3a The City Upon a Hill The New England Colonies Part II

0:01 good morning today our topic is the New England colonies part two in the New England colonies as you may know religion was the primary motivation for settlement but not always the exclusive motivation for settlement however what we will see is that New England could sometimes be as intolerant religiously as the old world it left behind let me give you an example of that and then we'll get into some general things about New England colonization you are probably familiar with the idea of the pilgrims and let's just look at that

0:49 migration very briefly in England radical separatists that was the most radical group of Puritans who not only wished to purify but leave the Anglican Church of England altogether in England radical separatists were radical groups of Puritans who wish to not only purify the Church of England but leave it all together and of course they were Calvinists believing in predestination Puritans are often misunderstood as the seedbed of American religious and political freedom this is a sort of misleading view view because while the Puritans did not wish to create a theocracy a society

1:35 in which religious rulers rule politics the Puritans created something very close to a theocracy where there's no separation of church and state and in some ways they were intolerant as the English kings they despised this group of pious migrants were the pilgrims that is to say were a group of pious migrants who were English separatist and Calvinists and were fleeing persecution by the Church of England so they emigrated to the Netherlands in Leiden and ironically they would leave Leiden exactly because it was a place that offered complete religious freedom they

2:21 left a place where they enjoyed complete religious freedom to move to a state where they could control religious liberty so ironically they found found the Netherlands to free enlighten the separatist children the Pilgrims children grew up in a climate of religious openness they learn Dutch they were exposed to other Protestant groups and also Judaism but for the pious separatists the pilgrims this religious freedom of choice was too much it was dangerous and they believed it was likely to infect their children they preferred establishing a new city upon a hill where their faith would be the only established faith believers could

3:09 practice their faith and none other and non-believers would be exiled and excommunicated okay so that's what I meant by these New England colonies sometimes being as intolerant as the societies they left even though the New England colonies are mostly founded for religious freedom its freedom for some they formed societies even more intolerant and rigid than in England okay the first topic today is we are going to be looking at some general differences with the New England colonies and the southern colonies and pardon my voice I have a bit of a cold

3:54 the New England colonies differed markedly from their Chesapeake contemporaries most 17th century English inker immigrants people who left England were poor single young men or that is to say second sons of gentlemen also but most English immigrants in the 17th century were poor young men or rich young men who lacked prospects opportunities in the mother country however by colonial say the standards New England attracted an unusual set of immigrants New England immigrants were the sort of skilled and prosperous people who would have ordinate ordinarily stayed at home and not risk a new life in a colony New

4:43 England generally relied on the labor of families rather than their own sons and daughters and slavery and AD entered servitude was very rare as well as having domestic servants in 1700 less than 2% of New England inhabited habitants were slaves the figure was about 13 to 15 percent for Virginia domestic servants I'm a servant was common in the first generations of immigration perhaps one to two servants brought from England but we're too expensive and were basically faced out by 1700 unlike the south where migration

5:29 was mostly young men emigration occurred in families hence the New England family picture here of the children emigration occurred in families with children with balance sex ratios from the beginning and not only did the economy rely on family labor rather than plantations the New England climate had some effects on demography New England was a better more healthier climate no swamps and malaria that supported a very long average life span the average life expectancy in the New England colonies was over 70 actually and this was in

6:15 contrast to an average life span of 43 in Virginia now these figures are provided that one survived childhood childhood mortality rates infancy mortality rates were very high before 1850 percent of children would die before the age of five and it was very common occurrence for parents to lose at least one or more so while most immigrants to Virginia the Chesapeake were poor indentured servants or slaves the social class profile of New England Commons was different New England attracted prosperous hard-working middle class types that's

7:00 good way to think about that sort of middle class and even some from the gentry primarily founded for religious freedom the New England colonies espoused a more demanding faith than that of Virginia Virginia was was anglican founded by the Church of England and the people there weren't particularly zealous of course New England was founded by the Puritans known as the Puritans they meant to purify the English faith in a new lands and didn't attract the sort of get rich quick type immigrant that would have headed to Jamestown however in some ways the Puritan migration to New England was motivated by some of the same social concerns that promoted early

7:46 colonization to Virginia we talked about the increased poverty crime in big vagrancy right of 16th century England Puritans interpreted the increased poverty crime and vagrancy of early modern England as a sign of English sin as a sign of God's disfavor with England and that they needed to found a new city on upon a hill I'll talk about this concept as we go forward in the new world so again all of these problems crime in homelessness vagrancy were all interpreted as the idea of England's sin the idea that God may have been punishing England for its sin and the

8:32 Puritans wanted to find a new city on a hill in the new world city on Hill meant that the Puritan society was to be a model society an ideal Society of Christian charity and discipline that would be so virtuous and perfect that hopefully England would follow suit and copy in settlement in New England was organized around towns always strong town mentality and not so spread out in rural and agricultural like the South another note on labor in crowded England labor was plentiful and cheap and was so

9:18 plentiful that we had the problem of unemployment like we discussed but land was scarce in England and expensive and monopolized by the nobility New England reversed this relationship because land was abundant and cheap but the problem in New England was labor there was precious little labour to develop land into productive farms New England farmers usually relied on their own family labor for the farms not slavery or indentured servitude which kept New England society more family based more egalitarian more equal in the distribution of power power and riches so in other words you don't have a Chesapeake Virginia style society in

10:06 Virginia you have a small elite of white planners you know using exploiting the labor of indentured servants and slaves with a huge power and wealth gap between them in other words in New England more equality okay so let's go into looking at the religious motivations for this colonization okay so a bit of review and recap even after the English Reformation by Henry the eighth church and state were United unity of church and state church and state remain united the new English church the Church

10:52 of England was an official state religion and law important to no law demanded that the English subjects support the Church of England through taxes and regular church attendance church attendance was man by law this is why English Catholics or Puritans could not hold public office also Church held up the state and the state held up the church during the 1530s Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth father Andrew the eighth broke from the Roman Catholic Church to become the head of the Church of England but in effect he was the new pope the new head of the Church of England and he

11:39 never broke from the hierarchy of the Catholic Church it's hierarchical structure of governance governance with a pope bishops etc so thereafter the English king appointed and commanded a new church hierarchy that was loyal to him twenty Archbishop's at the top twenty-six bishops in parish clergy so the the Church of England still has a very Catholic like sense of political hierarchy to it because the king led the official Church religious dissent religious disagreement smacked of treason going against the government and heresy challenging religion so I'll say

12:25 that again because the king was the head of the official church religious dissent smacked of treason and heresy the hierarchy of the church helped the hierarchy of the entire society including the hierarchy of the nobility in the king the successor of Elizabeth King James the first cousin said no Bishop no King no nobility no Bishop no king notability what did that mean what he meant was that the entire social political order depended on preserving the church hierarchy that supported it and underpinned it so in a nutshell the Church of England and early modern

13:10 England was about the unity of church and state and a sense of hierarchy and church and state that prompt each other up let's now move into talking a bit more about the Puritans we discussed them last time already when we looked at the minority groups so here's a quick review both Puritans and separatists accepted the Calvinist idea of predestination and the idea that salvation was given by God's grace salvation was a passive gift salvation could not be earned through good works most were Puritans and wanted to remain within the Church of England just reforming it but Puritans this is very

13:57 important to know Puritans wanted to preserve the link between church and state Puritans did not question the links between church and state the more radical Puritans the separatist who are a smaller much smaller group did demand to break entirely from the Church of England and form their independent congregations so the Puritans did not question the links between church and state however the separatists did but separatists are always a smaller sort of fringe group let's talk about what they wanted let's talk about what the Puritans wanted in terms of liturgy and theology

14:46 reforms both groups wanted to recover the pure and simple Church of Jesus Christ and his disciples they disdained elaborate Catholic rituals they disdained elaborate artwork and and music so to see this visually you can see a representation of a Jesuit Turk Church a Catholic Church with a Puritan Church and much more simpler plainer facade and also disdain is the elaborate figural art music sculpture rituals of the Catholic Church and interior as opposed to a sombre plain undecorated Puritan interior so in terms of theology

15:33 and liturgy individual souls in the new church the new purified Church would have a more direct relationship with God it would be based on individual reading of the Bible and I'll just say as a side note there's a tremendous emphasis on learning literacy learning to read in Puritan society every town would have a grammar school to teach literacy and reading is very important from the early ages Puritans rejected the role of priests the intercession of priests and sacraments and urged every believer to seek God him or herself by reading the Bible by forming prayer groups and heeding sermons of their ministers in

16:19 terms of liturgy Puritans wish to purify elaborate liturgy and prayers that were too Catholic like while not questioning the links between church and state Puritans wish to eliminate or reduce the authority of bishops and increase the authority of local congregations this is very important the congregation's not a hierarchy would govern the church like Calvin had called for church and state would be linked in pursuit of the perfect city on a hill but the actual governance of a church would be by laypeople non priest not bishops like in the Catholic Church

17:05 welcome back to that idea let's talk about these elect the elect Puritans had a profound sense of spiritual anxiety about their salvation remember without God's grace is decision who was saved at the beginning of time remember without God's grace no amount of good works on earth could save you Puritans longed to experience a new birth a new birth was a sort of conversion experience where they were assured of divine grace they were assured of their salvation and they were at least somewhat saved from the anxiety about whether they were saved so the elect were the people were people

17:54 who were true full church members so let me say that another way only these elect were regarded as full church members the elect were people who had a conversion experience and you had to have this new birth this conversion experience in order to be accepted as old church members so only the elect were regarded as full church members and it was believed to be the duty of the elect to transform society politically to adhere to God's laws so again we are dealing with the unity of church and state by moral living devout prayer reading the Bible and regular church attendance added to a very strict moral

18:43 regime of no gambling no dancing no eating well not no eating but eating and drinking in moderation the hopeful Puritan prepared for the possibility of God's saving grace that these were outward signs of his salvation so once again although you could never really know your salvation the Puritans believed that through more living devout prayer reading the Bible regular charger sentence the Puritans hoped that these were signs of salvation that this was perhaps a signal that they have been chosen among the elect those who were saved the elect were those who saved but of course not even the most devout Puritan ever knew for sure only God knew

19:30 and determined salvation Puritans also place tremendous emphasis on work and discipline as a sign of grace the Puritan movement was strongest in northeast England the area around London and East Anglia and Sussex so these were some of the most prosperous and commercialized areas of England the area around London southeast England and again Puritans came from all ranks of English society even the aristocracy and jet Gentry but the sort of average Puritan was solidly solidly middle class

20:16 middle class farmers shopkeepers and skilled artisans now the next question that we're going to be examining is why did pure Puritan migration occur when it did why did the Puritans leave England when they did well going back to the English Reformation Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth was certainly not fond of the Puritans but tolerated them remember Elizabeth was all about religious compromise and ending tensions between

21:03 Catholics and Protestants so going back to this slide really quickly Elizabeth rules from 1580 1558 16:03 she's all about compromise so the the Puritans are pretty much tolerated when Elizabeth died the throne would go to her cousin James the first actually James and sixth of Scotland but the throne goes to James the first and eventually his son Charles who are the Stuart monarch of the England once Elizabeth dies in 1603 tensions heated up the throne went to her Protestant cousin James the third first who ruled

21:50 from 1603 to 1625 and James definitely recognized the subversive potential the Puritans remember the Puritans questioned the authority of bishops authority of the church rest on bishops and also insisted on the spiritual equality of all believers all godly men the elect were believed to be superior to all ungodliness everybody else meaning the entire Church of England and its priests and its staff so this is pretty subversive nonetheless more or less james reluctantly tolerated Puritans during his reign dozens of

22:39 Puritan ministers continued to serve Church of England or Anglican parishes so we have this sort of reluctant compromise top of reluctant tolerance of Puritans however under his son Charles the first relations broke down and broke into open conflict Charles the first was a Protestant but he had Catholic sympathies and basically wanted to take the Church of England in a somewhat more Catholic direction Charles the first was married to a Catholic Princess Henrietta Maria and marriland st. Mary City was named for her but any

23:25 case Charles was married to a Catholic princess and he hoped to rep siyul the alienated English Catholics by restoring some church hierarchy and ceremony that had been purged in 1633 he elevated William laud as the Archbishop of Canterbury the spiritual head of the Church of England and William laud the archbishop favored a very elaborate Catholic style ritual so by high church Archbishop laud was very high church so that meant lots of ritual latch of ceremony lots of smells and bells during the late 1620s and 1630s

24:14 laud and most other bishops in the Church of England enforced this orthodoxy of High Church Church of England worship so this meant no more toleration of Puritans who were preaching in Church of England churches so LOD LOD enforced strict orthodoxy to the Church of England no more Puritan purification and Puritan priests who were employed and didn't go along with this new high high church liturgy were purged they were fired laud also censured Puritan texts and had pilloried and branded Puritans who illegally

25:01 published their ideas things got even worse in 1629 when Charles the first suspended Parliament Puritan hopes of appealing to Parliament to protest were crushed when Charles of her suspended Parliament in 1629 and ruled arbitrarily as an absolute marna monarch for the next 11 years so why did Puritan migration occur when it did well this stress on Church of England orthodoxy and absolutist politics convinced the English Puritans that it was time to act time to leave so in a nutshell the Puritans were persecuted openly under Charles the first hmm okay now to the

25:50 founding of the colony so two colonies founded by Puritans and separatists first the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth Colony would be founded by separatist the Massachusetts Bay Connie would be founded by Puritans in England under the Stuart monarchs separatist faced increasing persecution they faced fines and kritis prison imprisonment they weren't even allowed to worship publicly member of members of a small separatist congregation in Yorkshire in the north of England we're tired of this persecution tired of being put in prison and in 1608 this congregation left England for religious

26:36 freedom and emigrated to Leiden in Holland this was a congregation of ordinary farm workers you know sort of lower middle class and they were led by William Bradford however they were not happy staying in Holland because they feared because there was too much openness it was too liberal too much toleration it was too open and they feared the influence of Dutch culture and Dutch the various religion religious groups in Holland on their children so in 1620 the in 1620 the

27:26 London company gave the pilgrims permission to settle on its territory in the New World merchants raised funds in a joint stock stock company as we discussed before with the agreement with the London company was that Eve colonist was given one share in the colony and was expected to work in the colony for seven years before that all land would be by the company after this seven-year period all-in and profits would be divided between the colonists and investors so in September 1620 35 Pilgrims and 67 other Englishmen and

28:11 women and children boarded the Mayflower and set out for the New World so on this voyage only 35 of the people were actually separatists were actually build rooms the Pilgrims voyage was was sponsored and chartered by the London company and the Pilgrims landed on Cape Cod now Cape Cod was outside the jurisdiction of the London company if you remember the London company had claims over the southern part of Virginia another company had claims over the north so we don't really know if the pilgrims were blown off-course because

28:56 they had planned to settle in the south it remains unclear whether the pilgrims were blown off-course by storms or whether they purposefully landed outside of the jurisdiction of the company remember the company had jurisdiction over the South because the pilgrims were outside of the London company's jurisdiction the Puritans took charge of the government themselves and famously made the Mayflower Compact compact between the 41 adult men on the ship the Mayflower Compact which of course excluded women was is regarded as the seedbed of American self-government and

29:43 democracy the Mayflower Compact was their plans for self-government it was quote to enact constitute and frame such just an equal laws ordinances acts constitutions and offices that from time to time shall be thought most meat and convenient for the general good of the colony on to which we promised all due submission and obedience so once again the Mayflower Compact was a charter for self-government which the pilgrims did really without authorization from the company but because they landed north of the area

30:29 that the company formerly had claims over after about a month of exploring the Cape Cod area the pilgrims settled at the pilgrim settled at Plymouth on Christmas Day 1620 the winter of 16 2016 21 was very hard half of the colonists died before the spring however at the same time the pilgrims were beneficiaries of a devastating epidemic that had recently decimated the coastal Pico Indians so a smallpox epidemic had swept to the area so many of the Indians had died and left the area and the

31:16 pilgrims by chance occupied a recently abandoned Indian village with fields that were already cleared planting so the the pilgrims do survive this first winter but only with the help of native people Indians probably all would have died had it not been for the friendly attitude of the neighboring Indians recently decimated by disease and particularly Samoset and Squanto Samoset was a Native American who learned English from English explorers and traders and Squanto was a Native

32:06 American who had been captured by English traders he was brought to England but he was allowed to return to New England where he found all of his tribes have been dead from this epidemic and decided that he would actually help the pilgrims the leader of the pilgrim community is called with that Bradford and William Bradford called Squanto quote a special instrument sent by God Squanto served as a helper to the pilgrims he helped the pilgrims grow food he taught them how to raise corn

32:52 and served as a diplomat as sort of emissary a representative to meso it mister it was the leader the chief of the Wampanoag Confederacy which was the who was sort of like the position of Politan among the thirty tribes in the Tidewater so he presided over a confederacy of these coastal tribal idioms and Squanto served as an emissary to him with squanto's helped this tribal leaders signed a an alliance a peace alliance with the pilgrims that lasted to about 1617

33:38 1675 the story of the first Thanksgiving the harvest was so bound accountable after that initial deadly winter that in 1621 the pilgrims invited the leaders and warriors of the Wampanoag Confederacy to a lavish three-day feast now it is unknown whether they ate turkey probably unlikely but they did eat deer goose swans Eagles and we do know that pumpkin and cranberries in court were among the sides however the celebration of the first thing

34:24 Thanksgiving proved premature 35 new settlers arrived later that fall and the pilgrims would again find themselves on short rations if you remember the colony was originally founded by a private company in 1626 the company the London company realized that no great profit was ever going to materialize the company was dissolved and the company sold its own ownership its shares to the actual colony for twenty four hundred pounds so now when the company is dissolved we have private ownership of land by the colonists themselves by sixteen hundred around

35:14 fifteen hundred separatists lived in the Plymouth Colony however you always need to look at the Plymouth Colony as a small independent fringe group it was never like a mass destination Plymouth would remain an independent self ruling colony until 1691 when it was annexed to the larger neighboring Massachusetts Bay Colony that stands for Massachusetts Bay Colony true to its religious beliefs each town had its own independent self-supporting congregation that pretty that that governed each church

36:00 individually far more important than the pilgrims is the neighboring and much larger Massachusetts Bay Colony and that would be our topic now the Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded in 1630 as a holy experiment so of course the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be founded by Puritans not separatist the Puritans who founded Massachusetts shared beliefs with the pilgrims however most Massachusetts Bay residents

36:46 rejected separatism and insisted that the Anglican Church could be purified after preliminary expeditions in the 1620s in 1629 a group of Puritan merchants received a charter from the English King Charles the first and formed the Massachusetts Bay Colony now fYI much of the area the Cape Cod area had been explored earlier in 1614 by John Smith the same John Smith of Jamestown say-so in 1630

37:32 it's in 1630 and thereafter a much greater migration occurred it's called the great migration it's about 3,000 English Puritans the great migration occurred under the leadership of John Winthrop John Winthrop John Winthrop was a well-connected lawyer Winthrop was actually a from the gentry and was a wealthy lawyer trained at Cambridge but was also noted for his piety because of his piety and legal experience legal

38:18 experience as a lawyer Winthrop accepted a position as governor of the colony and was repeatedly re-elected he sort of became like the quasi king of the of the Massachusetts Bay Colony personally Winthrop came from a privileged gentry family and was twice married both of his wives would die in childbirth when his second especially pious wife Thomasina died in childbirth in 1616 he lost both his wife and the infant baby Winthrop came became completely distraught and experienced a reconversion this new birth that we

39:04 discussed before he had also lost his infant daughter and as his wife was dying he rang a bell to inform the community Thomasine his death led him to a period of intense self scrutiny and soul-searching he regarded the loss of his wife has a direct punishment from God this is a typically Puritan response to misfortune with this experience and with this reconversion this new birth he renewed his faith believing he relied too much on earthly comforts and that life on Earth was transitory let's talk about this idea of the city on the hill and the Covenant Winthrop believed that

39:50 the settlers had entered into a covenant with God God ordered them into the wilderness to create a city on the hill a holy con Commonwealth the city on the hill is the idea of a model ideal Puritan society it was any ideal society ruled by the elect the idea of the Covenant is something based in the Bible it's in the Old Testament the idea of the Covenant was the idea of a contract with God it found them to strict religious obligations but in exchange for pious religious observance the Puritans believed that they would receive God's special favor the Puritans

40:37 believed that God held them the elect to higher standards than less godly peoples but believed that they would enjoy particular benefits when they entered into this closed closed contract with God this covenant so implicit in the idea of the Covenant is the idea of a contract between the Puritans and God and that the Puritans were God's special favorite people as God's favorite people they considered themselves as heirs to the Hebrews of the Bible whose leaders like Moses or Abraham famously entered into a covenant or agreement with God if they honored his wishes the Puritans believed that God would

41:24 show them special abundance and blessings but if they broke his will God would punish them severely okay so they hit the city on the hill relates to this idea of the Covenant the Puritans wanted to form the eye ideal model religious Society in the new world that would be perfect and hopefully transform England as England would want to copy it that never happened so if they honor God's wishes in this covenant God would show them special abundance but if they broke with his will God would punish them and punish them severely so here is a quote by Winthrop about the city on the hill that

42:10 they would be an example to future peoples let's talk about the government structure of the Massachusetts Bay Colony this desire for a city on the hill and purity could also breed intolerance church and state were linked right standards for church membership were very strict only the elect could be full church members only those who could describe their conversion experience publicly to join the church as the elect so in order to be considered one of the elect you had to have one of these conversion experiences a quote unquote new earth and you had to be willing to stand up and publicly make a testimony

42:57 declare it settlers scrutinize their neighbors for signs of nonconformity and the government man church attendance a two-hour service on Sundays and weekly lectures historians have estimated that the average Puritans would have heard about 7,000 sermons during their lifetime long scripture based sermons by the end of 1630 the Massachusetts Bay Area had been settled they left in family groups and the colony flourished so about 3,000 people initially left in the great migration in 1630 because of

43:45 sound preparation and organization within a dozen years the colony was flourishing and by twelve or fifteen years later the colony had a population of sixteen thousand people so it took off immediately let's talk about the Puritan government the Massachusetts Bay Colony is originally founded by a private company a joint stock company like other companies the Massachusetts Bay Colony was to be governed by its investors the shareholders of the colony the shareholders would meet four times a year in a General Court and the

44:32 shareholders would elect the governor deputy governor and 18 assistants so what happened is that a very small group of investors including Winthrop Thomas Dudley others monopolized pretty much all positions and enacted the laws so government was by the company by 1634 due to complaints due to complaints that a very small group was monopolizing all positions and the colonists did not have representation ideas that colonists were being taxed without their consent by 1634 the colony

45:17 was forced to make changes in 1634 the company did away with the general court and transform the company government into a legislature now there would be a two-house legislature legislature that was elected by all adult male church members so voting rights were dependent on your membership in the church you had to be a full member one of the elect logs had to be passed by both houses there was an upper house and a lower house the lower house was a more

46:05 powerful house and the lower house was elected by freemen it has to say all adult male church members who owned property so voting rights were contingent on church membership and owning a minimum amount of property the same group of freemen also elected the governor so because of complaints in 1634 the Massachusetts Bay Colony is forced to make the government more democratic how democratic was it really well in the Massachusetts Bay Colony there was a very close cooperation and unity of church and state the Puritan government

46:51 was something very close to a Fiat theocracy a theocracy is the government where religious rulers rule a secular government in the name of a god so parroting government was very close to a theocracy church and state were close partners the ministers sought advice by the government technically ministers are barred from holding office but they cooperated and helped each other the the state mandated church attendance the state supported the church financially the state punished heresy those who questioned religious beliefs and the preachers

47:37 preach support of the state in the civil order so what were there underpinned what what philosophy motivated this Puritans believe that church members the elect were the least sinful part of the population and they believed that church members should carefully select their rulers from a restricted circle of men who could be trusted to carry out God's laws as interpreted by the Bible and ministers so in other words it was the duty of the elect those who had been saved to govern society and transform society morally and politically was it a

48:22 democracy well there's some Democratic elements but really you can call it an oligarchy an oligarchy is sort of rule by a closed elite and practice this is what happened the same handful of men like John Winthrop and his circle were elected to the same positions again and again and a very small well a small percentage of the population were full church member it's only about a quarter of the population were full fledged church members like the elect we talked about what about the governance not of the state but the church itself the Puritans never officially separated from the Church of England but the

49:08 Puritans adopted the theory that each individual Church was to be organized by a consistory of its members and was to be governed by them so like like Calvin had called for members of the church chose their pastors and their elders and basically like I said governance of the church resided governance of the church was controlled by laypeople not priests not bishops but the members of the congregation themselves however to be accepted as a church member you not only had to accept the doctrine of predestination but had to publicly testify about their spiritual

49:58 conversion experience and make the congregation think they were more one of the elect so in as we said in the Massachusetts Bay Colony there are some Democratic leanings they did have self-government but to do so you you had to be one of the elect and they certainly excluded those who did not go along with the Puritan way of life which as we said earlier was a very strict moral regime a minimum of drinking no gambling no card playing a very somber dour style of dress etc so life in the Puritan colony was focused entirely on religion like I said the sermons in the

50:46 Puritan churches were very long the entire service taking two two-and-a-half hours on Sunday let's look at some other colonies founded in New England so here we see the larger Massachusetts Bay Colony in comparison to comparison to Plymouth let's talk about the founding of some of the other doing colonies like Providence and Hartford so dissenters there were people who did not agree with the strict Puritan leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony not all agreed with this Orthodox Puritan conception of church and state and the first of these is Roger Williams

51:35 Roger Williams was a separatist Puritan minute minister who was trained at Cambridge and arrived in Massachusetts in 1631 he first turned down an offer from a Boston church because it had not officially separated from the Anglican Church of England so he was a separatist Williams moved to Plymouth but later accepted a post of as minister of the Church of Salem in Massachusetts and 1634 however um Williams would openly break with the leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636 what

52:21 were his views Williams preached separation of church and state and religious toleration this was quite radical if you've been listening to what the Massachusetts Bay Colony was about Williams declared that Massachusetts churches had not rejected the Anglican Church and they shared in its corruption Williams opposed any sort of government and if interference in religious affairs whether it were Puritan or not and argued for the separation of church and state and religious toleration Williams argued I'll quote him that the civil magistrates power only sends the bodies and goods and outward state of men end quote and the church was corrupted when

53:07 it allowed the state to enforce religious attendance Williams even attacked the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and declared that the king was wrong in giving away Indian land to English settlers declaring that the English had no right so do this Williams spoke up against the Massachusetts Bay Colony but refused to be silenced the Puritans ordered him to be shipped back to England and there he would be charged with treason however before he was actually shipped back to England in the winter of 1635 he slipped away and lived among the Narragansett Indians where he purchased land from

53:53 them and founded that the town of Providence Providence became the first settlement in what became Rhode Island so I've written Providence Rhode Island keep in mind there is no Rhode Island left yet Providence was an isolated settlement in what later became Rhode Island the Orthodox so Rhode Island actually gets a reputation as rogue Island it was like a haven for the outcast the dissenters the oddballs of the Massachusetts Bay Colony the Orthodox leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony colony despised Rhode Island but they benefited from it as a safety valve it it sort of provided a haven for

54:39 discontent from the other colonies and the religious toleration of Rhode Island was very unique it even allowed Baptist Quakers and Jews who were virtually virtually not allowed in almost none of the other colonies leaders of Massachusetts Bay Colony feared that criticism of dissidents like Williams would ruin the colony's reputation at home some critics in England denounced the Puritans in New England as religious hypocrites as as despots who were intolerant who would justit's intolerant as the Stuart monarchs they hated so were the leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony hypocrites another celebrated

55:26 dissenter from Orthodox Puritan doctrine was Anne Hutchinson and Hutchinson Anne Hutchinson arrived in Boston in 1634 she had seven children and she worked as a midwife she was the wife of a respected Puritan merchant and held regular prayer meetings at her home in the prayer meetings they discussed the sermons from the week before however and Hutchinson in these meetings in the 1630s was controversial she claimed the power of prophecy she had visions and she attracted hundreds of followers so she it was as if she was almost preaching not quite in

56:14 these prayer meetings she suggested that most of the ministers and officials of the Massachusetts Bay Colony were godless HIPAA prince and that they were dangerous to the souls of the congregation and the survival of colony she denounced some specific things that the some of the preachers were preaching during these meeting she denounced several ministers who taught that there were certain exercises that people could do to prepare themselves for sainthood for being one of the elect now this idea of preparing for being chosen did conflict with the Orthodox notion of predestination details aside Hutchinson's critics objected to her as a heretic as a threat to social order

57:00 and gender roles she led these meetings publicly she preached publicly and challenged women's submission to men politically she had radical views similar to a him politically she maintained that only that the elect the chosen people were only accountable to God not any worldly Authority the elect were accountable to God not the leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony or or Winthrop one Puritan Minister described her as quote a woman of haughty and fierce carriage of a nimble wit and active spirit a very vol voluble tongue like a man the court found her guilty of

57:48 sedition trying to overthrow the government so the court found her guilty and banished her to road to what became Rhode Island and in 1637 she founded the town of Portsmouth in Rhode Island she later left Portsmouth and was killed by Native Americans on Long Island which Winthrop the governor of Massachusetts Bay interpreted as God's punishment Winthrop the council rebuked her quote you have stepped out of place you have been a husband rather than a wife and a preacher Anthony picture rather than a here and a magistrate than a subject a series of other towns were also

58:35 in what became Rhode Island Newport was founded in 1639 Warwick was founded in 1643 and these other Rhode Island settlements were also founded by other dissident Puritans in 1644 these small towns Providence Newport Portsmouth and Warwick so in 1644 a series of four Rhode Island towns received a parliamentary charter to create Rhode Island and Providence Plantations they were incorporated and combined together Rhode Island was unique for its democratic government Rhode Island formed a democratic government in which

59:21 all free adult men were allowed to vote so all free adult men were allowed to vote for representatives in an assembly and a governor and they enforce religious toleration so to say that otherwise you did not have to be a church member in order Rhode Island had a reputation had a reputation as rogue Island it attracted religious dissenters beloved radicals but grew into a profitable colony of merchants farmers traders and was a place where Baptist Jews other Protestant groups could enjoy religious toleration another colony is Connecticut

1:00:09 Connecticut is founded in 1636 its Orthodox Puritan but was one of the most democratic governments like Rhode Island let's look at its founding very briefly the founding of Connecticut owed its origins to politics not religion the founder of Connecticut was the Thomas Hooker while he was Orthodox religiously the Reverend Thomas Hooker was the minister of the church in Cambridge in Massachusetts poker tended to be more democratic than his colleagues he believed that people should not only have the power or to elect officials but guide they're elected but guide the elected officials decision he and his congregation were

1:00:58 also interested in the fertile lands of the Connecticut River Valley now there were small groups of settlers already living in parts of the Connecticut River Valley at Wethersfield Sabra Hooker and his congregation would found Hartford in Connecticut in 1636 and although other other settlements in Windsor and Springfield would also be founded by other settlers from Massachusetts so he first settles Connecticut as we said Hartford in 1636 but it's government was officially organized three years later in 1639 hooker drafted the Fundamental

1:01:45 Orders of Connecticut the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is the first document that can be characterized as a constitution it gave a larger proportion of men to vote and the right to hold office all Freeborn men had the right to vote and there was no property requirement so the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is the first constitution of the colonies it was drafted in 1639 and it made Connecticut a self-governing colony in which all Freeman all free white men not church members no property requirement had the right to elect the

1:02:31 governor and that any assembly a House of Representatives this right to self-government would be something that is particularly strong in New England okay and we'll discuss this in the lectures to come the founding of New Hampshire we don't really have a lot of time to go in this new hampshire was also founded because of religious disagreements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony it was first settled in 1634 a period from 1643 to 79 it became annexed as a part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony but after 1670 none the 1679 it became confirmed as a separate royal colony the

1:03:20 first settlement in New Hampshire was the town of Exeter founded in 1639 by the Reverend John real wheelwright wheelwright was a relative and supporter of and Hutchinson so Newham New Hampshire was also a haven for dissidents from Massachusetts Bay but other parts of New Hampshire would be settled by Orthodox Puritans and Anglicans as we said New Hampshire would be part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony until 1679 in 1679 it becomes a separate royal colony okay so that concludes our look at the founding of the New England

1:04:06 colonies I focused on the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Pilgrims and giving you a brief look at some of the other ones and I definitely suggest that you follow up as always in your text and with the readings thank you so much