2b The Tobacco Colonies VA and MD

0:02 okay so today we are going to be examining the first true settler colonies the first true plantation call me colonies and these are the tobacco colonies of Virginia and Maryland in particular we will case study the first permanent English colony at Jamestown which was founded not with a commitment to plantation agriculture but with the hopes of finding gold mines or capturing Spanish treasure reflecting the conservative social anxieties leading to English colonization this is what we discussed in the last lecture Jamestown was a very odd mixture of gentlemen adventurers criminals vagrants and social outcasts and none of these men were conditioned to work Jamestown was

0:49 subject to poor management and sharp social class tensions but like the neighboring colony of Maryland tobacco would saved the failing colony so we will examine the phases of the colony's development and Jamestown's early history okay so let's start to think about Jamestown after the earlier disaster at Roanoke in 1607 the English tried again and this time they tried at the Chesapeake Bay area which offered better harbors more navigable rivers and more fertile soil the rivers were wide and navigable and from from North I'm

1:36 sorry I'm sorry from south to north they were called the james from south to north they were called the James River the York River the Rappahannock River and the Potomac River they're not all on this map but most importantly the James River Jamestown was also the first of the commercially fast colonies it was not financed privately by individuals Jamestown was backed by a pool of investors and merchants with a charter from the crown who formed the joint stock company company the London bini so the London company was an example of a joint-stock company and it was formed in 1606 at the same time a

2:24 similar group of merchants based not in London but in the English city of Plymouth also formed a similar company and also got a charter from the crown so the London company had the rights to settle from in in Virginia but from what is now North Carolina to New York City and the plumies company had similar rights in the northern part of Virginia remember Virginia encompassed a really big area the plays company had the rights to settle the areas of Virginia between the Potomac River and Maine so

3:10 once again the Plymouth company had rights to settle the North the area between the Potomac River and Maine and the London company had the rights to settle from North Carolina to New York State what is now New York State if you've noticed there was an overlapping area in the middle that they were both allowed to colonize now as we begin to discuss Jamestown we're gonna start by talking about the Indians new world that is to say what did the Indians think of all of this relations between English settlers and Native Americans are often misunderstood as I suggested in the case

3:56 of the Roanoke colony I also want to suggest that European culture was as much a new world to the Indians as Native American culture was to the Europeans so therefore because European culture was as much a new world to the Indians as Native American culture was to the Europeans I think it's really necessary to understand what native Native American culture was like prior to the Jamestown Settlement to really understand the nature of Native American and English encounters okay so the coastal plain so here we have the rivers I was talking about the James River the York River the Rappahannock River and the Potomac River but we're really dealing with this area here this

4:44 this area here so the coastal plain around Jamestown sustained about 24,000 Indians they were divided into 30 tribes divided by kinship groups but they were all united by an Algonquin language the tribes were also united by the rule of a paramount chief named Politan and Politan was the sort of overlord of all of these 30 tributary tribes I I mentioned his tributary tribes paid him homage and tribute a forced tax prestige

5:30 gifts in contrast to English society Algonquin Society was built on the basis of kinship networks so these are this sort of points that I'll be discussing first their seasonal mobility they let a semi-nomadic lifestyle the the Algonquin people live in a mixture of agriculture fishing hunting and gathering and had a pattern of seasonal mobility during the winter the natives lived in large villages about 100 200 inhabitants and occupied 20 to 30 communal houses so they lived in relatively large villages in the winter but in the spring they dispersed into smaller scattered scattered encampments to gather fish or

6:18 shellfish from the rivers or Bay during the fall they returned to the larger villages to cultivate agricultural crops beans corn and squash once again towards the end of the fall in the winter they scattered again to hunt for for waterfowl in the wetland and deer and game in the forest at the same time the women would gather nuts and berries and herbs from the woods these coastal tribes were very skilled at using canoe and these coastal tribes also traded with the Indians of the Interior the Piedmont mountain region and the coastal Indians traded corn and

7:05 seashells for pearls and copper and other things of the hinterland so they led a seasonal they led a mobile way of life a semi-nomadic lifestyle this mobile way of life generated scant surpluses they sort of lived close to the bone in the period leading up to the harvest in the fall typically supplies grew thin so sometimes given their lifestyle the natives had precious little to tide them over in the case of unexpected shortfalls like a like a bad crop or for instance the arrival of hungry pesky settlers as far as housing and attitudes towards property well the Indians

7:52 seasonal mobility discouraged the accumulation of material goods and property beyond jewelry and wooden stone tools that were easy to carry the Native Americans lived in simple wooden lodges they were oval-shaped and they were constructed by placing mats and barks mats and bark over an oval framework of poles which was above an earthen floor there was a hearth in the middle and smoke from the central hearth escaped through a hole at the top and the lodges were reported to be very warm by English visitors though smoky these are lodges from the recreated Indian settlement

8:40 near the Jamestown Historic Site they facilitated the seasonal mobility because they were quick to assemble and disassemble it could be put up easily the lodges were free of English furniture and only had raised wooden platforms for beds which were made out of animal pelts the notion of conspicuous consumption accumulating a lot of material goods to display your your wealth and status through possessions this idea was pretty much foreign to the Indians perhaps saved the chief the next thing I wanted to cover was gender roles English society divided tasks according to social class and

9:26 specific occupations but a Native American side society the division of tasks was much simpler it was the tasks were divided almost purely along gendered lines and there was very little in fact no class stratification class divisions at Native American society so in Native American side society women cultivated crops they gathered nuts and fruits they tended to the village they were responsible for putting up the lodges and preparing animal hides for clothing and cooking because of their very important role to the family economy and the way they provided food

10:13 and the way they worked outside the home the English believed that Indian men were lazy and exploited women they expected women to do far too much work in English society agriculture was more of a man's task where is an Indian society it was a female task in Algonquin culture men were responsible for hunting fishing clearing the land for crops and making the dugout canoes other than shamans priests let me say that another way the only specialist in society were shamans who were a combination of healer conjurer and priests they used tobaccos to induce

11:00 visions and heal the sick but with the exception of the shamans the priests healer there was very little specialization in Society and things were divided according to gender roles the priests the shamans the priests as I mentioned were responsible for healing and also tended to the temples temples were like regular lodges here but a bit but a bit larger temples house the bones of dead Chiefs of which the bones of the ancestor Chiefs and the temples also housed the tribute tribute goods that were paid to the living Chiefs the Overlord chieftain of the tribes at this

11:48 time in the early sixteenth century and the late 15th century was Powell tomb at the time of the English settlement Powell tonneaus in his late 60s when the English met him and the English were very impressed with him he had a very powerful physique physique a physical build he had a dignified demeanor just an impressive bearing during so how did he build up his rule so during the late 16th century Powell tin and Herod's rule over six tribes and through diplomacy and war he came to rule over a confederation of 60 tribes chief Pelton collected tribute goods from his conquered peoples in the form of corn

12:34 and deerskin this was required of subordinated villages and nonetheless the subordinate Chiefs of the smaller villages that he ruled over were pretty much left alone to govern them their own villages provided that they gave Powell tin the required tribute the corn the deer skins and provided they provided warriors to the the paramount chief Balaton politan used the tribute to stage feast for the tribe to to support his many wives we'll discuss that in a second to sustain the shamans just to seyn his warriors and he also uses it

13:20 for trade but outsiders it was very common that Politan would adopt the village chief that he saw subordinated so if he conquered your village and you became a tributary tribe it was a common gesture that he would adopt that lesser chief as a sign of to mish submission and that he would also take his daughters the the lesser tribe the lesser chieftains daughters as wives as a sign of submission at other times he replaced rebellious tributary Chiefs with his own blood relatives there were some democratic elements in Native American society because the chief ruled in

14:05 combination with a Council of veteran warriors and shamans who advised the Chief Powhatan lived like other Native Americans in a lodge but in an especially large Lodge in the village of where akimoto on the York River which is shown here and he had a very large entourage of servants bodyguards and one hundred wives polygamy served a very important political purpose to unify Pelton's Empire through marriage and kinship bonds as I mentioned it was a

14:52 common custom that palatine would marry subordinated chief daughters so polygamy served a political purpose to unify the kinship networks of the tribes that he ruled over how did powell ttan and the native americans respond to the English what was their reaction initially the Palatine regarded the English settlers with ambivalence they weren't sure but with curiosity on the one hand the natives were intrigued by the visitors technology especially their metal weapons at tool tools and they thought that perhaps these people the English that is to be used to

15:41 the Indians advantage rather than fight with these strangers perhaps the English and their weapons could be used to help the Native Americans fight against their own enemies these being various Indian tribes of the Interior so that was more or less powell tune thinking now of course the palette in palette him and his council definitely definitely distrusted the English there had been previous expeditions up the Chesapeake up the rivers and English and Spanish had kidnapped and killed the Native American so they surely didn't trust them but they were curious and they and thought they could use them so overall what was peloton's policy instead of

16:26 trying to crush the English and risk heavy casualties powell Tonopah contained the english to subject the english to his own power make the english a sort of tributary tribe he wanted to enlist the english as allies against his own enemies and secure medals and weapons from them through favorable trade unable to predict the future the Algonquin did not know that the English settlers of 1607 were only the small trickle of thousands and thousands more to come who would seriously threaten their way of life for their part the English tended to look at the Indians as poor and lazy and undisciplined remember the Indians did not favor

17:12 material possessions they did not really have permanent notions of land ownership did not seek to accumulate land and also they thought that Indian men were lazy because women did far too much work also savage because of their paganism they believed in multiple gods as their skin clothing but I want to think about something different now and that is class tensions and Native American culture I find this interesting sometimes as much social tension existed between the English in terms of different classes between the different classes of the English settlers as much social tension existed between the different classes of English settlers than between the English and

17:59 natives very interesting many of the characteristics used to describe the Native Americans these ideas of Native Americans being lazy and undisciplined these same characteristics were also believed these same characteristics lazy and undisciplined also applied to the upper-class perception of the English lower or orders so not dissimilar to the Indians the poppers beggars and criminals of Jamestown were also believed to be lazy sort of no good no good errs if you will in English society there was a pervasive fear that the lower orders she had shared more in common with the Indians than they did with the English upper classes and perhaps the English lower orders longed

18:45 to be more like the Indians whose society was not so strictly stratified by class divisions it wasn't so class-based in other in other words the Indian society was more about equality colonial leaders feared and suspected that their own lower orders hated civilize just discipline just as much as the native and perhaps their the English lower orders long to run away and join the natives to live in greater equality one colonial promoter warned his name is not really significant this I'll quote him colonies degenerate assuredly when the colonists imitate and embraced the habits customs and practices of natives

19:31 there is no better way to remedy this evil than to do away with and completely destroy the habits and practice of the natives and this comes from Sir William Herbert so they certainly did not want the English lower classes to turn native in plain language the colonizers felt obligated to subvert native culture and turn the Indians into upstanding but lower-class Englishmen women less the lower-class colonists turned Indian and turn against England and the colony now of course the England so they hope to make the Indians more like the English but of course the

20:17 Indians recoiled hated the idea of adopting an English style of life because for them it would make them forsake the masculine pursuit of warfare and adopt a feminine style of farming as agriculture labor was a female task okay well that's a bit on the Indians new world this is the world that the settlers come into contact with let's actually move into the early history of JCM so Jamestown was often compared to gentlemen in the wilderness because as we said it's this odd mix of social classes but ruled by okay so let's make some generalizations about the early

21:02 colony okay so in the early years of the colony its first founded in the spring of 1607 in its early years the colony was run along strict military lines the colonists were almost exclusively male and we're subject to a strict sort of martial law now the colonists resented this they hated it and the organization of the colony the martial society the military discipline gave them little incentive to work so we should also say by now England was ruled by a new monarch King James the first Jamestown James rivers is all named for him so England was ruled by a new king and the

21:49 West Country men that we discuss in the last lecture they had long lost their influence at court after Elizabeth's death so no more of these aristocratic sponsored ventures Jamestown would be financed by a new generation of merchants and investors who organized themselves as the London company we discussed that before the London company of Virginia as it was often called so the London company was organized in 1606 they received a charter from the King to colonize and govern Virginia shareholders in the London company included William shapes Shakespeare and even a young Thomas Hobbes if you're

22:35 familiar with Thomas Hobbes the political philosopher who was a student at the time the the first governor of the colony was well the first really significant government colony is Captain John Smith will come to him later but in December 1606 three vessels left England for the New World and they reached the Chesapeake Bay in April 1607 carrying 104 men one had died on the passage so it was exclusive exclusively male seeking security from Spanish attack the colonists located the settlement about 60 miles upriver let me show you a here on the map so the location the location

23:26 was 60 60 miles 60 miles upriver from the opening of the the river into into the ocean and it was beside a marsh it was actually a very poorly chosen site we'll get into this later it was on that it was basically on a swamp but this inland site did provide security from the Spanish attack because of course the Spanish are to the south the settlement and the river was named after the new king the college colonists surrounded their wooden shelters with a

24:12 triangular stockade mounted with cannon at the corners and I'll just show you a picture that right here so this is what early Jamestown looked like so as I mentioned the colonists surrounded their wooden shelters with a triangular-shaped stockade it was a fort with cannon mounted at the corners like Roanoke it was really an extraction society at first it was all male military discipline and jamestown was founded with the hope of discovering gold or precious minerals in the interior mountains that were vague hope hopes of attacking Spanish treasure ships and there were also even hopes

24:59 that the colonists might discover a water passage to this Pacific the old dream of a Northwest Passage so the earliest really significant governor there was one before is it Captain John Smith as I mentioned the early colonists were a mixture of gentlemen adventurers criminals and vagrants who were literally rounded up from the streets of London the lower orders and dumped on boats against their will the early colonists this odd social mixture did not cooperate and squabble they fought a lot prior to the introduction of a very important reform in 1616 something that we'll discuss later the headright system

25:45 so prior to 1616 settlers did not own their own land they were merely employees of the London company of Virginia and they were paid by the company but this situation that they didn't own their own land gave them very little incentive to work all land belonged to the company and investors right so all of the land belong to the company and the investors not the settlers who actually work worked and lived there settlers were driven by dreams of gold and getting rich quick just like the Spanish conquistadors and focus their efforts on a gold hunt in the interior as the early governor of Jamestown John Smith reported quote

26:31 there was no talk no hope no work but did gold wash gold and refined gold so as he's saying in plain language the early colonists were obsessed with gold John Smith's as a governor so these are some of the points that I summarized no land ownership but John Smith imposed a very strict style of military discipline and martial law to save the colony to save the colonists they were living off of oysters and fish and whatever corn they could trade with the natives so under his governorship from 1608 209 he forced colonists to work he mandated

27:19 that everyone had to work a minimum of six hours a day in the fields or face trial possible execution Smith stopped the gold hunt and put the settlers to work building shelters planting crops and producing valuable commodities like pitch and tar but again it was under quite draconian discipline and threat of harsh punishment to feed the settlers until the next harvest he negotiated trade in corn and dealing with the peloton but for all of these draconian measures for instance the penalty for theft was you know capital punishment you would die he was bitterly resented and he would be hounded out of the colony in October

28:06 1609 so he made them work but he paid for it he would be forced to leave the idea that the lower-class colonists were lazy and idle was definitely present in the diary Diaries and later history that john smith wrote of virginia in 1624 in 16 124 he wrote something called the general history of Virginia but the perception that the lower caste class colonists were lazy and idle that's something that Smith definitely subscribed to and this perception that the lower-class colonists were lazy and idle continued to dog the colony's history a new governor who is going to remain on nameless and nameless in 1611 was amazed at the

28:52 laziness of colonists they actually preferred bowling in the streets and playing games to working in the fields let's talk a bit about mortality rates when the colonists first arrives the London Company naively instructed the colonial leaders to never allow the Indians to see the English die they didn't want the natives to learn that the English were not immortals but common men this proved impossible of the original 104 colonists that arrived in the spring of 1607 only 38 were alive nine months later that's a staggering mortality rate despite the

29:38 the arrive manubrium forcement s-- and vast recruitment campaigns the new colonists that the Virginia Company sent can barely keep ahead of the desk for instance in 1608 the London company undertook a vast public relations campaign to recruit new settlers and to sell sell new company shares they were trying to increase the numbers in the colony in this vast recruitment campaign any settler who was able to pay his own ship passage would receive a free share in the company plus the promise of 100 acres land at the end of seven years as

30:24 I mentioned for now all land would be belong to the colony in December 1609 there were 220 colonists but after an especially deadly winter called the starving time only 60 remain so the mortality rates were staggering the winter of 1609 to 60 note 1610 has gone down in history as the starving time the colonists were literally starving in some ways the recruitment campaigns that I mentioned to drum up investment in the Cawley and to get more settlers in some ways the recruitment campaigns prompt the colony's undoing because the older settlers were unable

31:10 to sustain and feed the new arrivals now without the strict leadership of John Smith who was forced to leave the winter of 1609 to 1610 has gone down in history as the starving time by the end of the winter only sixty colonists were alive college were so hungry that they took to eating rats snakes horsehide they supposedly boiled the collars of gentlemen to extract the starch trying to get a little bit of calories they ate they even ate horses dogs and other sort of domestic animals according to some accounts conditions were so bad that the colonists even resorted to cannibalism it's in your textbook they they killed

31:57 an eight a Native American after burying him they dug up the corpses of the dead and there was even the famous infamous case of a man who cooked who killed murdered and cooked his own wife let me give you some accounts of this the let's just start with what John Smith said here's so here is a picture from the present-day historic cited Jamestown but in any case here is John Smith it's famous words about the starving time naso great was our famine that a savage we slew and buried the poorer sort took

32:42 him up and eat him again and and so did diverse one another boiled and stewed with roots and herb so they said so he said they killed they killed an Indian they buried him the poor people dug him up and ate them and buried and boiled him with roots and herbs and then here's the part about the man murdering his wife and month one among the rest did kill his wife powder her presumably salted her powdered her and it eaten pardon a part of her before it was known for which he was executed as he well deserved now whether she was better roasted boiled or carbon NATO Dino not but such a disk as dishes powdered wife I never heard of this was

33:29 this was that time which to still this day we called the starving time and so John Smith is the one to coin this term the starving time now if you read this carefully you would see that John Smith is really pandering to a sort of dark humor he's cracking a joke that he didn't know whether this woman tasted better roasted boiled or carbonated but surely powdered wife wasn't very uncommon dish another another famous account of the starving time came from George Percy the Earl George Percy who was governor after he was governor from 1692 1610 the account of the next

34:16 governor George Governor Percy was even more sensationalistic Percy's account added to this story about the man's wife and had that the man's wife was also pregnant so he not only killed the woman but he slew the unborn child chopped the wife into pieces Percy's account doesn't have anything about eating Indians but Percy does add the detail that the English were eager to drink the blood of suffering colonists who were almost dead too weak to resist later accounts added details of the colonists eating horses vermin dogs cats glutton boot leather now just to let you know about this

35:01 discussion of cannibalism and the star starving time there is some scholarly work some speculation that some of these have accounts may have been exaggerated for political reasons which I wouldn't necessarily doubt the best-known account of the cannibalism is John Smith account but John Smith's account is flawed because he was not actually there during the starving time he was forced to leave in October 1609 before the starving time set in because he was forced out of the colony and also due to an explosion of gunpowder in his lab personally Smith was a very Agron aggrandize

35:47 self-confident man he was arrogant and after he's forced out of Jamestown the disgraced leader had every reason to try to make the colonists look bad so in other words Smith may have been seen with this description of the starving time which he published in his general history of Virginia in 1624 he was basically saying look how bad conditions were after I left look how the colonists could not fend for themselves without my leadership now as I mentioned you understood there was martial law under Smith it was draconian but they did not starve the other famous account of cannibalism from governor the Earl George Percy who was governor 1690 1610

36:34 after Smith George Percy also had his own reasons to make conditions look bad as possible his governorship was widely perceived to be a train wreck disaster he couldn't keep the columns live and by emphasizing the poor horrific conditions this may have been a way of mitigating the blame lessening the guilt so in any case whether or not the cannibalism actually occurred is something that historians may never be able to prove the archaeological evidence does show the clear evidence that the colonists were eating rats and other things that

37:19 humans didn't necessarily eat but there's a lot of doubt as to whether the archaeological evidence support the fact that humans were eating human bones human flesh in any case after the starving time conditions were so bad that's that the survivors the 60 surviving settlers abandoned Jamestown in June 1910 they headed downriver and hope to be picked up by a ship but near the river's mouth they were intercepted by three ships with 300 new settlers which compelled the reoccupation of Jamestown nonetheless going back to mortality rates nonetheless hunger and disease continued

38:05 to kill the settlers in large number between 1607 and 1622 the London company shipped something like 10,000 settlers to people the colony and of these 10,000 settlers shipped between 1607 to 1622 only 22 percent were still alive in 1622 which cut which caused some critics to refer to jamestown as a slaughterhouse as a nightmare in addition to poor governments of martial law the no ownership of no private ownership of land which gave the colonists little incentive to work in addition to the social problems and starvation

38:52 another thing that explained the high mortality rates was disease so the fort jamestown was 30 miles up river very safe from spanish attack but situated on the marshy swamp it was very bad for the health of the colonists the hot and numerous summer summers bred mosquitoes which were carriers of malaria I can attest to them the humidity because I went to college not far from here in addition the shallow wells of the settlement were contaminated by brackish saltwater from the rivers which promoted salt poisoning these stagnant river

39:38 waters contained the garbage and filth of the colonists so the wells were also polluted because they came from the rivers and this actually contained the garbage the filth the excrement of the colonists especially bad during the summer months when the river ran low and this of course spread disease dysentery and typhoid fever the salt poisoning and diseases dysentery typhoid etc killed many settlers and and often rendered the rest who who didn't actually die rendered the rest week too weak to work unable to cultivate corn in the summer they often starved in the winter in the

40:23 spring so in summary it was a very poor chosen site it's in the middle of a marsh in a swamp with mosquitos carriers of malaria on a site where they had contaminated salt water as one colonist remembered quote our drink was cold water taken out of the river which was at flood very salty at a low tide full of slime and filth which was the destruction of our many men ok the the final point I want to make is social tensions in the colony we tend to focus on tensions between the English and Indians but what about tensions between the English themselves one company

41:09 leader declared describing the mixture of people there a more dam a more dammed crew he'll never vomited I don't think that's a very positive description a more dam crew he'll never vomited even when they were healthy the colonists refused to work together to raise corn to feed themselves they were in search of gold the early colonists were an unstable mix of gentlemen the adventurers in command and poor vagrants and homeless who were literally rounded up from the London streets without their choice what they had in common was neither group had experience with work the nobles did not work because of their birthright and the vagrants the poor the homeless had lived from begging and

41:55 stealing and all lacked practical experience with work and the practical Indian skills at fishing hunting gathering and farming so as we said according to one company leader a more dammed crew he'll never mama did let's talk about relations with the Indians preferring 2/3 for gold the England the English expected to trade with the natives and live off of Indian foods they obtained through trade what was Powell Tunes strategy while at times the peloton were really willing to trade with the English they were willing to trade when they had adequate surpluses

42:41 but as I mentioned you because of their seasonal mobility they did not always have surpluses at other times their scant surpluses did not allow trade if the English pressed too hard for food sometimes the Indians lashed out I'll just give you a random story from the early history of the colony for instance when a group of seventeen colonists around 1608 impose themselves on a one particular village for for food the natives did not have enough and weren't willing to share and trade so to teach them a lesson the Indians killed all 17 of them and to show their contempt for the Englishmen they stuffed them the

43:26 mouths of the dead corpses with corn and left their bodies as a as a message for their countrymen to suffer so one thing that the English hopes to do was capture Politan the native chieftain this was sort of John Smith's plan noting the success of the Spanish conquistadors at capturing native cheeps chieftains right the english thought that if if they could be like Cortez in Mexico who was able to subdue and conquer Montezuma the English thought of that if perhaps they could capture the native chieftain if they could capture Pelton if they could

44:11 trick him and somehow capture him then they could force the Indians into a favorable trade alliance if they could capture peloton but Politan was clever and he shrewdly declined invitations to visit the the Ford at Jamestown so rather than the English capture peloton as John Smith had hoped precisely the opposite would happen the Indians actually captured the English leader in December 1608 John Smith would be captured by an Indian hunting party led by Powell tins brother oppa kanawa I'll give you his name later and Smith was ambushed captured by

44:57 attack taken prisoner Powell ttan used this opportunity the capture of John Smith to turn the tables on Smith's plans Pelton's certainly not being kidnapped here and to ritually adopt Smith as a subordinate chief the ritual was staged as a mock execution it was it was Smith thought he was being executed but it was a mock execution they never planned to really kill him Smith was about to be executed but the plans were that Powell Tain's favorite daughter Pocahontas would interrupt the execution at the very last minute as you see here would interrupt

45:44 the execution at the very last minute and then Powell ttan would ritually adopt Smith pudding Smith in a position of submission and allegiance just the opposite of what the English had planned now sometimes you here see this relationship between John Smith and Pocahontas as some sort of love match Pocahontas probably played a very scripted part in this execution and adopted ceremony which had nothing to do with love bonds so the plan was that Pocahontas stopped the execution and Powell ttan would then ritually adopt Smith putting Smith in a position of submission allegiance loyalty just like the other chiefs of his tributary tribe

46:33 but both sides misunderstood the terms of the agreement Powell did thought this ceremony that Smith had accepted his role as subordinate subordinated tributary chieftain he didn't and Smith missed a clean thought that this this saving of John Smith was a kind chivalrous gesture by a kind daughter and didn't really understand powell tunes expectation this is palate in here mrs. Smith this is Pocahontas so what was each side strategy after this encounter upon his release Smith's immediately returned to Jamestown and continued ask before he continued to bully the Indians to trade and to trade corn for his part Powell

47:18 tune played a CREP clever strategy he traded with the English when it was useful to him when he could afford the surpluses but he relied on one of his tributary tribes to sort of observe and harass if necessary the English let me just show you the map here so uh the tribute one of his tributary tribe was named the passive pay and the passive pay were closest the tribe closest to James Jamestown and used the path of pay to observe and harass the colonists but his strategy was very ingenious because if the passive hey got to to ugly if they were to if the passivate were too

48:07 aggressive towards the colonists he could disavow the pass of a disclaim responsibility dismissing them as like malcontents beyond his control like this is a tributary tribe that I can't really control so this was a very clever strategy okay so back to English relations the English also used their own tactics against the Indians frustrated with palette ins sometimes refusal to trade the English use violent terror tactics against revolt rebellious and Indians they massacred villages and often times just before harvest

48:52 for instance just to name one story for instance in August 1610 Governor George Percy massacred an entire pass of a village that had arrest colonists and he definitely killed innocent civilians he took the wives and children of the chief prisoner taking them on boats that taking them on boats back to Jamestown but capsized the votes and shooted shooting the survivors in the water women and children what to the English was the logic of killing innocent civilians women and children the English believed that that they would get in the end farm or corn from other Indians by these terror tactics by making a

49:39 horrific example of those who fail to obey the English however I guess it's useful to remember that colonial leaders applied the same logic to their own kind to the lower classes the colonial leaders believe that only pain and terror could motivate the lower classes to work for instance theft was a capital offence punishable by death during Smith governorship one starving call colonists a labourer still stole oatmeal oatmeal out of hunger as an example to terrify his fellow calm colonists the man had a

50:24 long needle thrust through his tongue to keep him from ever eating again the man was chained to a tree and left to slowly starve to death with the needle through his tongue as a vivid example to others so what I'm trying to say was there was a parallel logic to the terror tactics the colonial leaders applied to the lower classes which were in some ways similar to the tactics they used against Native Americans colonial leaders would be very disappointed when colonists left the English settlement and went native where they sought an easier and more equal lay of life it wasn't very common but it doesn't didn't did definitely happen there were

51:11 sometimes efforts by colonial leaders periodic efforts to recapture English traders living among the natives these fugitives these Runaways were made into conspicuous examples the lucky were hanged or shot and the unlucky were burned at the stake slowly or had their backs broken at the wheel so we have this simmering conflict between the colonists and the Indians the colonists the conflict between the colonists and the Indians sort of remade stalemated until 1630 nothing really moved until 1613 that the Peace of Pocahontas in 1613 the English captured Powell Tain's favorite daughter the teenager Pocahontas she was held in

52:00 Jamestown as a captive held in Jamestown as a captive she was indoctrinated by the English she converted to Christianity she took the English name Rebecca and she was married to a colonist named John Rolfe so weary with war and with his daughter as captive polka Powell ttan made peace with the English we call this the Peace of Pocahontas or the piece of 1613 peloton made peace with English agreeing to trade and provide corn now you may know the story of Pocahontas the virginia company saw the story of Pocahontas as a tremendous promotional opportunity the London company Virginia

52:47 brought Pocahontas a trough back to England in order to drum up greater investments buying more shares in the company and dressed in fine English clothing propolis was paraded through London and seemed to suggest the harmony and ease cooperation between the settlers and natives but looks were very deceiving Pocahontas herself died in England in March 1617 from disease at a very early age um age 21 powell ttan would also die a year later in 1618 and he would be succeeded by his very anti-english

53:34 brother not willing to compromise with the English oppa canola who despised the invaders and I'll give you his name later but before we get to these bad relations between the natives and English we need to talk about the turning point of the colony the true turning point for the colony when it began to be successful was 1616 when several changes were introduced the first was tobacco now this is basically the same material as the lecture one see on tobacco but I'm going to repeat it here for coherence sake tobacco tobacco comes to Virginia in 1616 the new governor John Ross introduced tobacco to the colony in 1616 also due to his wife

54:23 will cojones and taught the colonists how to raise it ahead of his time King James the first of England fought a losing battle he tried to denounce smoke smoking as a quote custom loathesome to the eye hateful to the nose harmful to the brain and dangerous to the lungs eventually however as we discuss James learned to dampen his criticism because of the large revenues the crown got from tobacco the King tax tobacco like other colonial imports and made a large profit on it tobacco was laden with addictive nicotine and it forced consumers to pay high prices to satisfy their cravings tobacco became increasingly popular in

55:09 1670 in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Europe and it became an ideal colonial cash crop tap tobacco cultivation was ideally suited to southern virginia because it preferred long hot and humid summers a growing season and tobacco production surged tobacco production surged from 200,000 pounds in 1624 to 3 million pounds by 1638 by the 1680s jamestown was supplying over 25 million pounds of tobacco to europe and basically by 1638

56:00 virginia in the chesapeake region became the principal supplier of tobacco to europe tobacco cultivation was extremely profitable for colonial planters during the 1620s tobacco sold in europe for about five to ten times as it five it sold in England for about five to ten times as much as it actually cost to produce this basically meant that a planter could make as much profit in one year as he could in ten years in England okay at the same time now of course we're going to have a whole lecture on a whole week on slavery and indentured servitude which is inseparable from this

56:48 tobacco crop another innovation in 1616 was the head right system the head right system brought in private ownership of land for the first time and private ownership of land really went hand-in-hand with the tobacco cultivation it accelerated the trend towards privatization so what is the head right system initially as we mentioned all land belong to the company to the investors but this system of the actual workers being company employees even little incentive to work it wasn't their land the new governor in 1616 saw that this system was bad for individual initiatives and agreed that settlers

57:34 could now own their own land however the stipulation was that they had to work for the company one month per year and they would have to donate about two and a half barrels of corn to the company store house for like emergency situation so the situation was this was the head right system all pre 1616 settlers were granted 100 Acre head rights all pre 1616 settlers were granted 100 Acre head rights hundreds this is a large chunk of land so each pre 16 16 cetera settler was guaranteed 100 acres of land however if they owned additional stock

58:19 shares for each additional stock share they would be given an additional 100 acres new settlers after 1616 were given 50 acres each plus and additional 50 bonus acres for any additional settlers they brought with them so you got you know more land depending on how many heads wrong but the big picture is private ownership so 16 16 was a momentous year to look at some of the factors as to why the colony was finally successful it was due to these factors the constant restocking of personnel constant constant voyages constant

59:08 bringing of new new settlers tobacco as we discussed the head right system the private ownership of land which gave the settlers more incentive to actually work and also the piece of Pocahontas during these years relations between the English and Indians may have been tense but they were good it wasn't war another turning point would come just a few years later in 1619 more turning points the 1619 was a momentous year on several fronts 1619 marked the first arrival of women to the colony in 1619 the London

59:54 the London company sent 59 women on three ships to become wives of settlers they were nothing less than mail-order brides to be purchased by the settlers by the planters for one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco so if you wanted a wife you had to buy one the women like the settlers in general were women from all classes from poor to rich they were no less than eight well-connected Drent Gentry women the women came from all parts of England but they mostly came from the area around London bringing in women was part of this effort at the time to make the colony less military less less military

1:00:42 more pleasant more welcoming to the male settlers the same thing applied to the private ownership of land of these women these 59 adventurous women who arrived we actually know a good deal about their backgrounds and class the companies actively recruited women the worst perceived to be auto honest virtuous hard-working with valuable domestic skills the average age of the women who came was about 20 and of the women who came a significant minority were women who were disadvantaged in some way at home a significant minority were widows or orphans and in England at the time

1:01:28 there was a stigma attached to widows you know to be a single woman you were thought to need the protection of a man so they were women who were perceived to be disadvantaged sadly a number of these women if not half or more were reported as dining in the 1622 Indian massacre that we'll discuss in a second so these mail-order brides were somewhat controversial because there was the notion that these women were up for sale the mail-order brides were also profitable for the company itself so although the male planters in the colony purchased the bride's for 150 pounds of tobacco this was actually only half of what it

1:02:15 cost the company to provide these women so the company had piloted an initial program of investment whereby in company company Fester's funded the passage and supplies given to each woman each woman had to have a ship passage and supplies primarily various sets of clothing linens undergarments etc the initial investment made by company investors to supply these women with ship passage and provisions only cost half of the value of the 150 pounds of Virginia tobacco that the planters paid so what I'm trying to tell you is that the company

1:03:01 investors made a lot of money on these mail-order brides to another momentous change was 1619 marked the first arrival of Africans in this colony and this is so important that we're going to look at this next week separately in an entire lecture but for now I will say that 1619 marked the arrival of about 20 Africans on a Dutch ship from the kingdom of mondongo in Angola in central Africa these Africans were actually technically

1:03:46 not slaves they were sold as they were indentured servants and they had been baptized as Catholics so much more on this later but the very first Africans to arrive in Virginia were not slaves but indentured servants I'll talk about that in a second another reform to make the colony more appealing was the House of Burgesses as another incentive to make the colony more appealing more hospitable to show settlers that they would be consulted in the running of the colony the London company authorized the creation of the first ascent we allege a legislature in the new world the Virginia House of Burgesses was to

1:04:33 be elected by every adult male it first met in the church in Jamestown on July 30th 1619 and consisted of the governor six council members from the company and 22 elected members the House of Burgesses passed laws governing relations with the natives concerning agriculture price of agricultural commodities they passed laws requiring church attendance and morality so they made laws we don't need to be tedious the House of Burgesses was the new world's first representative assembly elected by Universal manhood suffrage and established a very important American precedent of

1:05:19 self-government government keep in mind that the power the powers of the House of Burgesses were fairly limited the governor of the colony retained the right to veto legislation legislation could legislation passed by the House of Burgesses could only be enforced if a council chosen by the company approved and normally it only meant one time per year but nonetheless it was the first assembly in the new world now I want to go back to talking about increasing tensions with the Native Americans the cultivation of tobacco exhausted the

1:06:05 soil and drove settlers inward for more lands while the earlier settlements were disruptive to the natives they really intruded only marginally on the native people's lifestyles and lands but the plantations began to cause a people because now they're claiming the settlers more and more land and moving inwards and threatening the native lifestyle and ability to feed themselves so as the white planters farther up the Chesapeake claiming plantations it became clear to the powtoons that the settlers were now posing a threat to their future living prospects Powell ttan chief Alton has had a post out white outright war with the English

1:06:53 Powell ttan died in 1618 and his successor would be his brother oppan canal was the same one responsible for capturing John Smith's in 1622 pallette and successor who did not favour compromise with the English politan successor opa kanawa launched the famous good friday massacre in 1622 that would permanently transform Indian English relations oh but oboe Kanawa believed that confrontation was inevitable either the Indian warriors would destroy the English or the English would destroy the Warriors the opah Kanawa uprising

1:07:41 was a very well coordinated surprise attack they chose a religious holiday Good Friday and they also attacked the English at breakfast time when they knew that the English would be sitting down at their breakfast table and you see this here so the OPO Kanawa uprising was a well coordinated surprise attack in which the Indians destroyed the outlying plantations and Kier killed about three hundred and forty seven men women and children now this was a pretty significant casualty because this was about one third of all total men women and children in the colony at the time including many of these mail-order

1:08:26 brides now in the attacks one-third of all the total colonists were killed Obachan aawaz military military logic of this attack was strategic and partial that is to say while he could have killed more colonists all of the colonists he left two thirds of them alive to teach them a lesson and the lesson was no more sin don't keep encroaching on Native American land what was the colonial response well after the initial shock and horror in some ways colonial leaders delighted in the attacks because it liberate them it liberated them it freed

1:09:14 them to sort of declare war on this on the quote-unquote savages to exterminate the savages to declare a sort of all-out war on the savages and no more of this tense piece of Pocahontas a pretend feigned piece back in England John Smith celebrated the massacre as quote as good for the plantation now because we have just cause to destroy them by all means possible so as I've said the Good Friday Massacre launched a new era of all-out war between the Indians and settlers after the massacre the English practiced the strategy that they would use in other colonial wars the English practice

1:10:01 a strategy of attacking Indian villages massacring the villages dust before the fall corn harvest the strategy was to destroy their crops and destroy their villages consigning them to a winter and spring of starvation without shelter meanwhile Obachan all would regroup and waited he regrouped and waited in April 1644 in April 1644 opah Canal was staged a second even deadlier round of attacks this time killing more than 400 colonists and while that was significant this was hardly a dent in the overall population by 1624 the population of the

1:10:52 colony was 7,200 and by 1644 when the second round of Indian attacks would stage the population of the colony was now over 10,000 so the second round of attacks while significant was hardly debt in the overall population now the Indians began to succumb to warfare and disease like smallpox in 1646 the Indian the English captured chief opa kanawa who was about a hundred and who was nearly blind and was so crippled and weak he had to be carried to Jamestown the governor put up Okinawa on display in Jamestown as a

1:11:39 sort of trophy prisoner he had hope to carry him back to England to show to the king but an angry shoal soldier shot him and took matters into his own hands so this would really be the end of the Algonquin as a military force reduced by war and disease Virginia Algonquin population was reduced from about 25,000 in 1607 to only about 2000 by 1669 losing their lands the survivors became confined to small settlements surrounded by the English regarding Indians as a security whist risk colonial law invited settlers to shoot any natives caught

1:12:24 trespassing on English land a final reform I want to discuss is that in 1624 the the Jamestown Colony becomes a royal colony as we mentioned Jamestown was initially founded by a private company the London company of Virginia the London company had never made a single profit they never managed to scrape even and they never paid a single dividend to its shareholders so with all of the

1:13:11 problems the starvation with especially the influence of the Indian uprising the king decided that this merited direct control of the ground so in 1624 Jamestown actually the colony of Virginia was made into a royal colony under the control of the king with a governor directly appointed by the king no more governorship by this private company okay so we're going to now well here you can see a chart showing the increasing imports of tobacco and really how it was profitable most profitable in

1:13:58 its very early boom years okay now we're going to discuss the founding of Maryland although a bit more briefly Virginia was at first a colony founded by a private company with a private charter and then it became a royal colony the neighboring colony of Maryland was a new type of colony Maryland was what we call a proprietary colony a proprietary colony was a colony that was financed and sort of literally belonged to as their property one prominent individual so a proprietary colony is a colony sort of governed

1:14:46 literally belonged to one prominent wealthy individual Maryland is initially intended as a religious haven for English Catholics I'm going to give you some background on the English Reformation religious tensions in England in the next lecture but suffice it to say for now that at the time Catholics were a minority a persecuted minority in England and this colony was founded for Catholics the proprietor of the colony the founder of the colony is Lord Baltimore George Calvert George Calvert was a member of parliament had served a Member of Parliament he was a royal

1:15:32 official but he converted to Catholicism which ruined his political career and actually disabled him from serving in Parliament because at the time you had to belong to the Church of England at first calvert Talbert thought of colonizing Newfoundland but after spending a winter there he decided the climate was unsuitable in 1632 Calvert received a charter from the King of England King Charles to become proprietor its owner of a territory north of Virginia that would be called Maryland the Charter was given by the King Charles the first and it was named in honor of Charles Queen Henrietta

1:16:18 Maria so Lord Baltimore's charter was basically like a feudal document this is what the proprietary colony thing was like it was basically like a feudal document that granted him complete ownership of Maryland soil minerals and Fisheries Lord Baltimore had the power to make land grants impose taxes he had the power to regulate commerce and trade so proprietors have a great deal of power proprietary colonies they're not necessarily democratic the proprietor Lord Baltimore had the right to establish courts appoint judges pardon offenders if you wish Lord Baltimore

1:17:07 himself had the right to appoint all civil and military officials and he had the sole power to initiate legislation he had the power to initiate laws however the Charter held that laws were not to be repugnant to the laws of England it was not his laws were not to go against the tradition of English for all of this in the Charter Lord Baltimore had to agree to pay the King one-fifth of all the gold and silver found in the colony the Lord the First Lord Baltimore died just as the Charter from the king

1:17:52 was actually being written just as as it was actually being drafted actual settlement of Maryland was left to his son Cecil in 1634 two ships left England bearing over 200 passengers and they arrived in America and founded the town of st. Mary city named after Charles's Queen but also named after the Virgin Mary near the mouth of the Potomac River so st. Mary City was the early capital Maryland the governor of Maryland purchase purchased the territory from the Native Americans who were living there but comparing to leave the area

1:18:37 anyways and basically purchased the area for a pittance for axes homes and yards of cloth the younger Lord Baltimore was very eager to attract settlers to the colony and make it profitable and Maryland land was cheap and virtually free the second Lord Baltimore offered 1,000 acres at an annual charge of 20 shillings to any settler who brought five adult males with him so if you were an entrepreneur who came with five other adult males with you you would get a thousand acre land grant which was like a huge estate back in England if you

1:19:25 came with a family you would be given a grant of a hundred acres so a family would receive one hundred acres per family so Lord Baltimore tried to attract settlers to to Maryland with the promise of cheap land however as I mentioned in the proprietary colony the proprietor really the lord of the call enjoyed widespread power and there was not necessarily much possibility for democratic government however more than she planned was necessary to attract settlers to Maryland in spite of the

1:20:11 proprietary Charter Maryland colonists insisted on the right to have a voice in the lawmaking process similar to the House of Burgesses in Virginia Baltimore resisted for a few years but the desire to attract settlers forced him to change his mind so he created a legislature and gave it the right to initiate laws to introduce laws still however he retained the right to veto laws at any time so that's how that worked okay again I'm going to get into religion in the next lecture and we'll explain the position of English Catholics religion would really be the thorn in Lord Baltimore's side Maryland

1:20:59 was founded as a haven for English Catholics who were a persecuted disliked minority in England but religion would really be the thorn in Lord Baltimore's side he was constantly under pressure to protect his fellow Catholics but he didn't want to alienate leave out the Protestant majority so actually despite the sporadic persecutions of Catholics in England very few Catholics actually came to Maryland far more protestants settled in maryland and catholics this led Lord Baltimore to have to sort of change the original founding mission and issue the 1649 Toleration Act the 1649

1:21:44 Toleration Act promised toleration for all Christians so it was really opened not just the Catholics but all Christians according to the Act quote no person or persons professing to believe in Jesus Christ shell from henceforth be any know a troubled molested or discountenance for an or in respect to his or her religion life in early maryland was similar to early Jamestown there were very very few women before 1680 or so there was high rates of infant more trap mortality and birth rates did not exceed death rate until the very end of the centuries now what is interesting is that women in early Maryland because of

1:22:30 this shortage of women enjoyed virtue relatively high brights widows for instance were allowed to inherit property because of the shortage of males one thing that was common to both Virginia and Maryland Maryland was always relatively sparsely populated in this early period but one thing that was common to both Virginia and Maryland was their economic system based on the traduction of tobacco while land was relatively easy to come by under this land grant system labor was difficult and this gives brings us to the problem of indentured servitude in the 17th century the the most common

1:23:17 answer to the labor problem was indentured servitude what was indentured servitude well it's a form of forced labor similar to slavery but indentured servants have more rights better work munitions than slaves and they're not regarded as chattel they're not downright property like a chattel slavery B so how did indentured servitude work the company or let's just say individual planner the either a company or individual planter would pay

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