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0:00 In a world that is changing rapidly, we need to have high problem-solving skills and survival skills to overcome difficulties. So one of the things that's needed is diversity. Usually, when we talk about diversity, some of the first things that come to mind are different skin colors, different ethnicities, different languages, different circumstances, different political views, and different religions. Of course, I acknowledge that such people exist, but if I have to keep them by my side and communicate with them continuously, there may be occasional misunderstandings and discomfort. But since we are human, I think it creates a barrier to entry to think about the many voices we have already experienced and understand and discuss if there was discomfort there . So, I personally think that in order to

0:45 examine, understand, and grasp the practical aspects, it is better to first look at fields that are distant from people. So today, we're going to look at some of those areas and try to figure out the practical, core principles of diversity. If you have n't subscribed to the channel yet, please do so. The first area is nature. Diversity plays a really important role in the social world . I think that to really grasp its importance, it's best to look at a situation where there is no diversity. What I'm showing you in the photo now is a bright-eyed dodo, called Lapus cucocolatus . You've probably heard the story of Dodose here and there . Usually, in schools and nature documentaries, they talk about why the dodo became extinct . So, if you want to

1:32 see the Dodo, you have to go to a large museum in England and see this stuffed animal. There is an aspect that the Dodo was destroyed by humans, but I do n't think that explains the entire cause of its extinction. So why did the dodo become extinct? Why was it caught and eaten? To understand why he lost the very conditions for survival in the biosphere, we need to know this guy's background. Originally, the dodo was a flightless bird that lived on an uninhabited island . So how did a bird that can't fly end up living on a deserted island? Originally, the ancestor of the Taoist was the pigeon. Besides the pigeons we know, there are migratory pigeons, thousands of which cross the Indian Ocean and travel back and forth between Africa and India.

2:18 So naturally, they don't fly all at once from the beginning to the end. They eat some fruit and rest for a while and then start again. But among those friends, some of them gradually settle down. That place was made into a place for the gospel. So what would be the conditions for evolution ? They compete with each other. Because there are no predators or competitors on that island , they just live together . It's about who will eat the fruit first and who will make the best pair . Then, if the conditions for evolution are large in size and generous in personality, the one that picks up the fallen fruit first and says, "Oh, what am I going to do?" and eats it will be chosen. Evolving in this way, the Dodo was born with a large body and a generous personality . Then one day, a

3:04 person arrives on a deserted island. I think people would have arrived and eaten it, but you shouldn't look at it that simply. You're going to go to a desert island and eat all the animals there . There is no food and no place to settle down . So people go to this area of Marisis to farm and bring their own food to make a settlement. So I took a pig, a dog, a cat, and a monkey . But these animals have been released into the wild and have become an invasive species. Cats eat the little dodos, monkeys steal eggs, dogs eat the big guys, and pigs dig to find what's underground . Dodos build their nests on the ground. Then the pig comes and destroys everything . So, if the conditions for reproduction itself were reduced, and they were eaten by invasive species and

3:52 then eaten by humans, then you think that the whole story is solved, then you are wrong. Because when you look at the evolutionary background of the Dodo, when a person approaches, it approaches too. The dog is approaching and he is also approaching. It was an animal that didn't recognize its owner. The Dodo lost the ability to overcome any external impact due to the conditions of the ecosystem and the lack of diversity . So when looking at an ecosystem, what many ecologists look for when they are talking about the health of the ecosystem, how long it can last, and whether there is a possibility of extinction is how many species of animals there are in the schematic animal population . So, if multiple predators can survive within an ecosystem, that

4:37 ecosystem will last a long time. But you eliminate them one by one. As that balance disappears and the ability to survive is affected, conditions become more and more likely to collapse. When diversity is lacking, it ultimately becomes impossible to survive . So, let's look at another aspect of nature? Evolution through diversity has created countless different animals. Among them, there are some that we find so poetic . For example, there is this octopus that I am showing you in the picture. This octopus is a very small octopus, about the size of the palm of your hand . But if you get bitten, you die. Because the poison is really strong. Our town is a coastal town, and if this guy plays a leading role in the sea in front of us, we're worried that our children might get bitten and die while playing in the water, so let's get rid of him. It could be like this . But there are animals like this, right

5:24 ? These are poisonous animals, and we use them to develop medicine. By imitating that poison, they are also developing things like anti-coagulants and anesthetics . So even animals that are poisonous and pose a real threat to us are actually important to us. If we eliminate them from the overall diversity, we may not end up benefiting from it . Another example is the mosquito that I absolutely hate. If it weren't for that mosquito, I would have been in real trouble. If you've ever gotten a shot in your life, you should be thankful to mosquitoes. Because before we analyzed the mosquito, the needle was really flat when we got the shot. The syringes used during World War I and World War II were really painful, as they produced a lot of blood. But later they analyzed the mosquito's saliva

6:10 . Because when we get bitten by a mosquito, there are times when we don't even know we're being bitten, and when we analyzed that, we found that the mosquito's saliva is made of a different species. We developed the syringe we're using today based on this shape . When you use that syringe, it hurts a lot less when you go in and out, and when you start taking it out, you know what happens? If there were no mosquitoes, we would all be covered in blood and literally goosebumps . That's why there 's a lot of talk about getting rid of mosquitoes. Actually, let's just sprinkle it somewhere and get rid of it. Let 's get rid of it by changing its genes. I hear this a lot, and I get why. Of course, there are problems like spreading infectious diseases, but sometimes, in our diversity, the existence of things that we dislike so much and that are the opposite of us can indirectly provide us with tremendous benefits. Another typical example is

6:56 antibiotics. If there really were no antibiotics, humanity would not have been as numerous as it is today . But this one is made of mold . I think that if there is mold, it should be eliminated, but if the types of mold are so diverse that they cannot grow in large quantities, we would not be able to develop new drugs like this . When we look at nature, the principle of diversity is clearly and practically evident. Diversity is what improves your problem-solving and survival skills . Why, even though we know this, do we suddenly go down the wrong path when applying it to society or people? Actually, I think this might be a thought experiment worth trying . There was a potato famine in Ireland. There was a potato famine in the 1840s and 1850s in part because the potatoes themselves were not diverse, but if you

7:41 go back and use the principle of diversity, you can see the benefits. Let's try doing it like this. In Ireland, potatoes were a major crop and were genetically very similar. I said Λteito, but the reason I used this potato is because if you buy potatoes or sweet potatoes and don't cook them and leave them at home, they will sprout like this later . If you cut it into pieces and plant it somewhere, it will grow and produce more potatoes . Ireland was under British rule, so it wasn't easy to trade or make money, but if they could get their hands on even one cheap potato, they could multiply it enormously, so it had to become a staple food. So, I was planting a huge amount of these two potato varieties . They planted it like that, and then it got infected with a fungus, and it turned into an epidemic, and they could n't harvest it, and now, 1 million people in Ireland and 1 million people in North America

8:28 died. Knowing this, you could say that you would naturally use the principle of diversity and say, "Oh, please plant something other than potatoes." But is that edible? Since the government is under the direct control of the people, how will other people receive it? Where does the money come from? You'll need permission, but will you get it from the British Colonial Intelligence? What are you going to do ? Ultimately, knowing this principle and putting it into practice is important in terms of the power structure. What I'm saying is that communication structure is important. So, if you just tell the farmers to plant something else, the famine won't go away. You have to talk to the colonial intelligence and try to coordinate the procurement of other seeds . And of course, farmers also have to chew on this from the bottom, so there has to be a will to try various things from the bottom . Just because you understand the principles of diversity

9:15 doesn't mean you can just push ahead with it. We need both change from above and change from below. In Korea, there is a certain degree of obedience to the party's orders . Since we cannot survive in the domestic market alone, we need to enter overseas markets, create new products, sell technology, or export them. Many companies that aim for this know that they need to enter various markets . However, there have been several cases where decisions were made from above and the organization was unable to follow through . I didn't look for it separately, but there are things I'd like to talk about that I saw with my own eyes while living in Korea. The first is a large technology-based company. In fact, if I think about the workplace atmosphere in Korea in 2010, it was a very rigid atmosphere. At that time, it was a time when there was a lot of workplace culture where it felt like you had to

10:02 go to company dinners and stand up to say hello . At that time, the company wanted to create an atmosphere like Google, and it had a break room with bean bags, and characters hanging from the ceiling, and things like that. But I was lucky enough to have the opportunity to work with international students at this company. This is an experience center that has developed new technology for paralyzed people. Take a look. At that time, I was with a group of American international students. Everyone was so shocked that their mouths were wide open . It's not that the technology is great, it's just that it's so absurd. Because the tour involves going up the stairs to a new technology interface for paralyzed people, and you have to go up those stairs right there . So,

10:47 when this technology was developed, it should have been developed together with people with physical paralysis, but it clearly felt like their opinions were not reflected in the way it was transferred here, and I had a strong feeling that the values of the companies they work with were not complete, so I lost my persuasiveness . And I was shooting the second food . Dumplings were selling really well in North America, but they weren't selling well in the European market . I really like K-culture, but because awareness of K-food was low, at the time I had to sell dumplings as gyoza . But as the exposure to K-content increased, I wanted to ride the K-wave and appeal to the public by making something new . So, they did a bit of a

11:33 relaunch campaign and what they launched was turkey cranberry flavored dumplings for Thanksgiving. But I was so shocked when I heard this story . They have already expanded overseas and are distributing overseas, so of course there will be international students and this is a company with a variety of people, but if you choose Thanksgiving, a holiday that doesn't exist in Europe, and make turkey crevellimak with native chicken that isn't eaten in Europe, when you tell Europeans about this, they'll ask why you're eating that, but it's not like they want to eat that . So, of course, it fails, but what it feels like is that we have to enter new markets, diverse markets. So, we tried to do it from above, but when we eventually introduced it, it could be because the product development and marketing

12:20 departments were separate and there was no communication, or the people in the field wondered why we were distributing this. There must have been some talk that it wouldn't work out, but that talk probably never made it to the top within the organization . No, even if it went up, in the end, it would have just been done because those parts were already finished in the decision-making process . But anyway, the communication structure already has various talents and people with various experiences, and they can utilize that, but because the communication structure is top-down, they ultimately couldn't utilize it, couldn't see the benefits, and couldn't take on the risks . So, I think that when we have these wanderings where we can utilize our differences, there will be real opportunities to squeeze them out, only when communication from below is going well.

13:05 Most guests who really utilize it well have a smooth communication structure from top to bottom, so when you embrace differences and get them to participate, you can see the effect. A representative example is Nike. When Aiki enters a new market, if you like this kind of thing, buy this. I don't do that kind of thing . Pick someone in that market and collaborate with them. So, let's make a shoe of the style you want and that's how we enter the market. It's not just about selling those shoes, but about understanding the market through the process of making those shoes with that person . How does that player view the market ? What do you think the player considers important?

13:54 What is the DNA of the people of this country? We absorb it through collaboration and then provide it. That's why we're asking you to participate. From the beginning to the end. So this is usually summarized in English with the slogan, "nothing about us without us," and this slogan is really old. What I'm saying is, if you're going to do something about us, you can't do it without us . But where did this come from? It came from the Polish constitution of 1505. Originally, Poland was a country with absolute monarchy at the time, and it was in a situation where a rebellion was possible, so a constitutional amendment was made. So, in the constitution, the obvis of nihildvis is nothing about in Latin, and it didn't create an immediate monarchy or a parliament, but it did create a window of communication through which the people's opinions could be heard

14:39 . It was a means of democratic communication that came out in 1505 . But if we use this well in terms of utilizing diversity, we can make better use of the benefits inherent in diversity . There's another example of a company that really leverages diversity. Have you ever heard of an ice cream brand called Bainless? Bain Jerry's is an ice cream brand from our state that is probably being distributed at GS25 these days. It 's from Vermont, and it's an ice cream brand that was originally created by guys named Benny and Jerry . There are a lot of weird things that go into ice cream. That's how I became famous. So, originally, you just dip potato chips in chocolate and put them in ice cream. It's sweet and salty, crunchy and

15:24 soft, it's so weird and crazy, but it's so delicious and it's the kind of ice cream that can create a myriad of layers, but these days, it's kind of taken for granted. This company started by making ice cream with cookie dough or brownie shizuke . The reason this company started making ice cream with such ingredients is because one in two people has no sense of taste or smell. Since we have no sense of taste or smell, texture is important when eating ice cream . Even though I have no sense of smell, I want to do food, but when I did this together, the synergy resulted in an amazing product. yes. Everyone, think about it for a moment. I'm talking about quitting my job and starting a business, but my business partner has no sense of taste or smell. What will they say if I tell my parents? I'm going to tell you not to come to your senses.

16:09 So we're looking at it like we shouldn't mix it up when there are so many variables, but when we can actually make that decision from start to finish, and it's melted down, sometimes there are times when we come up with incredible values that we couldn't even imagine. Not always, but if we don't do it because we love it so much, there's no such thing as a vet and the needles hurt too much . So we need to be a little bit more open-minded and open to the possibility of discovering something while engaging with those differences, and be prepared to communicate . How much risk you can take and how much new value you can create based on that

16:56 depends on your experience and perspective. I think it would be a good idea to do another thought experiment about this . Let's say that all the knowledge that allows you to see and understand the world is the square you're looking at in the picture now. You have to look at this square and guess what it is . So, what should I bet? I think there are people who would bet ten thousand won just once. But would you bet 1 million won ? I don't think you will. What should I do if I wash it? It's not about whether you can finish or not, but if you have more information, if you have the opportunity to borrow the perspective that South America has, you can take more risk and create more value . But if we judge the world only by what already exists, then we can't bet that 1 million won.

17:42 Diversity expands our possibilities . Eventually, this has to reach a social level . I have to get to the point where I feel like it's okay to communicate with someone whose identity is so different from mine . But that's difficult. It's so uncomfortable. Because it seems like we both have to win, winning is n't important. It's important to understand each other's perspectives and see the whole picture. People with different political views, different nationalities , different cultures, different languages, different religions. The reason why we have to communicate with these people even if it is uncomfortable is because it helps to draw the overall picture. But it's so uncomfortable that I really can't finish it. If you feel like you just can't do it, you

18:29 can indirectly do it. Sometimes when I give lectures in Seoul, I say things like this . If you're in Seoul, come and play in Daerim-dong . Let me say this. But, wearing a mask allows you to experience a culture that is not Korean . Some people just say okay and go and eat delicious food, but some people say, "Oh, that place is a bit dangerous, so I don't think I can go." But if you belong to the old group, you ca n't really force it. If you already have a fear of it or feel so uncomfortable about it that you think it would be difficult to live with that difference that doesn't suit you or conflicts with you, then it's okay to do it indirectly. But the easiest way to do that is through history. The content of textbooks made in the 50s, 70s, and 80s is completely different from the content of today's textbooks

19:15 . So, we've already grown up seeing that, but as time goes by and new information comes out, let's open the history books again . This way, you can take a fresh look at your own history . So, what I'm saying is that it's an opportunity to check out information that was hidden under rocks and disappeared into the back alleys of history that we hadn't looked into . Then, I can check the differences within me. There are differences that have been part of my history but that I never had the opportunity to see. So, through indirect experience, I have the opportunity to gradually experience the parts that I am doing with others . America is a country that really changes a lot. There was slavery, then it was abolished, and racial segregation was implemented. We had racial segregation for a long time, and then we abolished it, but then the

20:01 Civil Rights Act came into effect in 1965, and things changed like this. But that was 1965. It was passed in 1964 and went into effect in 1965, but people who lived in the US before then are still living there now. What I'm saying is that most people in politics were people who did well at the time . There are many people who have learned about racial segregation and have learned American history from it . So there aren't many people who are consciously looking at what role black people really played in American society . I also realized that there were too many one-dimensional things in the American history I learned . But when you look at new historical research and things like that that are coming out these days, there are a lot of things that are really shocking. I started to think that I had been looking at race relations too simplistically, and my narrow-minded poems began to change.

20:49 You've been the only black person in American history . There are people who think this way . But there are so many black Americans in America who have contributed tremendously to the world . Who invented the light bulb ? The light bulb was invented by Edison . But it's not like Edison made all this by himself and as soon as he made the light bulb, the whole world suddenly started to have light bulbs and everyone started using them for lighting . When light bulbs were first invented, they were incredibly expensive. That's cutting edge technology. When computers first came out, you couldn't just walk into your home. When computers were first created, they were the size of buildings. As time went by, it got smaller and smaller, and it wasn't until the 90s that it became rideable. The

21:35 same goes for light bulbs. Even if the light bulb itself could be mass-produced cheaply, the filament would keep going out, so the maintenance costs were too high and it ultimately never became popular . The key to popularization is Filaman. There is an engineer who changed the day Filaman. Yes. This engineer is a black man named Louis Hardrani . When I tell this story to Americans, it's really shocking. Late 19th century . Well, if you're talking about around the time the American Civil War ended, there would be an initial shock of thinking, "How can a black engineer be a black person when they were slaves back then and had just been freed and were living in a segregated system with no money?" And this person went to a prestigious university and worked with Edison, and he had a doctorate in developing the Pilaman.

22:22 This is also shocking. And there are times when you take a train and have to go to the bathroom because you drank too much poop in the classroom. This is the person who made it. This is the story of a black man playing this role in America in the 19th century . You start to feel that the history you learned was too narrow-minded, too biased, and that it limited black people somewhat . Of course, it doesn't solve all the problems . But, because this vision is created, it gives us an opportunity to think about it again in a new way . This seems really important . If we want to create new value by being more inclusive of others and embracing more diversity, we need to have an attitude that allows that . If you think it would be difficult to do it in daily life, I recommend that you try doing it with history. yes. You

23:09 can do this in Korea too. There are usually multicultural courses. When talking about the future of Korean society, some people talk about an aging population, a declining birth rate, and ultimately the extinction of Korean culture. But at the same time, there is a K-style and foreigners are coming in. But there are various opinions and debates about whether or not they should settle down, and in the midst of all that, there are multicultural families, multicultural policies, multicultural schools, and so on, and sometimes this multiculturalism feels like a new phenomenon, as if it never existed in Korea before . However, if we look back at history, there are some questions that may arise about whether it is true that there is only one ethnic group and one identity . Of course, I don't care if you don't agree with my opinion, but I think you'll get the answer if I just show you one. Whose picture is this? If you

23:56 ask who this picture is of, the only person who comes up is Syngman Rhee. But there are two of them. Syngman Rhee and Francesca are Austrians I met in Hawaii. But anyway, if you, the first First Lady of the Republic of Korea, go to the Blue House, it will be open to the public . Then there are portraits of the First Lady's living quarters, and the first one is this person's. So, there may be various political opinions about the beginning of the Republic of Korea, but if we talk about facts, it all comes down to the Blue House . But if you think about how much mom and dad talk to each other at home, I think it's something to question. The second example is a Korean-only textbook. This is the first textbook. In the Korean peninsula, Hangul was originally called Eonmun. The word 'Eonmun'

24:43 means a vulgar language. During the late Joseon Dynasty, as people continued to use Hanmun, for some reason, Hangul began to be used more widely in educational settings . That first huge turning point was this document, a textbook called Sign Field . This is the first ever Korean-only textbook. The content of the signature field is something you need to know. So, this is a book that covers topics like the history of books and such. The important point here is who wrote it . Who wrote it? Usually, when we talk about Hangul-exclusiveism, Hangul propagation, and people who used Hangul in education, who do we talk about first ? Is there a person who usually comes to mind first ? It's a stock market. People usually say that they are all stock market experts,

25:29 but this person was a stock market expert at Baejae School . Second, I was creating this material while the stock type was reciting a sentence . So who on earth is this person? There's a Vermouth squire named Homer Hulbert. He is the one who will give us the money. It was decided to create the first Western-style school that would teach Western civilization, and since they needed people to teach here, they called in people like Bethel and Hulbert here and there to teach, but up until now, education had been done in Chinese characters . Other things may be okay, but when it comes to teaching the world and the way of life, the pronunciation of Western and Dutch characters in Chinese characters is not accurate and is difficult to write, so it would be much better to just use Hangul, which already has good pronunciation notation, and write textbooks. However, most of the

26:16 people who were dispatched here did not come out learning Korean. I think it's a Korean-language base, but the reason they adopted Hangul here is because they thought it was much better for communication, and Homa Hulbert studied Korean for three years and created the materials. But I don't know why this story doesn't come up every time Hangeul Day comes around, but the important thing here is not that it was foreigners who spread Hangeul, but that there were people with completely different worldviews, and when these people met, they had to communicate, but because their perspectives were so different, they ended up adopting Hangeul. The value of this becomes clearer as different people collide with it. This is the point. The point is that something that was out of sight suddenly

27:04 becomes something new in the moment when we meet someone else, and that is the core principle of diversity. Only when such opportunities exist can we continue to discover things as valuable as Hangul, and create painless injections. That is what makes it possible. In a world that changes so rapidly, it can suddenly seem difficult to be different . And you might hate it too . Our political views are so different, our worldviews are so different, our experiences are so different, our cultures are so different, and we don't fit in. But we still need to communicate. We can't live in an ecosystem with limited diversity like the Dodose, and when we are attacked from the outside, we have no choice but to adapt . So, from now on,

27:54 when we have a chance to talk about diversity or discuss it, let's get along ethically and kindly. Beyond things like a world where we live together, if we think a little more pragmatically, there may be things that we shouldn't miss. We need to think about these parts, and the conclusion is that no matter how you decide, whether you go together or not, it is your own choice, but since it is important to know and choose, I think the moment of learning about and understanding that diversity and being together should be a precedent . Today we talked about diversity in a slightly different way. Shall we see Tyler again next time? So please join us. Bye.