerase One has it. Near Three It does not happen. So wherever they are, they Remove it brother. The forest moved away. The forest moved away. DNA Polymerase First Removes RNA Primer. That's absolutely right.
55:37 DNA polymerase one removes RNA to primers Okazaki fragments are synthesized in three prime to five prime direction na Brother, Okazaki fragment is also DNA. And whatever DNA is formed will be three prime to five It will be formed in prime only, whether leading strand Whether it's a legging strand or anything else He will be made in five to three So the third one also went wrong. So this is also removed Went. Option B will remain. Garage Introduce Negative Super Coiling to Relieve Torsion Stage. absolutely one of a kind cap isomerase whose function is Super coiling has to be relieved. Let go
56:28 Next question. Fragment Synthesis of Okja. Okazaki Fragment Synthesis
57:14 Tell me Regarding Okazaki Fragment Synthesis Consider the following which are correct Okazaki fragments are formed on leggings Stand. That's absolutely right. Okja's Fragment leggings are made on the stand itself. RNA primers are synthesized by DNA polymerase one na He was making the primes. RNA primer So primase makes. DNA ligase form Phosphodiester Bonds Between Fragments. Exactly between two fragments phosphodiester bond in the last gap sealing Works as. it
58:00 Okazaki Fragments Are Shorter in Eukaryotes than prokaryotes. Absolutely In eukaryotes, we saw 100 to 200 Contains nucleotides. In prokaryotes About 10 times larger. So first, third, fourth is exactly option A. It is correct. Let go next question
59:12 Tell me I will tell you two. SSB proteins then join single from standardized DNA and Primase synthesizes primers. In the remaining DNA B, take care of sorry first which is DNA A it It recognizes the origin of replication. does and DNA B which is It acts as a DNA helicase. So with A in to
59:59 Option A will be corrected. Absolutely option A is correct. Let's go to the next question. Absolutely. DNA is what it is He recognizes Orai after going there. Joins and functions of DNA B helicase Does. This is the main purpose of bringing such questions. Is. More questions in your exam directly The direct ones will come. Multi statement here and match the following This is the reason for bringing it in a question Multiple things are covered. many There is no need to bring questions.
1:00:47 Now if you take this question, then there is only one We looked at four things in the question. Are. Four things should be covered in a single question Will go. Otherwise, there are four different Questions arise. What will happen? What does polymerase alpha do? polymerase Alpha so Alpha so absolutely in the initiation Comes. So the initiation comes at the beginning. Is. Then beta beta repairs DNA. Does. Beta repairs DNA. I asked you to remember the Gamma one separately. Was. gamma-binding mitochondrial DNA Replication does. Delta
1:01:34 The delta forms the lagging strand. And The fifth one remains, I will tell you that. Am. The polymerase epsilon was He synthesizes the leading strand. So what will happen? Three in A Two in B Let go Next question.
1:02:36 Match DNA repair mechanisms with type of Damage. is repaired Repair Mechanism What types of damage does it work for? Auto Reactivation
1:03:25 Base for UV-induced thymine dimers oxygen What is base oxygen for? Any problem with the bases is delimited. oxidized for all of this mismatch replication Corrects errors and non-homologous ends Joining Double standard breaks when it is hit by someone No template found, no homologous chromosomes If you don't find an edge template, you can use it in two steps. Three in B, One in C, One in D Four.
1:04:11 Let go Next question.
1:05:01 We saw Mute S Mute H in the middle Where do these enzymes work? mismatch In the repair system. which is mute s, What does it do? First comes the Mute S Yes, it is Will recognize the mismatch. Mute H Joe It occurs on the unmethylated strand. Unmethylated strand means Newly Formed Strands. take care brother This too can go wrong at times. Now if there is a mismatch then the repair pathway
1:05:49 How do I know I'm in the new strand? Do I need to repair it or is it a new one? it It's the old one. Is this right or wrong? So Who do they identify with? that from methylation Recognize. which happens to be the Old Strand The strand is older or the parental Strand happens That strand is always methylated. That Methylation occurs on the Old or Parental The strand is methylated and There is an unmethylated strand. right now which A new strand has been formed, this is a mute H The unmethylated strand is replaced by the new one Will cut the strand. exonucleus
1:06:36 This will remove the DNA. If yes then come in the name Went and rake a what happens Activates SOS response. Let go We've done most of the replication. Are. Now let us go ahead and after replication If something comes, as soon as DNA to DNA If it is done then it will move forward and when it moves forward So the transmission will take place there. What will the transcription contain? RNA synthesis will occur during transcription From DNA. RNA will be made from DNA In transcription. To do this The enzyme is RNA polymerase.
1:07:22 And it is also important to note that RNA synthesis The direction is also five to three. DNA is also made up of 5 to 3. Five Prime Two three prime is formed and RNA also five Prime two three will always become prime. And here But there's no primer to get started. I don't want it. RNA polymerase itself I am so capable. RNA polymerase He is so capable in himself that he He does all the work for you. also start He will take it and will also do the elongation. Add ribonucleotides here is done. deoxyribozyme in DNA Add nucleotides. When RNA is formed during transcription, Ribonucleotides will be added.
1:08:10 Let us talk about RNA polymerase enzyme. If we talk about RNA polymerase enzyme So RNA polymerase enzyme prokaryotes Contains a single RNA polymerase. Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase which happens to be Makes all types of RNA. There is only one RNA polymerase for each type. can make RNA. Single RNA Polymerase is present in prokaryotes. If Let us discuss the structure of RNA polymerase
1:08:56 So this enzyme is made up of five subunits. It is made together. The enzymes are five It is made up of all the units together. 2 Alpha beta beta d and omega five subunits Are. Plus to get started, this Sigma factor is required Or should I say there is an initiation factor. These. Help in identifying the promoter Does the sigma factor. Whereas if we talk about eukaryotes. This table that you are seeing, this
1:09:42 Is for eukaryotic RNA polymerase in eukaryotes, a little bit now specialization has been done and What happened due to specialization is that there are three different Types of RNA polymerases have emerged. Three Different types of RNA polymerases came into existence. The RNA polymerase one makes rRNA. Is. It makes all the rRNAs Excludes 5S rRNA. All rRNAs except 5s rRNA
1:10:28 Makes. RNA polymerase one RNA Polymerase to make mRNA. First H End RNA is formed. then modify it There are. Post Transcription With modification it will become mRNA. Then One is RNA polymerase third, which tRNA and what was left was an rRNA which is 5s rRNA was saved, so one thing is this RNA Polymerase third is what makes tRNA and 5s rRNA will get it synthesized. Moving forward, the beginning of the transcription The initial of transcription is
1:11:14 It happens, what begins, it happens From the promoter. Or should I say the promoter The site is Where RNA polymerase will attach. RNA polymerase will bind to the promoter Above. So if we talk about promoter elements that there would be a promoter inside prokaryotes is the Pribnov box. and Joe Pribnow Box This would have been a kind of AT rich sequence Is. Most of the promoter regions are AT There are rich sequences. Because AT region two each between A and T inside There are hydrogen bonds. So from there
1:12:00 It is comparatively easy to open it. So Pribnov box t a t a a t a Types of AT rich sequences found is -10 region pay and -35 That is, from where the actual formation of RNA starts. will have 10 nucleotides and 35 Nucleotides will be found upstream Preban Box He works as a promoter It will be recognized here. If we talk about the sigma factor right there If we talk about eukaryotes, eukaryotes that promoters within eukaryotes Tata Box, Cat Box as Element Or it could be Jesse Box.
1:12:48 This is the promoter element. from here when Transcription begins when When transcription begins, first It happens Initiation. Then Initiation and then comes termination. Initiation means beginning. When does the beginning Will it happen? When RNA polymerase Initiation occurs when RNA polymerase The promoter will bind the pay. With whose help will he do it? Will do it with the help of sigma factor. Initiation is the factor, is the sigma factor. with his help He will start. Talk about elongation
1:13:34 So in elongation the RNA strand grows will be. Once it starts, then RNA polymerase forward and ribonucleotide will keep adding five prime to three prime In direction. Then one will come at the end Terminator sequence where RNA is Now the making has to stop. how big is the RNA Have to make it. Speaking of termination There are two methods of termination. Two There are different processes of termination. that or So the row can be independent or the row It could be dependent. Row Dependent Termination means where the ROI factor works There will be no independent termination where Pay Termination Factor or any other ROI Factor The hair loop is of no use there. Formation happens due to GC Rich Region.
1:14:22 where a GC is performed at the terminator sequence Rich region will come then a hair pin loop The formation will be done and that hairpin loop If it is formed then there will be termination there. talk Do Row Dependent's then in Row Dependent A rho factor comes in handy Which we also call termination factor. There is a raw factor or termination factor. will come in handy And this will come and bind to RNA polymerase. Its structure will change and it will It will dissociate from DNA. So there are two steps in termination. Talking about RNA processing The work of prokaryotes is very simple. Is. In prokaryotes, any non-coding
1:15:08 DNA is not present. So over there As the RNA is formed, that RNA also Formed in the cytoplasm. Protein also Formed in the cytoplasm. so like mRNA is formed and proteins start forming from it immediately. It happens. Transcription Translation Both keep moving together. Transcription and translation are coupled In prokaryotes. But of eukaryotes RNA is made inside the nucleus and Proteins are to be made in the cytoplasm. So What will happen first? The RNA from there The RNA that has been created will be processed. Because our DNA contains the genes of eukaryotes DNA contains a lot of junk DNA. There is a non-coding part. which is called RNA We know it as introns. They have to be removed. Plus when RNA
1:15:56 When it enters the cytoplasm, it is converted into enzymes. The enzymes in the cytoplasm do not degrade it. Do it. Protection is also needed from that. So these We have to do everything RNA processing. in a eukaryotic cell RNA processing takes place which we Names of post transcriptional modifications Also know from. This is called post-transcriptional Also known as modifications. Here the first primary RNA is made into a transcript It is called HARNA. heterogeneous RNA
1:16:42 They say. freshly made RNA which is just made from DNA In eukaryotic cells it is called RNA. goes. HARNA is of no use right now Is. We will process it first. Then this mRNA will be formed only after this cytoplasm I will go there and translate this Will start. He will go there and make protein. So first of all, there are three things inside the processing. Main things happen. First, 5 is made Dash End. So 5 is above the dash end. Capping. 5 Consider Dash as its head and put it on the head A cap is put on 5 dashes. He who It has a cap, that is a special molecule
1:17:27 It happens. That molecule is se methyl Guanosine. The molecule that adds five dash and pay As caps that contain methyl Guanosine. What will this work do? So those who consume methyl Guanosine is five dash and pay which capping This capping has caused the RNA to You will get protection. RNA when there If it goes into the cytoplasm, then there It will remain protected. These are from there Binding to enzymes and ribosomes This will help me too. The second processing that happens here The second modification that is taking place is
1:18:14 Three Dash Poly Adenylation Three dashes at last and a tail above poly adenylate residue is added Addition of many adenylate residues is given it is called poly Adenylation And to see what poly adenylation is We get three D and pay from which The stability of mRNA increases and it Helps in export from the nucleus Does. There is a third process which And it is more important that is Splicing of RNA. In splicing, introns are removed. Having more
1:19:02 The eggs are joined together. The exon is removed. Sorry for the intron Will be removed. Eggs will be added. Introns are non-coding parts. which is the non-coding part The heterochromatin part was non- There is a coding part which actually It has no role in making proteins. and exons that are needed to make proteins that will code for proteins connect the parts together and to catalyze splicing spliceosomes Spliceosomes are found in snRNA and snRNP small nuclei RNA and small nuclear ribonucleo proteins that help in splicing
1:19:50 Are. It would have been a subpart of splicing. which is It is called alternative splicing. from a gene by alternative splicing Multiple Products Sorry Multiple Protein Can be made. Alternative Splicing what happens in the They will change the sequence or many times Retain the intros there. Will take. Will skipped the Eggon several times. So alternative splicing produces a HN RNA From There will be alternative splicing. So a HN from RNA We offer different types of different combinations
1:20:38 can make mRNA. and if multiple If type of mRNA is formed then it will be multiple Can code for proteins. so one Multiple proteins are made from genes through Alternative splicing. Let go Let there be some questions Connected to the transept.
1:21:26 Tell me Gave some statements regarding RNA polymerase have gone and asked whether in eukaryotes Which things related to this are correct? RNA polymerase these eukaryotes RNA polymerase one synthesizes 28s 18s 5.8s rRNA That is absolutely correct.
1:22:12 If we talk about eukaryotes then Eukaryotes have 80s ribosomes which has two subunits 60s 40s 28s rRNA is found in 60s It is found in 18s 5.8s and 5s rRNA So this one is 5s RRAA, we have kept it separately. I saw it from. RNA polymerase makes the third and the remaining Whatever happened, it was all RNA. Polymerase makes the first.
1:22:58 RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA And some SA RNA is absolutely right. Polymerase III synthesizes tRNA and five Face is absolutely right. RNA polymerase second required Transcription Factors for Promoter Recognition. It absolutely needs RNA polymerase two has to make mRNA And that's where the promoter was recognized. goes. So all four of these things are correct. Went. one two three four B. Correct. Let's go to the next question. It's a simple question.
1:23:53 Different components of transcription and their functions Tata Box What is Tata Box? Tata Box One is the core promoter element. Sigma Factor Sigma Factor Promoter Recognition will do it. Cry Will terminate. Enhancers
1:24:39 Will enhance the transcription rate. So Three in A, Two in B Answer option A has come to you. Let go next Question. RAA Editing And remember Keep in mind that RNA editing is
1:25:24 different from Post transcriptional modification. It is different. This RNA editing post different from post-transcriptional modification Is. RNA Editing Alters Nucleotides Sequence of RNA after transcription. Please take care of these lines separately. Is. What happens in RNA editing? nucleotide after transcription The sequence is changed. What happens normally? Post
1:26:11 This is not the case with transcription modification. It happens. but if after transcription Change the nucleotide in it. that Is a RNA editing. RNA editing involves insertion and Deletion. If you want to change it completely, then either Will add a new nucleotide somewhere? Remove any in between or old Will give. Guide RNAs Participate in RNA Editing These some protozoa. exactly guide RNA Where do I have to edit that particular file? It takes those enzymes to the region. They follow the guide RNA only. Editing enzymes. So guide RNA is very important in RNA editing It happens. RNA Editing Always Increases
1:26:58 mRNA length. No brother, if there is a deletion Went. If deletion occurs then RNA The length will become shorter. deletion occurred So the length became shorter. And if the insertion happened So the length increased. Now if statement second is your correct then Then statement fourth contradicts it. Used to be. This will be wrong. so 1 2 three right Is. 1 2 3 is correct. Let go Next question.
1:27:57 saRNA snoRNA gRNA guide RNA and miRNA Tell me D And someone else
1:28:53 snRNA and snoRNA. SN RAA These are Small There are nuclear RNA and snoRNA Small nucleolar RNA gRNA Guide RNA and Mi microRNA So snRNA where we have in transcription I was studying splicing and saw it there.
1:29:39 M3 snoRNA small nucleolar and rRNA is formed in the nucleolus. Assembly of rRNA in the nucleolus it occurs. rRNA is formed. So this snow RNA will modify rRNA. guide RNA I just saw in the last Read the guide RNA in the last question. that they edit RNA and miRNAs are microRNAs that miRNA siRNA is a gene Used for silencing. So in A Three
1:30:26 Two in B Option A will be corrected. How did you guys do this, brother? Look at this This is what we had read. I have read that inside the splicing Saw some components. snRNA and snRNP In the question just before this, we I saw this guide RNA. This RNA editing Does. Let's move ahead.
1:31:19 next question Tell me Let me make it easy for you here too. snRNP I have just told you. Used in splicing. snRNA Lariat Structure in snRNP Splicing It is formed when introns are removed.
1:32:06 Are. These form the lariat. When intron removal The structures that are formed when Removed in the form of introns lariat only Are there. Now I want to tell you that U1 SNA What to do? U1 snRNA 5D slices recognize the site. SN is RNA somewhere in the splicing I will go. U1 SN RNAs are The intron from where splicing is to be done There's his five dash and will go there. This will make a cut and the U2 RNA will branch. Will recognize the point. So 1 2 3 4 2
1:32:52 No, 1, 2, 3, 4, absolutely, there is so much of it. I wouldn't have had to do it if I had kept myself straight and simple. I got my answer from there while doing RP splicing. would have come Where are we, brother, where is your attention? I just said this just 1 minute ago. I told you that sn rn np are They are used in splicing. Just the same I have just finished doing the same and AMA There is only one option for first MA first. Near. There is only one option of first in A.
1:33:42 Before moving ahead, let us know about CUET PG. Recorded courses if your partner is someone who I want to appear for the exam next year. yours is The exam has just arrived. So if you have any other I have friends who are going to appear for the exam next year. Have been. You may have juniors in college. Are. You may have other colleagues who I want to give CUET PG next year. Shakti recorded the exam for them The course is available and currently available for you to The good thing is that this discount is It is available. This discount is not 10%. This discount is currently 30% off. This discount now
1:34:27 Available at 30%. If you purchase this want to do. India's World Cup As a celebration of victory In. Just as India worked hard to establish its Won the World Cup with excellent preparation. So we don't have to win the World Cup. You should crack an exam and get a good result. I want to take admission in the university and did his masters in the best possible way I have to complete my degree. So we have our For preparation, if someone needs IIT JAM and If you want to appear for GATE B exam next year then It's a bean thing. Here also you will get 30% off Discount is about to be available. If you now 30% discount on purchase
1:35:14 It is available. You can purchase. Let's talk about translation next. Translation is a huge topic in itself. Is. Translate yours in full detail Anyway, I can't go at this time. Because we have to finish it in one and a half to two hours. One unit has to be done. so thick I will tell you things. the survivors who There are portions of those who say their own things. Yes, let's see that. Like in translation What is? Which is made of mRNA. From MRAA Protein will be formed during translation. From MRAA Protein will be formed during translation. This happens on ribosomes. on ribosomes
1:36:03 This happens. If we talk here Step by step translation If you do it, initiation takes place here also. Then Elongation occurs. Termination occurs. First on mRNA in initiation recognizes the start codon, which AUG and AUG codes for an amino acid For which the name is methionine. Each tRNA encodes a specific amino acid. He only carries it. total There are 20 amino acids. to carry them
1:36:48 For There will be only 20 tRNAs. to the 20 amino acids There are 20 tRNAs for carrying. So who first in the beginning who first in the beginning tRNA joins in protein synthesis in what we call initiator tRNA. It occurs in prokaryotes, i.e., that he converts Fmet i.e. formal methionine brings it and in eukaryotes it Carries methionine. Now Where does the initiation take place? In Initiation The sequence that occurs is called the sequence Keep in mind. Prokaryotes. Sign Dalgarno inside prokaryotes
1:37:34 sequence which is called SD in short It's called a sequence. Where the translation was done It has to begin. Shine Dalgarno Sequence, SD sequence is found in In prokaryotes. If we talk about eukaryotes then Kozak sequence is found in eukaryotes. The sequence that contains the initiation is called is called a Kojek sequence. Now The tRNA that carries the amino acid here What does that tRNA look like? that of tRNA Let us look at the structure. So the structure of tRNA is. his which There is a secondary structure. I give you a
1:38:19 Let me tell you more from here with this clover leaf her There is a secondary structure. But if the question Ask about the tertiary structure of tRNA So the tertiary structure of tRNA is L Shaped. The tertiary structure of tRNA is L-shaped. and the secondary structure of tRNA It has a clover leaf structure. clover leaf There are a total of five arms in the structure. Let's talk. Four out of five important Are. Anticodon loop. one above it Anticodon present which
1:39:06 Recognize Codons on mRNA. Amino acid attachment site where the amino Acid will bind. There is a D loop and a There is a T size C loop. inside the D loop An unusual base is DH U Dihydro dihydroxy uridine and T S What happens in me too? This is what Sai is, it would have been is pseudo urdine DHU and Sai are both a bit unusual. There are bases that are found in tRNA. Now after elongation, sorry initiation takes place
1:39:52 After this comes elongation. Ribosomes are used in elongation Site three of A.P. and E. A. On site A charged tRNA will enter. One tRNA that carries an amino acid He will enter this site. on the P side Peptide bond will be formed. and E Side Pay tRNA will be expelled when its amino acid is removed Will go.
1:40:42 An elongation of deacylated tRNA into Three factors come into play. EFT You, EFTS and EFG And if we talk about termination, then termination This happens wherever a stop codon is encountered. Initiation occurs where the start codon is located. where the termination codon is found If it comes then UAA which is called Okar UAG Aber and UGA Opal, these three are ours Nearby stop codes Okar aber Opel UAA UAG UGA come here and join the release Termination by factors and release factors will go
1:41:27 Now I have some questions, please answer them quickly. From. Tell me We
1:42:13 UG codes for tyrosine. UGG probably not tyrosine UGG Codes for tryptophan. To confirm, try Google once. Must be tryptophan. UG Cryptophane should be TRP. Tell Me the Shine Algarno Sequence Help Recruit Small Ribosomal Subunits Two mRNAs with exactly one SD sequence Prokaryotes have small subunits
1:42:58 The large subunit joins first and then If she goes and covers it, then SD sequence That's where the small sub-units join. There has to be initiation in joining Some factors come into play. Initiation Factor IF1, IF2, IF3 are the initiation complexes In Initiation In IF 1 2 3 Elongation EFT U, F TS and EFG and in termination Release factors RF1, RF2 perform these functions In prokaryotes. Here too, there should be talk of translation initiation. Has been. So initiator TRAAA Carrie Ann Formylthionine carries FMet. Absolutely does. The First tRNA Enters the Eight of Ribosomes no. Keep this in mind brother.
1:43:49 The first one is tRNA Where will he come? He goes to the P site. Because initially both sides A and P Are empty. So the starting one will go to P On the site. Then another tRNA will come next taking the codon ones to the next site that we have The next site nearby is the P This is a site, sorry, which is a site, this is mRNA. first here In this way the ribosome has come and joined. This is the small subunit of the ribosome. These His P is the site. This is his site
1:44:35 Large sub unit will cover it from above In this way, the first tRNA The first tRNA that comes will
…
