0:01 So good evening students. How are you all? So good evening to all Rani, Pravin, sweetie. Right. So all of you are ready for the class. But today before we start the class as every day I am telling you you all need to have NCERTT. So today first of all I will tell you how to download the NCERTT for each chapter. So as I I have already explained you also. Okay. Bharti good good evening. Puja good evening. Now all of you just see once how you will download the NCERTT. So it is very simple. If you haven't purchased the book yet no problem. But all of you go back and download the NCERTT. So what you have to go do go
0:49 back to the Google right and there as you can see here I have just typed NCERT plant kingdom and you can see this is the result just you have to click it and your NCERT is here. Now you have to simply download it from here. Just you press it and it will get downloaded. And now you can save it with the name of the chapter. And as you can see here it has all the points which we have already just discussed. So in plant kingdom we have covered algae we have covered uh all these examples. Now today we are going to start with the bryophites. Right? So this is a very simple and easy
1:35 way. It is it the download is free. So you can get it downloaded. If you want a hard copy, you can get it printed and then you can start by reading NCERTT. So this was it how you will download it. So all of you give me a thumbs up if you have already downloaded it or you will go back and download it today because without that any class will not be effective especially in bio, physics, chemistry you can do it but in bio it is impossible without NCERTT. So give me a thumbs up if today you are going to download the NCERT. If you already have it's very good. So now let's start with the class. So in today's class we will
2:20 talk about bryophites. In the last class we have already talked about teridoes. Uh we have already talked about the algae in which three parts of algae we have seen the green algae, brown algae and red algae. On that basis we have solved some question also. Now today we will see bryophyte and after that we will see teridophyte. Remember we have seen plant kingdom is divided into five parts. Algae bryophyte gymnosperm and angioperm. We have covered the first part algae. Now we are going for the bryophites. So as you can see here bryophites. So here if you see in
3:09 bryophites just these these are some of the images. So you can now see that here you some leaf like structure some root like structure are present in bryophy right in case of algae you did not see any such a structure. Now here also actually true root leaf and stem are not present. Right? But still you can see their leaf and root like structure are present here. So let's start with the bryophyte. So if we see some of the if we see here some of the characteristic of bryophy. So first and foremost important thing is that bryophites are called the amphibian of plant kingdom.
3:57 They are called amphibian. Now what do you mean by amphibian? In case of animal kingdom, you all must have studied about amphibian which need water for reproduction or they remain on land and water both. So in bryophite also since they need water for reproduction they need water for reproduction. That's why they are called as the amphibian of plant kingdom. That's why they are called amphibian of plant kingdom because they need water for reproduction. Is it clear? So first point. Second point they are nonvascular plant means there is no
4:46 xyllem no phim present. No xyllem no phm present. They have thalloid body means true root stem and leaf is not present. Just like algae they don't have true root stem and leaf. Now they show alternation of generation that is between gamitoite and sporopy. So this we will study in a little detail. Right. First just simple term you all must be knowing what is a hloid and what is a diploid. When a cell has pair of chromosome then it is called deployed. Deployed is represented by 2 n. Diploid is represented by 2 n and hloid is
5:32 represented by n. So gamtote is hloid and sporopy is deployed. We will see it in a little detail in just in a while. So but just here you just remember this point that this bryophyte have two stage in the life cycle. One stage is called gitohyte another stage is called sporopy. Till this point everything is clear. So now before going further into detail of gamitoy and sporopy here are the two questions all of you I can see about 250 students are connected here all of you need to answer I want answer
6:18 from all of you. The first question bryopightes are known as are bryophites vascular plant? No, bryophites are non-vascular. They are non-vascular. Are bryof zeropites? No. Are they aquatic? No. They are called the amphibians of plant kingdom. So first correct answer is B. Bryophites are called the amphibian of plant kingdom. Second, which generation is dominant in the life cycle of bryophy? We have seen there are two phases of life cycle. Sporophyte and
7:03 gimtoight and gamto is dominant in bryophyte. So second correct answer is also B. So for one and two both case B is the right answer. So here what we have seen that bryophyte gamophyte and sporofy are two stages then here if we see the reproduction in bryophites so reproduction in bryophites okay before that I all of you are giving right answer okay so I can see most of you have given correct answer very good so now let's let's move ahead with this topic now if we talk about the reproduction reproduction ction in
7:49 bryophites then bryophyte show sexual reproduction and here they will form two types of sex organ it is anthetheridium and argonium now before going into the detail as I said first let's understand gamitoy and sporopy so let's understand that and then we will answer all these question so first of all if we talk about and all of you can note this thing down or take a screenshot of this once I draw the entire life cycle take a screenshot of it. So first when we say bryophites so bryophites the main plant
8:34 body is called gamtophy. Gamtote which is hloid. It is the main plant body. Now this main plant body of bryophyte will have two sex organ. First male sex organ right and female sex organ. The male sex organ is called male sex organ is called anthetheridia. Anthetheridia and female sex organ is
9:22 called female sex organ is called archonia. It is called argonia. It is the female sex organ. Now anththeridia will form male gamut which is called antheroids. It is called the male gamut. Antheroside is the male gamut. And this arggonia is the female gamut. It will form the female gamut that is egg. Now you know in sexual reproduction both male gamut and female gamut will fuse together. They will fuse
10:08 together and they will form zygote. Now here this fusion will require water and that is why they are called amphibian of plant kingdom. It will require water. Now this zygote will develop into sporofite. It will develop into sporopy and sporofy is multisellular. sporopy is multisellular. This sporofy will give rise to spore and the spore will form gamtophy. So this is overall the life cycle of bryophy. If we see once again I'll repeat the main
10:55 plant body is gamtophy. Gamitoy has a male sex organ, female sex organ. It will form male gameamt, female gamut which fuse and form zygote. This zygote will develop into sporofy and sporopy will form gitohy. So as you can see here this this spore is hloid n this is also hloid. So all these are hloid only this part is deployed. The sporopy part is 2n and rest all the part is n. So who is dominant is gamtophite that is hloid is dominant. So that is why we say that in
11:42 bryophyte who is dominant dominant is the gamitoite and that is why it is called the main plant body. Now another few points all of you note this down. First one that gamtophy is always hloid, sporopy is always deployed, right? Gamto form game and sporopy form spore. Right? So this you keep it in mind. So now you all can take a screenshot of it. note it down or if you are unable to note it down that fast take a screenshot of it and then you can read it several times. Now here
12:29 antherosoids are biflagulated. They are biflagulated means they have two flagagula. The argonia is flaskshaped. It is flask shaped. Right? Then both male sex organ and female sex organ are multi-ellular. They are multisellular. Clear? So this is overall the life cycle. So all of you note it down quickly. Take the screenshot. Take the screenshot. If it is done give me a thumbs up. I will move ahead. So as you can see here in bryophyte
13:17 there is two two-phase gamitoy which is hloid and sporopy which is deployed. You can see water is required for fertilization. You can also see sporopy is multisellular. You can see gamtophy is unisellular. Spore is hloid n and the gamt is deployed. Okay fine. So now let's move ahead. All of you have taken the screenshot. Let's move ahead. Now these are the two question based on that if I ask you the male sex organ in bryophite is called. What is the male sex organ called? Male sex organ is called
14:02 anthetheridium. Anthetheridium is the male sex organ. Then archonium is the female sex organ. Female sex organ. Now next one. The liver. Wart mercantia reproduces sexually by all sexual reproduction occur through all sexual reproduction occur through liver. What? All sexual reproduction through Gemma. we will see that. So here let's see this first and then we will go through that part. So now male
14:48 sex organ as I said it is anththeridium. Female sex organ is archonium. You can see here female sex organ is flask shape and contain single leg. Whereas anthetheridium it produce biflagulated antheroside. This antheroid is many in number. Then fertilization require water and the zygote is formed inside the argonium. Zygote. Zygote will form sporophyte. As we have seen zygote develop into sporopyte and it remain attached to the gamtopite. Spory since it is very large.
15:34 So note this down. Sporopyte actually is the multisellular. So sporofy is divided into three parts. It is divided into foot, seta and capsule. Remember this point sporofite is divided into foot seta and capsule. This entire sporopy is 2n. So foot set and capsule is also 2N in nature. Foot set capsule is also 2N in nature. Now if I ask you which part of sporofite will form spore. So the answer will be capsule. Note this also down.
16:23 Capsule will form spore. We generally say sporopy form spore. But which part of sporofy forms spore? It is the capsule which will form spore. So till here everything is clear. So once again I summarize this that the sexual reproduction take place in case of bryophyte. Here male sex organ and female sex organ are there. They produce male game, female game which fuse together to form zygote. This fusion need water. So they are amphibians and that give rise to zygote which develop into sporopyte. Sporopy is divided into foot sitta and capsule. Capsule will
17:09 form spore. Spore germinate and again form the gameite as we can as you can see here in the life cycle. Right? Now moving ahead this we have already done. Now diagrammatically if we see what is a sporopy and what is a gitohy. So see here this part is the sporopyte. As you can see this is the sporopyte and this part is the gimitoy. Now sporofy you can see capsule here seta here and foot here. So you can write like this. This is foot. This part is the seta and capsule. So can we say sporopy is divided into
17:55 three part foot sitta and capsule this three part game is the main part. Now gtoyight will be photosynthetic. Gamito is phototo synthetic. Remember this question can be asked which is photosynthetic. So gamophy is photosynthetic. Sporophyte is nonphotosynthetic. Nonphotoynthetic. Now if sporofy is nonphotosynthetic. So can a sporopy make food? No. Sporopy cannot make food. Who can make food? Gameight. So those who
18:41 make food and those who don't make food. So the one who don't make food depend on those who make food. For example, if you don't know how to cook, we you you will depend on your mother, right? But if you don't if you know how to cook food, you can cook it by yourself. There is no dependency. In the same way here, gamitoite it know it can prepare its food. So, but sporopy cannot prepare it food. So, sporopy will depend on gamitoy. So this is a very important line. Sporopite depend on gametophite.
19:26 Sporopite depend on gamtophite. In case of bryophyte the sporopy is dependent on gamitoite. If I say, if I say, if I say why is it so, why is it so? Because you will say, sir, sporofy is nonphotosynthetic. Nonphoto synthetic and gito is photosynthetic. Right? Now from here today we will do one special type of question which is very new for you. Now
20:13 recent trends are there that need always ask one 2 3 assertion reason question right. So and you don't have much of a exposure of assertion reason question. So let's do one assertion reason question today. Right? It is same like the other question but here you need a little bit of extra thinking. So let's practice this new type of question which is assertion reason. So I hope all of you pay attention here. First read the question carefully and then try to answer it. Clear? So the question is like this. So first let me write the question. So the question is assertion reason and in that such kind of question
20:59 you get first assertion. So assertion if I say assertion if I say that in bryophites in bryophites right in bryophites the sporopy in bryophy the sporopy is dependent on gametophite is dependent on gametophite. And then
21:47 reason reason if I say the gamtophite is photosynthetic and sporopy is nonphotosynthetic. Let's say this is the question. Now how you will see option in such question. Now option you see carefully and then you answer it. Right? So option you will get light. Let's say first option is
22:32 both a for assertion. Both assertion and reason is correct. Right. And reason is the correct explanation of assertion. Another will be both A and R is correct. Explanation not correct. Explanation not
23:17 correct. Another option will be so let's say third option A is correct R is incorrect. And let's say fourth option is A and R both incorrect. both incorrect. Now tell me what will be the answer here? Tell me what will be the answer. Now you have assertion, you have reason. Now is assert first in such question you have to think in this way. First you will think whether assertion is right or not. Then you will see
24:04 whether reason is right or not. If both are correct then you have to think whether this reason is explaining assertion or not. Right? So comparatively such question take a little more time. It need your attention because true and false you can easily say but how will you say that explanation is correct or not. So now here all of you start answering what do you think assertion and reason is correct. So we have just seen assertion is also correct, reason is also correct, right? But is the explanation correct? So for that you have to connect both of them with a term. You have to cut
24:50 connect both of them with a term because. Now if you connect them with because and you get your answer then it is explanation is also correct. For example, if I read it like this, in bryophy, the sporophyte is dependent on gamitoite because gamtophite is photosynthetic and sporophy is non-photosynthetic. So explanation is also correct, isn't it? So yes, both assertion and reason is correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. Reason is the correct explanation of assertion. So that's great. So now most of you have done
25:36 correct answer right. So one is the right answer. Very good. So Suma, Janu, Pratika, Rohit, Khalil, Bhaskar, right? Very good. So all of you have given correct answer. So this is one type of question which you'll very commonly you will see in NEAT. So now let's move ahead. In this case, now if I say then this bryophyte, bryophites are basically divided into two part. One is called mosses another is called mosses and liver
26:22 watts. Mosses and liver watts. Right? So we will see this this question. we will understand when we will see the mosses and liver warts in detail. So first let's see mosses and let's see liver warts. So this is liver wart. There are as I said two types of bryophy one is mosses another is liver warts. So mosses liver warts they example is mercantia. As you can see here this is the example of mercantia. This is a leafy structure as you can see leafy structure. This is ariggonia. This is anthetheridia. Inside is the jma cup. Right? So the body of
27:12 liver what isoid. It is dorsy vententral flat. It has a rootlike structure called risoid. Remember this risoid is a rootlike structure. rootlike structure. If question is asked what is risoid? So you will say risoid is a rootlike structure. Then you note it here jma is formed. GMA right. So jma is jma is the sexual form which will help in growing a new thalus. Right? So Gemma is the characteristic. Risoid is
27:57 there. Archonia and Theodidia. This is the female thalus. This is the male thalus. Overall sexual reproduction it will include fragmentation and you can see jma is present inside the jma cup. So if I ask you jma will have a role in sexual reproduction or a sexual reproduction. So JMA will have a role in a sexual reproduction. It has a role in a sexual reproduction. Where is JMA found? So JMA is found in a JMA cup. JMA cup is what? It is a cup-like structure. As you can see, this is a cup-like structure in which multi-ellular GMA is present. So this
28:44 you will call as JMA and this is the JMA cup. Clear? Then here also the sporopy is divided into food seta and capsule. So this is about. So now what is the distinct character of liver wart? First liver wart is also called as hippatopsida. Right? Hippatopsida it is called another is one of the example is mercantia if question is asked mercantia is an example of so you will say it is an example of it is an example of liver warts here they have rootlike structure
29:31 called risoid they can have separate male thalus and female thalus remember all liver wart won't have separate male and female thalus but mercantia has separate male thalus and female thalus then they form gemma cup which will have gemma inside which will help in the uh sexual reproduction. Now, so this is the question if I ask you. Now this is another type of question. Till now we have done very simple simple question one word answer where there now this is also a type of question which is asked in neat where you will get several statement and the options you have to choose among all
30:17 this. So this is another type of question. So difficulty level of this question is a little more. So now on the basis of what we have just seen in liver watts tell me what is true. So liver warts belong to bryophites. Liver warts belong to bryophyte. Yes they belong to bryophyte. Now do liver wart have dominant sporopy. Now if it is a if it is a bryophyte can sporopy be dominant or gamitoy be dominant? So it should have a dominant gamitoite. So this statement is wrong. They reproduce by gemma. So yes it is correct and water is
31:02 required for fertilization. This is also correct. Right? So except two all are correct. So correct answer will be 1 3 and 4. 1 3 and 4 is the right answer. Such question are also asked here. Here you have to be very alert while reading the statement and choosing the correct option because you have multiple options to find out true or false. Usually what happen student don't ignore this true and somehow they do this question wrong. So such kind of question is again important. Now two question which we have seen here. Let's cover this first. Now if I ask you the structure that anchor bryophite
31:50 to the substratum is called it is rootlike structure which is called risoid. Risoid is the root like structure. Mosses. Mosses we will just see and then we will answer about the mosses. Here the bryophyte sporopy is sporofite of bryophy is it dependent or is it independent? Answer it fast. Quick quick. Many of you are still not answering. Participate then only you will learn. These topics are such that if you just read it, it will not get into your mind. You need to get involved. You need to practice. you need
32:36 to revise and then only you will feel good about these topics otherwise you will keep on complaining that these are the boring topics I have to memorize a lot okay so I'm starting getting the answer yes Khalil Bhaskar Churnney Vijay very good all of you are answering Cik suma lites rashma laksha Janu. Okay. All of you are all of you are answering C. All of you are answering C. So bryophyte sporopy is dependent on gimito. Right? So now can we say that
33:22 bryophy show alternation of generation? A new term we are seeing here. Alternation of generation in which you will see there is a there is a gamtopite which is hloid and there is a sporofite which is deployed and gamophide becomes sporophyte sporopy become gamitoy. This is called alternation of generation. Is it clear? So now let's see the mosses and then we will see one more question from mosses. So mosses are also called
34:11 bryopsida. Mosses are also called bryopsida. Mosses are also bryophyte. So in mosses also which will be the dominant phase. The gamtopite will be the dominant phase. Example here you can see feria feria this is the feria and this is a spagnum. So two example you remember feria and spagnum feria and spagnum. This is spagnum. This is feria. Now if you see it carefully this part is the gamtophite and this is the sporopite. Sporophyte, gamophy. Sporopyite here also is divided into
34:59 foot seta and capsule. Foot seta and capsule. And this is the gimito. Now here the they have two stages. In this case remember the spore develop into gametophite. spore develop into gametophite in between they form these two stages in between they form protonma and leafy stage so simple term let's not complicate it in a very simple term if I say we have seen that in liver what jma cup is formed now that jma cup is not formed here what is formed
35:47 protonma there jma here protona Mosses protoma liver what GMA that difference you have to keep it in mind that here protonma is formed. Now protonma can form the leafy stage also means there is a filamentous step and there is a leafy stage. Now if I ask you that protonma is formed in you will say mosses. Gemma is formed in you will say bryophyte. Then if I say risoid is present in so you will say risoid is present in both liver warts and mosses in both liver ws and
36:32 mosses. Now who is more advanced? Moss is more advanced as compared to liver ws. So now see here question related to moss. Again a statement based question. Think and answer. Think about it and answer. Think about it and answer. Which of the following statement about the mosses are true? Mosses belong to bryophyte. Correct. Gametoight is the dominant stage. In case of mosses, who is the dominant stage? Gamito body is differentiated into stem like leaf like and rootlike structure. Yes, I'm not telling differentiated into
37:20 root stem and leaf. Root like stem like right. So yes, true root are present. Is true root present? No. True root is not present. So what will be the correct answer here? Which option? Correct answer will be a 1 2 and 3 is correct. 1 2 and 3 is correct. Correct answer is now some of you are mentioning D. All of the above is not correct because true roots are not present. Remember true root is not present. True root is not present. Remember this true root
38:09 absent. True root is absent. Instead of true root what is present? Risoid is present. What is risoid? Risoid is root like structure not root. Remember this they are not root they are root like structure. So correct answer will be a right. Very good. So now let's see one more question which we have left here about mosses. Now this question if I ask you now you can answer it. In mosses protonma represent the protonma represent gamito or sporopy. So here I will tell you protonma is hloid. Now you can I
38:55 have given you the hint protoenema is hloid. So it will represent the gamitoite or sporopy. Fine. Tell me the answer. Five. Correct answer is protonma is hloid. So hloid represent gamtophite or sporopy. We have seen we have seen here. See gamophyte is hloid. Sporopy is deployed. And here protonma is hloid. So it is a part of think and answer. I'm waiting for the correct answer five. The correct answer is Ravi Kumar giving answer
39:41 C. Uh many of you are answering B. A H. So now it is a little bit of confusion is there right? Because here there are two option which says about gametophite right now if one option would have been gitoy then you would have gone gone to gameight but now in game also you have two option mature gametophite and juvenile game. So remember this I will note this down. See spore first develop into protonma. spore develop into
40:26 protonma and then protonma develop into leafy stage. Protonma develop into leafy stage and this leafy stage develop into gamtote develop into gamito. So this protonma we will call it juvenile gametophite because it will further develop into juvenile means young. Juvenile means which is not yet developed. So protonma is the juvenile game which will mature and become gamtophy. So correct answer will be C. Remember here protoma represent juvenile
41:11 gamitoy. This juvenile game develop into leafy stage which develop into gimto. So understood this point. So in mosses protonma is present and protonma is the juvenile game. Now let's move ahead. So this is all about the teridophyte. Now this is all about bryophyte. And now we will see the economic importance. So economic importance. So here see bryophyte in itself do not have a lot of economic importance. It has more ecological importance. There is a line in NCERTT that says that
42:01 bryophyte bryophites have more ecological less economic importance less economic importance. Right? This is the point. So it has more ecological importance less economic importance. soil formation, soil erosion. It prevents some mosses use as bioindicator and packaging. Packaging spagnum spagnum is used for packaging. So very less economic importance is there. So now today let's try one more different thing. We have covered this
42:48 bryophy topic. Now we will go to NCERTT and those who are having NCERTT you take it out in printed form if you have you take it out otherwise you just observe how we read NCERTT as I promised last day I will tell you how to read NCERTT so let's see the here now we have this NCERT with us now here we start with this bryophyte so as you can see here this is bryop fight right. So these diagram we have seen all of you can see here very clearly that here JMA cup is present ariggonio4 is present anththeridio 4 is
43:33 present risoid is present so all these we have already seen now let's go to the text part of it see this all point I have covered here. Now here if we see bryophites are called amphibians of plant kingdom. Why they are called amphibians of plant kingdom? I hope it is clearly visible to all of you. Bryophites are called the amphibians of plant
44:23 kingdom. It is called amphibians of plant kingdom. Why? Because they depend on water for sexual reproduction. Right? Now they these plant body are differentiated more differentiated than algae. As I said here algae has a lesser smaller differentiated body. They have more differentiated. They have risoid. They lack true root. Right here they have gito which is the main plant body. They have antheridium. They have ariggonium. I have antherosoids. So if you read all the point what we have studied in the class all are given here
45:10 and in this way only you have to cover NCERT. Further if we move ahead we will get the sporopy also. Then see liver warts mosses all the character of liver wart is given all the character of mosses is given and then basically in the end you have to compare mosses and liver watts. So this is how you have to read. Reading NCERTT is very important. Why? Because 100% not only 90% or 99 100% of the question in need is going to be there from NCERTT. Nothing outside NCERTT is asked. So that is very important you read through the NCERTT. So I guess now today
45:57 all of you you will go back and get it downloaded. It is always better to have a hard copy. So I will suggest these are few pages get it printed and then have it with you whenever you get a chance you you will get uh you can buy the hard copy also of the book from market but right now you get it printed get it downloaded and get it printed as I have already told you go to Google just you have to type the this one NCRT plant kingdom and then you will get your PDF. So that is it for today. Now as I have told you, you have to go back and you have to mark you read NCERTT. So that is
46:45 it for today. Thank you all of you and I hope you will use your Sunday in a very productive way by reading, by revising and also by enjoying. Thank you all of you.
