3b The Mid Atlantic Colonies and Colonial Policy During the Restoration

0:03 good morning and welcome back okay so today's lecture is the last in the series on the founding of the colonies and it's pretty straightforward and after this lecture we'll be going back to thematic themed lectures so today's today's lecture is the founding of the mid-atlantic colonies and colonial policy during the restoration reading the textbook textbook chapter will very much help and today's lecture is more or less straightforward accounts of the founding of the rest of the colonies that we haven't discussed yet now like before I need to teach you a little bit of English history in order for things

0:50 to make sense to you and we have to look briefly at the English Civil War obviously I teach this in a great deal of depth in European history and I'm deliberately not giving you too much information just sort of what you need to know in order for American history to make sense to you okay so we mentioned the Stuart monarchs before briefly Stuart monarchs that's their family name James was a cousin of Elizabeth but the Stuart monarch James the first and Charles the first behaved as absolute monarchs and basically came into conflict with the English nobility force

1:38 for vigorously asserting the royal prerogative over the powers of parliament royal prerogatives just means the royal power the power of the king they both to make things really simple behave like absolute monarchs who didn't want to answer to Parliament so these monarchs levied taxes without the consent of parliament we talked about Charles Charles's policy of enforcing a very Orthodox high church version of the Church of England persecution of Puritans and even Charles the first was rumoured to favor sympathy

2:24 towards Catholic so behaving as absolute monarchs asserting the royal prerogative when Parliament tried to oppose him and assert its traditional rights charles simply dismissed Parliament told them to go packing altogether in 1629 and ruled unconstitutionally like an absolute authoritarian monarch for the Lexx for the next 11 years without the consent of mark of parliament now remember in England Parliament traditionally had two powers the power of the purse the power to approve taxation and the power to advise the king those who supported the king the Royal Prerogative were called

3:11 Royalists or Cavaliers so those who supported the Royal is royal prerogative were called Royalists those who opposed the royal prerogative and supported the rights of Parliament were called the parliamentarians or round heads round heads the parliamentarians attracted a good deal of support from Puritans okay so more or less Puritans on the parliamentarian side and royalist supported the traditional Church of England without going into too much detail this broke out into all-out civil war between Royalists and Roundheads military conflict between in 1642 the

3:57 civil war culminated with the trial and execution of Charles the first in 1649 on the grounds of treason that he had gone against the English government the English tradition of liberties so he was tried and executed by Parliament in 1649 and here is his execution here in front of a banqueting-hall that his own family had built was headed his son Charles the second would be exiled now again I'm withholding details the result after the execution of the king the English were the first country to execute their monarch the result was an

4:44 experimental Republic a Puritan Commonwealth dominated by Puritans they enforced a very strict Puritan morality code the same thing that the Puritans did in New England the peers in Commonwealth it's complicated it was theoretically a republic no monarch and democratic but in practice it was a sort of monarchy dominated and ruled by one man Oliver Cromwell we don't have time to go into details but the you should know that the Church of England was disestablished that was no longer the state Church and purities at Puritanism became the dominant religion of course

5:30 Puritans Puritan Puritans were a sect of Anglicans the Church of England it's not really a separate religion just wanted to the Church of England to be simpler relating to American history during this is a very turbulent time right so during the Puritan Commonwealth from 1649 to 1660 many Royalists left England to settle in the new world and then when the tide turned and the Puritan Commonwealth ended after 1660 many Puritans fled and were exiled to the new world so the civil war definitely affected American immigration and also we will see during the English Civil War the colonies were totally neglected you know the English government was not

6:16 paying attention to them eventually the English tired of the excesses of the last phase of the Commonwealth it was really a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell and just as repressive as what they had before so they decided that they would restore the Stuart monarchs they would restore the exiled son of Charles the first the same person that they the son of the the king they had killed so the result was done in 1660 the exiled son of the executed king charles ii is invited to come back to england and restored to his rightful throne so

7:01 england has a king again however after the restoration there would be pertinent on the power of the king and this shows charles ii coming back to england this is important the english civil wars established the idea that the English monarch could not govern without the consent of parliament this is building on the traditional powers of parliament but we said Parliament was not traditionally a legislative body didn't actually make the laws it advise the king but taking this a step further the idea of Parliament as the rule of as the ruling power of England the idea of Parliament

7:47 actually having full legislative powers to make the laws this would be established after the Civil War really at the end of the 17th century after a nother subsequent revolution called the Glorious Revolution in 1688 I'm teaching American history so I don't really have time to go into it but you should know that by the 17th century the end of the 17th century the idea was the idea was established that Parliament was now the ruling power of England it more or less made the laws and the powers of the king were permanently checked by Parliament ok that's that's the main thing you need

8:34 to know from this because it's very important to the American political culture now what does all of this have to do with colonial policy ok so let's talk about how all of this affected colonial policy theoretically since the days of James the first the King's Council was supposed to be in charge of the colonies however the oversight was always very loose and lacks and the oversight of the colonies by the English government became non-existent during the Civil War they had more important things to deal with so colonial policy under charles ii

9:19 definitely under charles ii charles ii is the restored monarch of England he's restored in 1660 the general aims of charles ii colonial policy was this he wanted to make colonial government more systematic more useful he wanted to make colonial government more uniform and increase direct royal control of the American colonies that's very important increase direct royal control of the American colonies so that's the general aims in order to understand that we have to look a bit at colonial policy before Charles the second I'm gonna make some

10:05 generalizations so compared to the Spanish Dutch French empires in the new world the English monarch had exercised very little direct power over his colonies this was due to several reasons first the English colonies typically relied on two types of government in the early period ruled by private companies or proprietary colonies remember the idea of a proprietary colony was the idea of a proprietor usually a noble men literally possessing owning the entire colony and exercising vast powers over the colony as a sort of feudal lord so

10:54 during the early 17th century the English crown lacked the funds to launch distant colonies but farmed out colonization to private interests like companies awarded private charters or proprietors and both of these types of colonies were only subject to loose and sporadic colonial oversight of course an example of a private company would be the Virginia Company of London in the colonies controlled by brought by proprietors where proprietors controlled all of the power appointed governors and councils in the colonies could all controlled by

11:40 proprietors the proprietors were forced by the colonists to share power with the people to attract colonists even in the proprietary colonies property colonists elected an assembly with power over finance and this was a concession that the proprietors were forced to make remember we looked at an example of this with the founding of Maryland throughout the empire proper eighteen Englishmen throughout the Empire English colonists cherished legislative control over taxation as one of their most fundamental liberties they wanted to have assemblies and this is a legacy of this English Civil War so we talked

12:32 about the private companies and proprietary colonies the degree of self-government in Puritan New England was special so Puritan New England was associated with a very special tradition of independent self-rule and I'm mentioning this to you now because there definitely will be conflicts when Charles the second and his successors try to have tighter control over the colonies the degree of self-government enjoyed in Puritan New England was a special case in Puritan New England they had virtually independent colonial governments they were virtually independent of crown

13:17 Authority and the New England colony he's developed a strong tradition of Republican self government property men elected their governors and councils and assemblies and this tradition of self-rule democratic decision-making even boiled down to the government towns and the governance of churches however this originally loose but cheap it was cheap for the crown to finance originally this originally loose system of proprietary and colonies and private companies increasingly be became a liability in the late 17th century royal officials noted the growing numbers of

14:04 the colonies and the growing wealth of the colonies and royal officials sought to impose tighter controls to impose more taxes to to better tax Commerce this was not just for the sake of the crown in England this was also for the colonists own self-protection royal officials worried that the colonists growing wealth would attract attack from another Empire and because the colonial because the colonial governments were entirely separate and because there were entirely separate colonial assemblies there was nothing in the colonies to provide for their mutual defense or

14:50 cooperation in the case of war and attack so there was an effort to transform these private company colonies and/or proprietary colonies in a call into royal colonies and that's a type of colony that is under the direct royal control of the king with a governor appointed by the king by the king for example as an example of this effort to convert private company colonies into royal colonies take Virginia Virginia was converted into a royal colony as early as 1624 precisely because it was so rich prosperous with tobacco so as we said of the colonial policy

15:38 under charles ii was to make the colonial government more systematic and increase direct royal control of the colonies that was previously very loose and lacks so the restoration launched a new era of colonial policy let me go over some of the aspects of this policy the democrat the demographic character of emigration shifts in england england is beginning is experiencing the very beginnings of proto industrialization with the be get very very beginnings of industrialization the fear of overpopulation disappeared if you

16:23 remember before there were too many workers England was overpopulation overpopulation and that's why there was so much unemployment but with the beginnings of proto industry fears of overpopulation disappeared thinking that these people could eventually work in factories or something like that and therefore Parliament began passing laws limiting immigration so that was something new also the type of immigrant who left England left I'm sorry the the type of immigrants who left England changed with the exception of Quakers

17:09 because religious liberty was guaranteed after the Glorious Revolution and civil war religious minorities did not tend to leave anymore new migrants tended to leave for economic gain so democracy demography for the first time Parliament began passing laws limiting emigration and colonists began coming from the continent rather than England this is very important there was a strong effort to exercise tighter economic rolls over the colonies and enforce its ideals of mercantilism we'll go over the specifics later

17:55 um reasons for immigration changed um I sort of hinted at this before with the exception of the Quakers religious minorities did not tend to leave any more political upheavals also were no longer a reason for emigration once the civil war Glorious Revolution was over new migrants in this area in this era tended to leave for economic gain the exception to the religious reasons for migration is of course the Quakers charles ii also tended to use colonies as rewards to allies who had supported

18:42 him during his exile or during the restoration and the last point of Charles's policy is really an effort to expand the borders of the English Empire in the new world and a direct effort to challenge the trade and the wealth of the Dutch the Dutch have a relatively small Empire in New York but were the world leaders in commerce and trade in 1660 Charles ii established two advisory bodies which became known as the Lords of trade but basically he oversaw

19:28 colonial policy directly okay so the centerpiece of these efforts was these are just general things but to get specific the centerpiece of this effort was a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts ok the Navigation Acts there in your text to the Navigation Acts there was a series of navigation navigation acts Navigation Acts of 1650 16-6 1663 the 1661 is one of the most importance okay so basically in the Navigation Acts were a series of walls and they and they shared in common three important principles first only English

20:16 ships could trade with English English colonies only English ships could trade with English colonies that meant that goods not only from England but Asia Africa and Europe could only be shipped to America or any other British colony on an English ship now what is English well the acts defined English as any ship built within the English Empire owned and captained by an English subject and sailed by a crew at least three quarters English therefore because American colonists were English subjects their ships fell within this definition American colonial ships were also quote/unquote English ships second point

21:03 and English monopoly on certain enumerated just that just means like a specific list of an English monopoly on certain commodities the act specified that certain enumerated commodities produced in the colonies could only be shipped to the mother country of England now the two classic examples are the high revenue producing tobacco and sugar tobacco sugar so in other words the English had a monopoly on the tobacco and sugar produced in the English colonies other enumerated commodities included ginger cotton indigo various

21:48 dye woods used but the main ones are tobacco and sugar so colonial ships were only able to tray to ship those goods to England colonial ships were were able to take other Goods wherever they wanted the final part the Acts stipulated that all European goods from the continent carried to the colonies had pass through an English port where they would pay customs duties where they would pay taxes so if someone from Virginia wanted a bottle of Bordeaux wine from France that bottle of wine had to come from England rather than directly from France it's an effort to tax the colonies more efficiently

22:34 violators of the Act faced confiscation of their Skip ships and cargoes there were various amendments to the Act colonial shippers and traders found ways of evading the acts and one of these amendments was the 1673 plantation duty on plantation Duty Act what was this act about before the act colonial advantage of colonial merchants took advantage of a loophole in the laws and declared that they were shipping goods to another colony when in reality they were taking those Goods to Holland or France or

23:20 wherever so in other words colonial merchants evaded the navigation acts by declaring that they were shipping their goods to simply another place within Britain's colonial empire when they were really shipping goods to another country the amendment to this these acts the 1673 plantation Duty Act made merchants pay a duty attacks on articleship from one colony to another so even if colonists were practicing a legal trade they'd still have to pay a tax in English with Stoke at the Revenue most important is the overall point of the

24:06 navigation acts in summary the navigation act sought to enhance customs revenues and taxes collected in England they aimed at increasing the flow of English commerce stimulating English shipbuilding and bringing in a healthy flow of raw again one of the big points was promoting mercantilism the Navigation Acts expressed england's mercantilist aims which meant promoting a favorable balance of trade exporting more than it imported and to have valuable sources of raw materials within their own realm of colonies ie the need for this monopoly

24:51 on American sugar in tobacco enforced by England strong Navy the Navigation Acts dramatically expanded English commerce and revenues English merchant shipping more than double during this period from 150,000 tonnes in 1642 three hundred and forty thousand tons in 1686 by 1700 English commerce was complex and global and the English were only second to the Dutch in terms of overseas trade and commerce okay the so from this point forward we're going to talk about the founding of the rest of the colonies you can also read the information in the

25:39 textbook ok Carolina was the first colony established after the restoration and it was named after Charles the latin form of charles this this was a unique colony charles ii granted a charter to eight proprietors in 1663 and Carolina is the Carolinas it was a vast territory from the border of Virginia to Spanish Florida and it comprised more than the territory of you know what is now North Carolina in South Carolina so eight

26:24 proprietors like Lord Baltimore these eight proprietors received vast feudal powers over the grant and had widely way you know to govern the colony as they want and they also reserved tremendous estates for themselves let's see so one of the most interesting things about Carolina was its unique form of government Carolina was originally the grant for Carolina cane in 1663 but the main settlement at Charleston wasn't founded until 1680 the constitution for

27:14 Carolina was called the fundamental constitution of Carolina it was unique it called for the creation not of democracy but of a colonial aristocracy who would own a great deal of lamb almost half the land and wield extensive political power so there were eight proprietors eight prominent noblemen who literally owned Carolina and received the grant from Charles as a favour for supporting him during the political struggles of all of these eight proprietors the one that was most involved was Anthony Ashley Cooper the Constitution was mostly drawn up by

28:02 Anthony Ashley Cooper and his private secretary John Locke now many of you probably know John Locke he's a very influential English political philosopher a philosopher of the Enlightenment his ideas are very important to the American Revolution life liberty and property but in any case um the Constitution was drawn up with the help of John Locke and who was Cooper's private secretary and Cooper drew up a constitution based on property ownership and a very hard hierarchical social order so according to this constitution there was a very strict

28:48 social hierarchy consisting of rioters these eight proprietors who were literally the Lords of Carolina a local aristocracy and then a lesser nobility is sort of Gentry then there would be common settlers and finally white laborers and slaves collectively Cooper envisioned these three upper classes that the nobility these three groups the proprietors local aristocracy and lesser lesser lesser Nobles as controlling a vast amount of land they would collectively own about two-fifths of the

29:35 land and everybody else the remaining three-fifths now two fifths of the land well this is only really a small handful of people so proprietors nobles and landowners would have a voice in government in proportion to the size of their land holdings it's a very English aristocratic style of government all executive positions would be reserved for the proprietors or lessor or the aristocracy or lesser mobility people who met a minimum property requirement of owning 500 acres either the lesser Nobles or common settlers could elect

30:22 representatives to an assembly so this unique hierarchical form of government although it's usually talked about with the family of Carolina actually never went into effect but a more typical form of colonial government took hold with a governor a council and an elected assembly so in this Constitution your position was really defined by how much land you own okay so Carolina was a vast territory that comprised present-day North in South Carolina they were socially economically an agriculturally distinct present-day North Carolina consisted of small farms raising livestock cattle pigs corn and tobacco by the end of the

31:08 17th century it attracted 3,000 settlers coming from Virginia also from the British West Indies the Caribbean however North Carolina the northern part of the Carolinas were disadvantaged because they lacked good harbors nonetheless the northern part of the Carolinas became an important supplier of naval stores like pitch tar and timber the basically without going into a lot of detail the less profitable region of North Carolina was left to develop on its own and got its own governor in 1691 this was a move

31:55 approved by the proprietors and in 720 1729 carolina was formally split into two colonies North Carolina and South Carolina South Carolina was really the prime attraction and the area settled by the proprietors because it had the richest farmland and it had excellent harbors including an excellent harbor at Charleston named for the king it had an ideal climate and soil for growing sub tropical subtropical subtropical products and a series of rich plantations would develop along the Ashley and Cooper wet rivers so in contrast to the small population of North Carolina 3,000 and 1700 by 1700

32:43 South Carolina the area of what became a South Carolina had almost 6,000 settlers from the West Indies colonies like Barbados also from England Scotland Germany and France it did it did attract French Protestants known as yoga nose and German religious minorities Lutheran's Calvinists etc the agricultural economy of South Carolina was a very prosperous economy based on the cultivation of rice and indigo and again many of the colonists migrated from the West Indy West in these English colonies like Barbados and partially because of its background of people

33:31 migrating from the West industry West Indies South Carolina would have slaves from the very beginning even before rice and indigo indigo took office staple crops tobacco's also cultivated put price in indigo other main crops by 1700s there were already more black slaves than white settlers and by 1730 African slaves outnumbered whites two to one white settlers became a minority slavery conditions in South Carolina were particularly bad worse than in other colonies because whites were so outnumbered and South Carolina was known

34:18 for its very harsh slave codes will talk about slave codes later but basically their laws applying to black African slaves and subjugating them there's also some very interesting slave rebellions associated with the Carolinas early on Native Americans were also used as slaves white settlers of the Carolinas traded deer skins and furs with the Native Americans in exchange for many things including slaves white traders used Native American allies to capture Native Americans of the Interior and

35:05 sell them on the Charleston slave market so there was a significant minority early on of Native Americans used as slaves in the Carolinas in 1700 there were approximately 1,000 Native American slaves of a white settler population of 6,000 the early form of government was a proprietorship a sort of quasi feudal form of government in which someone a proprietor literally owns the colony and exercises like vast powers over it in 1729 the proprietorship ended and both North Carolina and South Carolina

35:52 became royal colonies with governor's appointed by the king so at the same time that the Carolinas were split they were made into royal colonies okay um so now we're gonna be talking about the founding of the middle colonies the middle mid-atlantic colonies so this is sort of unique the coastal territories between the coastal territory between the Chesapeake and Long Island right here this was the last territory to be settled by the English however unlike the south and New England this territory was previously settled by Europeans

36:39 right primarily to groups so the Dutch established New Netherlands in and controlled the Hudson River Valley from there fort at New Amsterdam New York all the way up to fort orange and the upper Hudson and also Sweden this is lesser known Sweden established a colony of New Sweden in the Delaware Delaware River Valley now unfortunately it's not on this map but it's basically a

37:25 all small swath of territory where the corners of present-day Pennsylvania New Jersey and Delaware mean it's not all of these areas but it's sort of the corner where Delaware Pennsylvania and New Jersey come together these colonies both had relatively limited populations and were more or less extraction colonies not necessarily settler colonies okay so this would be a very momentous event when the English would seize New york-new the new level ins from the Dutch in 1664 but we haven't gotten

38:11 there quite yet this is part of Charles's policy we need to talk about the background of these areas and primarily Dutch the Dutch control of New Netherlands so let's look at the Dutch colony first okay so here you can see on the map the Dutch controlled the area from New Amsterdam all the way up to fort orange what is now Albany okay so the Dutch Empire in North America began in 1609 when head and Henry Hudson sailed along the Atlantic coast and up the Hudson River as far as Albany Henry

38:58 Hudson was by the way an English sea captain who worked for the Dutch East India Company he was trying to find a sea route to Asia so even though Verrazano had visited this area over 80 years earlier the Netherlands claimed the Atlantic coast of Connecticut the Hudson River Valley and the Delaware River Valley as well so Dutch knew love of ins flourished from 1626 to 1660 for Wenham was seized by the English it was ruled by a company hoping to

39:43 profit from fur trading in the area the Dutch West India Company was founded in 1661 1621 I'm sorry the Dutch West India Company was a joint stock joint stock company of merchants that was founded in 1621 it established trading post on the Delaware and Connecticut River and established trading post on the Hudson most notably New Amsterdam and Fort orange the the government of Dutch New Netherlands was run by the private company the Dutch West India Company and the director of the Dutch West India

40:31 Company was Peter Minuit whose director up until 1621 there's the famous story of how Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for about $25 worth of goods trinkets again Peter Minuit was director of New Netherlands from 1625 to 31 and governed the colony on behalf of the Dutch West India Company two complications to the story of many wits purchasing of Manhattan the story was that he bought

41:16 it bought the area for $25 worth of European goods trinkets really in reality we think it was valued at maybe $1,000 worth of things not really important but what complicates the matter is the fact that the tribe that quote/unquote sold Minuit the I sold Minuit the island may not have actually owned it to begin with and making the entire agreement sort of no in any case the Dutch West India Company put a monopoly on the fur trade and one of the main purposes of this settlement which was

42:02 more or less an extraction society was to trade furs with the Native Americans for for sale in Europe at the same time the Dutch settlement of New Netherlands was always associated with religious tolerance and diversity when we talk about Dutch New Netherlands it's sort of misleading Holland the Netherlands was very prosperous during this golden age they with the world leaders in trade and shipping and very few actually actual Dutch people actually came to the new Netherlands so when we say Dutch New Netherlands it's sort of misleading

42:48 Dutch so actually actual Dutch people talking about the diversity were really only a minority of many other groups that came there such as Dutch German French English Swedish Portuguese and Jews there were as many as 18 different languages spoken in early New Amsterdam the company was also known for its religious toleration of all of almost all religions they welcomed North America's first Jewish community we'll talk a bit about this later but religious toleration so Jews

43:33 Catholics Puritans Lutheran's and a Baptist so Baptist Mennonites Quakers all were welcome in the Netherlands the Netherlands so as far as the land was concerned the Dutch West India Company it's a it's an extraction society dominated by merchants and fur traders but they did open up settlement to pride individuals as far as the Hudson Valley was concerned right they tried to build up a sort of new quasi feudal land owning class and this is the patroon system so a petrm was a sort of quasi

44:23 feudal landowner sort of like a noble so people who are offered tracts of land 18 miles long on the on the side of the Hudson River or you could also have two separate tracts of land nine miles long if you wanted land on both sides of the river but in case they offered pretty big tracts of land to settlers Patroons who would become like sort of noble landlords who promised to bring 50 colonists along with them who would become his tenants the Patroons were to supply the tenant with homes cattle and tools and tenants were to pay rent to

45:12 the patron use his mill keep up his roads and bridges and submit to the jurisdiction of his court the patron system was never very successful very few individuals became Patroons and let's see the next thing I wanted to mention is the religious tolerance very significantly North America's first Jewish community came to New Amsterdam in 1654 and 23 Jews arrived in New

46:00 Amsterdam from Brazil now to really understand the significance of this I need to go into a bit of background but bear with me on this so in 1654 23 Jews arrived in New Amsterdam from Brazil why Brazil okay so background these Jews were Sephardic Jews from Spain where there had been a flourishing Jewish community during the Middle Ages in the 15th century the Spanish King launched the week launched the reconquest of Spain against the Muslims and at the same time Jews were forced out or forced to

46:46 convert to Christianity Jews who would not convert to Christianity or exiled and some of these exiled Spanish Jews went to Portugal others sought refuge and the Netherlands in Holland where there was religious freedom in the early 17th century the same company the same Dutch West India Company that founded the new Netherlands tried to challenge the Portuguese is very prosperous sugar producing colony in Brazil and they were successful in 1630 the Dutch captured a large chunk of northeastern Brazil the

47:33 area around Recife and the Pernambuco so in 1630 the Dutch captured a large area of north eastern Brazil and they ruled there from 1630 to 1650 for during this period from 1630 to 54th thousands of Jews from the Netherlands flocked to this Dutch colony however bad news for these Jewish migrants was that in 1654 the Portuguese regain control of Brazil and the Portuguese were very intolerant they did not allow the Jews to remain the Jews were displaced some went back to the Netherlands and some Detroit decided to

48:18 to migrate to New Amsterdam so that's the long-winded story of this first Jewish community in North America 1650 423 Jews arrived in New Amsterdam from Brazil which was under the control of Portuguese who kicked out the Jews when New Netherlands would become English and become New York and 1664 very significantly English continued this policy of toleration now I guess I should tease out these ideas on religious tolerance technically the Dutch only allowed the public worship technically the Dutch only allowed public worship in terms of

49:06 the Dutch Reformed religion which was basically Calvinists so technically the Dutch Reformed religion was the officially condone religion but and other religious minorities were supposed to keep their worship to private sphere like so if you were a religious man or a minority you were supposed to worship in private nonetheless the enforcement of this was very lacks it really didn't matter so even though Jews for instance were supposed to worship only in private there was a synagogue built in 1700 dudes were not allowed at this point in most colonies but we're tolerated in Rhode Island Pennsylvania and South Carolina under the under the Dutch West

49:55 India Company the government was very autocratic meaning not democratic the Dutch parliament granted the company full political and economic control over the area the company appointed a governor who was responsible to the company and not the settlers so for instance that's the position of Peter many ways government governor / director also we definitely need to mention that slavery was a strong part of the this area's economy from the very beginning particularly in the city of New Amsterdam the first African slaves arrived in the 1620s by 1664 slaves were something like

50:44 one-tenth of the population New Netherlands New York had by far the largest slave population in the northern colonies however conditions of slavery were nothing like you would find in Carolina this is certainly not to excuse it of course or you know said it was good but conditions were different manumission was common manumission is the idea of slaves purchasing their own freedom it was possible to be a free black manumission was common and so was half freedom what was half freedom half freedom was awarded to favored slaves or slaves with special technical or artisanal skill so half freedom was a

51:31 legal condition that permitted slaves free movement within the colony they were allowed to marry own property and in return they had to pay their owner and annual payment in furs or grains so one of the reason for this was that of course that many of the slaves are found in the city of New Amsterdam were slaves who were skilled tradesmen skilled artisans blacksmith furniture makers etc so received better conditions than field laborers for instance okay originally the Dutch West India Company had a monopoly on the fur trade meaning that only company traders investors in the

52:17 company could trade with Indians and first but this monopoly was always a fiction because there was a huge black market of non company traders however in order to promote immigration in 1639 though the Dutch West India Company gave up the monopoly and allowed everyone to trade with the Indians any settler and typically typically the traders traded firearms and alcohol with the Mohawk Indians in exchange for guns and other European goods in the Dutch New Netherlands there was no effort to convert the Indians the Dutch are there

53:03 to make profits not to proselytize or convert people to Christianity the Dutch in Dutch New Netherlands the Dutch faced stiff competition from the French in the fur trade to the north in Canada from the Native Americans and from the Swedes in their sort of small colony here in 1638 Protestant Sweden founded New Sweden on the west bank of the Delaware River so basically at the corner of Delaware Pennsylvania New Jersey the the Swedes however quickly found their small

53:50 colony which was always sparsely settled challenged by the Dutch the Dutch challenged these claims the Swede refused to leaves but the Dutch began seizing the the Dutch began seizing Swedish Ford's without going into a lot of detail in 1655 the governor of of of the New Netherlands decides to lead an expedition against New Sweden and forced them to accept Dutch rule so once again in 1655 the governor of new New York led

54:37 an ex-new Berlin's part of me led an expedition against New Sweden and force them to accept Dutch rules so as we said here New Sweden it's taken over by the Dutch in 1665 so this area on the map here is accurate so the Dutch faced competition from the French from the Swedes they're able to conquer the Swedes but ultimately their most serious competition came from the English the English began challenging the Dutch Empire in Long Island first so you can see here the eastern part of Long Island became English the western part was Dutch in the 1650s English settlers from

55:26 Connecticut and Rhode Island began creeping into the eastern part of Long Island and in the 1650s the Dutch were forced to cede the eastern part of Long Island to the English gradually English shadow settlers began creeping into the Western sorry began creeping into the Western Dutch part of the islands and many were religious dissenters and minorities they enjoyed the religious toleration that they enjoyed there so they came for the religious toleration of the dots however they did not like the lack of democracy the company rule was not democratic so I should mention we're coming to the point where New

56:13 Netherlands becomes New York it's seized from the Dutch even after the Dutch Empire ends Dutch cultural influence continued the Dutch continued to speak Dutch their own language after this area became New York and and and kept many of their customs their religions the Dutch the Dutch Reformed religion it's basically Calvinism their distinctive type of architecture Santa Claus each Easter eggs are both Dutch inventions as are the ice skate the sleigh and actually many Dutch words have found their way into American English such as yacht boss stoop and

57:01 cookie these are all Dutch words just a few examples of the Dutch cultural influence okay so here's the story of the English conquest of New York in a nutshell in 1664 for the former knew that Netherlands became a proprietary colony and in 1685 it became a royal colony let's let's move back to the map really quickly so by the middle of the 17th century there was a big effort by the English King to move to conquered new Netherlands right it was definitely part of charles ii

57:48 policy to take new netherlands from the dutch there were several reasons the Navigation Acts were all about an English monopoly of Trade and the Navigation Acts were impossible to enforce as long as the Dutch were there right they the colonists were supposed to be only trading with the English on English ships but this Dutch area basically like had a big black market sign hanging on it that colonists could easily trade with the Dutch without going through the English so reason one Navigation Acts were impossible to enforce second reason the northern colonies were separated from the southern colonies in the English seaboard and this separation of the northern and southern colonies made the

58:33 colonies very vulnerable in the case of war third there were a lot of tensions between English and Dutch settlers on Long Island as the English Creve westward the English settlers who creep into this Dutch controlled area area very much resent the lack of democracy and assemblies there also the English hoped to capture the valuable fur trade on the Upper Hudson so that's the fourth reason the conquest of New York 6th 1664 in 1664 charles ii claimed new

59:24 netherlands for England he claimed that New Netherlands that new Netherlands was land that previously that was previously explored and claimed by the English that was really a pretext right yes there had been earlier English explorations but this land was really Dutch by now so in 1664 charles ii claims new netherlands for the english and ordered his unpopular brother here's his name james the duke of york to seize the land for england so the brother of charles ii james duke of york

1:00:10 is equipped with a big naval expedition ships etc with orders to take new netherlands from the Dutch the Dutch were caught completely off guard and the governor Peter Stuyvesant was forced to surrender without a shot it was by the way Peter Stuyvesant who was responsible for taking New Sweden from the Swedes in 1655 so with this in 1660 for New Netherlands became the proprietary colony of New York and James the Duke of York became proprietor he would eventually become the next king of

1:00:56 England definitely acting in the english's favor or the illegal English colonist squatting in the Dutch parts of Long Island they rose up in Revolt they supported the English conquest and they specifically revolted against Stuyvesant and the lack of democratic government in the Dutch in Dutch New Netherlands and were very happy when the English seized New York the English were tolerant to the Dutch settlers Dutch settlers were allowed to remain in New York as English subjects with religious toleration protected or they were given a year and

1:01:41 a half to return to Holland most Dutch settlers elected to stay including the former governor Peter Stuyvesant also after this colony is established the Duke of York issued the Dukes lost the dukes laws were very important because they guaranteed residents three things freedom of religion the right to trial by jury and a much greater voice in government than under Dutch rule however remember going back to the map there was already a good proportion of Englishmen settled on Long Island so once again the

1:02:31 Dukes laws guaranteed residents of New York freedom of religion right to trial by jury and a greater voice in government under Dutch rule but not a legislative assembly Englishmen and Long Island Ravenna the fact that the Dukes loss did not actually authorize a colonial assembly instead laws were to be made by the governor the proprietor James himself and the council Long Islanders stubbornly refused to pay taxes and resented the fact that James favored Catholics so in in 1683 Jane James was forced to make a concession in

1:03:17 1683 James authorized the creation of an assembly who composed a charter providing for a popularly elected assembly and freedom of religion so the upshot of of what I was telling you I'm sorry about that the upshot of what I was telling you there is that James was under pressure to give the colonists self-government and he has a committee composed a charter providing for a popularly elected assembly the colony was originally a proprietary colony that literally belonged to James

1:04:05 the Duke of York the brother of Charles the second however when charles ii died james would become king he became James the second and the colony of New York would be transformed into a royal colony James was no longer proprietor he's now King of England New York would flourish under English rule by 1685 when it was made into a royal colony its population was as high as thirty thousand people which was four times as many people when James took over the population and economy expanded they continued to trade furs with the Iroquois and new new new Amsterdam was always a vibrant trade hub

1:04:55 without going into a lot of detail and being tedious New Jersey was acquired right at the same time that the Dutch took over New York in 1664 James seeded New Jersey to his supporters at the time what became New Jersey contained only a handful of Dutch Swedish and actually finished settlers and basically to attract settlers the colony of New Jersey also issued a document which promised settlers a representative assembly religious freedom and land grants so the colony of

1:05:42 New Jersey was acquired in 1664 okay so the last two colonies that we're going to be talk about is pennsylvania and georgia and guys we just don't have time to go into big detail on everything but this one is important Pennsylvania Pennsylvania was a proprietary colony founded by William Penn William Penn was the son of Admiral Penn who had performed well for charles ii during the restoration a ship captain and um charles ii owned charles ii owed

1:06:29 william penn admiral Penn actually a great deal of debt however to the chagrin of his aristocratic father William Penn converted to Quakerism this was quite unheard of after a period of imprisonment Penn decided to found a colony and conduct a holy experiment in America so once again charles ii owed a debt to the father of William Penn Admiral Penn who was a ship captain and charles ii owed him ships and a great deal of money that amounted to sixteen thousand pounds now we need to talk a bit about this religious sect at penn

1:07:18 belong to penn converted to Quakerism and was imprisoned for it it was mili Goldman minority the Quakers were the most radical of 17th century england religious minorities officially known as the Society of friends they were the most relaxed religious sect founded by a shoemaker from Nottingham called George Fox they were so-called Quakers because they only trembled before God and not government authorities unlike the Puritans the Quakers rejected predestination they rejected the notion of original sin that everyone is born with sin and had a very

1:08:03 positive optimistic view of the human condition they believed that every soul had a spark of grace and that every soul was given this sort of inner light from God salvation was possible for all people who followed this inner like uh the Quakers were a group that rejected all sorts of political and social hierarchy in the Quaker faith there was no clergy no priest no churches per se they met in meeting houses but very plain and sparse no clergy no churches and they rejected political and religious hierarchy there was no formal church government no regular clergy and instead of formal

1:08:51 religious service services led by a priest or minister Quakers held meetings in which members spoke up as the spirit moved them there was no leader Quakers did not believe in distinctions of class and gender they allowed women to preach and believe that social hierarchy was not ordained by God therefore the Quakers used the second person familiar V and thou that was only used with servants or social and furious for everyone now we don't use the second person familiar in English anymore but many of you who speak French French German Spanish whatever language would know what I'm talking about there's two

1:09:37 ways of saying you you formal or you informal and they use the new informal with everyone what was normally used for service or social inferiors the Quakers were also committed pacifist they refused to perform military service and were liable to subject of treason most Quakers were lower-class but they did attract upper-class converts like ten Penn was an aristocrat so when Williams Penn's father Admiral Penn died in 1681 Charles the second granted Penn a charter of land it was a charter for the territory between New York and Maryland and it was to be a proprietary colony

1:10:25 Penn was to become the literal owner the Lord of the new land this grant for pens woods as it was called was largest land grant that had ever been made between the territory between New York and Maryland it was a proprietary colony Penn received full rights the land and almost full political control of the colony however because it was of because this was restoration colony policy as a result of the increased royal control typical of restoration colonies right

1:11:11 typical of Charles policy the King did require that laws passed in Pennsylvania had to be approved by the king he did require that the navigation acts be strictly enforced um like Roger Williams before him we didn't actually mention this but like what Roger Williams before him Penn realized that the Native Americans were the true owners of the land and that he needed to purchase the land from from them the Native Americans there were the Delaware Indians and in 1682 he staged a series of peaceful meetings with the Delaware Indians who sold them land in exchange for protection from their enemies the Iroquois Indians so underpin as long as

1:12:00 he was alive the settlers enjoyed friendly relations with the Indians at least at first perhaps more than any other English colony Pennsylvania flourished from the onset due to the mild climate good soil and generally healthy conditions Penn's main motives in founding Pennsylvania was providing a religious haven for his brethren a religious religious freedom for Quakers who were only allowed in a very small number of colonies like for instance New York but he also wanted to make money he wanted to increase his family's fortunes by selling land Pennsylvania was a very

1:12:46 successful colony it was well organized and ten knew the formula for having a successful colony if you've paid attention you would know these things large settlers were only attracted to colonies if a colony had three things first they wanted cheap land second religious toleration was definitely a plus attracting settlers and number three settlers wanted a voice in government they wanted self representation and assembly or something like that the first two things cheap land and religious toleration were no problem for pen but pen as an aristocrat wasn't quite convinced about giving settlers a democratic form of government

1:13:33 so as for these things land was no problem land was cheap was no problem and this was something that was written into Penn's charter of liberties religious freedom of religion was a part of Pennsylvania from the beginning quote no person who shall confess and acknowledge one Almighty God and profess him shall be in any case molested or prejudiced because of this persuasion are practiced so no one could be harassed because of religion the major problem Penn had with attracting settlers was offering them self representation in spite of all his good

1:14:21 intentions and religious freedom Penn was an aristocrat and found it difficult coming up with a form of government pleasing to the colonists so we'll talk about these things here so the overall picture is that Penn does offer self representation to the colonists but really because he is pressured the original constitution for Pennsylvania was the frame of government chartered in 1682 Williams original constitution for Pennsylvania allowed provisions for religious freedom but a legislature that only had limited powers and the frame of government retained considerable powers

1:15:08 for the Lord proprietor of Pennsylvania which was himself so the critical thing about the frame of government was that the legislature only had limited power did not have the power of making laws the frame of government provided for a proprietor that would be William Penn a council the council would be chosen by the proprietor the council was a Council of 72 men and it was the council chosen by Penn that had the power to initiate legislation and draft laws so the council the men chosen by Penn could draft the laws could initiate the laws

1:15:54 the frame of government did did provide for an assembly a popularly elected assembly of 200 men elected by free men who met a property requirement critically however the assembly did not have the power of legislature legislative initiative that is to say they could only approve or disapprove rubber-stamp yes or no the got the laws that were drafted by the council okay so pen as proprietor retained powers for himself the power of veto so the power of the assembly was limited but the

1:16:40 assembly struggled for more power for the right to make an amend legislation so let's see what else can we say about pen pen was forced to return to England in 1684 to solve settler border disputes with Maryland and New York now in fact Penn's family would retain personal control the colony right up and the American Revolution however Penn and his family would be forced to change their tune due to popular pressure from

1:17:26 settlers and threats of rebellion and revolt to this proprietary style government in which the assembly did not have much power so due to popular pressure pen was pen and family were forced to get the settlers more self-government and under the threat of revolt he was his family was forced to issue the charter privileges so this changed the system to give the legislature the assembly more power the Charter of privileges provided for a governor a council appointed for the governor and a one-house legislature that's sort of unique usually there were two houses but this was a one-house

1:18:13 legislature elected by white men meaning a property requirement and finally the legislature had the power to introduce legislation and make laws so while the Charter of privileges could be altered by a 6/7 vote of the assembly the religious toleration clause would stand in perpetuity so the Charter for logistical protected the religious liberty clause that was the founding you know idea of the Pawnee Delaware was

1:18:59 actually a part of Pennsylvania at the time and would remain part of Pennsylvania until the American Revolution the area did have prior European settlement when Penn arrived there there were scattered Swedish and Dutch settlements but pens pen pens colony attracted immigrants from across England and Europe German immigrants and was very successful so Pennsylvania became a haven for many religious and ethnic minorities it attracted Quakers obviously from England and Wales

1:19:45 Scotsman Irishman and very importantly German Protestants from the continent various German Protestant minorities Lutheran's Calvinists and a Baptist the population soared to 18,000 by 70 1700 and by 1720 it had more than thirty thousand so Pennsylvania was very diverse religiously and ethnically from the beginning okay the very last colony so here we have Penn receiving the Charter from Charles the second the very last colony that we're talking about is Georgia Georgia was founded a

1:20:33 half-century after the other colonies and it was founded mainly to serve as a military buffer zone in between the English colonies and the Spanish Empire it also had other humanitarian motives that prompted is founding there were earlier attempts to found a colony in what became Georgia as early as 1717 but the true founder of Georgia was James Oglethorpe James Oglethorpe was a military man he was a general and he was a veteran of various wars with Spain between Spain and England oval Thorpe was a philanthropist he was very much

1:21:18 into charity and social causes and was a member of parliament member of the House of Commons he was head of a parliamentary commission of parliamentary condition investigating English prisons and Oglethorpe was appalled by the bad conditions of the prisons and the plight of debtors rotting away in prison so you probably may know that debt being in debt was something that was treated very seriously an early modern England and people who acquire debt were simply thrown into prison to to rot away so Oglethorpe this philanthropist and social reformer thought that he could kill two birds

1:22:04 with one stone he could in one stroke create a military buffer zone to separate the English colonies and Spanish Florida and also provide a new start for debtors so in 1730 in 1732 the English government granted a charter to Georgia 221 trustees but led by Okafor Oglethorpe is the true founder of the colonies the trustees were to govern the colony but not to profit for it

1:22:51 after 21 years Georgia was to become a royal colony so it was founded to provide a refuge for poor men and women of England and men and women were literally taken that is to say debtors from English prisons were literally taken from English prisons and dumped in Georgia to be given a new start okay uh the colony was mainly motivated by military interests in the first year of the colony all land ownership was to be communal but after that land grants were

1:23:38 relatively small limited to 500 acres to make settlement compact and easier to defend against Spanish attack it sort of had a strict military discipline slavery was forbidden in the colony and lick the consumption of liquor was also forbidden in the colony all of these provisions was all of these provisions were designed to make Georgia a colony whose settlers would be ready for military duty at any time Georgia also boasted religious freedom it promised religious freedom to all

1:24:24 Christians except for Catholics but never attracted many colonists it was always very sparsely settled so again the idea was that Georgia would be a haven for English dead of fetters often English debtors were jailed when they could not afford to pay their creditors Georgia would be the last English colony established in North America and was always very sparsely settled even at the time of the American Revolution only a very small number of immigrants were debtors and lawbreakers there were also

1:25:11 orphan boys sent from orphanages and other farmers other lower-class people the first group of settlers was sent to Georgia in 1733 as I mentioned there were relatively few former Denner debtors among them they founded the towns of Savannah and Augusta but there were also a great deal of poor tradesman from England and Scotland there were large groups of Swiss Germans founding certain towns and small groups of Jews as well in 1739 fighting broke out

1:25:57 between Spanish Florida and Georgia but it was an attempt by the Georgian military outpost to possibly take Spanish Florida there was an attack against Satan Gustin but Oglethorpe was unable to conquer Florida after this war between the Spanish Empire and Georgia was over the trustees the governors of Georgia relaxed some of these strict rules from the beginning the restrictions on land ownership or relaxed you were now able

1:26:44 to own more land slavery and alcohol would be permitted after 1739 and also the settlers were granted for the first time in assembly in which they were permitted to express their opinions but the assembly only had limited powers did not have the power to make laws the colonists still even after these reforms did not like the heavy-handed treatment of the colony by oh go Thorpe the founder and trustee as I mentioned there were very harsh military style laws in

1:27:30 place at the beginning of the colony no no liquor no slavery limited ownership of lamb and the colonists did not like the heavy-handed treatment of the colony by the founder Bogle Thor and called him our perpetual dictator so dissatisfied with the rule of oval Thorpe the settlers appealed to the crown and two years before it was supposed to become a royal colony in 1751 Georgia becomes a royal colony after this period Georgia flourishes within the next decade the colony grew from 3,000 to 9,000 and slavery also

1:28:19 took off including 3,000 slaves rice in India rice and indigo became staple crops and the colonists were granted a representative assembly after it became a royal calming okay so we've gone through the founding of most of the English colonies we've looked at some of the criteria required to make a successful colony cheap land religious freedom and some form of representative assembly so thank you very much for your attention and next week we'll be going back to somatic history and not chronologically based history thank you very much