0:01 Syed and Lodi dynasty As you know, five dynasties ruled in the Delhi Sultanate period of Indian medieval history. Out of which we have talked about Mamluk, Kilji and Tughlaqs in previous videos. Today in this story we will talk about the last two dynasties of Delhi Sultanate i.e. Syed and Lodi dynasty. The story begins with Timur's invasion in 1398. Sultan Mahmud Tughlaq fled from Delhi due to the increasing weakness of Delhi's Sultanate and Timur's invasion. As soon as this happened, many provincial governors and autonomous rulers started declaring themselves independent. Apart from the Deccan states, Bengal in the east and Sindh and Multan in the west were the first to separate from the Sultanate. Within a short time, the rulers of
0:49 Gujarat, Malwa and Janpur in eastern up also declared themselves independent. On the other hand, due to the expulsion of Muslim governors from Ajmer, many Rajput states started asserting their independence. After the invasion, Timur made Khazir Khan the governor of Lahore, Moulton and Dilpur. Khazir Khan defeated Delhi's two de facto rulers Daulat Khan in 1414 and captured Delhi. This is where the Sayyid dynasty began. Let's know about the rule of this dynasty. Sayyid dynasty 1414-1450. Friends, after the death of the last Tughlaq Sultan in 1412, Daulat Khan was the de facto ruler of Delhi. He ruled
1:38 Delhi without assuming the royal title. By defeating Daulat Khan in 144, Khazir Khan laid the foundation of the Sayyid dynasty. Khazir Khan belonged to a reputed Muslim family of molten. His father Malik Suleiman was an official of the provincial government. He was also called Saeed. Khazir Khan was a man of high moral character. He had the qualities of a saint, soldier and politician. He rose to the position of governor of Moulton during the rule of Firaz Tughlaq. He was expelled from the position in 1395. Khazir Khan helped Timur during his invasion. Among the Indian nobles, Khazir Khan was the most important noble who collaborated with Timur.
2:25 He was rewarded with the governorship of Lahore, Multan and Deepalpur for his service. After Timur's departure, he declared himself Timur's viceroy in northwestern India. He also defied the authority of the kingmaker Malu Khan and Sultan Mahmud Tughlaq who were the rulers of Delhi at that time. In 145, Khazir Khan defeated and killed Malu Khan, due to which his position became stronger and his ambitions also started increasing. In June 414, he saw the right opportunity and invaded Delhi and became its master. For seven years i.e. till 1421, Khazir Khan ruled Delhi independently. But officially he described himself as the viceroy of Timurids. He did not assume the
3:12 sovereign title of sultan or shah and neither did he get coins made. His kingdom included Sindh, Punjab and Dua i.e. some parts of Western Up. His state was one of the many states that emerged in North India at that time. Like Bengal, Janpour, Rajasthan, Malwa, Gujarat, Khandesh and Deccan Peninsula. During his entire rule, he had to constantly fight his neighboring rulers, rebellious Hindu chiefs and Muslim nobles. Finally, he died in 1421. Khazir Khan was very popular among the people of Delhi due to his public welfare activities and humanitarian approach in administration. Khazir Khan's successor was his son Mubarak Shah. 1421-1434. He assumed the title of
4:03 sultan which Khazir Khan had not done. Mubarak Shah was a competent military general. He suppressed the revolt of many Hindu zamindars of Dua. He also defeated the famous Muslim nobles of that time Jazrit Kokar and Turk Bakah. He defended his Sheki Kingdom from the Rajput Muslim rulers of Janpour and Malwa and the Mughals of Kabul. In 1434, his own disestablished nobles hatched a conspiracy and got him beheaded. After the murder of Mubarak Shah, the Sayyid dynasty began to decline rapidly. Sarwarul Mulk, who was a conspirator of Mubarak Shah's death, put the Sultan's nephew Muhammad Shah on the throne from 1434 to 1445. However, the real power lay with Sarwarul Mulk who was
4:53 the wazir. Sarwarul Mulk wanted to eliminate his rivals due to which many loyal nobles rebelled against him. Due to this, the already weak Sultanate went into total confusion and anarchy. The rulers of Janpour Gwalior and Malwa took advantage of this opportunity and captured many large territories from Delhi. The Sultan got Sarwarul Mulk murdered. But he could not stop the disorder and disruption. Meanwhile, with the help of Lahore governor Balal Lodai, the Sultan stopped the invasion of Malwa's army. The Sultan gave the title of Kain Khanna to Balal Lodai. Muhammad Shah died in 1445 and his son Al-Lawdun took over the Sultanate from 1445
5:43 to 1451. He assumed the title of Al-Alam Shah. Al-Alam Shah proved to be the last and most influential ruler of the Sayyid dynasty. Due to administrative problems of the kingdom, revolts and conspiracy of its courts, he retired to his personal estate Badan. This is where the Sayyid dynasty ended. Friends, This was about the rise and fall of the Syed dynasty. It is important to know some points about the Delhi Sultanate during the rule of the Syed dynasty. After the decline of the Tughlaaks, North India was in the face of political disintegration. Under the rule of the Syeds, the Delhi Sultanate remained just a regional state in North India. As we told in the beginning that many governors and autonomous states declared
6:32 independence. Under the rule of the Syeds, the Delhi Sultanate remained an almost irrelevant entity, whose area of influence had considerably decreased. If seen in this way, the period of the Syed dynasty can be called a transition period in a way, where power struggle continued between many regional entities. Finally, by the mid-15th century a balance of power was created between different states in North India. For example, a balance was created between Gujarat, Malwa and Mewar in the west. In Bengal, A balance of power was created between the Gajapati rulers of Osa and the rulers of Janpur. And the Lodai dynasty did the work of consolidating Delhi which was till now disintegrated. Let us now know about the Lodai dynasty.
7:23 Lodai dynasty 1451-1526 The founder of the Lodai dynasty was Balal Lodai who ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1451-1489. Balal became the founder of the first Afghan ruling house of Delhi. The Lodais belonged to a clan of the Gilzai tribe of Afghans. Balal's grandfather worked under the governor of Moulton. Balal's uncle Islam Khan was the governor of Surhind where he grew up. Balal Lodi succeeded as the governor of Surhind after the death of Islam Khan in 1431. With his military prowess and diplomacy, He gained control over Deepalpur, Lahore and Moulton. Balal Lodi checked the growing power of
8:11 the Kokhurs, a fierce warlike tribe living in the salt ranges of Pakistan. He soon dominated the entire Punjab and in a short time, against the backdrop of restoring law and order, Balal entered Delhi with his army and crowned himself on the throne of Delhi in 1451. Let us now look at his reign. Balal Lodi reigned 1451-1489 Balal Lodi ruled for the longest time in the Lodi dynasty. Balal was a shrewd politician who understood the turbulent character of the people very well. That is why he did not adopt a dictatorial attitude towards his Afghan colleagues and people, but rather shared power with the Afghan
8:59 emirs and created an environment in which they felt that their opinions were important. Balal's Afghan court was quite different from that of the Turkish Sultan. He did not sit on an elevated throne but on a carpet with all the nobles. This made it seem that he was a leader elected by the people. That is why it can be said that the Afghan monarchy was a kind of feudal tribal oligarchy. He distributed different civil and military offices among the Afghan emirs. All these nobles enjoyed autonomy. Balal established law and order in his small tribal kingdom with the help of Afghan nobles. He subjugated Ahmed Ali Khan of Maywad. He also carried
9:44 out successful expeditions against Darya Khan of Sambal, Issa Khan of Aligarh, Mubarak Khan of Sakyabda and Raja Pratap Singh of Kampala and Patiala. He suppressed revolts in Moulton and Sirhinde and brought the Zamindars of Dobh under his effective control. he did not adopt an aggressive attitude against his neighboring chiefs. But he had to fight a long battle with Sultan Mahmud Shah of the Sharqi dynasty of Janpour, who wanted to claim the throne of Delhi. Finally, in 1479, after defeating the Sharqi dynasty, Balal installed his son Barberk Shah on the throne in Janpour. With this success, the chieftains of Dolpur, Kalpi and Alapur accepted Balal's suzerainty.
10:30 Balal conducted a successful military expedition against Man Singh of Gwalior in 1486 and brought a huge tribute from there. He died on his return from Gwalior in 1489. Sikandar Lodi was the most important ruler of the Lodi dynasty. Let's see about his rule. Sikandar Lodi reigned 1489 to 1517. Balal was succeeded by his son Nizam Khan who was respected by the Afghan nobles. He adopted the title of Sikandar Shah. He was the most capable, efficient and powerful of the three Lodi sultans i.e. Balal, Sikandar and Ibrahim Lodi. In 154 he shifted his capital to Agra, a village on the bank of Yamuna.
11:18 Under his rule Agra developed into a beautiful town. Sikandar was a contemporary of Mahmud Begara of Gujarat and Rana Sangha of Mawar who were famous rulers of that time. Sikandar refused to accept the nobles as his equals and kept the throne in an elevated position which was completely opposite to the practice of Baal al i.e. he revived the concept of absolute monarchy. Afghan Jigardars now had to submit accounts regularly. Harsh punishments were given for corrupt practices. Although his efforts to control the nobles met with limited success, Sikandar Lodi was successful in setting up an efficient administration. He had a special emphasis on justice and all the empire's highways were secured with rubbers and bandages. Sikandar
12:08 also set up an emirate espionage system and completely overhauled the military setup. The sultan had a keen interest in agriculture. The prices of all essential commodities were remarkably cheap. He abolished the octoy duty on grains, i.e., city entry duty. he introduced a new measurement of yard called Gaz Sikandari, which continued until Mughal times. Sikandar Lodi is considered an orthodox and even bigoted ruler. He forcefully prohibited Muslims from carrying out practices against the Sharia, such as women visiting the graves of saints. He reimposed Jazayah on Hindus and executed a Brahmin for saying that Hindu and Muslim
12:56 scriptures were equally secret. He demolished Nagarkot and other Hindu temples. He gave magnificent grants to scholars, philosophers and people of literature. Due to this, people from many countries like Arabia and Iran started coming to his court. Due to the efforts of the Sultan, many Sanskrit scholars were converted to Persian. Large number of Hindus learnt Persian in his court and were recruited in administrative posts. Thus, the process of cultural rapprochement i.e. harmonious relations between Hindus and Muslims continued during his reign. Sikandar Lodai captured Dolpur in 1501 and included it in his dominion. He
13:43 also subjugated Narwad and Chandari. He failed many times in his long operation to capture Gwalior and Malwa. During these operations, in 156 AD, he chose the site for the city of Agra, which was a strategic decision. Agra was set up to command the routes to eastern Rajasthan and Malwa and Gujarat. Over time, Agra grew into a large town and became the second capital of the Lodais. Sikandar also expelled his incompetent brother from Janpour and annexed Janpour to Agra. Finally, Sikandar Lodi died of an illness in 1517. Let's move ahead and see about the next ruler of the Lodi dynasty, Ibrahim Lodi.
14:32 Ibrahim Lodi reigned from 1517 to 1526. As we mentioned, the nobles had a lot of autonomy in the Afghan state. It was due to the freedom-loving nobles and their individualistic tendencies that the Afghan monarchy had become weak. They were eager to reassert their influence in state affairs. So, after Sikandar's death, the nobles decided to divide the kingdom into two parts. Ibrahim Khan was placed in Delhi and Agra and Ibrahim's younger brother Jalal Khan in Janpur. Seeing the decline of Afghan hegemony due to this, the nobles accepted their mistake and made Ibrahim Khan the sole monarch of the Afghan kingdom. Ibrahim Khan adopted the title of Ibrahim Lodi.
15:20 But Jalal Khan did not accept defeat and rebelled. Jalal Khan was defeated in this civil war. King Mansing of Gwalior gave asylum to fugitive Jalal Khan for some time, due to which Ibrahim Lodi sent a royal army of 30 ounces of hose and 300 elephants for the conquest of Gwalior. The siege continued for several months. Meanwhile, Mansing died and his successor Vikramjit accepted the suzerainty of Delhi. This was a huge victory for Ibrahim Lodi. In overconfidence, he sent an army to conquest Chiddur of Rana Sangram Singh of Mawar. In this battle which took place in 1419, Rana's army gave a crushing defeat to Ibrahim's army. Due to this defeat, the prestige and power of the Sultan got a
16:09 serious setback and revolts started taking place in the kingdom. Like Bahar, Ghazapur etc., Lodi now became nervous and could not restore law and order. Now he started adopting a dictatorial attitude towards old and experienced Afghan officers, ministers and provincial governors. This step developed resentment in them and they did not help the sultan in solving administrative and political problems. Due to these internal conflicts, gradually the eastern half of Ibrahim's kingdom including Janpour got cut off from Delhi. Even after the major part being cut off, Ibrahim as a ruler of Delhi would have survived. if there was no rebellion of Afghan nobles of Punjab and developments in the northwestern region of India. The governor of Lahore at this time was Daulat Khan,
17:00 who was a kinsman of the Lodais. He was a seasoned soldier and had a large army. He was annoyed with Daulat Khan for not participating in Ibrahim Lodais' conspiracy. To make peace, he sent his son Daulat Khan to Ibrahim's court, where he was ill-treated. Due to this, Daulat Khan started making arrangements for his self-defense. Dipalpur's governor Alam Khan Lodi also presented his claim on the throne of Delhi. That is, if seen, the whole of Punjab was in revolt against Ibrahim Lodi at this time. In this situation, Babur entered the scene. After losing the foothold of his ancestral land Farghana, he captured Kabul in 154. In 1518-1519, Babur had already captured the
17:49 powerful fort of Burra in Punjab in the northwest. In 1524-25, he established control over Punjab. In the historic First Battle of Panipat on April 20, 1526, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi and killed him. The fall of Ibrahim Lodi brought an end to the Delhi Sultanate and laid the foundation of the Mughal dynasty in India. Friends, Now let us briefly see what were the reasons for the decline of the Sultanate. The Sultanate reached its peak during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. But the growth and development of the Sultanate stopped in 1430. A revolt in Malabar in 133536 was the first breakaway in the empire. Due to which revolts started in many parts of the
18:38 empire. Muhammad bin Tughlaq's successor Firas Tughlaq also failed to suppress these revolts. The sultans of Delhi did not have any fixed law or any popular recognized convention by which succession could be decided. The rule of survival of the fittest was the general law, due to which the sultanate suffered a lot. Frequent change of dynasties was also detrimental for the sultanate rule. The organization of the sultanate army was based on feudal principles which had inherent defects. The rule of the Turkish Sultan was an autocratic rule in which the government was highly centralized due to which the character of the Sultan was the most important and all the successors of Firas Tuglac were weak in terms of administration.
19:27 The Sultanate rule was a kind of pulley state which was based on force and aggression. The Sultanate rule was running without the consent and willing cooperation of the subjects. That is, the Sultanate was not based on popular support. During the reign of the Tughlochs, the vast nature of the Sultanate and poor means of communication and transport made it difficult to rule over remote regions. Due to which regional revolts started and it became difficult to suppress them. If seen in this way, the Delhi Sultanate was almost dead even before the invasion of Timur. The competence of the subsequent rulers only speeded it up. These were some of the major causes due to which the Sultanate declined. Now let's come to the conclusion. Conclusion
20:16 So friends, this was the story of two dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate i.e. Syed and Lodi dynasties. We saw how the Syed dynasty emerged after the invasion of Timur. The rule of the Syed dynasty was a period of struggle in North India, where many regional states declared their independence. After this, the Lodi dynasty revived the Delhi Sultanate in a way. the Sultanate also expanded under their rule. But due to the incompetence of Ibrahim Lodi, internal rebellions and the invasion of Babur, finally in 1526, the Delhi Sultanate which started in 126 with the Mamluk dynasty of Qutbhat and Abak came to an end.
