GEOGRAPHY ONE SHOT LECTURE FOR SSC CGL 2024 | GK/GS FOR SSC EXAMS 2024 | PARMAR SSC

0:43 So hello everyone and good morning everyone, I hope my voice is coming properly, once you confirm it, yes good morning everyone, the one short lecture of Geography that we are going to do today is fine and as if we have already done Chemistry. By the way, we are

1:31 going to do Geography and make sure to do it in a single go because the problem of many people is like in the last lecture I was seeing in the comment section of the policy that it has been six hours, now how will I do it? It would have been better if I had done it live, is n't it? There are some people who leave comments later, so make sure that you will do it in one single go, so what about you, it will just be a revision, you will get the notes. 100 notes of Chemistry are also uploaded on Parmar Sasi Gra and Politics are also uploaded on your tgra channel, so from there you can download them, it will be left only for your revision, so make sure that one note means one go. You just have to sit and listen, it's okay, teaching, speaking, writing and all the work is mine, so you just have to sit comfortably and have patience, okay,

2:19 two four hours will be enough, absolutely yes, it is raining sir, so it is not raining here friend. But I told you that clouds come here, they stay and stay, but they do not rain. Like we told you, there are clouds, they thunder and it also rains. They come here, they thunder but it does not rain. In our place neither thunder nor So the rains come and go, let's start with one short lecture of Geography and from here how are we going to proceed, first we will do World Geography and then after that we will come to Indian Geography and its region in you. Many people will know about this, if not then we will know because we will first understand

3:06 the different concepts of latitude and longitude by reading World Geography, only then we will be able to know, brother, what is the topic of Cancer, what is Indian Standard Time? All things are alright, let's start from the origin of the universe. Well, how is our universe formed? There are not many theories about it, which means not enough. Yes, there are a few theories, but the most believable theory is the Big Bang Theory. This is not the Big Bang Theory that you are understanding, this is the Big Bang Theory where it is believed that there was an infalling matter, it exploded into singular matter, which we know as Big Bang Explosion and from this Big Bang Explosion There are many different galaxies and inside those galaxies, there are many solar systems and inside those solar systems,

3:56 there are many planets and this is just what I told you about the solar system and the planets. Apart from this, there are also nebulae, okay. There are pulsars, there are stars, so many of these things happen in our universe. So, if there is a single matter in which there is an explosion, then what is this different, this different galaxy has emerged, there are so many galaxies like this and so on. One of them is our galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy, and one of them is our solar system, in which we have a planet, meaning, okay, now if we talk about the Big Bang Theory, who propounded the Big Bang Theory, then it is George. Laminoplasty

5:00 Be it a planet, be it a galaxy or be it stars, the distance between them is increasing, the distance between them is increasing continuously because our universe is continuously expanding, expansion is taking place in it. It is said that the expansion that is happening after the Big Bang explosion was told by George Lamar Ji. Now the Steady State Theory was given by Holes. Okay, who gave it? Fred Holes gave it. His full name was Fred Hoyle, so he gave it. Steady State Theory He had said that even though the We call this as

5:48 Cosmology . Now as I told you that there are many galaxies, one of them is our Milky Way Galaxy, there are many solar systems in it, one of them is our solar system and we have to read about that solar system, but that First there are some important things like what is a constellation, what is a constellation, your group of stars, which we call a constellation in Hindi, a group of stars, we call it Kansan, so we have many such constellations, they are constellations, but we only We have to study about some constellations which are important for our exam. Perspective is important. Now, what are the important things from exam perspective? They are of some shape like this is Orion the Hunter, it is called Hunter Collection, it is okay that we also call it Orion, so it means there are two names of the same constellation.

6:35 Orion, then why do we say hunter hunter? Like you saw Ram ji, Ram ji carries a bow and arrow, similarly here, this is the arrow, this is your bow and this is the arrow and this is what it is. Some means it is a person and it is hunting in this way, some means it is in the shape of a hunter, hence its name is Hunter, so the thing you have to keep in mind is that its brightest star is now there are many stars in it. The bright star in it is Regal, it is okay, it is the brightest star, clearly, let's move ahead, which constellation is this? Now, those who did the series Piva, they know which constellation is this, how did it become ours, okay, how did it happen, Piya? How is this Piya? How is this Piya constellation?

7:21 Its specialty is that it is in the W shape, the same W within which the treasure is hidden. Which constellation is this? It is made up of how many stars. It is made up of seven stars which is known as We know it by the name of Sapt Rishi, although in India we know it by the name of Sapt Rishi, but in general we call it Ursa Major, Ursa Major. Now in this, we get to see an asterism in Ursa Major. What is this asterism? There is a pattern of stars in a constellation, as if this constellation is a constellation, so assume that it is a single straight line pattern of stars or like this, it is a box-shaped pattern, we call it asterism. What happens is that we get to see inside the constellation

8:08 and in this, remember the name of an experiment, Big Dipper, here you have to remember the name of Big Dipper, okay one more thing, keep in mind that in this, in the studied state theory, by the way, you have only Fred Hoyle in the option. Will come, but if by chance, if he goes further than that, which has not yet gone, never, but if ever, Thomas Gould and Herman Bundy, don't memorize these names, you have heard that, that's enough, that's all right, Fred Hoyle, but remember this. If you know the names then these are our constellations. Now we will come to our solar system, our solar system. Do you know this thing regarding the solar system? Do you not know anything? Now let us assume that you want to know how this evolution took place in the solar system which In this way, we have just read how our

8:56 universe was created by the Big Bang explosion and how our solar system was formed. Our solar system is formed from a nebula. What is a nebula? A nebula is a rotating cloud of dust and gases. Rotating cloud of dust and gases. When we say nebula, then when it rotated, it rotated very hard, one day, okay, and when it rotated, because of that, our light gases, for example hydrogen and helium, came to the center and the rest is like this. In this way , our rings type was formed as you can see in the right side of the figure, then our solar system was formed in this way. Now who gave this theory which we

9:44 know as Nebula Laplace Theory? Nebler Laplace Theory. Let us know by name, first of all there was a German philosopher whose name was Immanuel Kant. After that, Laplace ji had given this. Okay, Laplace ji had made further revisions on this in the year 1796. You have to keep this thing in mind. It is an obvious thing that our solar system would have been created later from the universe, the universe would have been created first, the solar system would have been created later but the theory of evolution of the solar system had come earlier, you can see in 1796 and here if we talk about big If we talk about Bang Theory, then this is your Big Bang Theory, which means it came later in 1931 and if

10:30 we talk about Study State Theory, then it is right in 1948, so this theory came later that how the Universe was created, then Solar. You understood in the system where the Sun will be at our center, the Sun is at our center and our eight planets are revolving around the Sun, that is, they are rotating, that is, they are rotating, now we have to read about them, here the Sun is. Be careful about the Sun which is at the center. Just comment. Now tell us which mission has been sent to the Sun. Our space agency ISRO has told us that the Sun which is our Sun is mostly made up of which gases? Hydrogen and Helium. Even at 70, it is only Hydrogen. It is made from and its outer layer which you can see here is called Corona, it is fine and we have just sent Aditya A1 mission, where in the sun is there one leg of the sun, which is Aditya A1, we have called it A1, why because five If there are Lagrange points

11:19 Among them, A1 is a Laggar point. Laggar points are those places where there is a stationary position between our Earth and the Sun, where any satellite can be placed on a stationary position. Okay, so that is where they are disturbed. No, right now we have a total of eight planets, but you may be seeing many, not eight, okay, you may be seeing this extra Ceres here, which you may have heard of or may not have heard of, if you have done the PYQ series. So you must have heard its name Cirrus, now we will understand carefully about these planets, which is the closest planet here, which is the nearest planet here, if we talk to the Sun then it is Mercury, Mercury is the closest to which Buddha says in Hindi: This is Mercury, this is Venus, this is Earth, this is Mars, this is Jupiter, this is Saturn, this is Uranus and this is Neptune, these are our total eight major planets, okay, the rest you are able to see

12:08 whose names You may or may not have heard that Ceres has become Pluto and Rhone, all these are called your 'duff planets' which are not true planets. Now let us read all the things one by one about Mercury and Venus. If we understand things then if we talk about Mercury then it is the closest planet, it is clearly understood and Mercury and Venus do not have any natural satellite, the first thing we have to keep in mind is that they do not have any satellite, that is, they do not have any moon. Mercury is the fastest. It has the fastest revolution. Fastest revolution means that this Earth completes one revolution around the Sun, one revolution i.e. one revolution in the shortest time. It only takes 88 days for one revolution. To complete this, if we talk about Venus, it

12:56 has the slowest rotation. Slow rotation means that now look at its axis, this rotation and revolution. Well, we will read further but here I will tell you the basic difference. Like this is our planet, okay, if it is rotating on its axis like this then we call it rotation, if it is rotating on its axis like this then we call it rotation and if it is rotating like this around the sun. It is rotating in a path on a fixed orbit, we call it revolution. I hope it is clear to you, if we talk about rotation slowly, like if we talk about our time, what are 24 hours, we say that a day is of 24 hours. Well, exactly it is 23 hours and 56 minutes, but why do we say 24 hours because in 24 hours our Earth completes one rotation on its axis and we say

13:44 when is a year, one year is rough 365 or 366. What is that in a day is that it has completed one revolution around the Sun, which is its orbit, so Venus has the slowest revolution. Well, when we have one day, then its 43 days are ours. If we talk about its meaning, then one day is. What do we call when one of our rotations is completed? Our Earth's Venus takes 243 days. Okay, so Mercury and Venus do not have any natural satellite. When we talk about Venus, we will know Venus by a different name. Please comment. In chemistry, I have told you which acid is present in Venus. We call Venus as Twin Sister of Earth. Okay, we call Twin Sister of Earth. We call it Morning Star. We

14:30 call it Evening Star. Okay. Morning Star and Evening Star. It is known by the names Clear, Twin Star, Morning Star, Evening Star, i.e. evening star, morning star, it is the brightest planet, that is, it is the brightest and it is also the hottest, Mercury is closest but but the sun, it is not the hottest. The hottest planet is our Venus because here we can see a lot of traces of carbon dioxide. Which acid can be seen in Venus? H2SO 4 can be seen in Venus along with Uranus. Let me tell you that Venus is along with Uranus. There are two planets which rotate East to West. All our planets rotate from West to East, i.e. from West to East, i.e.

15:15 counter-clockwise, but Venus and Uranus rotate in the clockwise direction. Rotation occurs. Talking about Earth, Earth is the only habitable planet where life is possible and Earth is the densest planet. It has the highest density. It has the highest density. We know it by the name of Blue Planet because it has There is water on 71 and only land mass on 29. Well, the composition of our body is also similar if we talk about Mars. So we know Mars as Red Planet or Red Planet because here we find traces of iron oxide and iron oxide. We call it Red Planet. If we talk about it, you will find it in Mars. Phobos and DeMos Phobos and DeMos Recently I thought

16:07 in today's and yesterday's one I mentioned this thing that Phobos and DeMos are two planets of ours, sorry, we have two satellites of Mars, who discovered them, okay? And you should know this thing that what we mean is that it has only one natural satellite and which one is the Moon, okay the Moon is the only natural satellite, only natural because we keep sending many satellites like ISRO, Ross Cosmos. NASA keeps sending everything but this is the only natural satellite, okay the Moon is its highest point, Labnitsa is a Labnitsa Point, Labnitsa is a mountain, it does not ask here, that is why I am not writing here and it does not make much sense, it does not ask, if asked, it is Labnitsa Point. Yes, and if we talk about the Moon, only one side of it is visible to us because its rotation time

16:53 is equal to its revolution time and that is 27 days, this and this. It is a non-luminous body, non-luminous, which means it does not have its own light, it works to reflect the sun's light. Now you understand about Mars and by doing Nix Olympia in Mars, you will keep in mind, okay Nix Olympia. There is Karka Mountain which is the highest mountain here. Now what is there after Mars? We get to see some things here. After Mars, no major planet will come. Now what will come? Okay, now if we talk here, then an asteroid will come. The belt which is not shown here but here I note it to you in yellow color, in this way there are many of us, what are the big and small, what are the asteroids, what are the asteroids, what are the stones, understand like this, the big stones which are on the planet. Understand that planets could not be formed.

17:42 There are big stones which are also rotating around the Sun like this. One of them is Cirrus. Okay Cirrus, understand its meaning like this. The biggest among these is Asteroid and This is a dwarf planet. Okay, this is a dwarf planet and it is Ceres. If we talk about it, it is the closest asteroid to Earth. Keep in mind if it asks you which is the closest dwarf planet. Dorf planets are small planets which There are no true planets because there are certain criteria to be called a planet, they have to be fulfilled, so Ceres does not fulfill them. Pluto also used to be like this. You must be seeing Pluto here, but now it is no more after 2006. Keep in mind that which is the nearest duff plant to the Earth? Ceres. After this, this is you and the second question is what will the asteroid

18:31 belt become? Between which two plants we have the asteroid belt. So you can clearly see here that the asteroid. Between whom is the belt? Asteroid belt is between Mars and Jupiter. Between Mars and Jupiter because from here it ends and from here we start. Jupiter asteroid belt is also important in the sense that it divides the planet. How it is divided into two parts, which are our planets which are on the left side, which we have just seen, from Mercury to Mars, these are called interior planets or the inner planets are called interior planets and the planets which are on the right side of the asteroid belt. We call them exterior planets or

19:17 we know them as Jovian planets or we know them as gaseous planets because they are made of gas but the interior planets. If we talk about planets, then what they are, we know them as terrestrial planets because they are made of rocks. Well, the interior ones are called terrestres, that is, these are the inner ones and these are the outer ones. These are small. You must be seeing these in size and they are very big. The exteriors are very big. It is okay in comparison to the interior. Now coming to Jupiter, Jupiter is the largest planet of our solar system. You have to keep this thing in mind that Jupiter is Our Jupiter is the largest, it is the biggest planet and in it we have its biggest satellite, which is the biggest satellite of the entire solar system. Whenever

20:06 I say satellite, I should say satellite or I should say moon, it is the same thing. Okay, so Ganny Made. Its largest satellite or the Moon is its largest satellite. Not only this but the entire solar system has four muses or satellites whose name is Europa Kali and this Gunny Med which is written above, these four are known as Galilean muses because Galileo Galilei discovered them with his own telescope. Ok, first let us tell you who discovered the first reflecting telescope, so we know him by the name of Galilean Galilean Mas. It is okay and now traces of ozone have also been discovered in Kalista itself. Now coming to Saturn, which is Saturn, its specialty is this.

20:54 That is, it has the lowest density, it has the lowest density, it has the lowest density of Saturn, it has the lowest density, whoever told that, its density of Earth is less than that of water i.e. 1 gram per centimeter cube and we will talk about Saturn. So here the satellite is ours, its own personal is the biggest, Titan is okay, it is Titan and one more means Titan is the biggest but there is another satellite whose name has to be kept in mind, it is okay and it is clear that life is possible in both of them. Keep this thing in mind, okay, this question has been made recently, so life is possible on both of them, rings are seen in Saturn, around it we get to see rings and who was the first to discover these rings?

21:40 Galileo observed them. Huygens was the first to say that there is a gap between the rings. Who said this? Kani, then keep this in mind. What did Kasani say that there is a gap of black color between these rings and the reflecting telescope? Newton was the first to discover this. If we talk about Uranus, then Uranus, by the way, listen carefully. We call them gaseous plants, but in particular, both of them are called gaseous, both of them are called ice joints because they are completely made of ice and they are very far away from the Sun, now it is as if Mercury reduces its revolution the fastest. It revolutionizes the fastest because it

22:28 is closest to the farthest. Which one is Neptune? So it has the slowest revolution. What happens to it? It revolutionizes the slowest. Its one year means one revolution. If we compare it with our meaning then it is 165. It is completed in a year. We know Uranus as the Green Planet because here we find traces of methane gas which we know as marsh gas. Okay, so this methane gas which is known as Mars gas. Traces can be seen here. Now it is clear that the fastest revolution is the fastest, Mercury is the slowest revolution, Neptune is the slowest rotation, Venus is the fastest rotation. So, the fastest rotation is of Jupiter. Okay, their rotation is the fastest, that is,

23:16 their day is completed the fastest. Roughly in 10 hours only or if I say 9 hours 55 minutes to be very precise but you will remember 10 hours, here you can see these rings are Satan's rounds and you can see a separate gap in between them. It will be okay, so remember the names of Huygens and Krasny, here we do not end here, a few more things like after Neptune, you will be able to see this Pluto phase and 2003 UB. What is the actual thing that even after Neptune, there is a A belt can be seen like there is an asteroid belt here, this belt is called Kuip belt, what is Kuip belt, okay, what is the Kuiper belt, there is a belt on Kuip, Beyond Neptune, do you understand that it is Beyond Neptune and In the Kuiper Belt, you will see three or four big planets.

24:07 One, we know Pluto, which used to be a planet earlier, but in 2006, the International Astronomical Union removed it. Okay, Pluto is another one, keep it in mind, take care, homiya. One is your Make Make Make Make and one is your Eris so keep these four in mind Make Make Regarding one thing you have to keep in mind that it orbits the Sun in 310 years. When our 310 years are completed then it takes its own orbit or one The revolution is completed by the end of make make. If anyone has any doubt then ask, otherwise we come to the shape of the earth. So, have you ever thought that the shape of our earth is not like this in reality? Yes, it is not completely smooth

24:53 in reality. This is what actually happens, the shape of your Earth is like this, that is, at some places because here on our Earth there are mountains at some places and at some places there are trenches i.e. pits, so the smooth surface that we see is not a completely smooth surface. If this is such a shape then why do we draw it smooth? Okay, yes, that means you can put the decreasing order. Let me tell you here in the decreasing order. What is the decreasing order of the planet. If the size is okay, then the decreasing order of the size is that first of all, here I write in a different color. First of all, Jupiter will come, okay Jupiter Jupiter, we can remember it from Jason, J from Jupiter S U N and EV M EV M

25:43 Mercury, okay Jason will be Saturn, I told you that the Jovian ones, which are the outer planets, they are big so Saturn became Uranus, Neptune became Earth, Venus became Mars, Sorry, Mars became Mars, Okay, so this order is decreasing, once I look at something else, there is no H remaining here. If you ask for coldest then the warmest is Venus. If you ask for coldest then it will be Neptune. It is the farthest. If Neptune is not in the option then it will be Uranus. Then it is okay and there is nothing else like that, I have already told you about the meaning. Okay and who has the maximum number of satellites,

26:33 sometimes it is Jupiter's, sometimes it is Saturn's, so now he has stopped asking questions in the exam, it is okay, but if he asks then the maximum is right now, Jupiter's is okay, it has the most satellites. What happens is to discover whose key has been taken, sometimes Saturn's key is found, then Saturn comes to the top, it actually means there is a shape, but we draw it like this, okay, something like this means draw it smooth like this. Let's do that, we take the average, like you study in maths, what do you study in average, like in maths, if I say that one is 14, one is 19, one is four, one is 10, okay and one is 20, then their average will be this. It means that more will come than this and less than this will come, whatever will be the average, either the higher value gets reduced, the lower value gets more, so it is raised here, hence, the one which is less will be reduced a little. Whatever is raised will be raised, it will be reduced,

27:21 so in this way our surface becomes like this. Now the shape of our earth comes out like this, here you will be able to see on your screen that this center There is a bulge on the top , it is swollen but it is flat on the poles. We call this shape a zoid or an oblate spheroid. So the shape you get to see is something like this, where the meaning we have is Yes, there is a bulge at the center, the bulge is flat at the center, why is it like this, keep in mind that the reason behind this is rotation, the rotation of the earth which is the rotation of the earth, rotates, rotates, now like you do one thing like. It does not happen that if there is water, somewhere it is filled with water

28:08 and if you rotate the water then what is it from the center, it expands itself because centrifugal force is applied in it, centripetal force is applied in it, then what happens because of centrifugal force, things from the center. When it starts coming out, then the force in the center will be responsible for this. When we study physics, we will see the gravity there, the acceleration to gravity, it is more at the poles, it is highest at the poles, it is highest at the poles, why because now here See, this is the center of the Earth, so it will have a radius which will be called equatorial radius and this will be a radius which will be called polar radius, then tell which radius will be greater because our Earth is bulged at the center, so this distance here is more. A will come in comparison to this distance i.e. the equatorial one will be more than A to compare to polar because the g which

28:55 is inversely proportional to g = gr is Skake's formula i.e. g which is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. And to the square of the radius, that is why on the poles because if it is less then the gravity on the poles is more. Clearly, what is the shape of the sphere? Actually, we do not call it spherical, we call it oblate spheroid or zoid, which is fine and that is our meaning. We get to see the tilt in it, we get the tilt meaning how much tilt is it on its axis , this It asks sometimes it asks questions, normally it will ask you only about the axis but sometimes it asks about its orbital plane, this is the equator. Now we will read what is the equator, so this is its orbital plane around which it revolutions.

29:42 So how much is it inclined to it, so it is inclined to 66 A 1/2 degrees, this is correct, how much it is inclined to it is 66 A 1/2 degrees, from here you can see it by doing it like this, then it will give you 66 A will appear to be tilted 1/2 degree from its orbital plane, that is, your meaning is that its tilt is 23 A 1/2 degrees from its axis. Here I will show you. If you are in doubt, wait a second here . First I write, okay, 23 1/2 ° on your axis and 66 1/2 ° on your orbital plane, okay on your orbital plane, it is so inclined, okay, now we will see here, this is your orbital plane, this is this orbital. There is a plane which is shown dotted here, now if this total is 90° and this is 23 A 1/2, then subtract 23 A 1/2 from 90

30:32 , then you will get 66 A 1/2. Okay, now many people have a question. Why is there a tilt? Meaning: Yes, it is believed that no one knows. It is believed that an asteroid must have impacted here. An asteroid must have hit due to which it has a tilt. If it makes sense, then it is okay. If not, then believe that Hanuman ji. Got it tilted, okay, let's move ahead, now we will read it here, what is Lattu and Longitude, so it is a kind of our imaginary lines. Now do you do many things like this or not? Just last night, you did a lot of You must have imagined all the things, this will happen, if you get selected, then there will be three stars, if not, then what will happen? If you imagine a lot of things, then imagine two lines, Lattu and Longitude, which are dividing our meaning. Okay, these are imaginary lines, these are imaginary lines which are horizontal lines, we call them 'lattu',

31:21 they are lying down, that is why they are lying lines, so they have become 'lattu', what are horizontal and longitude and what are vertical lines, it is understood. The thing is, we call them parallels, you can clearly see that they are parallel to each other, we also call them parallels and in reality they are circles instead of lines, because the earth is our 2D structure, not like this from here. The line must have gone like this, meaning there is a complete 3D structure. Imagine and this must have gone behind, this braid must have gone behind, then these braids are null circles, this much is clear, our longitude is like this, now we will know the facts about them. First of all, let us see some facts about lattu that what is the total number of lattu, then

32:06 if we talk about lattu, here you can see that this is 0 degree lattu, this is the row degree reference which divides the meaning into two equal parts. We call the upper part the Northern Hemisphere and the lower part the Southern Hemisphere. Now how far do we go up here? 0 degrees 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 By doing this we go up to 90 degrees, like this here 1 2 3 4 5 like this we go down till 90°, now how will we know like suppose I say, I am standing at 10 degrees, at 10 degrees latitude then 10 degrees How will we know whether it is here or here? That is why whatever longitude and latitude above 0 degree are denoted by n,

32:52 like 90° North will be this, this will be 90° South. Those below will be denoted by South . So from 0 to 90, then how many total numbers are there? 90 numbers are there at the top. How many numbers are there at the bottom? 90 So 1 2 3 4 By doing like this 90 1 2 3 4 By doing like this 90 But 0 degree is also a latitude which we have not counted. Therefore, the total number of latitudes is 90 above, 90 below plus the one in the center, which we know as the Equator. How many will these total be? 90, 90, 180 and 181. Sometimes one asks that How many Lattu Naal circles are there, if you ever ask, then it is 179. Well, latitude itself asks you, but if you ever ask, what is the meaning of this, why 179 because 90 degrees which is North and South,

33:37 they are formed in just one point. How is it, I just told you that it is a circle, as is our complete meaning, so it will be 0 degree lattu, then it will go up, it will go up, it will go up, it will go up, it will go up, it will go up, it will go up, it will go down 90 degrees North, okay like this, it will go down, it will go down, down If we go like this, we get 90 degree south, then these are reduced to points instead of being circles, so if we remove both of them then it becomes 179. Now coming to longitude, what are its facts, then it can be clearly understood from the vertical line. Is coming and if you look carefully then it seems that it is starting from here. It is starting from here and ending here. All the longitudes meet here also and meet here. You can imagine anything, say anything, they originate from the North Pole and meet at the South Pole, just like

34:23 what happens in our magnets, the magnetic field lines originate from the North Pole, the South Pole. But actually they do not come from anywhere, we believe in Physics also that when they study Physics, they will see there that the North is coming out of the North, it is going to the South, so here too, believe it. Well , who knows if there is some radiation coming out from somewhere or the other, we have drawn it for our convenience so that we can tell the position of any place, okay, so all this is found here and all this is found here. Nadan Pole and South South Pole, if I talk about them, then how will their top view look like? Their top view will look like this, is it of longitude or not, is the top view like this and this will also be the bottom view and if you pay attention to longitude? If seen from the side, it looks something like this, what happens in longitude is that the distance between them, the

35:11 maximum between two longitudes is at the equator and this distance keeps decreasing and keeps decreasing. It goes on decreasing, it goes on decreasing, it becomes zero, don't tell anyone, it's okay, then it becomes zero here and here, if we look carefully, the distance between the tops remains the same, it does not decrease. If so, then this is an important fact, keep it in mind that the distance between longitude decreases from the equator to the poles. This much thing keeps decreasing while going from the equator to the poles. The distance at the poles becomes zero

35:57 and becomes zero at the equator. The maximum is 11 1.32 km and 1 degree, because the distance between each top is the same, so what is the distance, here I have understood, here 1 degree is between the top, 11 is fine, kilometers, yes, let someone know, then it is 11. Km, what is this SMR? Brother, what SMR is SMR from atoms? It seems as if something is happening, I don't know, whatever happens, it is 111 kilometers. The distance between 1 degree lattu is fine, how many longitudes are there? If total is then longitude is total 360. Okay, how are total 360? Either understand it like this, understand it like this, when it

36:48 is full 360 degree, then 1 degree 2 3 4 5 360 or else or else or else or as our this Longitude is ok, so what is longitude? Like, what is longitude? Now what happens friend, in his case, in the case of top, friend, we consider the middle one as reference, but there is a big confusion about which of these is considered as reference, then one from Green Witch. The longitude which was passed, which we called the Prime Meridian, we know this as Greenwich Mean Time or we called it by the name of Prime Meridian because London used to have dominance at that time, so the one which passed from London's Laboratory Greenwich was the same. If we consider this as the reference, then this prime meridian which can be called 0 degree longitude, then we will go towards it, that's okay, so by doing a 180° here, you will get a 180° line. Okay, so 180 here becomes 180 here. 360 are done

37:39 , now you will say, Sir, we did not even add this, we should definitely add one more, it is 361, but son, you have added this also twice, then subtract one more from 180, then rotate it and you will get 360 longitudes. It is 180°, it is called the International Date Line, not many questions arise from this, but if you ever ask that the International Date Line is a longitude of 180° and it is a zigzag line, apart from this, you will not ask much else, it is a zigzag line, not a straight line. This is the Prime Meridian, which is a straight line. Now I am not going into the reason behind it. Okay, why because its reason is that from here your date changes. From IDL, the concept of date change comes from the International Date Line. And that is here right now, I will not explain it to you because questions do not come on that, so date change,

38:24 keep in mind that how if we cross the international dateline, from where, if we cross it, from West to East West. If we go east then we gain a day and if we come from east to west we lose a day, so it means like this is the International Date Line, it is okay like this means Russia, this is your place here. USA is fine, it is Alaska, so from here you will go here, East to West is fine, I did not say the opposite, East to West, you will gain a day and if you come here, you will lose a day, so this is the concept here. It works but does not ask many questions on it. Okay, now look at the facts about longitude. We know them by the name of meridians, just as we know them by the name of parallels, North South runs are major.

39:09 Distance East West of the Prime Meridian and all these things are ok, you don't need to remember all this, ok R Hows of Great Circle, all this too, you don't need to remember here, just remember what I told you. What needs to be done is now like I told you that there are circles, okay so which of these will be the biggest circle? The middle equator is the equator, keep in mind that this is the greatest greater circle. If you ever ask what is a greater circle, then Greater circle or great circle is the one which divides the entire earth into two parts, then the equator is the one which can divide the entire earth into two parts, it will not do so, yes, there should be more here. If we go there and it gets reduced then the Equator will be the great circle and when we talk about longitude then all

39:57 the longitudes are great circles because take any one, you can take any one, you can take any one, all the great circles emerge. If you understand it, then it is better not to memorize it, but if you have to explain it here, then that's fine, there is no need to go into too much depth, okay, now don't think that I am trying to explain instead of explaining here. For example, you take an apple and a knife. By knife, I am telling you this, I am telling you that your knife should pass only from the center of the apple. We always have two equal parts . There will be a cut divide, okay, so it is the same concept here, but I deliberately do not focus that much on the things which are not that important, it is okay because the important things will come, till then your energy level should not be exhausted. Like now the topic will come in reverse and also our topic

40:44 Climatic Classification, for this reason it is okay, I am telling only as much as is needed, so you just keep doing it, okay, so now here we come, these important things of ours. If we see them, then this is our Equator, I told you it is 0 degree which is dividing the Earth into two equal parts, Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, the Prime Meridian divides its eastern side into Eastern Hemisphere. It divides it into Eastern Hemisphere and divides it into Western Hemisphere, so Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere. Okay, our India, which is our India, comes above the Equator and comes on the east side of the Prime Meridian, that is, in the North Eastern Hemisphere. Coming to our India, well, this is the concept of Prime Meridian, time is also calculated from it. Do you know that time is also calculated from Prime Meridian and which is ours? Come, when I will teach you Indian Standard Time, there will

41:30 be this I will tell you the thing, okay, so what is important is which of our poles is this 0°? So I told you that 23 1/2° is the Tropic of Cancer, which is called the Tropic of Cancer. Similarly, 23 1/2° in the South is called the Tropic of Capricorn. This is the Arctic. Circle Arctic Circle which is 66 1/2 degrees North and this is Antarctic Circle Antarctic Circle 66 1/2 degrees South and North and South Pole So I have told you now what is so important in 232, now you will understand, okay This is where our concept ends, so these are imaginary lines in a nut shell, Lattu and Longitude, if you look at them in a way, then only circles come out, that Lattu is 181, circle in number, attitudinal circle, 179 179, longitude 360 ​​and 360, each. The distance between the poles is the same and

42:16 the distance between each longitude is not the same. It is maximum at the equator and decreases towards the poles and becomes zero. There is only one pole which is the great circle. The middle equator is all the longitudes are great. Circulations are fine and 0 degree which is the Equator divides the earth into two equal parts and in the same way the straight line, this is our prime meridian which is a straight line, we consider it as reference longitude which is obtained from Green Witch Laboratory or This is called Green Witch Mean Time. Now we will see how the Indian Standard Time is 55 hours behind our Indian Time Standard or our time standard is 52 hours ahead of it. Okay, now let's come to Rotation and Revolution. This is an important concept on Earth, understand it carefully, okay, with this the questions are made properly, let us be clear, now let's come to rotation and revolution. What is rotation, so I

43:05 told you that rotation is rotating our Earth on its axis. Is doing is doing as if now I am not as if you must have seen Deepika Padukone's Ghoomar song. What Deepika Padgan does is that first of all she keeps rotating while standing at her position and then she also rotates like this. So the one who is rotating while standing at her position is rotation and the way she is rotating is called revolution. Now let's move ahead, right now in rotation, due to rotation, you have to keep this thing in mind that due to the rotation of our earth, day and night occurs due to this, day and night occur due to this and how much time does it take for our Earth takes exactly 23 hours and 56 minutes of time to complete one revolution. How much time does it take? There are seasons because of the revolution. I am not telling you

43:51 that right now, just understand how much time the revolution takes. 365 days of 365 days and 6 hours and 9 minutes. From here exactly its time of revolution comes out. Now this revolution of ours is responsible for the seasons. The revolution that is this is responsible for seasons i.e. seasons but only one. This is not the only factor which is responsible for seasons, then now as the Sun is at our center, our Earth is revolutionizing around it, it is okay because the Earth is tilted, it is straight otherwise the tilt of the Earth can be clearly seen here. That's it, it's bent, how is it right, right now, in this, assume that by doing this one by one, this line is on this, tied a man on it, like

44:57 tell the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, now this fighting, tied him to this, now his legs It is towards Hassan, that is, its Southern Hemisphere. Okay, this is the Southern Hemisphere below the Equator, now it will be hot here and where it is hot, in the opposite hemisphere it will be cold in the other hemisphere, so what is the reason for the heat and cold that is happening? Sir, whatever is happening, this is happening because of the seasons, this revolution plus tilt, this is happening because of both, keep in mind, how can you think, if this tilt is not there, then this will remain a part of the man's stomach and it will always remain so. You are able to see here that when it revolutions like this, this part of it comes towards the Sun. If our Earth is not tilted straight then its overhead rays i.e. direct rays will be falling only on the equator. All through

45:45 the year, you will not see any phenomenon like seasons anywhere and think that if this earth does not revolutionize, it will stand here, take any one position and make it stand there vertically, do not revolutionize it. It will keep getting hot here, it will never get hot here, okay, now what happens is that in this case, in this case, we had read that 23 A 1/2 degree is tropic of cancer, now its importance is here. In actual, the direct rays of the Sun, which are direct rays, never fall above the Tropic of Cancer, never fall above the Tropic of Cancer, slanting rays occur, oblique rays occur due to which the upper part does not get that much heat. And what is this? Okay, have you understood this much now, this is your Tropic of Cancer where the Tropic of Cancer

46:35 is reading direct rays. This is called Summer Solstice i.e. Summer Solstice in Hindi. Summer Solstice and what is this date? June 21, the day on which we Let's celebrate Yoga Day. Now when there is direct rays on the Tropic of Capricorn i.e. Tropic of Capricorn, then we call it Winter Solstice i.e. Winter Solstice. It happens on 22nd December, so now I understand. 23 A 1/2 23 A 1/ 2 Why is it important because there is never a direct ray below the Tropic of Capricorn, there is never a direct ray above the Tropic of Cancer, there is a slanting ray, there are clear rays. Now what is Vernal Equinox and Autumnal Equinox? So Equinox is the position when on the Equator. When the direct rays of the sun are falling on the equator, there are two days in a year when the direct rays fall on the equator, one is the

47:22 Vernal Equinox, which is on March 21, which is called the Spring World and the Terminal Equinox, which is called the Autumn Equinox. This is called Equinox. This happens on 23rd September. There is a direct race on the Equator, which means that these will be two days where equal days and equal nights will be seen in Antayus on the entire Earth. There is no doubt that the date of Summer Solstice should be memorized. Vernal Autumnal Equinox of Winter Solstice and why it is important. Okay, now let's come sir, what is Epi Ilion and Peri Ilion? Apsoor and Apsoor are called Peri Ilion. Apsoor is called this. Sorry Apsoor and this. They say, 'Apsaur',

48:09 what is this position, when our Earth revolutionizes around our Sun, then such a position occurs? It comes because our Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit i.e. in a long circular path, it revolves around the Sun, so there comes a point in this elliptical path when it is closest to the Sun and the Earth is farthest from everything else. What kind of point comes, the one which is nearest is called Periyan, the nearest one is Pi Se Paas and Pi Se Peri Ilian and Ap Ilian, when it is the furthest, what is the date when it is the farthest, exactly at the time of 4th July. Sometimes it does not happen on 4th July, some year it falls on 5th July. If we talk about January, then on 2nd or 3rd January, you get to see this rally, Peri Lien, which is written for you in kilometres, you need to memorize it. There is no need, okay,

48:58 no doubt, all is clear, okay, now let's come sir, what is Eclipse? So, when we have the Sun, which is our Earth, it is revolutionizing around the Sun. Similarly, our Moon, which is the Moon, is also that too. It is revolutionizing around us, just as we are revolving around the sun. This means that the moon is revolving around us, just like you are revolving around someone. You are circling around, right? You want someone, but it can also be you. If someone wants it, okay then understand something like this, then something like this happens due to corona, eclipses happen which we call eclipse, this is lunar eclipse and this is solar eclipse, okay this is solar eclipse. And the above one is lunar eclipse. Now you observe one thing, the sun is not changing its position, the sun is at the center only, if the earth is coming between the sun and the moon, then it is

49:47 called lunar eclipse, not lunar, it is okay. Lunar eclipse is called a lunar eclipse and if the Moon comes between the Sun and the Earth then it is called a solar eclipse. After all, it is okay, so you remember one, it is okay in Lunar Solar and the other one will automatically be remembered by you. Because you know that you should not come in the middle, okay, now what happens in the lunar eclipse, here you are able to see that the entire light of the sun is falling beyond this, where is it falling on the moon, meaning in the middle. It is not coming, these three are not on the same plane, it is not that it is right here on the side of this one, sir, it will be far behind, this means take it on your side, take it towards you and it will be far behind. The whole is being brought to us in a straight line, so we are observing it because we are observing in 2D, but if we

50:33 look at the whole top from above in the universe, then we will see that it is far ahead and behind, it is very far ahead, so the whole light of the whole. You must be going to mean that this will happen to us that the entire moon can be visible to us. I had just told you that the moon is never completely visible to us. First of all, only its 60 59 to 60 part is visible to us. From our earth surface is fine because its rotation and revolution time are the same, so as much as the entire moon can be visible, the late part is what we call full moon or full moon because the entire moon is visible. We call this as Purnima and most of our festivals be it Raksha Bandhan or Holi, all of them are celebrated in Purnima, one of ours is celebrated in Amavasya, which one is that? Now we will tell you that

51:19 the concept of Amavasya is here, what is Amavasya, Amavasya is that dark night where the moon is not visible to us, right now the sunlight is falling on the moon but we are behind the moon, from where will we see this dark or here. Well, we are not getting any light here, how will we be able to see this part, the fact is that not even a small part of the moon is visible to us, that is, it is called New Moon, that is, now the new moon will start coming from here. Gradually, which phase will come after this? After this, which phase will gradually come after Lunar, Solar? So, if there is a full moon, sometimes the question is asked that after the full moon, does the light part of the moon increase or decrease? Sir. There will be a decrease because more than this cannot be seen now. Now it must have started moving towards the new moon, so now it will gradually decrease. After the new moon, the moon

52:04 lit part starts increasing. Okay, so this is called Amavas or New. Moon says, I have understood what happens in a solar eclipse and these are some types of eclipses. Sometimes what happens is that all three come together on one plane, like now all three play together, usually they are not on one plane, but when What does the Sun do when it comes on one plane? What does the Moon do? It blocks all the light coming from the Sun. It blocks all the light. If all three come on one plane and that's why. If there is light on the earth, where it is day time, there it becomes dark, you get dark, sorry, okay, then you must have seen it at some places, sometimes it is seen that brother, it is day. It is completely dark, maybe you have never seen it because sometimes it means a lot, like suppose if you ever observed

52:53 it, then you came to know that it is night in India and at that time it is looking like USA somewhere, is n't it ? So partial eclipse is aner and total eclipse is ok, keep in mind that if it covers completely then it is total and if it is visible from side to side then it is ring type, if it is aler and half then it is called partial, it is called clear, move ahead, what are water tight tides, then tide. What is General in actual because it is related to this, so I am telling you that General or our rise and fall of sea water on periodic basis because rise and fall can happen due to any reason . It is possible that when the wind blows, waves can be seen in the water, but if it is happening on a periodic basis, then we call it tides, that is, we know that now the tide

53:39 will come, now the high tide will come, now the low tide will come, now the high tide will come and the low tide will come. How is it and why does it come, if we talk about it then it comes like Sun is ours, observe the same thing, here it has become your moon and this has become the meaning, okay, I have taken the second case, I have taken the sun, here I have taken the meaning. I have taken it and here I have taken the moon, okay now what happens is that this moon exerts its own gravitational pull due to which the water will jump here, there will be high tide and here too there will be high tide and here there will be low tide. And here there will be low tide okay now the second case you saw this is the first case you saw this is the first case you saw okay this is your second case which I have drawn below okay this is your second case which I have drawn here What do you see, the Sun, Earth and the Moon are all at 90°, what is happening here is that the Moon

54:28 is exerting its gravitational pull on one side and the Sun is exerting its gravitational pull on the other side, hence , high tide will come here, right here means high tide will come. Where the Moon is setting because the gravitational pull of the Moon is stronger as compared to the Sun, this thing has to be kept in mind, okay, here it is called spring tide, it is called tide in Hindi, tide is called low, okay? This is called spring tide and this is called neap tide. If anyone can write its Hindi in the comment because I can't remember this too then this is spring tide and neap tide. What is the difference between them because all three are in straight line then the moon has gravitational pull. It is setting and the Sun is helping it, that is, the high

55:13 tide here will be very high and the low tide will be very low, the high tide will not be that high at neap tide, the low tide will not be that low because the Moon is setting there. The Sun is moving here and there and keep one thing in mind that which force works in it, whose gravitational pull is that of the Moon or that of the Sun, but the Moon does more work compared to the Sun and this is the region of high tide. Low tide occurs due to centrifugal force, which is felt due to the rotation of an object. Now from here we are starting a new concept and that is Different Layers of Earth. Keep aside what was there till now. Let it be over, now things

55:58 will actually start from here, you will know why earthquakes come, why tsunamis come, why volcanoes are formed and from the volcano we will then make it into rock. Okay, so why are different layers formed in your mountains, so now that. From here you will understand the different layers of Earth. There are not many layers in our Earth, but yes, some layers can be seen, so it means that we have taken out a piece of our Earth. I have taken out one piece and divided it into three parts. Okay, this is the upper one, I called it crust in Hindi. Crust is called this in Hindi. This is the middle one, I called it Mantle, Mental is called this in Hindi, and Core is also called Core in Hindi. Now I have divided the crust, the mantle, the core in this way. Now what is this crust, the earth's crust, which is its top layer of the earth where we are living, now we are living,

56:46 so it is not that we are fine here, there is land here where we are living. But there is more water than land, so there is more water than land, so the part with water is your layer with water because the layer with water is like this is ours, this is where we are living, this is where we are living. Okay, and this is the sea, so the sea will be something like this, it will be filled with water and the land below it. It is called oceanic crust, marine or oceanic crust and what is this continental crust, this is continental and this is oceanic, so water, the top top layer under the sea, we will call it oceanic crust, okay and if it is continental crust then that means our crust. We divide it into two parts, continental and oceanic. Okay, let us divide the crust into continental and oceanic.

57:36 Question What will you ask? Two questions: Continental is thick, thick and what is it made of? Granite is made of granitic rock. It is made of granite and the oceanic one is thin and it is made of basal rock. How will you remember that salt is seen in the ocean, basal rock and oceanic one is denser and heavy, just like the crust. We have to study some of its composition which is the crust of our earth. Its composition is something like this. Oxygen is at 46, silica is at 28 and aluminum is at 8. Even if you do not remember this percentage, no one is like this. Remember, last time in Oyal CGL Mains, the question was made from the question which was in your 2023 CGL Mains.

58:23 Percentage match was to be done but even if you were not aware, then I had made you remember like this, even then you had taken one shot of Geography and There I had made you remember Oyal like this, remember Oyal, so from Oyal you remembered that oxygen is highest, then silica is second, aluminum is there, so if there is an order like this, then you will be able to do matching because the percentage of oxygen will be highest. Silica is the contribution of aluminum, so it's crust is formed, now let's come to the mantle, now what is there in the mantle, we divide it into two parts, yes leave it, what is there in the mantle right now, the upper part of the mantle is the very upper part. This is very solid, it is very terrible solid, this is the right part, it is very solid, this is very solid, very solid, very solid, very very, very very fine, and this is called the crust and this upper solid part, we should mix it. Let's say lithosphere i.e. lithosphere,

59:11 okay let's say lithosphere which goes up to about 200 kilometers depth, this is fine, by the way, if we talk about the average thickness of the crust, then it is around 60 to 80 80 kilometers, such a rifle is continental. It will be thicker, like if you go to the Himalayas, it will be the thickest. If you want to see the continental crust, then you should go to the Himalayas. It will be the thickest there. Okay, so 200 km, here you can see the lithosphere. This is the thickness. Now this is Just below the lithosphere, you know, there is a semi-molten layer. There is a semi-molten layer, which we also call plastic. Is this what we call plastic layer? Is this what we call ethno sphere? Sorry yes, ethno

1:00:00 sphere. Got it? This is magma. This is the lava that comes out from inside. Do you understand what is the core? We divide it into two parts. We divide the core into two parts. The outer one is called outer core and the inner one is called inner. This is the outer one. This is the outer one, it is in liquid form and this inner one is solid inside, it is not pressed, there is a lot of pressure on it, this is the liquid, this is the liquid, this is the liquid of this. It is because of this that the Earth gets its magnetic field and the magnetic field that comes to the Earth prevents us from the harmful solar radiations. This magnetic field of the Earth

1:00:46 protects us from the solar flares that come to us. You should keep this thing in mind. Now we lovingly call the crust as Sial because it is made of silica and aluminium, we lovingly call the mantle as the boundary because it is made of silica and magnesium and we call the core as Neef or Feni because It is made of nickel and iron because what is the symbol of iron? We have studied in chemistry and to which group of periodic table it belongs, please tell us in the comment. Write 11 votes. 11 is our copper silver gold. On the left side, there is 10 to platinum, on the right side, there is 12 to mercury iron. What does iron come in? You don't have to pay attention to it. Okay, so this is our thing, we have noticed it, we have remembered it. Okay, what is their composition? Now what else is the question here? The question

1:01:33 will come from you just now, is it going away at once? The question will definitely be made due to dis continuity and yes, what is the percentage and volume of Ba, so here you can see what I have made here. You can see it is ready made here , if I wanted I could have taught you this but in this situation You must have understood more, okay, so now here I told you that the thickness of the crust is 100 km and is about 200 km and the radius of the mantle goes up to 2900 km and the radius of the earth is 6378 km. Now the crust is not the center of the earth but it is the radius of the earth. Now look at the crust. One second here I wrote crust. One second

1:02:26 here I wrote crust here I wrote mantle and here I wrote core. Okay crust mantle core here. Here I wrote by volume and here I wrote by mass, how much would be the percentage, so by 1 at 1 is ok, how much is left at 84, how much is left at 15 by mass, at 68 how much is left at 68 1 1 69 so that means buy volume at 31 and buy mass percentage remember What should be this discontinuity, which is called discontinuity or disparity? The place where one layer ends and the other begins is called discontinuity. We will remember this way. The

1:03:12 trick to remember this is that one layer is different from the other. Konrad I will be infatuated with me Red Red will be rape Rose will be rose water Not Gutenberg And la do la do will be discontinuity with lemon Now don't look there Don't look at the figure Look at what I'm telling you Which road upper crust What is lower crust? We divide the crust into two parts. Upper and lower. You remember them like this and then divide them all. I divided the crust, the mantle and the core and showed you the outer core. And inner core so this is upper crust lower crust okay so Conrad now how much discontinuity is there see for yourself one doti 4 paach okay so this is

1:03:57 dividing the upper crust and lower crust this is dividing the crust and the mantle this is the upper mantle And it is dividing the lower mantle. Okay, and it is dividing the mantle and the core. It is dividing the outer core and the inner core. Simple, let's move ahead. Now let's read the plates. What are these plates, sir? So actually, what I just told you is the lithosphere, this lithosphere is these plates, this is what is called plate, the lithospheric plate which is moving, the ethno sphere is above this ethno sphere because it is in semi-molten form, if it is in plastic form, then it The lithospheric plate is sliding up and gliding. Okay, the first question is how many plates are there? Sir, just as the committees were formed in our Constitution Constituent Assembly, there are two types of plates, major and minor, here there are two types of plates, major and

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