0:04 So good evening all my favorite students out there. Hello to everyone of you. This is Dr. Anisha from Sri Chaitana Educational Institutions. Welcome you all for our another session of zoologology in 2025 bridge course. So here we are again. Yes, good evening. Good evening to everyone of you. We have learned till now many of the zoologology topics, many of the complicated topics which you are going to use in future for your classes, right? And I'm very sure you all have settled down. You all have come out of the result mode that you were there yesterday. I'm very sure you all are doing fine now. You all are focused for your studies and oriented to the NE 2027 exams. Right? So here we are
0:52 again. Let's start studying today. Today we are starting a new topic which will be your first year topic. Yes, we are going to start the most basic topic of your first year that is the animal kingdom. So we are going to start the very basics parts of it. What all requirements are there? How do we approach this subject? How do we approach this complicated part of it? So now let's start studying. Get your pen and paper ready. Get your seats ready. Now we are starting the topic of animal kingdom. Okay. So yes everyone be ready stay focused and start studying. So here we are. Now we'll study the animal kingdom. Okay. So yes animal kingdom the
1:39 kingdom animeia who has given this classification system. See basic parts of the classification system we know that is the two system three system four system of classification that basic part of the classification system you will be studying in your botney classes. So what we are going to study here we are going to study here the animal kingdom part specifically. So kingdom animeia first let me tell you that five kingdom classification the five kingdom classification everyone of you know who gave this classification system five kingdom classification system the five kingdom classification system was given
2:24 by RH whitetaker all right so RH whitetaker has given the five kingdom classifications system. I know all of you know about it. All of you sure about it. Now we are directly moving on to the part based on what all characteristics this five kingdom classification was further classified. Yes, kingdom were further classified. So kingdoms were further classified into different groups. Now what are these various levels or various strata in the classification system? Okay. Yes. Yes. You all are correct. So the strata of classification system you know it maybe you don't
3:10 remember it right now. Maybe you remember it absolutely correctly. So let's just see what all straighta straighta means the layers or the levels of classification system. So the levels of classification system what all are there? The topmost is the kingdom. We all know it is the kingdom and we are going to study about the kingdomia. So more than kingdom animeia or other than kingdom animeia we can see kingdom animeia is further divided into different phylm. Yes you have to study each and every film in detail. Philem is further classified into classes. Classes are further classified into order. Order is further classified into family. Then
3:56 genus and the species. All right. So this is the way we study classification system. This is called as the strata of classification. Strata of classification means the layers or the way we classify each and every kingdom. Kingdom mona protesta fungi and plante you will discuss in the parts of the botney but kingdom animeia alone we will be discussing over here. So kingdom animeia father kingdom an animalia is divided into various film various phylm is further divided into class order family genus and species. So this is how each and every step divides organisms
4:43 depending on their groups and layers. So first it is the first it is the what all kingdom are divided into different film. So kingdom animeia further divided as different film. Now what all phylm are there in the kingdom animeia? Kingdom animeia and kingdom animeia is further divided into different types of film. What all phylm are there? See here students very very important thing to know that each and every phylm you need to remember their characteristic and to study these each and every film we have to remember how
5:29 these are layered or which comes after what. So we need to maintain a sequence of this kingdom. We need to maintain how we are studying the animal kingdom. Animal kingdom, the animal world itself when we are studying suggest an evolutionary pattern. How unisellular organisms grow into multisellular multisellular organism from these simple forms grow into a most complex forms like humans. So there is a pattern there is a trend to follow. We cannot just simply disrupt the trend. We just cannot simply disrupt the sequence. So that is why most important thing in studying the classification system is to follow the
6:14 sequence. Now the sequence we are going to see here in the film. What all are there? The first the most simple and the simplest organism belonging phylm that is phylm porifera. It has the simplest living. It has the simplest formation of the organisms. It has the different methods by which simple forms are there of reproduction, digestion, respiration, excretion and many other processes of life. So the simplest film is the film poreifera. Now the sequence starts here. After that little more complexity is seen in the film selin terata which
7:01 is also called as the film nidaria. Now we are going to study the details about them but before that we need to read the sequence. Porifera cylindra tenopora tenophora and platty helmans platty helm means ashkalenthuskal menthus. Okay. So these are the most primitive forms of the kingdom animeia. These five phylm the most primitive forms are philemifera cylindraa tenophora platty
7:46 helmans and the ashkalas. These are the simplest forms. Why? Because of their nature. Because of their body structure because of the mode of nutrition the process of reproduction. All of these makes them the simplest of the all film. All right. Now around this film what all we have? Ashkalis. Next it is the little more complex organism that is ana. Anila arropoda. Anila. Arthropoda. Molesa. Anila. Arthropoda. Moleska. Ekinino dermata okay let's not
8:33 write it first so let's hear ashkal mean this analida arthropoda molesa these three sequences of the film now they are little more advanced than the most primitive forms of the film the most primitive forms are pipera to ashkalenthus they are the most primitive forms they have a very basic pattern of living the body structure and other things analida arthropod molliska is little higher than that they have a little more complexity in the process of reproduction or their body structure or the different layers present in their body. So now these are even more complex than the most simplest forms. All right. So this sequence you need to remember cylindrator tenophora
9:21 latha mollleska. Now we are coming to little more complex organisms little more complex film that is echinodermata echinodermata and hemicorda. Echinodermata and hemicorda. Now these echinodermata and hemicorda are even further more complex than these organisms these filer. So the phylm which are simplest are the first layers. Second is the analida arthropota molesca. Next layer of the complexity goes to echinodmata and hemicorda. And the most complex film that we humans belong is the phylm cordtor. So it is
10:09 the phylm cordita which is the most complex film. All right. So that is how you need to remember the sequence. Forifera, cylinda, tenophora, plati, helman, ashkalenthis, anila, arropoda, moleska, echinoda, hemicordita and cordita. Now why we need to read them in sequence? The most important thing you need to remember them in sequence. Why? Because the sequence will tell you the evolutionary changes. Simplest form of digestion, the process of feeding is present in pipera. most complex form in the coordinates. So what are changed in between is there in the form of a sequence. Similarly the
10:54 body structure the body is just type of some collection of the cells in case of pipera. Whereas in case of the cordata it has become very much complex. So we need to follow the sequence and we need to remember them in this sequence itself. So that is why students it is necessary for you all to remember all the fila in the sequence because evolution took place in sequences. Evolution is not a one day work. Evolution did not happen suddenly. So what happened? It occurred gradually. It happened in a sequential way. So we need to follow the sequence. That is the reason. Now we are coming to the different types
11:40 of filer of the animal kingdom. Now how these film were classified classification basis of the different filer and the kingdom RHER divided all of these organisms into different film and different film further classified. Now what are the basis why RH whitaker put these organisms into kingdom animeia? What characters were carried by them? What characters were present in these group of organisms which we are calling as kingdom animeia. Why we are calling an organism to belonging to the kingdom animeia. What all will be the answer?
12:27 First of all the cellular structure. The cellular structure tells whether the organism will be a bacteria or animal or a plant. Cell structure whether it is a ukareotic cell or a proarotic cell. Proaryotic cells definitely it is the mona the ukareotic cells must be there in the kingdom animeia. So based on the cellular structure body structure second is the body structure. Now body structure whether the body is unisellular or multisellular cell structure can be of different pattern it can be either proarotic or ukareotic based on that proariot or ukareot all the organisms
13:14 belonging to the film or to the kingdom animeia is ukareotic cells so all the organisms should be ukarot along with that animals do not have the cell wall. So that specific characteristic must be there. They should not have cell wall cell wall deficient. These organisms should be cell wall deficient. Body structure. Which type of body structure should be there? They should be multisellular because unisellular organisms are also there in the group of mona and some of the fungi. So they should be multisellular organism. Now it is the very important point mode of nutrition. Mode of nutrition. Now what is the characteristic called as the
14:01 mode of nutrition? Mode of nutrition means how the cells or the organism is feeding. How is it getting its nutrition? If the organism is obtaining the nourishment directly from the sunlight, photosynthesis process is taking place then they are called as the photo autoroes or simply we can call them autoroes. But what organisms do what the animals do belonging to this kingdomia? They are called as holoic nutrition. They have holozoic nutrition. What is holoic nutrition? You must be hearing these words many times but you don't know how to define it exactly. Holoic nutrition means injection of the food material from the
14:49 external resources. All right. See there are two types of nutrition we know autoroof and hetros. I'm very sure you all must be knowing about the autoroes and hetroes. There are two groups of nutritions autoroes and hetroes. All right. Now, autorophic nutrition is there in which the organism is producing their own food. Very simple thing. But what are hetros? They are obtaining their food from the external resources. They are obtaining their food from other sources. They are not preparing their food. They are hetros. And when such hetro organisms are ingesting their food, they are engulfing. they are ingesting almost we can say they are feeding. So that process is called as
15:36 holozoic nutrition. So injection of or injection pattern of injection pattern of heterotrophic nutrition because some of the hetroes what they do like fungus they are also hetroes but what they do they absorb the food through their cell wall. So that is a different pattern of hetro nutrition. They are not feeding but animals they feed they will engulf the food. So the engulfment of the food hetrophic nutrition injection or we can say engulfment that is feeding engulfment or injection pattern of
16:21 hetrorotrophic nutrition is called as holoic nutrition. So that is the terminology holoic means this is called as holoic nutrition. Okay clear students. So these are the autoro examples bacteria and green. Okay. Yes those examples are there. I'm very sure you all know. So blue green algae and plants are the auto troes. Hetroes are hetroses like animal or any other cells. Many protea are there. Along with that there are fungi which are hetroes. But those organisms like fungi and many other protesta they will absorb the food directly through their cell wall. They are not feeding they are not eating they are absorbing.
17:07 So that is absorption type of hetrophic nutrition. But what is holoic? What is present in animals? Animals they feed on them they eat up they engulf them. So that type of nutrition hetrophic nutrition is called as the holoic nutrition. The whole food will be engulfed that is called as holoic nutrition. All right. So now we are coming back to the mode of nutrition. Holoic nutrition is a very important characteristic of the animals which is we can almost say exclusively present in the animal kingdom. Yes, other organisms they have but mostly it is present in animal kingdom. So next one is the mode of nutrition.
17:53 Another is mode of reproduction. Mode of reproduction. Now what is the mode of reproduction? There are asexual and sexual. Both the methods of reproduction is present in animals like hydra, like the piperans and many other examples. Asexual reproduction is present in animals but sexual reproduction is definitely present. Asexual may or may not be there but sexual reproduction will definitely be there and the process of sexual reproduction takes place by the formation of male and female gamut. So the pattern or type of sexual reproduction the type of sexual
18:39 reproduction because sometimes it is self- fertilization in lower organisms most of the time it is cross fertilization gamut formation external fertilization internal fertilization so I'm very sure you all now remember about it because we have already started studied these external and internal fertilization in our earlier classes right So yes, asexual method of reproduction is there in some of the animals. Sexual mode of reproduction is present in all the animals. So the mode of reproduction should be sexual reproduction and the type of sexual reproduction which can be either self fertilization as we have seen in some of the tapeworms self- fertilization takes
19:25 place or most of the cases it is cross fertilization. So depending on the survival process of the organism or the animal self fertilization or cross fertilization takes place. So these are the mode of reproduction. Sexual reproduction is definitely present. Asexual reproduction may be present in some of the lower animals. Okay. So this character should be present an organism to be called as an animal. And phoggenetic relation. Now this is a new terminology phogenetic relation. Okay. So phoggenetic relation should be there. Oh, sexual reproduction examples
20:12 budding. No anil that's not sexual reproduction. That is called asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction always be by the formation of male and female gamut which will undergo the process of fusion to form a zygote. So that is sexual reproduction. Okay. So these are the characteristics these five characteristics based on which any organism will be called as belonging to the kingdom. animeia or simply as an animal. So an animal to be called as an kingdom animeia we need the cellular structure to be ukareotic. It should be cell wall deficient. Second it should be multisellular. No single cellular organism is there which is animal. Okay.
20:57 They should be multisellular. Mode of nutrition should be holoic mode of nutrition. Ingestion of the sources of food from outside the body. So that is holoic nutrition. Mode of reproduction. Mode of reproduction should be sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is also present but mostly sexual reproduction which can be due to self and cross fertilization and the phoggenetic relation. Now what is phoggenetic relation? Phyloeni. What is the terminology phyogeni mean? Now here we are the word phogeni. Phyogeni means who can tell me what is
21:42 phogeni? Any idea what is phogeni? Phyogeni means the process of evolution of a species that is called as phogeni. Like human species has evolved from a single cellular structure definitely but from a single cellular structure we have gone into multisellular. From multisellular we have gone into a different pattern of branching a different pattern of our lineage. Now we became mammals. In the mammals also we have evolved and at the end we have become humans. So we have followed a pattern or we can say lineage. So humans or any organism any animal of the animal kingdom has followed a pattern or a
22:29 lineage for becoming an animal. So that is called as phogeni relation. Phyloeni is evolution of a species that is called as phogeni. Now phoggeni relation means suppose we are taking an example of tiger. Tiger has again four-chambered heart closed vessels for circulation. It has brain cerebrum cerebilum all these structures are present as well as it has skin with the hairs glands. All the structures of a mammal. All the characteristics of a mammal. all the characteristics of a cord data and all the characteristics of an animal. When the tiger was evolving, it
23:16 never produced chlorophyll pigment. The structure or the lineage which produced or which gave tiger in today's date, it never produced chlorophyll as the pigment. So it was not a photo trough. So what happened? The lineage got divided. Okay, are you getting the point? See here we all agree that it is a single cell which gave rise to all the organisms in the body. All the organisms of the world in the whole biosphere whatever we can see today they all originated from a single cell. Correct? But the organism which finally became a tiger never were chlorophyll producing
24:01 pigment. They never had chlorophyll producing pigment. There were never any cell wall present. So they had a different lineage. Whereas for example a banyan tree, a banyan tree they never showed the presence of a holoic nutrition. They never showed the presence of um another method of movement or any other component. So they never showed the presence of the holoic nutrition or any other characteristics of animal kingdom. So that is the lineage. These are called as lineage. So tiger or suppose a cow or a dog or a bird they have phoggenetically related or phoggenetic
24:46 connections with each other. All the human species all the animal species we are phoggenetically closer to each other. The genome of human, the genetic nature of human is not same as that of the genetic nature of a pea plant that is a plant. We are humans. This is called as phoggenetic relation. I am or we humans we are genetically closer to maybe a mice, maybe any other mammal, maybe any other animal. But we are not closer to a fungus. We are not closer genetically which we call a bacteria. So that is called as phoggenetic relation. Phloeni means the process of evolution of a species. So how we have evolved? If
25:34 we study that also we will place the individual organism as an animal. So that is that is how we have classified any organism to be an animal or not an animal. Okay. Even fungus do not produce photosynthesis. Do do not cause any photosynthesis. It also do not utilize the sunlight but still it is not called as an animal because it does not have the animal characteristics. It has a cell wall correct. It has it does not have the holoic mode of nutrition. So these are the characteristics and along with that if we check the genetic level phogeny checks out at the genetic level or at the evolutionary level at the genetic or evolutionary level the fungus
26:21 is not closely related to humans or any other animals. So that is the process how we have defined an organism to be an animal. These five characteristics to place them organism as an animal. Okay. So what are these? The cellular structure, the body structure, mode of nutrition, mode of reproduction and phoggenetic relation which means how the organism has evolved as an animal. Okay. So now we are moving on to the next part which is the individual film. So yes that is going to be really really interesting. What all organisms are going to be studied in the kingdom animeia? As we have seen phylm porifera,
27:08 celentraa, tenophora, platelman, tachelus, anilida, arropoda, molesca, echinoda, hemicordita and cordita each of them what all organisms do they contain in each of the film we are going to study now. So first we are studying the simplest form of the film that is pipera. The name porifera is they are poorbearing organisms. Before starting this film, I will tell you that I'm not going to study or we are not going to read them in each and every film detail right now because this is a bridge class. So this is just a brief introduction about the film. We are not going to study them,
27:54 how they are moving, how they are acting, how they are reproducing. We are not going to do that. We are here just to understand what the polifera contains. Which all organisms or animals are peripherants. So this is just the bridging the gap to know what all organisms are there which are the periphererals. So phylm porifera first. So the phylm porifera is porebearing organisms or porebearing animals. Okay. So now film porifera see their body has many pores in their structure. If the body appears like this if the body appears like this the body will have many small pores all over their surfaces
28:41 the organism has many pores all over their surfaces. Now what are the functions? Many functions are there for these pores. These pores help then in the process of digestion, respiration, circulation and many other things. So the pores are present in these organisms. That is why the name porifera is given. Which organisms are seen as filmm? This organism you have seen here. Other than this there are many are there examples. Some of the poliferants are commonly called as kyifa which is called as commonly earned sponge. Okay. Sponges they are commonly
29:26 also called as sponges. Sponge means a porebearing structure. So these are the common name of poliference. They are called as sponges. So earn sponge. Narnshaped sponge. It appears like an earnshaped that is why they are called as sponge. Other than that there are bath sponge. Other than that there are many different type freshwater sponge. So these are different type of common organisms called as sponges which belong to the phylm porifera. That is all about pipera right now. Okay. We are not going to study them in detail over here. When your actual classes will start we are going to study them in each and every detail you want. But right now we will
30:13 just see which all organisms belong to each and every film. Next it is the film cylinderata. Celinderata. Okay someone is asking about the pore. Pore means we can say holes in the body. So there are multiple holes or multiple apertures throughout the body present. Some of them are in small size, some of them are in larger size. So that is why we can call them porebearing. Pore means the hole or the aperture. Okay. Aperture another name of the pore. It is also in common words you can say a hole. Throughout the body they are present. That is why they are called as porebearing organisms. Now it is
31:00 celintterata and also known as tenopora. All right sorry nidaria. So it is celintterata or nidaria. Now nidarians and celintrates they are the common names they are containing the organisms which are called as the commonly called as jellyfishes. This hydra and this structure over here you can see this structure is attached to the substrate or we can say it is attached to a surface and it has a cylindrical body on surface of which many hairike extensions are present. This is a very unique structure of this
31:46 organism which we call as sea animal. This organism is called as sea animal. So these are not the scientific names. These are the general terminologies we are using here. So hydra, jellyfish, sea animal, all these organisms, the organisms containing hair like extensions, hands and feet like extensions which we call as tent tackles. These are called as tent tackles. These hairike extensions are called as tent tackles. And this is the body. body is attached to the surface over here. So these organisms has these type of structure. They are sometimes attached to the surface with a
32:32 cylindrical body and tentacles or also like the jellyfishes. They also have the floating body which is almost transparent in the water. So they are called as the cylindrates. One very important thing about celentrates is they have very poisonous thing in their body. Yes, when you are going to study them in detail, you will study they have a very strong poison in their body which can kill the prey or they can get protected from the predator with this toxin. So these organisms are now called as the nidarian or celentrates. Cylindrates or nidarians
33:17 they have this structure of the body which is either floating or attached to the surface or we can also say they have tentacles all over its surface or they are moving around with their arms. They have this type of body. They have transparent jelly like body that is why the name jellyfish is given and they produce a strong toxin for their own protection or for killing the prey. So that is about the organisms of phyylm cylindrates. Now film cylindrates contain the organisms which we know commonly as jellyfish, hydra you all have must be knowing and sea animal. Sea animal is this organism which is very common in the oceans. You will find this sea animal many
34:03 places. You all must be heard of corals. Corals are also celindraates. Coral reefs, the great barrier reef of Australia, the Lakshwadif, all these are corals and the corals are also cylindra. So their body has this structure hard body. They release this hard structure forming mountainlike structure throughout forming reefs. These reefs are coral reefs. These coral reefs, coral reefs are formed by coral reefs are formed by cylindrates. Okay. So this is about the
34:51 cylindrates the phylm tenophora. So phylm tenophora these organism this is very unique organism they are present only in oceans only in sea water they're not present anywhere else they are present only in sea water now in the sea water they have very unique characteristic their body is almost as transparent as the jellyfish see over here the structure or the appearance of jellyfish is also almost transparent. So these organisms they also appear almost transparent like the jellyfish and that is why tenophora also called as combed jellies. They are also called as combed
35:38 jellies because they have almost transparent jelly like structure of their body and guess what they are radiating these lights in the dark which is called as bioluminescence. So they have the property of bioluminescence. How many of you have heard of this terminology? Bioluminescence. All of you know what is bioluminescence? It is a very tough word or a very difficult word you're hearing for the first time in this class. So bioluminescence what is it? Bioluminescence means luminescence means enlighting or light emitting the light. Some of the organisms emit light in the dark. You must be seeing them in the
36:25 photographs or even sometimes in the seashore. That organisms come with the waves of the water and in the seashore they will be looking like some of the gloworms. Glowworms or fireflies we can call them. So they appear emitting light in the dark. These organisms which emit light in the dark like the glowworm or we can call the fireflies they are called as bioluminescent and the property is bioluminescence. Okay. So these organisms are also like fireflies in the water. So what happens in the water in the dark they also emit light and appear luminescent. So this property is shown
37:10 by combellis or tenopores they are called as bioluminescence. So yes bioluminescence property is also shown by these organisms called tenopores. Commonly they are called as comb jellies because they appear jelly like in structure. They are jelly like smooth. Now it is the flat worms we call as platty helments. Platty is flat. Helman is worm. So they are flat flat like a leaf from their dorsal or ventral surface from the anterior to posterior surface from the dorsal and ventral surface they are parallel or they are flat like a leaf like a paper we can say like the sheet of a paper so they are
37:56 flat like a sheet of a paper they are flat like a leaf that is why they are called as flatworms see here they are flat like a paper so that is why they are called as flat worms worm. Okay. All of them are not commonly called as tapeworm or any other name. They have a separate individual organisms of that name. But this one over here, this is not a tapeworm. This one is the turbula. We can call this turbula belonging to the group turbula. Okay. So this is the one example of flatworm. They are flattened like a sheet of a paper. Similarly, this is the organism which appears like the tape long tape that is present inside
38:42 our intestine as an infection. They are called as tapeworm. These organisms are parasitic infections. They cause parasitic infections inside the intestine and many parts of the body. So that is tapeworm. So tapeworm or we can say the turbuleria and many more like flukes they are all belonging to the film platty helmentus. So platty helmets they contain all the flat worms. Platty is flat. Helmment means worm. They are flat like a sheet of a paper. Dorsal and ventral surface are completely flat. That is why they are called as flat worms. All right. Now moving on to the next film.
39:27 Philemalus. Ashkelthus. Yes. So Ashkalus is they are commonly called as round worms. Now why the name round is given when they appear elongated cylindrical in structure. So what happens here in this case? See here this is the appearance like a thread or we can call like a pen but in a very flexible form. Pen is rigid. It is not like a pen rigid. It is a very flexible wormlike structure. Now this organism appears cylindrical but why are we calling it round? Because imagine we have a cylindrical structure. Cylindrical is
40:14 this structure right? Like a bottle. So when we cut it in a cross-section, when we cut this structure in cross-section, what it looks like? If you see the cross-section, if you see the cross-section, the cross-section will appear round under the microscope. That is how we observe organisms. We learned it yesterday. Microscopic microscopic observations or microscopic examinations. We take samples from the stool or urine or other body parts or body structures. So they show the appearance of this organism in round form. When we cut these organisms as cross-section or as half here transversely what we see? We see the
40:59 round outline of these organisms. Because of the presence of the round outline, they are called as round worms. They are not round in appearance. They are elongated, cylindrical in appearance. But what happens when we cut them in cross-section? The cross-section outline appears round. That is why the name round worm is given. So this is the round worm. The name round worm is given like this. Now what are round worms are there? Round worms are also parasitic like the flat worms. Round worms are also intestinal parasites, tissue parasites and various parts of the body are affected by these parasites. So now round worms, this is an example of the
41:44 round worm which is called as ascaris. Another example of this round worm. Different types of round worms are there. pin worm, hookworm, giant round worm, different types of round worms are there but all of them have this cylindrical body and a round outline in their microscope. So they are called as round worms. Anolida anolida is anids they have annulus in their body. Now annulida the word annulus from the word annulus it is coming annulus means ring. So the word means ring they have ring like patterns in their body. This is the ring
42:31 like pattern. One ring after the another after the another like this the body is arranged in the form of rings. When the body is arranged in the form of rings they are called as an leads. So this is the organism. This is earthworm. So earthworm one of the example which is an anil leader. Earthworm the body shows here the presence of one after the another ring like patterns one ring after the another throughout the body the throughout the length of the body these rings are present. Maybe at some points the rings are not present but throughout the body major part of the body has this individual rings arranged in sequence
43:18 that is called as anita. So like these other organisms are also present like earthworm, leech, sandworm. Sandworm is this organism which is shown here. Sandworm, sandworm or ragworm these are called. So they are all present with the rings all over their body. See here fine ring like structure throughout the body they have that is why they are called as an leader. All the organisms belonging to their individual film has a reason for belonging to that film. Anil leads are called as it is because they have individual rings throughout the length of their body. That is why they are
44:04 anita. All right. Arropoda. Now what is the breakdown meaning of arropoda? Arthro is joints and poda is leg. So they have jointed legs in their body. Jointed legs in their body. like a b like a butterfly like an insect like a spider scorpion anything will be an insect or we can call belonging to the pile of arthropod. So you must be seen that if it is the structure of a cockroach, the cockroach has a different pattern of
44:53 the body shape. A different pattern of the body shape with the legs appearing like this. The legs appear with multiple joints present in them and these are the fine hairs present throughout their body. Now the legs have multiple joints in their structure. Multiple jointed legs containing organisms are arthropods. And you can name any insect that belongs to the film. Arthropoda. Arropoda is the largest film of the animal kingdom. Now largest based on
45:41 what? Largest based on the number of species it includes, number of organisms it includes. So it has the highest number of organisms included in it. That is why it is called as the film arthropod. Molesca. Molesca contains all the softbodied organisms. It contains all the softbodied organisms. So they has to be present inside a hard skeleton like the shell. So these are the hard body or the shell that is covering the organisms called as the softbodied animals. Now the softbodied animals are enclosed by a hard shell. These are called as molllesk. Even some of the
46:28 organisms like the octopus and sapia we will be discussing about them in detail in the class. Some of the examples like octopus or sapia or cuttlefish they also belong to the film mollleska. So moleska is softbodied enclosed most of them not all of them enclosed by a shell which you normally see when you go to a sea beach. You can see all around the sea sand these shells are present. These shells are shed by group of organisms called as mollleska. So students here we are today we have studied till the film molesa. Now we have to study hemicorda and cordata also in each and every point in
47:14 each and every part. So we will be continuing from here tomorrow. See you all tomorrow and yes do read them in detail or do read them little bit. Go through the slides, go through the video all over again so that you will remember the things we have discussed today. Okay. Tomorrow we will be starting from here onwards. Thanks and goodbye to all of you. Thank you.
