1c Conquests of Chocolate and Tobacco The American Conquest of European Taste

0:02 thus far we have been challenging the traditional model of conquest and discovery and we've been examining how 1492 triggered a period of mutual exchange of encounter as far as Native American culture is concerned typically historians have thought that European civilization conquered Native Americans and certainly not the other way around but today's lecture examines case studies of how Native American culture in effect conquered European cultural preferences in particular we use the information from Marcy Norton's article conquest of chocolate one of your readings to show how Mesoamerican culture not only conquered European tastes but to show how culture flowed in

0:51 both directions between the old and new world a very important idea of the Columbian Exchange our special case studies today will be chocolate and tobacco before we get into the case study of chocolate and tobacco I want to stress that chocolate was one of one of the Atlantic American world's important addictive commodities along with coffee sugar and tobacco these all became very important to the American economy in particular they played a very important role in the transition from extraction societies to settler societies as we

1:36 talked about before commodities played a critical role in replacing gold as a new form of profit so the word commodity commodities a commodity is an agricultural raw material or foodstuff that can be sold on the market for a handsome profit like coffee tea or sugar and what to say several things about these commodities before the era of American discovery all of these commodities were products that were viewed by Europeans as first mysterious and exotic perhaps distrusted by Europeans remember cocoa and tobacco are native to the new world of the old world so they

2:24 are were all mysterious and exotic not known by Europeans and second they were luxury products only affordable by the nobility aristocracy or wealthy classes tea was originally imported from China it was very expensive and in fact was one of the commodities that motivated the search for a sea route to Asia the whole reason why America was discovered sugar whether or not you're know was an absolute luxury in early modern and medieval Europe sugar was grown in the Mediterranean region ten North Africa and was a sac status symbol in wealthy households in the early modern period it was common to have elaborate sugar sculptures decorating the tables of

3:11 aristocratic house elaborate sculptures made of sugar later this would be taken over by porcelain sculptures and indicate sugar was only used very sparingly not really for desserts for this medieval cookbooks called for other sweeteners like honey but sugar was actually used mostly as a condiment in savory dishes however with the advent of the new Atlantic economy sugar would be grown in new regions in the new world on plantations on Spanish Hispaniola as early as the 16th century in Portuguese Brazil in the 17th century and importantly in the British and French Caribbean in the 17th and early

3:56 18th century the effect was very important with these new Atlantic markets and cultivation the effect was what we could say a democratization of luxury commodities the effect was a dramatic democratization of these formerly luxury exotic commodities for the first time sugar became affordable by the middle and even eventually working classes at the same time Europeans developed a sweet tooth and discovered that sugar tasted good with other addictive commodities and particularly beverages also grown on new world plantations like coffee and cocoa all of these things are go went together

4:42 by the end of the 18th century it was possible for sugar to be consumed by all levels of society even the working classes in Great Britain in the 1790s the average British citizen consumed 20 pounds of sugar a year which was also directly linked to rising consumption of tea and coffee also more affordable in 1598 a Dutch traveler in England described all of the black teeth he saw as quote defect the English seemed to subject two of their to great news of sugar however as we'll discuss later the increased consumption of these luxury commodities by the middle classes was not without serious moral and economic

5:29 consequences that are definitely still with us today the increased production of these addictive commodities was directly linked to the growth of a capitalist plantation system motored by slavery in other words one reason why these things became more affordable was a use of a slave powered plantation system initially these slaves are Native American Indians and later African slaves which had costs which of course cost millions of lives so by the 18th century the British were the world leaders in the slave trade and as we will see in a few weeks the democratization of sugar was directly linked to the expansion of the slave

6:14 economy let's take a second to think about coffee a critical cash crop and commodity in the new world coffee was an exotic luxury good like sugar only affordable by the aristocracy coffee was first brought to Europe by the Turks in the 16th century right during the era of exploration and Europeans distrusted it they looked at this dark pitch-black drink suspiciously suspiciously and only used it for medicinal purposes as a sort of medicine coffee actually originated in North Africa in Ethiopia and from Ethiopia the coffee plant was introduced into the

7:01 Arab world through Egypt in Yemen where you think that said coffee beans were first roasted in brewed in the Middle East coffee was originally used by the Sufi Islamic sect as a stimulant to stay awake for their religious rituals so this connection to Islam is partially white coffee acquired a reputation in Europe as dangerous and exotic or different from being sought from the Middle East coffee spread to Europe and specifically first to Italy through the Overland trade routes connecting the east with commercial city-states in northern Italy like Genoa and Venice this first occurred in the late 1500s

7:48 when coffee possessed a strong reputation as an Islamic drink however coffee became more widely acceptable after 1600 when the Pope himself dubbed it as an appropriately Christian beverage the first coffeehouse opened in Rome in 1645 and soon thereafter other copy houses open in London and Paris and Vienna this is a picture of a coffeehouse in the sixteen hundreds in London in particular in the 17th and 18th centuries the dark stimulant became more popular among the middle classes in the new public sphere institution of the coffeehouse the coffeehouse was not just a place to drink coffee but a space to hold

8:34 intellectual debates meeting discuss art and politics and the price cup of coffee one could have access to a wide variety of newspapers journals and books and keep in mind print material like books would were very expensive at the time so just as with sugar coffee originally this exotic beverage from the Islamic Middle East increasingly became affordable as it was cultivated in new parts of the Americas and the new world the Dutch East India Company was really the first commercial concern to import coffee to Europe on a large scale they first planted coffee in Java in

9:20 Indonesia in 1616 but it really took off in the new world as well coffee was introduced to the French Caribbean in the 18th century the British Caribbean as well where it grew very well and by the late 18th century the French Caribbean supplied over half of the world's coffee supply this was not without serious consequences in the growth of the Atlantic slave trade conditions on coffee plantations were particularly bad and indirectly influenced the conditions for the Haitian Revolution what final thing on coffee many of you would have heard of the German classical composer baroque

10:06 post composer Johann Sebastian Bach and you might wonder what does vos have to do with coffee or American history or new world commodities well the coffee pretties became so important and widespread that it even inspired the composer JS Bach to compose a humorous satirical cantata about Europe's and increasing coffee addiction and this is called the coffee cantata just like you see here coffee cantata it was a sort of comic opera a short comic opera the cantata definitely makes fun of Europe's growing addiction to coffee and address the link stigma attached a copy and ideas that

10:54 people should kick the habit the protagonists of this short opera sing coffee coffee I must have my coffee or if they don't have their coffee three times a day they will turn into a shriveled goat a shriveled up ghost so here's the plot of this short dramatic opera it's basically about a father and a daughter and there's a narrator but the father is frustrated with strong-willed daughters absolute refusal to kick her coffee dependence she won't give up coffee the coffee costs are increasingly draining his finances and he complains to the audience about how stubborn children children are he makes

11:42 no headway with her she sings an aria a love aria professing her love to coffee and I'll play you a short excerpt from that so here's the coffee cantata [Music] so just to narrate her father's trying to get her coffee she says oh how sweet coffee tastes he's sweeter than a thousand kisses so I

12:45 don't I don't have time to play you much of this but basically in this little path that sheets professing her love to coffee she says it's sweeter than a thousand kisses sweeter than Muscat wine and she must have it at all costs the Opera goes on the father threatens her and threatens to prevent her from marry if she fails to give up coffee so suddenly the daughter has a change of heart and complies she agrees to give it up so however her father goes out he goes out trying to arrange the marriage but in her father's absence when he's when he's gone the daughter secretly tells potential suitors that she must be allowed to have

13:32 coffee she's gonna marry them it's an absolute must the opera ends with a trio about the virtues of of course coffee and that coffee drinking is only natural and all of this there is a close connection between coffee drinking and love even love of an erotic or sexual nature and it's implying that especially for this female character coffee comes in coffee consumption brought women even greater pleasure than their male sexual partners the piece the coffee cantata premiered at an actual coffeehouse zimmerman's coffeehouse in Leipzig in 1735 which was an advertisement for the coffeehouse and coffee itself

14:20 what is box coffee cantata have to do with American history once again of 18th century Europe's coffee craze would have never been possible or would have never even occurred without the Columbian Exchange and without the increased cultivation of coffee in the new world so now I want to move on to Native American commodities that became huge in early modern Europe and these are chocolate and tobacco now we're going to talk about the idea of common west of chocolate so coffee was an example of an Islamic commodity that conquered European taste but cocoa and tobacco are examples of Native American commodities that conquered European

15:05 tastes now this relates to your reading conquest of chocolate by Marci Norton as you know cocoa and chocolate were unknown in Europe before the Columbian Exchange and originated with the Aztecs and Mayas well it is commonly assumed that Europeans had two European eyes cocoa to make it appealing historian Marci Norton argues that Europeans did not necessarily European eyes cocoa but actually retained much of the original spice complex and they they that is Europeans also retain Coco's social meanings as an aristocratic noble drink and a symbol of power in this receipt so

15:51 in other words the big idea is that Native American cultural also influenced nert Europe not just the other way around in Aztec society cocoa consumption was a marker of class and nobility it was a prestige drink associated with status and power in a second Maya culture cocoa beans were ground and made into a foamy bitter concoction flavored with honey chili peppers and a variety of aromatic flowers like vanilla traditionally cocoa was consumed from special vessels made from hollow cords so they had a gourd or pumpkin or squash shape as you would have read chocolate

16:38 was used in diplomatic ceremonies offered to important visitors and also use in religious ceremonies like weddings and engagement chocolate was so important in Mesoamerica that it actually functioned as a sort of currency money and it was among the required commodities that were required to be paid to the Aztecs as tribute by their conquered people here even see bags of cocoa beans among the tribute goes the Tribune is a force tax very different today that today when we associate chocolate consumption with children total consumption was accompanied by rigid social hierarchies and was strictly limited to nobility and

17:25 elites the drinking of cocoa by commoners would have been a very unusual occurrence and a symbol of or omen of bad events cocoa was known to Europeans as early as Columbus's fourth voyage and 1502 but there is no evidence that Europeans actually tried it however cocoa definitely played a role in Cortez his conquest of Mexico when Cortez landed on the coast of Mexico at Veracruz in in this spring of 1519 cocoa was among the received gifts sent by the

18:13 Aztec emperor Montezuma to Cortez however as we discussed before the diplomatic gifts sent by Cortez did not have the intended effect of placating or satisfying Cortes but only made him hungrier and greeting her for more treasure after the conquest of Mexico by Cortes cocoa cultivation continued and expanded interestingly enough while cocoa retained its social meanings as a marker of power and prestige evidence suggests that consumption of cocoa became more widespread among all classes and ranks of Native American society this development deeply troubled Native American Mexico comp commentators who

19:00 believed it offensive that non-noble Indians were now consuming this originally aristocratic drink actually would have read the Spanish originally found Cocoa repugnant disgust new unknown but it began to catch on by the mid 16th century that's the mid 1500s chocolate and cocoa first came into Europe in the early 1600s and was well established by the 1700s and was consumed in the new coffee houses along with coffee the crux of the arguments of Martin Orson of Marcy Norton in the article you you read rest on the idea of how chocolate conquered

19:46 European taste what does she mean by this exactly well it was often assumed that Europeans had two European eyes cocoa and chocolate modify it make it less Mesoamerican and make it more suitable to the European and supposedly more refined taste palate for instance the Spanish use sugar rather than honey as a sweetener however Norton argues that this was simply because sugar was more widely available in Europe interestingly enough the Spanish actually used the same spice complex used by the Mesoamericans they flavored cocoa with vanilla and they valued the same foamy broth the foamy foamy froth

20:32 as the Aztecs Europeans even copied the same gourd like shapes for serving cocoa but eventually these substitute porcelains for the actual boards because the Native American flowers were so hard to find Europeans eventually substituted similar but different spices anise cinnamon and pepper in an attempt to copy the original spice complex but demonstrating how new world culture also conquered the old world these innovations attempted to simulate original taste and not create new palate sensations

21:19 that's what Norton argues perhaps most importantly cocoa possess similar connotations to nobility power and Status just as in the new world drinking cocoa was used in high status diplomatic or social functions so much so that Spanish royal ceremonies in the 16th and 17th centuries involved chocolate it was a standard thing at diplomatic royal ceremonies um one function of chocolate in Mesoamerican cultures that did not survive so strongly into European culture was chocolates associations with Divini the gods and chocolates reputation as a sacred life-giving force

22:06 this is really not something you get in the article this comes from a longer version of her ideas in a in a bigger book so chocolate was associated with divinity and was believed to be a sacred life-giving force the idea that sacred divine energy was present in chocolate originated in chocolates associations with the heart and blood no arguable arguably chocolates association with the heart and blood is not a quality that has survived so strongly today but perhaps in a very diluted way in our associations between chocolate and Valentine's Day and the heart and love

22:51 in any case blood and blood sacrifice was very important to Aztec religion the gods needed to receive blood and they received blood in different way ways there were sacrifices of animals there was human sacrifice as shown here and there were also special self-mutilating priests priests who damaged their own body and drew their own blood by different means to offer to the gods by piercing earlobes piercing their legs piercing their genitals the rise to power of the Aztecs as a major regional power and Mexico was accompanied by an increased emphasis on blood sacrifice blood sacrifice was

23:37 part of the tribute the force tax our force gifts required the conquered people's some of these sacrifices culminated in the sacrifice of thousands of victims prominent among the victims were captured warriors and children from Tribute people's on the very top of temple shrines as you see here please on the very top of temples shrines special priests plunged obsidian blades into prone victims victims lying flat obsidian is a type of a volcanic rock so type of roughly plunging the blades into the victims like warriors and held up

24:25 their hearts to the gods while they were still beating children would be sacrificed above streams the throats of children would be slit above streams in both cases blood sacrifice was believed to point literally feed the gods blood sacrifice was believed to ensure for the future fertility of the earth and good harvests the Aztecs believed that the thirsty earth needed to be fed with blood offerings in a very literal sense and in this way the earth would continue to provide fertility and good harvests how this chocolate fit into this chocolate fits into this belief system

25:10 as a metaphor or symbol for blood and as a blood substitute chocolate possessed clothes symbolic associations to blood and vice versa blood possessed clothes symbolic associations to chocolate Spanish colonial travelers reported that the Mesoamericans deliberately red and chocolate with a Hotei so that it would resemble blood a hotel is an orange-red spice made from seeds so they did was deliberately made it rather to look like breath blood Aztec physicians prescribed the life-giving force of chocolate to sick patients

25:57 especially those who had lost a lot of blood and believed that chocolate would restore blood in mine and art cocoa beans are often drawn in the shape of hearts in Mayan religious art the gods were often shown practicing blood sacrifice themselves and interestingly enough they often sacrifice their blood and let it drip onto cocoa beans and this is just what you see here here is a Mayan religious codex showing Mayan gods piercing their own ears and letting the blood sacrificing the bullet and letting it drip on to cocoa

26:43 pods right cocoa pods so again we have this close association between chocolate and blood and both being a life-giving force where do these what are these beliefs about well the Mayans and Aztecs believed that cocoa pods were viewed with the same vital essence that flowed through plants out of SAP and newman's as blood they believed that the divine forces present in the gods blood was also transferred to cocoa and chocolate so whatever divine forces were present in the gods blood that was also somehow present in cocoa and chocolate and this invigorated human consumers the spark of

27:32 divinity this partially related from Coco's physical qualities and physical effects think of it this way if red but if red blood gave life to people and chocolates redness suggested blood then perhaps chocolate was also a life-giving force like blood this these ideas were so supported by chocolates physiological effects on the body it was invigorating stimulating and life-giving so of course Mesoamerican chocolate was highly caffeinated and potent it's not like the children drink of today the idea of chocolate as a close symbol of blood or blood surrogate played out in Mexican

28:20 religious celebrations for instance they had a very important fertility celebration that was held every year at the end of April to honor talaq talaq was one of their main gods the god of rain and storms this fertility celebration was held annually at the end of April to honor Tulloch in his capacity as rain maker obviously rain was necessary for good harvest the purpose of the feast was to ask for a good year and good harvest not surprisingly cocoa featured prominently among the offerings poured onto the earth and was very prominent among the

29:11 offerings with the idea that giving the gods this offering was critical to to give the earth life and sustenance during the time of planting whether or not chocolate and cocoa still possesses these connotations to divinity the gods and life-giving forces this is ultimately up to you to decide but it is interesting though that chocolate still has these associations to fertility and love so the final contribution to the Columbian Exchange that we examined is tobacco tobacco was a commodity

29:59 common to many Native American societies before Columbus and tobacco as a commodity would play a critical role in saving many European colonies from imminent ruin after their rich quick schemes failed so the classic example of the economic importance of tobacco is illustrated by the English colony of Jamestown now of course we'll look at Jamestown in more detail next week but I just want to sort of hammer and the importance of tobacco now Jamestown was originally founded in 1609 on the extraction society model the colonists hope to locate gold mines just

30:45 like the conquistadors or raises Spanish treasure on passing ships so their plan was to have a get-rich-quick sort of scheme and extraction society the early history of Jamestown is a train wreck disaster the colonists face starvation several times they faced poor organisation and poor government and types of organization that gave settlers little incentive to work socially it was very odd mix of general gentlemen adventurers and vagrants and criminals all of whom were not accustomed to hard labor or agricultural labor for now I want to make the point that tobacco was

31:30 critical in saving Jamestown a ruin and encouraging the transition from a get rich plate extraction society to a cash crop settler society so once again tobacco saved Jamestown Jamestown was gypsum was first introduced to tobacco in 1616 when it was brought there by the new governor John Rolfe he taught colonists how to raise it at the same time the King of England I'm James the first fought a losing battle to denounce tobacco he denounced tobacco smoking as quote a custom loathe

32:15 them loathsome to the eye hateful to the nose harmful to the brain and dangerous to the lungs so he denounced the health effects of tobacco eventually James the first learned to dampen his criticism of tobacco because the crown that derived huge revenues from this tobacco production the king would tax colonial imports like tobacco tobacco was laden with addictive nicotine and therefore consumers would take high prices to satify to satisfy these addictive cravings so therefore the commodity of tobacco was an ideal colonial cash crop

33:03 tobacco became increasingly popular in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries and tobacco was a plant that throws in Virginia not England it preferred it was any plant it preferred long hot and humid summers I went to college at the Tidewater so I can attest that this is what it's like tobacco production surged in the colony in 1624 they produced 200,000 pounds of tobacco this jumped to 3 million pounds by 1640 by the time of the 16 by the time of the 1680s James

33:48 sound supplied over 25 million pounds of tobacco to Europe annually and virginia jamestown along with the bigger chesapeake region was the principal supplier of tobacco to europe tobacco cultivation was extremely profitable for colonial planters if they could make it let me give you some figures during the 1620s the decade after tobacco was introduced tobacco sold in England in England for about five to ten times as much as it costs to produce so you could make it five five you could make profits five to ten fold

34:33 that's tremendous this basically meant that provided a settler could obtain land and labor and make the farm work he could make more profit in one year than he could in ten years in England now of course the ugly reality of slavery of tobacco was slavery and indentured servitude as we discuss in week 3 however what textbooks often leave out about tobacco and tobacco seed in Jamestown is a European and Native Americans cultural attitudes towards tobacco and how Europeans had to overcome their initial resistance to it just like the other commodities we

35:19 discussed there was this perception that coffee that I'm sorry there was because there was this perception that tobacco was exotic not European not to be trusted tobacco did not become a major transatlantic commodity until the end of the 16th century in other words the late 1500 the word tobacco first appeared in European books on plants in 1565 or so and it was around this time that tobacco plants first came to Europe commentators noted in the 16th century how tobacco usage produced altered even stupefied mental states of among its users um

36:06 tobacco was central to almost all Native American societies in North and South America in the pre-columbian period although its precise functions in different societies vary we can make three generalizations in almost all Native American societies tobacco was associated with three things spirituality healing and sociability we know that tobacco was known to Europeans as early as Columbus remember of course tobacco was not native to Europe the very first European encounter with tobacco took place during Columbus's first expedition in October

36:52 1492 when he first encountered the Arawak Indians of the Bahamas on October 11th 1492 Columbus distributed European goods like glass beads and bells to the natives in the hopes that they would befriended as you remember the natives swam out to his ships and presented Columbus Columbus with prestige goods like tobacco carrots and weapons like javelins this initial exchange of gifts reinforced Columbus's ideas that the natives were naive and would be easy to subjugate why well Columbus gave them

37:38 mere trinkets beans in exchange for what seemed to be valuable commodities tobacco and weapons Columbus specifically mentioned the dry leaves of tobacco clamps in his Diaries on several occasion we know that Columbus was repeatedly given tobacco as a gift he was probably offered types tobacco pipes to smoke but there was no we have no evidence that Columbus or his men actually has used it it was only in later expeditions into the interiors of Cuba and Mexico after the king fifteen or so that Spanish adventurers came to accept Indian offerings of tobacco for

38:24 diplomatic reasons they did it to win against his allies so Spanish adventurers took part in Indian rituals involving tobacco and received a lesson a smoking lesson that tobacco was associated with hospitality diplomacy and peace and many actually came like tobacco so as I told you before among the various Native American societies tobacco is that strong connotations to spirituality sociability and diplomacy let's think about where these ideas originated and to what extent Europeans preserved these original ideas so let's begin with the

39:10 idea of spirituality because so begin with the idea of spirituality so mental American cultures like the Aztecs and Mayans associated ground-up tobacco with the origin and creation of the world so in the Mesoamerican creation story there's close links between tobacco and creation in the Mesoamerican story of creation they believed that in the beginning there was chaos confusion and swirling waters out of these waters emerged a mother and father got they are actually depicted here a mother and father God these gods begat younger

39:59 generations of gods eventually two members of the younger generation of gods wanted to make an offering and sacrifice to their parents the original mother and father God they sacrificed tobacco ground up tobacco on incense burners and created a garden where many types of flowers plants and treaties cruise after this offering of tobacco they asked their parents to create further to form the earth to form the sky like to separate the land and waters and make the earth habitable for humans so tobacco was closely associated with a story of creation it was the gift it was

40:47 the gift that the younger gods offered their parents and the act of fighting tobacco to their parents inspired their parents the original mother and father God to really finish creating the universe they finished making the components of the earth and made it habitable to humans in many depictions of Mesoamerican creation the original mother and father God are shown wearing tobacco gourds gourds that were filled with ground-up tobacco just like you see here and sprinkling tobacco powder on the earth the tobacco gourd which was filled with tobacco powder was a standard thing worn by Mesoamerican

41:36 priests they regularly used powdered tobacco during religious rituals in particular Mayan and Aztec priests prepared special drinks made of powdered tobacco and crushed insects and they use this special tobacco drink to achieve a heightened altered state of being in which they could either communicate with the gods or ward off animals what I described so far was specific to Mayan and Aztec culture but the use of tobacco as a Hallucigenia agent to induce spiritual visions or help priests communicating the gods with the divine realm this idea of tobacco and

42:22 spirituality and visions this was common to almost all of them Native American cultures across the Atlantic in addition to its use by priests offerings of powdered tobacco were also made during engagement ceremonies before childbirth and at agricultural ceremonies Mesoamericans also used tobacco for a variety of more practical purposes the hallucinogenic effects of tobacco were called upon in acts involving great physical exertion physical exertion travellers often called upon the power of tobacco before leaving a long journey they used its intoxicated feelings and

43:07 effects to instant instill fearlessness Hunter's use tobacco's before setting off on long hunting journeys and woodcutters used tobacco's before chopping trees with dangerous axes so in many Native American cultures people use tobacco before they had to form very dangerous or you know physically difficult tasks farmers use tobacco boards fill with powder to backward to stave off animal pest and insect infestations they used it as an insecticide they used pulverized tobacco to mark off the boundaries of fields tobacco was not only used by humble farmers but social elites at the

43:55 inauguration ceremony of the new Aztec or Mayan ruler the incoming ruler the incoming Emperor processed into the main temple of the war god naked and donned a special special green jacket and also a special tobacco board it's this here that is decorated with green tassels and you see that ceremony here however in all of these cases whether the use of tobacco by farmers or before journeys there was no clear separation between tobacco's practical functions and it's divine religious power to ensure a favorable outcome so in other words its

44:44 religious and practical functions were interchangeable they didn't differentiate between them the dual nature of tobacco it's practical effects and religious meetings the dual nature of tobacco it's practical effects and religious meetings are perhaps clearest in the medicinal uses of tobacco tobacco was used to heal sick it was used to alleviate pain when applied as a plaster a paste tobacco in the Aztec language was called divine medicine meant literally divine medicine often healers use tobacco when trying to treat the sick healers themselves smoke

45:30 tobacco to perform divination rituals rituals to determine the cause of the illness they applied tobacco to the body of a sick so again tobacco was a pain alleviating substance but it was also more than that the practical religious functions are intertwined so it actually relieves pain but on the other hand in it was believed to reside divine powers like Native Americans throughout the Americas the Aztecs and Mayas used tobacco for I eat for eye and ear ailments for toothaches throat pains chest pains wound skin rashes by its

46:15 parasites and what you need to understand is that the sacredness of tobacco associated with original divine creation the sacredness of tobacco reinforced its actual therapeutic power and vice versa it's therapeutic power the fact that it alleviated pain reinforce its special divine healing nature in other words the fact that it actually alleviated pain make people think that it was special divine God like okay looking at the European use of tobacco so as we said tobacco was known to Europeans as early as Columbus's first expedition tobacco use spread rapidly among Spanish colonists after

47:03 initial initial period of encounter in the 1520's and 30 spanish clergymen and travelers noted that spanish colonists were drunk on tobacco and developed strong addictions to it during the 16th century that is to say the 1500s tobacco you spread like wildfire throughout all of Europe tobacco arrived in France and Spain in the 1550s and in England in the 1560s by 1575 tobacco had spread to all parts of Europe and at the same time a major transatlantic trade had developed tobacco as a commodity was huge as its usage spread Europeans

47:52 adapted the native practice of using tobacco for medicinal purposes in Europe tobacco came to be seen as a cure or healing for many if not most major illnesses the 17th century witnessed the organization of the tobacco trade and government regulations surrounding tobacco under the King James the first England would be the first country to tax tobacco and other countries followed suit even more significantly the 17th century witnessed official attempts to ban the use of tobacco or at the very least limit its limited consumption for medical purposes James the first of

48:37 England heavily criticised tobacco's addictive properties and health effects that is until he realized he could make a handsome profit from tobacco by taxing it in some parts of Eastern Europe smokers can be fined or jailed for both smoking in public and even the catholic church hierarchy condemned the use of tobacco to be sinful all of these efforts to dampen the use of tobacco failed miserably tobacco use surge during the 17th century at precisely the time that said the tobacco trade in jamestown was taking off similar to Native American culture tobacco use rates in Europe continued to be associated with sociability and diplomacy and its using

49:23 it was linked to other Atlantic commodities like coffee and cocoa and the tobacco habit especially took off at the new coffee houses what is shown here is painting is a tavern it's a use also took off in Inns and Tower taverns were spaces places where people from different classes regions and occupations could mingle but we're usually frequented by lower-class men and women an upper-class woman would have never been seen in a tavern of course and would have been restricted to socializing in the home to have regular place where alcohol was consumed of course sailors from the Atlantic world

50:08 first brought tobacco to European taverns in the 16th century where the habit quickly caught on along with alcohol the tavern became a central place of tobacco sociability here the use of tobacco is depicted as produced producing a meditative even spiritual relaxation that links the two smokers in quiet camaraderie in quiet friendship not so dissimilar from the unspoken bonds that link smokers today in Europe tobacco may have lost its explicitly divine connotations to creation but smoking was still used to produce

50:53 heightened mental effects and the cement social bonds in addition as much as requiring the social space like the coffeehouse or tavern tobacco you should also created its own new social space on the strips on the streets the idea of the smokers corner tobacco use created a new easy sort of sociability on the streets where by pipe smokers on any street corner could simply congregate congregate to enjoy a break from work and the company of other smokers as you see here so even in the world tobacco continued to be associated with sociability and diplomacy okay so the

51:39 summary of today's lecture is to be typically historians thought that European civilization conquered the new world not the other way around in today's class and readings we have examined case studies of how Europeans discover Native American culture how Europeans discovered the new world and how Native American culture in effect influence and even conquer European cultural preferences in various forms in chocolate and tobacco oceans many of these Native American influences and practices are with us even today