EMRS/DSSSB PGT English Literature Classes 2024 | Lord Byron Of English Literature

0:00 And welcome to TGT PGT Ara 247 I am Professor Aishwarya Puri Guide for English Literature Welcome to my class A In today's class, we will be talking about Lord Byron This will be our last class in our series of romantic poets on Lord Byron We see Lord Byron among the second generation romantic poets and his association with romantic poetry is quite amazing in itself because if you are expecting that as much as other romantic poets have written about nature, he too would have written in the same way, then it is not so neither is he calling himself a worshipper of nature nor is he calling himself one of the greatest literary minds of the time A he was a writer in a very non-salient way he was non-salient in his ways in his

0:47 poetic theory he love traveling so he has written a lot around travel but I think when I took the introduction class of romantic age with you I had made the point clear that romantic poets are the poets of Please remove this idea from your mind that we were taught in the seventh and eighth class, then this was the norm. Today you cannot do this kind of rude mental things. You cannot qualify such big exams like TGT, PGT, NETs with this rude philosophy. Romanticism means freedom. Romanticism means far away places.

1:34 Romanticism means freedom. It means liberty. The idea that you can enjoy your personal freedom. You can live a liberal life. All this encapsulates the spirit of romanticism. And if all this truly encapsulates the spirit of romanticism, then Lord Byron can be considered as a runner up of the romantic age and romantic poetry. So let us know a little bit about his life and his works one by one. The full name of Lord Byron was George Gordon Byron and the most interesting thing about him that everyone should know is that He was a little bit lazy, he

2:20 could not walk properly, he was differently abled because he had a personal disorder known as club foot due to which he could not walk straight, he walked with a little limp, but he was such a popular personality of his time that it is said that when Lord Byron was alive, the whole England used to walk with a little limp that so many people used to copy his style and like at one time it is said that Raj Rajesh Ghanna was so popular, Dev Anand was so popular, people used to die for him, Lord Byron was such a fashionable figure of his time, people used to die for him, people wanted to write like him, people wanted to walk like him, people wanted to live the way he lived his lifestyle, his lifestyle was also very glamorous,

3:06 he started doing extensive travel from a very young age, be it Greece, Spain, Portugal, Malta, Albania, Italy and mind you me he did such vastatrix, pertinent social and He gathered political issues from there and he addressed these issues through his poetry, which of course I am going to tell you further and I am sorry I am not able to see this screen here, so let me check whether the class is going on or not, ok great sorry I was not able to

3:53 see the screen, on the right side there is only one famous quote, that was his statement, I woke up and found myself famous, regarding which work did he write this, so he wrote this after Child Harold's Pilgrim, today Child Harold's Pilgrim is his first major work, after which he became a nation wide sensation, after which he also said his famous statement that in 191823 itself he was elected as the Greek Committee of as a member of the Greek Committee of Liberty against the Turks, so in Greece or the modern day Turkey that you are seeing, there were always fights between Islamic groups and Christian groups. Crusade verses started from here essentially and because Turkey is modern day

4:40 Turkey it is known as the gateway to East because if Europeans have to go towards East through land route then they will go via Turkey, so it is particularly Turkey and Greece, the war which was going on here at that time, Greek War of Independence, he had seen it here and there with his own eyes and he was supporting the Greek side, so he has also given his address about those political issues in his works. First of all let us see the basic chronology of his works, which works were published in which years because in your exams direct questions also come about identification of works, so first of all we had Hours of Idleness, Hours of Idleness was published in 1807 and this was not reviewed positively by any

5:29 critic of any major literary magazine, particularly this major editor of Edinburgh Review was Henry Brogan gave a lot of negative criticism on it, after which he thought of writing his famous work English Bad and Scottish Reviewers in 1809, originally he wanted to write on the contemporary English poetic scene literary scene, this is also our previous year question of UGC NET, so it is very relevant for D triple SB students that with what idea was this poem English Bad Scottish Reviewers being written to show the contemporary literary [appreciation] scene,

6:14 but then when this work of his gets negative criticism from Edinburgh Review, Edinburgh today is the capital of Scotland, then Scottish Review was a magazine, so when he gets negative criticism from here, then he adds reviewers along with English birds and this famous literary work of his is published again in 1809, in 1812, the first and second canto of his Child Rolls Pilgrim were published, after which of course he became famous overnight, he published the second edition Sorry next books he published was Letter on So Childe Rolls, he published final edition of Pilgrim further in 1818, okay so if someone asks you what is the publication then you can say 1812 to 1818, okay because

7:02 first and second cantos were published here and third and fourth cantos were published in 1818, apart from this The Bride of Abby is a famous poem by Dr. Sin, Hebrew Melody was published in 1815, collection of 30 poems The Siege of Korath is a famous Greek mythology story, apart from this he has also written a poem on Prometheus, this question again remains in UGC that on Prometheus you normally read only PB style's Prometheus and Bound, we did it in yesterday's class, but he has also written his works on this mythology story of Prometheus, then comes His very famous work of 1817 Manfred Maff is a verse drama, it is a closet drama, meaning a drama that can only be a

7:49 poem and it cannot be performed. Toss comes in 1817, Beppo comes in 1818, because Lord Byron was very much inspired by the Greek style and the Italian style, he used to travel here, so he brought octo-syllabic verses from Greece and Italy, octo-syllabic verses, that is, writing poetry in tetrameter, so he first did that experiment in Beppo, then comes Don Jawan, which is considered to be the greatest success of his career, Don Jawan was published between 1819 to 1824, it was incomplete, okay, finally he could not complete this poem, so these are his major works from where you will get to see majority of the questions, one is Childe Ralls Pilgrim and the other is Don Jawan, so now let us

8:36 see both the works one by one, whether from here Our points are made, there are some more minor works of his, you can see them, such as The Vision of Judgement, we had recently discussed separately, in 1821, he had published this poem, The Vision of Judgement, is a satire poem, whom are they satirizing, in this, the satire of King George the Third by our poet of that period, Lauritzen, are his minor works and these are some of his famous poems, some other lyrical poems which are considered famous and are read, this poem, She Wakes in Beauty Like the Night, came in 1814, it is very famous, it is also

9:22 famous somewhere because its opening lines are, She Wakes in Beauty Like the Night, so you are asked a question that which figure of speech has been used here, so here the figure of speech used, of course, like has been used, because of like, comparison has been drawn, okay, its figure It has been compared with knight by using like, so what is it called or similar, if you use like then it will become similar, right? So now we will see his works, but before seeing his works, I want to discuss with you the concept of Byron Nick Hero. So Lord Byron

10:09 's own personality was like a liberty. Liberty is someone who indulges in ethical and moral licentiousness, meaning he is a person who transcends social conventions and social rules and he does not give a single damn about the social rules and social norms. He does what he wants and acts according to his own will. So he created a character similar to his own personality, which he used in Child Roles Pilgrimage. So that concept became very famous from there. This character of Byron Nick Hero is autobiographical in nature, because as Lord Byron has Lord in front of his name, so you understand that he also belonged to the noble class. He belonged to the nobility, so this

10:56 byro nick hero is also a noble class individual, he belongs to the nobility and at the same time he is a person who shows discontent towards his own class, shows discontent towards his own social class, so he does not like the superficial behaviour of his upper class, this character is a libertine character, a licentious character, he keeps travelling all around the world, there can be some womanizer elements in him, he can also seem a little arrogant while talking but he is not bad at heart, he is clean at heart, so he created such a hero and of course when such characters were created, they became very popular in the female readership in particular,

11:42 so this type of character was also considered very charming, he was very charming, he was very confident, he was almost borderline narcissistic, he was very overconfident about himself He was arrogant to a point, so he created such a character of Byron's hero through Child Harold's Pilgrim. He popularized the concept of this hero, of course we will see it here later. So first of all, let us look at Child Harold's Pilgrim. Child Harold's Pilgrim is written in four cantos, and the first and second cantos were published in 1812. The third and fourth cantos were published in 1818. This work is semi-autobiographical because he himself had travelled a lot in recent times. He had gone to Greece, Turkey, and Tali,

12:29 so he has included those travels in this work. So here the character is Child Harold. Now, students get a little confused on seeing the word child. What does child mean? If not a child, then an individual young person who has been given the title of lord in the family. The title of lord has been given to the head of the family, whoever is the oldest male member, will carry the title of lord with his name. So the one who is next in line is like After the king there is a prince, similarly after the lord this title was used for those who were in line, child because in the life of Lord Byron also he must have carried this title sometime before his father, before becoming a lord he must have also carried the title of child Byron, so that is why he has used a

13:16 similar title for his character Harold as well, child pilgrim means pilgrimage, pilgrimage is done for God, to please God but our character is not doing a pilgrimage to please God, he is doing a pilgrimage to please himself, this trip of his is self-explanatory, self-reliant, for his pleasure, for his delight, so in this poem we see that our character gets disillusioned with the sensory pleasures and material pursuits of the world and goes on a travel, goes on a journey because as I have already told you, he belongs to the upper strata of the society, belongs to the high class, is determined towards his own class. So to escape from those aspects,

14:06 he goes on a journey to escape from these sensory pleasures, material pleasures, and he has shown his story in this work. In all the four cantos, he has used Spenserian stanzas. We have discussed Spenserian stanzas many times, so I will not repeat them here again. Now another question may arise here that what was the type of character? So he was a typical Byronic hero. He is dark and quiet. He is brooding, mysterious. He is like a social outcast. He is somewhat conventional. If he sits with people, he can scandalize them with his words. Because he can trouble anyone with his waverly ways and his liberty attitude. But still he is a like a force character. So he has included stories and memoirs of his personal travels

14:53 in this work. For example, he has used his travel to Greece, Portuguese, Albania or Malta in this work. Originally he had taken this trip with his friend John Cam Hobhouse, so he has used some notes from there to complete this poem. In this poem, he is not travelling only for his pleasures or delights. When Lord Byron originally travelled in these countries, he observed the contemporary socio-political issues of those countries and in these poems, he is raising these observations, representing them. For example, at that time, the most relevant and important event in Europe, of course, after the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror, the next important event was the

15:39 Greece's demand for independence from the Ottoman Empire. So, they wanted to break away from the Ottoman Empire, break away from the Turkish rulers, they wanted to create a separate nation, they wanted to create their own sovereign state, which would support the demands of the Christian population. So, they also used this to express their feelings. Through the poem, he supported the Greek cry for independence. The next important work that we are looking at here is Don Jawan. He did not invent the character of Don Jawan. In fact, he created this character after borrowing it from the Middle Ages. He was a Spanish liberty character of the medieval period. The

16:27 most important and the most highlighted trait of this character is that he is a womanizer. He was a Sambalpuri character. But instead of writing the poem directly, he wrote it in a satirical tone, in a mock epic style. So what did he create in this poem? In this poem, he turned the characteristics of Don Jawan upside down. So in this poem, he is not a womanizer figure. He is someone who gets influenced by girls, girls trap him and he gets influenced by girls. So, he has created such a character here. This complete poem, of course, he had thought for a long time but could complete only 16 cantos. So,

17:12 today we consider it an unfinished poem. Also, this poem It is written in his Ottava Rima. Ottava Rima is a stanza in which eight lines are used. The rhyme scheme is A B A B A B C C. So, in this rhyme scheme, he has created his 16 cantos and he gives the beginning of this poem as a dedication to Robert Southey and William Wordsworth in a very sarcasm way because he knew that such conventional traditional individuals will never respect or appreciate his style of writing. So, in a sarcasm way, he dedicates this poem to these people. So, Don Jawan, in this poem, like the character is a

17:59 Spaniard. He is a young Spaniard, which means that he belongs to Spain and he is somehow a person who is an innocent and naive character and he himself gets seduced by Memnon. Now again, he has recounted his travels and his experiences in this poem. In the dedication of this poem, he says very clearly: He confesses that his muse is not as divine as Wordsworth and Southee. You must have seen that people often say this. Suppose there is a fight between two people, then you tell the other person sarcastically that yes, we are not as great as you, we are not as educated as you, we do not come from a job like you. In this way people address each other with satire.

18:45 He has also addressed himself with such satire. In dedication he is saying that yes, absolutely Wordsworth and Southee are writing superior poems to me because my muse is probably not as superior as him. So I establish that my poetry will not be better than his poetry, but I will try to write something. Yes, he starts his poem on a very satirical, paradoxical note. His opening lines are: I want a hero, an uncommon want. So this is a very popular opening lines of this poem. It has appeared in countless papers in the previous year. It has come in the form of questions in NET exams, state exams, TGT PGT exams. So remember, these are the famous opening lines of this poem. So these are two

19:32 major poems of Lord Byron. Apart from this, this is one of his works which is a non-fictional work from which questions are formed. English Bad and Scottish Reviewers. As I told you earlier, he had initially intended this poem to talk about the contemporary literary scenario of England and to talk about the kind of writers who were inhibiting it. But when his Idlers got negative reviews from the Edinburgh Review, then while specifically targeting its editor and the Scottish Reviewers, he also added this angle that he had published this work anonymously in Heroic Couplets and he had taken inspiration for its sultry tone from Alexander Pope because neoclassical writer Alexander Pope used to make satirical comments in Heroic Couplets and so

20:19 similar sarcasm is used in this poem. In this work, he has tried to do a particular sketch of the critics. In this work, he expresses his discontent with the contemporary attitude in the intellectual circles which is undervalued with reason and intellectual fervor. According to him, the contemporary literary scene in England is in a very sorry state and nothing very good can come out of these writers. Nothing much better can be expected from them and he is looking forward to a future where English writers can create something better. In this, he is also talking about how in our contemporary art and literature, a habit has been formed of excess writing or

21:06 enjoying excesses in writing. He is saying that some people keep on making themselves more brilliant or stimulating to remain in the eyes of the people. But Lord Byron says that I do not believe in such a concept. According to me, whatever is written should be written in less quantity. It may be less in size but be efficient in quality. In this poetry, we are pedestaling the heritage of writers, we respect Shakespeare, we respect Milton, we respect Pope, Druid and which other writers are we respecting, we are writing about contemporary literary giants like Wordsworth, Southey, College Etc. So this was his third work from where there are chances of you getting questions. These are the only three major works from where there are chances of questions being made

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