Medicinal chemistry | One Shot | B.Sc. 2nd semester ||

0:00 Hello everyone, welcome back to our channel. Today I will discuss the medicine with you. One shot of chemistry. this is the complete one shot it's about two and a half hours and two and a half hours I read your entire chapter easily and very well All the topics will be covered. So Look, first of all the topic is this Drug. So we are going to read about the drug In. So see, what is a drug? So you You must have heard about drugs. Very you this I am familiar with the word. Ok? that drugs what happens? So the medicines which are Medicines are made up of 50% drugs and 50% Are made from other substances. End Basically, drug is a French word It happens. That is, drug is a French word Which means from drag. of the drogue

0:46 What does it mean? Dry herbs. watch now Why do we take medicines? it's obvious that if any person is perfectly fine, His health is absolutely fine, thank you to him Why take medicines? no that medicine It won't take it at all. If a person He is taking medicine, it means his health is good It is bad. Does he have a fever or something else? It means he has some disease. Isn't it? so drug to cure any disease somewhere It is used for the treatment of. because I just said that medicine what is in it? There are drugs. So What are drugs used for? Body are used in? somebody who There is a disease and it needs to be treated. Is No? So there are some such properties inside the drug Should also happen. What kind of drug It should be non-toxic. Because brother, when a person is eating it

1:31 So someone is taking it inside him what does it mean for a drug that its The toxic effect is almost negligible Should be. Even if there is, it is very little Needed First of all, its toxic effect It shouldn't be there and even if it is there Its toxic effect is almost negligible Should be. That means it should be non-toxic They. it doesn't have any side effects Needed But even if it is there then it is a very minor side There must be effects. That means a lot of characteristics properties in it Should be. Then a person can eat it Is. Now it is like a drug, if you want to take it. Now, anywhere, let us assume that it is in your hands There is pain anywhere in your body. Now Like when you take a painkiller then the effect of the painkiller What happens if you take a painkiller?

2:16 You are having pain somewhere. You have pen If you take a painkiller then that painkiller will relieve your pain it happens to him that whatever pain he is having, it needs to be cured He will do it. I am having pain anywhere. You I can use any painkiller. Isn't it? so what is it in that if I take a painkiller If I talk about it then it is a particular disease i.e. not for a particular disease remains so because wherever you have your pen If it was there then you used it. You For him I took the step. Ok? Now if we talk about assume that anything is a It remains for particular disease. As We have got hurt somewhere. Isn't it? so that The thing is made for that thing. so to say I mean, how do they find out about it that if there is pain here then he should go there Let's shut it down. i.e here the pen

3:01 If so, she would switch off the pen at that very spot. Is. So what should this even be? of the drug There should be quality inside. that is, the drug There must be a characteristic property. So you got to know that this is a This is a French word and where did this French word come from? Has been taken? from the drogue which means Try her. Now see according to the world health organization i.e. WHO According to him, he gave a definition of drug did you tell me that any drug is a drug Substances that can be used to modify Physiological systems and pathological states For the benefit of the recipient. What does it mean What is? Look, it's a simple thing that drugs It is a substance that is used in our body It is done. what is it then? His

3:46 to modify physiological systems To treat the pathological state. Ok? so drug That the drug cannot be taken normally just like this. Meaning if it is used in drug medicines then They are used for some disease or the other Are. So, we have to read this for a very long time. If we had classified it as drugs If yes, then there are two types of it. Two Types means there are two types of drugs Are. One is chemotherapeutic and the other it occurs Pharmacodynamic. So these two are They do different work and how they work Yes, we will understand that too. Now as I told you He said that this definition is from WHO It is according to. So you should take a note of this. Now If we talk about its characteristics So just what I just explained to you is that what it should be? it should be non

4:32 Toxic. This means that it should not be toxic. Needed because if any human being sees their body If I am taking it then is it toxic at all Should not happen. because if it becomes toxic Then what is this, then nothing. Then whatever you Toxic means that it is poison It will work like that. Like if you are sick You used this, you have any particular If you use this thing for illness then It doesn't have any meaning in your body There will be no benefits. he that thing You won't do it right. There is no treatment will be. What will happen? she is as a poison It will work. So this must be toxic I don't want it. Ok? the drug should have minor Side effects. and its side effects Yes, they should also be minors. That is, the first thing So it should not have any side effects and Even if it has side effects, it has very few Should be. Ok? Next is the action

5:17 of an ideal drug should be localized to the Sight where it is required in the body. That is, the action of the drug is something It should be such that wherever in the body It is also required whatever is the requirement Wherever there is a requirement in the body What could happen there? be localized let's go. So it should also have this property which is most important and special There is property. It's not that this is the only special There is property. should not be non-toxic Needed This also means that whatever it has characteristics properties It must happen. There should be less side effects Needed Should be non-toxic. and where there is its requirement in the body also He should find it himself and then there he Must be localized. so something like this Characteristics and properties of the drug Should be. Now Classification of Drug.

6:06 just like I told you when we Let's see the classification of the drug then there R two types of drugs. So there are two ways to We read from. there are one chemotherapeutic agents and others Pharmacodynamic agents. Now look at what they are chemotherapeutic agents absolutely from pharmacodynamic agents They are different. How? See Joe There are chemotherapeutic agents, this type of drugs are used for the specific Treatment of specific disease. That is, the one who Talking About Chemotherapeutic Agents yes, it is used for a specific disease There are. like malaria, tuberculosis Is. So what is this? This is a specific disease Is. And what are its uses? Chemotherapeutic agents are used. Now this How do causes happen? Isn't it? who this jo

6:53 For specific diseases, through whom should it be done? causes which are caused by micro organisms It is caused through infection. so which There is malaria, there is tuberculosis, what is that? through infection by micro-organisms The cause is in the body. and what of this treatment is done Through chemotherapeutic agents. so which What are chemotherapeutic agents? We do? Just understand that this is a Used for specific diseases. While talking about pharmacodynamic agents so these drugs have specific effect upon the host but are not specific Characteristics for a particular disease. that is, look at the chemotherapeutic agents

7:38 happens, I told you what is this Are they there? Ah Use for Specific Diseases There are. So there is no one like that on their host Would. Meaning there is no effect on the host Let's do this. but which pharmacodynamic These are agents of some specific disease They are not used for this. so what is this We do? Some of their effects are host It falls on. but are not specific Characteristics for a particular disease. But it is used for any particular disease which are not pharmacodynamic There are agents. Ok? So these two You have to read Chemotherapeutic Agents and Pharmacodynamic agents. And both of You should know the difference between Needed Now look at the drugs that are It is categorized into two parts.

8:25 The first is an essential drug and the second They are orphan drugs. that is, the drugs that are They were classified into two parts Is. Essential and Orphan. Essential Drugs Those are what the body needs. that is, these drugs satisfy the needs of the Body. That is, wherever the body needs it So those drugs which the body needs like There is calcium. Isn't it? just like you doctor If you go to the doctor, you will have calcium deficiency. Doctors say that there is calcium in your body If there is a deficiency of calcium then your The tablets write it for you. your gift I use it. So what happened? that one It has become an essential drug which the body needs Is. and the other way round it would be It is an orphan drug. orphan drugs which are These drugs are used for layer disease. i.e

9:11 These drugs are the very first thing So these are used very rarely. Why? Because it is used in very rare diseases They go away. So just like some people Orphan drugs are used in case of disease They go away. But the body needs drugs It is like calcium. So this way of Like there is calcium, there is iron. So this would have been Those are essential drugs. Ok? This is just a discussion about the meaning of drugs here About the parts that they are divided into two categories It has been categorized into. Ok? Now Look, if we talk about the discovery of the drug, then The first theory that has been going around till now is What is it that the drug that has been discovered It does not mean that it happened just like that

9:57 it came into the mind of the scientist that I suddenly thought that brother the name of the drug is drug that something happens, it has not happened like this. It is an accident which we have not known till now People have read that the drug Discovery has been made, how did it happen that no one Like a scientist going into the jungle who were passing through the forest, their If you got hurt anywhere, what were they before? I mean any normal person who is in the jungle When he was passing through, he got hurt somewhere It happened like there in the jungle If there are trees and plants then there are some things which mean Some are leaf type, some trees touch like this It happened wherever he was getting hurt And that place which he had got cured. So From there it came to his mind that it means drug the name has no meaning, the drug name will be given later

10:44 But the name of the drug was different from the drug Came. I told you it came from dry herbs Isn't it? what is it then? Dry Herb Means Any dried herb that is dry. Ok? Now I told about the discovery of the drug That it happened accidentally. so then it means This is how they came to know that it hurts like this So find something in the woods to fix it Can. So it is ok anyway So drug discovery is the process identify and Developing New Medicines. So the drug what happens in discovery is that the new There are medicines, it is important to identify them and To develop. That means new medicines To develop. Like new diseases are emerging If you become new then it will be new for them Medicines also develop. As COVID-19 had arrived. When COVID-19 arrived then

11:31 New medicines also came for this. did you come or not? They It is a different matter that it came a little late. But if I come Was. When a lot of cases started happening What happened gradually? Vaccine started Was. Isn't it? So what is it that when any Understand the disease in such a way that if there is any disease If it is there then brother there are medicines for it too Scientists are preparing it immediately Are. It doesn't mean that you get diseased today or tomorrow Medicine. what do they see first that they see first Let's see after thoroughly investigating inside you What disease is it after all? Isn't it? What What are its symptoms and what is the reason for that disease It has happened. They first look at which That disease has happened because of that. and who all are like this These are the drugs which are useful in that disease That disease is caused by the region, there is a little bit of it

12:16 Will be helpful. then they make a whole And then we test it. Test Now It is not like that they test on animals Let's pay. That is, in this way it is completed After testing it then it comes in the market That's it, now you can use it. Is No? After all the tests are completed. so drug I told you about Discovery. Gave. Now look at a German chemist, Paul Erich Who is called the father of chemotherapy? i.e To the fathers who are undergoing chemotherapy It is said that the German chemist Paul Erich And 1891 itself found the anti malarial properties Of the methylene blue. That is, the methylene It was blue in colour, in which he wrote in 1891

13:02 Had seen the anti material properties. So Who is the father of chemotherapy? Are? German chemist Paul Erich. Ok? So We just talked about this a little bit here today About the drug. today our next The topic is going to remain structure structure activity relationship which is SAR speak. So this is the topic of it Besides this I would like to discuss another topic with you which is a drug action receptor Theory. Ok? So the first thing we will read that is structure activity To the relationship. Correct? So look at the structure If I simply define the activity relationship as Let me tell you what to study in it Us? This SAR says that the

13:48 There are many natural products. Is No? See many such natural These are products which have medicinal value. Isn't it? You have read a lot of things Which also have medicinal value. So those who There are natural products which have medicinal properties When the value was studied, it was seen like this Gaya means when the scientist studied it So he saw that his medicinal There is some value present in them It is because of specific groups. i.e The specific groups present in them What is it because of them? His Medicinal There is value. Now those groups in are present due to which his medicinal Those groups that have value are called Pharmaco Four Group. And let us assume that the

14:36 Pharmacophoric groups are present in it If they are simply modified then They provide pharmacological activity and Whatever toxicity they have, lower that toxicity it occurs. did you understand this much What does SAR tell? Simply he says that those who are so varied which are natural products and what about them Is? It has medicinal value. That means a lot of Have you heard of such natural products? Who owns what? It has medicinal value. So their medicinal value is of some specific groups present in them It happens because of. Now those groups in Those who are present, what does that mean for them? has medicinal value which is pharmacological

15:22 There is activity. So those are the groups What do you call the groups? Pharmacophore The group speaks. Now let us assume that any If the pharmacophoric group is simply If we modify it then it is pharmacological activity is given there and its If there is toxicity, it is low. Bus Simply you have to read this much in SAR. Now This is what I have written here I have explained it to you. So you are the edge It is, we can write it as a definition and I have told you what you had to understand I explained it to you. Now look at the groups In that, if we divide those groups into different types like There are different groups there and they can learn them They get them substituted, that is, they are removed

16:07 by putting some other atom in their place or someone And add another element or group. So What about the properties they own? will be? Change will come. now look at this simply Understand things in such a way that anyone can assume We have a group. Ok? means any We don’t have a group either. Any one of our I have a product. Isn't it? and in it now Some other group is connected. Now what have I Did? removed that group from there then its hydrogen was removed from there And placed another group in the same place. Like I have put OH there. removes OH Gave. Any other group after removing OH I got it connected there. So one thing you You must be able to understand it simply. Let's go to the group You are not able to understand anything. Correct Is? You don't understand the group. To you I don't understand natural products. But you must understand one thing

16:55 I told you what we did Removing a group and replacing it with Put it to another group. So what was before He was showing his properties differently. Now we have added another group there. He was removed. So now whatever his properties Yes, it will be different from the previous one. this thing So you are understanding it. watch now Simply understand that I have this one There is a pen. Ok? This is its cap. Now we what you do is put the cap of this pen here Let's remove this from . Now the cap it has Someone else in his place, we use cap here We do. So now look at its cap I have a blue pen. this one black pen Is. Now what do I do here blue I'll put the cap on the pen. remove the black I will give it to you. Let me put the cap on the blue pen. You can consider this as a group. So now Look at its properties compared to what it was earlier

17:42 Will it be different or not? now that it's black It has a pen cap so it looks so good It is there to see. don't just talk about the good I have been. I am talking about properties Am. So what do we say to this that it is complete It is black. But if we had blue here Pen blue, put a cap here, what does it mean What has happened? Its properties are different It's done. Why brother? Earlier, he was black. Now He turned blue. Blue pain is not there. Blue cap done. Isn't it? so something so The difference came. There was some difference between them In. So simply what you need to understand is that The groups we are talking about here If there are pharmaco four groups then it would be What happens is that as we change the groups If they get it done then some other group should be used in its place If we apply it, then their They also have properties to show different things

18:28 It starts happening. Did you understand this much? Very This is an easy topic and you will understand it very well You will understand if you put in a little effort If you do it then. Now see, this is the thing that we like very much All the groups have to be read together. Now Like our first one is the effect of alkyl Group. What is the effect of alkyl group Does matter? So what's in it? If We replace hydrogen atom of OH see here Pay OH Group End The hydrogen atom of NH2, if we call it Who do you get replaced by? Alkyl From the group. what did i just tell you What will we do? Like any group, We got its hydrogen replaced. Now let us put something else in its place. Now Like here we can see its hydrogen After replacing it, an alkyl group was placed here Give. then it will decrease their biological

19:14 Activity. So what will happen with this? So what There must be something in his properties There will be a difference. in some properties A difference will be created. what is the difference is it here? that when we take OH or NH2 replaces the hydrogen atom With alkyl group. from an alkyl group So what happens? Its biological The activity gets decreased. They It decreases. ok understand it like this if we Replace hydrogen atom of aniline. i.e We are understanding this by taking the example that aniline if we take here and aniline Let us replace the hydrogen atom With whom? From the alkyl group. then it will Decrease its relative properties. So what That would happen when we used hydrogen of aniline Got it replaced with alkyl group.

19:59 What is aniline? NH2 from benzene ring If it is connected then what is it? It is aniline. Now We would have replaced its hydrogen Are. What will you put in its place? Alkyl We will set up a group. So his relative What will happen to the properties? Decrees It will happen. Is it clear to all of you? Let's understand the next one. now here we are talking doing the second effect of hydroxyl of the group. that is, the hydroxyl group What effect does it have? So we can do this in two ways I will read from. First among aliphatic compounds. because look, the hydroxyl groups, which it happens in aliphatics too It is also found in aromatics. So the cases of both It will vary in . Will read both. So First of all, here we are talking about aliphatic compounds i.e. aliphatic We are talking about the compound. the presence of OH group will decrease its biological

20:44 Activity and physiological effects. Here what happens on pay? In aliphatic compounds, the The presence of OH group decreases this is the end of its biological activity to the physiological effect. If aromatic If we talk about the compound, then the presence of OH This is a group that increases biological Activity and physiological effects. Now Understand one more thing from here. as many as The more OH groups are added, the more His biological activity will decrease In case of aliphatic compounds. like if If a comparison comes between the two then The more OH groups are added, the more more of its biological activity and What physiological effects will occur? In the case of aliphatic, the decrease will start happening. But in the case of aromatics, the more

21:31 If it happens, then it is more biological Its effect will increase. that much The more physiological effect it increases Will be done. So, this is the second effect Of hydroxyl group. The third thing here is the effect of Aldehyde and ketone. See aldehyde which We contain both aldehyde and ketone We are talking about the same thing in it. so which They are more aldehydes These comparisons give physiological effects Two ketones. That is, the aldehydes The physiological effect is more It is good in comparison to ketones. Well, there is an example for this here. Formed Formaldehyde is an antiseptic compound It works properly on tissues. Who It is formaldehyde, that is, it is formaldehyde

22:18 Whose example is this? of the aldehyde. that one It is an antiseptic compound. and these tissues Works properly with . While if Let us talk about the example of ketone. Acetophenone has strong hypnotic action. What happens to this? has hypnotic action It is his. Isn't it? look at what ketones are They are of narcotic action. What does it mean What happens is that they are a little poisonous It has an effect. Therefore, the aldehydes which are the physiological effect they have it is much better as compared to Ketones. That is why aldehydes are used more It is done. So in between the two The difference is made and this topic is also clear Done. Next is the effect of here Amino group. Now look at the amino group which

23:06 These are toxic. But when their cause alkylation or acylation So what happens to their toxicity? Is? It gets reduced. By the way this is Whatever amino groups are toxic There are. But when they are alkylated If you give it or get it assimilated then these In this case, their toxicity is reduced It will be done. things are becoming clear to you No? You have to write like this. Complete Topic As much as I gave you I will write. That's enough about him. I am your I am providing one from the notes itself The way to you. Ok? Next is ours Effect of unsaturation. what about unsaturation Does it have any effect? Look, the unsaturation which There is an effect, meaning the toxicity that occurs of the compound, it increases with

23:52 Increasing unsaturation in comparison to Saturated compounds. First, understand this what does unsaturation and saturation mean Is? What does unsaturation mean? That there is a double or triple bond There is involvement. But saturation means What happens? that all of them there How are the bonds? is a single bond. Correct Is? So the toxicity that occurs in unsaturation i.e. the toxicity of the compound As its unsaturation increases Likewise, its toxicity will also happen There will be an increase. In comparison to saturated The toxicity in unsaturated The effect is more. Ok? So

24:37 Did you understand it? What are saturated? What are unsaturated fats? and whose case Will toxicity increase more? These I hope it is clear to you. Ok? Next is the effect of isomerism. What effect does isomerism have? Isomerism plays a significant role on Physiological action. i.e. the isomerism It is the physiological action that takes place plays a significant role in it Is. An example of this is cocaine. Cocaine is anesthetic in nature while alpha cocaine Is not. That means cocaine is present in nature It is an anesthetic. while alpha cocaine what Is? That doesn't happen. So what is this? His

25:24 Talking about isomerism. so which Isomerism is a significant Physiological action plays a role In. So this was our topic. which topic was this it? SAR. today our topic will be It is a drug action receptor Theory. So look at the drug action receptor What happens in theory is that the drug It comes near the receptor. so which if there is a receptor then the receptor that is its active side is like this receptor This is the active side of the receptor. So the drug which comes will be active on the receptor What will happen if you come to the side? It will be connected. Ok? So the drug action here There is receptor theory, in this we have total six

26:09 I have to study the theory. There are six theories and those I will tell you about six theories in this video today. I will tell you. All the theories are small Are. So first of all, let's read a little bit About the receptor. then we will discuss All the theories of drug action receptors Theory. Ok? So the first point here is is it about the receptor that The receptor is a large complex It is a molecule. So the first thing that you It should be clear in your mind that What happens to the receptor if it is a drug Is? He comes and joins in. then this the way that it binds to the receptor There is an active side, like this one So what will this drug be after coming here? join Will go. So what is the first point here? that the receptor is a large It is a complex molecule. is second

26:55 when drug binds to receptor molecule it it cause a change in the state of the Receptor. Now look at the second point, which is What does that mean, look, this is normal It is a matter that when the drug comes to the receptor nearby and this drug binds with the receptor If it binds then the state of the receptor will be There will be some change in it. Isn't it? First it happens in some other state and later in some other state If it comes here and connects, then the receptor is What is included in his state? One The change comes. So the drug is when it If it binds then it causes a change Is. Correct Is? The third point here is the inhibition of a Response by binding at the receptor side does not depend on the making of covalent Bond in the Agonist. Now look here

27:44 The third point means that when the drug and receptors bind, that is, when the The drug binds to the receptor so it does not depend on the making of Covalent bond. that is, that covalent bond The meaning of does not depend on the covalent bond He does. what is binding here Some bonds other than covalent bonds It depends on the pay. Which ones are I I will tell you further. The binding here It will not happen because of covent bond It will be. Keep this thing in mind. Now which Next here is The Effect Produced by drugs to interact with the Receptor results in the formation of drug Receptor complex. what does this mean of the thing? See what I told you What does the drug do? with the receptor It gets binded. So when drugs interact

28:30 what would happen if it did that to the receptor that a drug receptor complex is formed Is. That is, as we have it, Come on, here's someone we have drugs and this someone We have a complex. so when this drug if it binds with this complex then Here, after the bind i.e. joining, We will call the new complex that will be built Drug receptor complex. Ok? Now Look at the bonds that are present between them It happens. Like I told you that There is no role of covalent bond in this Does not happen. which drug The receptor that the drug is binding to receptors are binding that interact they are with each other so in that Covalent bonds have no role. So What else is there in it besides covalent bond Can I remain involved? either in Hydrogen bonding can occur. Dapol Dapol ionic, hydrophobic and ionic interactions

29:17 Bonds could be this. Butt Covalent Bond has no role. Ok? hydrogen bonding which is what it is here Energy is 1 to 7 k calories per mole. And the same dipole dipole interaction is also one to one 7 k mol per cal. hydrophobic which is It has 1 k mol. and which is an ionic bond It has 5 to 10 kilo calories per mole. Correct Is? So this is just some basic stuff here About the pay receptor. So like your One thing just became clear in my mind that What is in the drug receptor theory? The drug comes from the feet and the receptor what happens with ? it gets bind Is. That is, the drug comes and binds to the receptor Does it stick to my feet or not, bhaiya? Won't go. I'm right here in your house I will stay there only. Ok? Something like this. Now

30:05 Here we will talk about the six theories Drug action means that the drug receptor In theory I told you that there were six You have to read the theories. So which one is that There are six theories that we should read in it Is. Now we talk about them do. Look, the mosquito has come. flew. Now Look, the first theory is here Nature of pharmacological action. the first one which There is a theory in which we will study pharmacological About the nature of the action. So Here is the drug action is either due to Physiol Physiochemical Properties and From Their chemical structure. Now look at any The action of the drug is that Because of whom will this happen? either his physical due to chemical physical properties

30:51 Or because of its chemical properties hoga and his or her chemical It must be because of the structure. so simple c The thing is that its action is like a drug Because of whom is his action It happens brother, either it is physical or it is physical Due to property or chemical Its action happens because of the structure. Ok? This is the first theory. Now you You will think, oh it ended too soon Theory. Yes, very small theory. Is. The whole lecture is over in 10 minutes This will go. Now comes our occupancy Theory. What happens in occupancy theory Is? The theory was developed by Clerk and Goodem. Ye Goodman and Clerk put forward this theory It was developed. and also called tempette Theory. good occupancy theory

31:36 Also called template theory. Ok? And these two scientists gave it Clerk and Guddam. which states that Intensity of certain pharmacological The effect has been directly proportional to The number of receptors occupied by the drug. So, what is being said here? that which The intensity is certain pharmacological The effect is directly proportional to Is. Whose? Number of Receptors Occupied Bye the drug. That is, how many numbers did the drug off Has the receptor been occupied? His Is it directly proportional? Intensity of certain pharmacological Effect. What happens now? See Receptor It comes. Ah sorry the receptor is the same. The drug binds with the receptor

32:24 He does. This is a reversible process. What does the receptor do? It does absorption There is drug here. so you get it here We have a complex, what do we call it Are? Receptor drug complex. so here But what did these two create by binding together? Created a receptor drug. Look at this reversible There is a reaction. it converts back to It can. Now the receptor drug is that What do you do? receptor drug gives us Further pharmacological effects. i.e The effect of the receptor drug is We get the pharmacological effect here Is. Ok? This thing happened here About the second theory: Occupancy theory In. The third theory here is Carnier Theory. what is carnier theory it occurs? Given by Roches Silva Explains

33:10 Why a drug is not able to remove an agonistic blocking agent from the receptor means the Carnier theory which Rosa Silva gave it to her Rosa Silva gave it to her and why did this theory come about it came that why is it a drug is not able to remove an antagonistic from the receptor i.e. which when the agonistic binds to the receptor This means we can say that blocking is an act If it gets attached to it, then it is a drug Why can't she remove it? Why? the drug is not able to be removed okay so that Why can't you remove the lamp on it? It was Carnier theory so this is the theory

33:56 Bolti Hai This Theory is Based on Erins End stephens stevens hypothesis that is which is the theory of Arins and Stephens It depends on the hypothesis. So this which The theory is that it states that the They have pharmacological receptors They have two types of sites. That is, the Carnier theory says that the Here we will discuss about the pharmacological receptors That means the receptor which we are talking about here They have no two ways of doing this The sites are presented. So give those I will tell you which sites those are To you. The first one is site specific and Critical site and the other is non-specific Sites. The first one is specific and critical Sites call this non critical

34:43 Sites. Which is the second one. so which What is a specific and critical site? It happens? Which interact with Pharmacophoric groups of the drug. this which The site is the pharmacophoric group of the drug what does she do to? It interacts. But If we talk about non-specific sites there Talk about what makes you complex with non- Polar groups of the agonist. That is, the one who She has a non specific site with whom she I create a complex? Non Polar Of the antagonist in the groups. That is, the agonist has a non-polar Non-specific sites with groups Yes, it forms complexes. Now Look here who is an agonist and Agonist there are two things you have to read. there is one

35:28 agonist and one is the agonist. So which both both agonists and The antagonist gets attached to the Specific site via weak reversible bond. That is, look, one is an agonist and the other It is an agonist. where are both of them Discussion is going on here regarding binding. To whom are these two attached? from the receptor. That means it is clearly mentioned here that is agonist and agonist is gates Attached to the specific site. i.e specific side of the receptor binds by a Weak reversible bond. So these ones who were connected They are through a weak reversible bond are connected. i.e. there is a week in between There is a bond. when the antagonist binds to the receptor. When to See Antagonists Bind

36:16 It happens with the receptor. So far we what were you talking about with that receptor I was just getting drug bound. Right now we have In the third theory it was seen that Drugs are those which are antagonist reception It has attached to the receptor and cannot be removed I am able to do it. So what is the reason behind that I am studying here. Ok? Nobody can tell you You don't have to create anything like this here It is in my mind that it is not becoming clear. You You will understand things a little better It will become clear. Ok? problems You don’t have to create it in your mind. Very Easly It will become clear. What did I say that we Here you are reading that thing which is a drug that receptor that agonist on the receptor It has come and got connected but I am unable to remove it Used to be. we read about the problem

37:01 have been. clear? Now see when Antagonist binds to receptor via Hydrophobic and Vander Waals force then axis of agonist which form strong complex to receptor is not able to Remove antagonist. Now look at this simple thing Understand this as if we have an agonist. Let me explain it to you like this one second. See Like we have this receptor. Now what has happened to the receptor that the drug It wants to come and connect with the receptor. Now which What is attached to the receptor? The agonist joined. So the drug is What is the agonist not able to do? Unable to remove it. Isn't it? now speak that is when the antagonist binds to the receptor has formed a bond i.e. the receptor has come When the agonist binds to the receptor

37:50 In that case I am saying that you are in Axis If agonists will also be provided there That is, agonists are used in the axis even then what will happen if you do that which is antagonist His bond will not break. I understood it Your? Meaning that the antagonist is so With whom does it bind strongly In? means about the receptor I am talking. Antagonist receptor will be bound with in such a way that if you put the agonist there Will use it in Access. that is very much If you put the agonist there in quantity Even if used, the agonist is not able that it removes the antagonist from the receptor

38:37 Do it. is that clear? What did I say? I repeat it again because I also feel like you are a bit stuck and what that little thing It has become complex. again i repeat I do the same thing that the receptor is The antagonist came and joined him. Ok Brother? Now when the agonist comes and attaches to it So if we were to use an agonist there Are. How much agonist to use even when agonist is not connected to antagonist Will not be able to remove from the receptor. clear? Is it clear now? Let's move ahead. as the access of agonist is removed then blockage by antagonist return to the Original level. If we assume that it happens that

39:23 The agonists that we used in access there what has he done? removed it To the agonist. then the blockage by Agonist. So what happens through the antagonist The blockage will return to the Original level. He came back to his original level will go. Did you understand things? This was our The third theory which I think is that these six In theory, you get the most It will look complicated because the rest is ahead The theories are also easy and the two that were told That was also easy. You might have felt this a little. Well, it is not that tough. a little bit a little bit yes it has become complicated, try to explain I try to explain it to you but it's not like you would understand it did not come It will be. Now we will talk about the next About rate theory. late theory which is

40:10 That is the Fourth Theory. the pharmacological Activity of the drug depends on the rate of the association and dissociation of drug to Receptor. What is it that he is saying The pharmacological activity of the drug is What does it depend on? it depends association and dissociation of drug to Receptor. i.e. between the drug and the receptor the association and dissociation that is taking place in on the pharmacological activity of the drug It depends. as the encounter of drug increases the activity of the receptor will also increased. That is, as the drug The encounter will increase as the What is the receptor and its activity?

40:57 will you do it? It will increase. Talk agonists of. in agonists the rate of association and Dissociation is fast. See agonist and I have these two antagonists with you have discussed. so here we are talking In the case of agonists. in agonist the The rate of association and dissociation is fast. In the case of agonists, the dissociation end If there is an association, what are its rates? Fast it occurs. While in the case of antagonist The rate of association is fast. But What is rate of dissociation? It is slow. Now you You must be saying that you did not understand it at all Is. Never mind, I'll give you a little Let me explain through a diagram. See, what I told you was that this what do we have? these receptors

41:44 Agonist and agonist from receptor Let's connect. I told you this. Correct Is? This much is clear. Now what have I told you He said that the antagonist is for the receptor binds in such a way that the agonist I can't break it. means he from there Can not remove it. so that's it It is said here that the one who is the agonist of In case the association will also happen quickly And dissociation will also happen quickly. Do you know the meaning of association and dissociation? Are you able to understand this? Meaning of dissociation What happens? That there would be a breakdown from there. And what does association mean? Joining so in the case of agonist it is very Associate and disassociate will also happen fastly It will also happen. but in case of agonist

42:30 I told you that in the case of agonists what happens is that the agonist associates goes with the receptor but it is there It becomes very difficult to remove from Is. So the rate of dissociation in this is What is? It is slow. So what's in it? We Let us read about the rate of connect to receptor and remove break means whose rate of occurrence is higher Which is less in agonist and antagonist? This is what we read. Is it clear? Next Joe The theory is the induced fit theory. What do we study in induced fit theory We? the biological effect produced by The drug is due to the activation and Deactivation of enzyme through change in Tertiary structure of proteins and

43:16 Enzymes. It is being said that the The drug produces biological effect i.e. the biological effect of the drug which is about its activation and deactivation It happens because of enzymes, which is responsible for that this happens through change in the tertiary structure of that is, the proteins and enzymes that are This happens due to changes in the tertiary structure Is. Ok? as the drug approaches to the Receptor. as an approach to the drug receptor it does because you know that the receptor Who comes to? The drug comes bind To be. So when the drug approaches receptor site conformational change akar in Protein as well as Acar in drug having Flexible structure. So what happens is that When she approaches, the person who is there

44:04 Change comes, the change that comes is confirmational in proteins as well as drugs what happens if he comes in has a flexible structure that when When it approaches, it is in its structure What happens is that a little change comes. Isn't it? And I told you this earlier as well, When the drug binds further to the receptor So the state of the receptor changes She goes. Is it okay? So this is the matter here Its fifth theory was presented. Now we have five Theories about this have been discussed. Now the last its sixth is left Theory. The sixth theory is Turbation Theory on Macromolecular. Correct Is? What does it contain? Belleau in 1964 This was suggested by . This is given in two cases

44:50 Has been. in case of an agonist and Antagonist. i.e. agonist and agonist This theory has been given in the case of. So What happens in the case of an agonist? Specific Confirmational Perbation Acres Which Makes Easy Absorption of molecules. this is its case what happens in it is that the molecules which If absorption is specific conformational turbation here means the disturbance which It happens which makes easy absorption i.e. this is what the molecule is Makes absorption easy. i.e Absorption of molecules becomes easy Is. but in case of agonist non specific Confirmational Tarbation Areas Which May Help to accommodate extraneous

45:36 Molecule. So here is the case of agonist what happens in that which is non specific Confirmational torture is a characteristic which may Help to accommodate. i.e. what here it happens that the extraneous molecule Helps him to accommodate. That means, the one who is different or should I say outsider The molecule accommodates it, that is which helps to adjust It is an antagonist. Ok? Antagonist In the case of. So these are its six theories about it. I hope that these six theories will help you It must have been cleared well. In the notes You just have to write as much as I did. It is written here. our topic today He's gonna be an analgesic, an antibiotic And about antiinflammatory agents. well these are the agents

46:21 What is? These are the agents who Works as a mild pain killer. That means this These agents work as mild painkillers We do. And here, in addition to this, There are agents that reduce the temperature. so what does this do to the temperature If we assume the temperature to be The temperature is high. That means here this They play a very important role in temperature If the temperature is high then what should be done about it? Do you give it? These make it normal. Who? These Those are the agents we are talking about here. Apart from this, it is also used as a mild pain killer. They are used. This is also present in mild painkillers They are used. Now don't let me read this Are. Firstly, we need to know about paracetamol. and secondly we have to read about aspin I have to study. So the first thing we will read here is

47:07 We will read about paracetamol. so here What do we know about paracetamol Will you read things? that paracetamol What is the structure like? of paracetamol How does synthesis take place? That means its How does formation take place? And Besides We will read some uses. so good you give me Tell me where do we use paracetamol Are? You must be eating it and you also know it. What do you use it in? Use in fever Are. Isn't it? most of the time we There are many paracetamol tablets available Are. Ok? But we know that paracetamol What do you use it for? Use in fever Are. Isn't it? It is also used in mild pain killers. It is used. Ok? So first of all If we talk about paracetamol, What does it look like, after all? That is, if we If we talk about structure, what type of After all, does it have a structure? So the most

47:54 First, let us talk about here Paracetamol is its structure. Correct Is? First of all, you must understand one thing here. What? where do we find these agents Do you use pay? If we take the help of paracetamol Talking about structure, how do you do it? can you remember what you did first Do you want to make it brother? This is how you got it Benzenic. What will you make now? Phenol I will make it. became. what will you do now Here? here We will add NHCOCH3 group. So this which This structure is whose structure is it? These The structure that is built here This is the structure of paracetamol. And if its If we talk about the name, then its other name is What is that? four hydroxy

48:41 Acetinlite. Four Hydroxy AC Tenilite. Ok? This became its name. so whose is this is there a structure brother? This is for paracetamol Structure. So the structure of paracetamol what happens in that you can see here have been. First, we broke the benzene ring Made. give on top of that we have here OH The group has been deployed. and then down below her NHCOCH3 so this is the structure Of paracetamol. and we call it by another name Let us know about Four Hydroxy Acetylide. Now See which question will come in your exam Let us assume that if your paper is MCQ based If so, you can be asked that So let's give you a structure like this

49:27 gave and then you were asked your name there So it is not necessary that he tells you directly Please tell the structure of paracetamol. They You can also say that four Hydroxy Acidlite means there you will find that Instead of giving paracetamol option, what should I give? Give the four hydroxy acetalide option. So There is a possibility that whatever you give or take If she is known by more than one name then she He is always asked about his other names Is. Isn't it? To confuse you. As such It can't even happen. It could also be the case that Let me give you this name. four hydroxy Give the structure of acetalide. Now you The structure of paracetamol is given below. Butt to you I don't know that this is its name. Then You will get confused in that case too. So What do you have to do? both names are good I have to remember it from here. Ok? both names

50:13 Please remember this. So this just happened About the structure of paracetamol. If we talk about synthesis of paracetamol How does it happen? then they would see Are. So now whatever you want to know next topic next What is the heading that should be put? Synthesis Off Paracetamol. synthesis of What to do with Paracetamol Paracetamol If we want to get synthesis done then synthesize it In the synthesis that takes place, what we mean is Mainly there are two steps here It will be there but not in pure form Like we get it directly from here

51:00 We will get pure paracetamol form if it is not in form then first of all our We need to get this structure done that we have Reduction happens when we do its reduction function If we get it done then what will happen here brother? Its We will get the reduction done. and when its reduction If you do it then water molecule will be taken from here Will come out. how many water molecules Will you come out? Two water molecules will be released. That means two H2O molecules from here Will come out. So actually it will be here What? Look at the two molecules of H2O If you come out then whatever nitrogen you have, give it to me There is oxygen, they will go away. that two What will come here in place of oxygen? Two hydrogens will be added here. So What will happen here? Joe Nitro of NO2

51:45 The group is attached here, instead NH2 The group will be joined. so here the next We will get a structure that looks something like this will be. Here, in place of NO2, simply NH2 will come And OH here it will be as it is. Even You don't have any problem. Ok? Now What do we do in the next step Its? we react to this will make it happen We have the whole two parts of CH3CO2 CH3CO We will get this reacted. Ok? and here CH3CO2 and what This is CH3CO2 this is whole twice of CH3CO The gift is oxygen. Ok? With this, we

52:30 What to do? react to it here I will get it done. so what happens here is that Acetic acid will precipitate out from here. So What will come out from here? When CH3COOH From here CH3COOH will come out so here we have Paracetamol will be available in pure form. That means here what we are going to get next What will be the product? If we get it then we Same structure as paracetamol. NHCO3 Same structure of paracetamol I have found it. But what has it got? Impure Found in the form. This has been found impure. So now this one here is impure, impure So we don’t need it. How should we do it brother? I need paracetamol in pure form. So

53:17 It is found here in its impure form, Its mixture can be said to be here what did you get for this? Impure mixture has been found. What do we do with this impure mixture? Let's get it purified. That means purify The recrystallization method that will be done will be. In recrystallization we use this When recrystallization is done then whose will it be Will you do it together? Water and Ethanol Mixture which will be done together in the ratio of 1:1 will be. That is, water and oxygen in the ratio of 1:1 What are we going to do with ethanol? Will get recrystallization done. so here it is What is impure has been received, then how can it be made pure? is it done? that is, here I am here But I will write that this is impure When we call it pure paracetamol from impure

54:03 If we convert it into then the process here Whatever happens, we will get it recrystallized. Its recrystallization when we If you want to get recrystallization done then with whom? Will you get it done? Water Ratio Ethanol. which in which ratio Will it be? I just told you 1 1 Here is the ratio of water and ethanol What will you do with it brother? its to this will get it purified means its Will get recrystallization done. so here it is There was talk about the synthesis of paracetamol How to synthesize paracetamol It is done. Now if we use here Let's talk about what paracetamol is What are the uses that are most important

54:50 Its use is not the most important but the most important Its common use is important for all They just happen. But its most common use is I have already told that to all of you. And you all know what is the use of that What do we use it for? to the temperature It is used to reduce. Isn't it? Reducing the temperature means we call it fever I use it. as a mild painkiller This is used. Ok? So now we Let's talk about usage. Whose use are you talking about? are we doing it? Used paracetamol. So the first use of paracetamol is use use it means that used in used to lower The Body

55:37 to lower the body temperature Paracetamol is used and it will lower the body temperature Normal means if the body temperature is high then What will you do to take him from high to normal? Will go. Ok? Other than this It is also used in mild pain killers go Is. Isn't it? It is also used in mild pain killers. It is used. plus one more thing What you have to remember is that if you take paracetamol I took an overdose of it. i.e. paracetamol It is dangerous if an overdose is taken.

56:24 Overdose. Overdose means a large amount If I take this. that is, without You can take it directly after consulting a doctor We are going. are being taken. Any There is a problem. Let's assume that you have a fever It is happening, right? You had fever for 10 days. To you The fever lasted for five days. Ok? Now you have What did you do that you did not consult the doctor? What are you doing? During the day, if you Taking paracetamol tablets repeatedly After that you are getting fever again and again I am becoming a doctor myself. Isn't it? Self One should never become a doctor like this. you own People are becoming doctors since then. opened from home Took out the first aid box and ate the medicine. Then Fever came and I am free again. came back empty again Then it came again empty. what happens is that This was an overdose of paracetamol. That means that The first thing that you did was to consult a doctor

57:10 Have not consulted at all. Second Cheese if the fever is not going away. Let's assume Well, you have eaten it once. then no one There is no problem. But if the return is coming If you are not going again then you will have to go again I don't want to take it. you should consult a doctor It should be taken only after. So the paracetamol When there is an overdose of it then it damages the liver can damage the . damage the liver It can. Ok? So what do you want to do? I have to consult a doctor. Ok? By the way So you don't get any disease, right? Ok? Do exercise. any illness at all It will not come near. Now the talk is over here About the uses of paracetamol. End About the structure of paracetamol. and further synthesis of paracetamol About this. And that was all we had to read

57:56 About paracetamol. Tomorrow I'll be with you I will discuss about aspirin. End I hope this lecture is helpful for you It must have been so. is there any doubt anywhere about Please ask by commenting. and next Also tell me on which chapter you want the video Please give it to me. I will cover this chapter quickly. I have been. don't worry we will cover it soon I will take it. And I hope you are a little helpful This video must have been for you. If If it is even a little helpful then please share the video Please do like it. So let's get started Are. So first of all, understand one thing that antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs such as analgesics Agents are what? it I told you in the previous video also and still I tell you that this is These agents are like this What do they do that they do? Who If there is temperature, we reduce it.

58:44 Like the temperature is high. let's assume The body temperature is very high. so what is this We do? bring that temperature from high to normal I will bring it. That is, these are the agents What do you do? bring the temperature back to normal We give it. Or think of it this way, Used as a mild pain killer. And in this we had to read two things. Means two What did you have to read? And Joe Engesic, Antibiotic and antiinflammatory agents Are. In this, we had two readings. one then Aspirin and the other one is paracetamol. i.e I am already with you for Paracetamol I have already discussed it. Today we are going to talk about He belongs to one and only Aspin We will talk about it. so what is aspirin Is? They will understand how the structure of aspirin is and in addition to that, aspirin is also used

59:29 Synthesis and where it is used goes. So first of all if I If I talk about the structure of aspirin then it is Its somewhat similar to salicylic acid There is a structure. That means, if we here Let's talk about the structure of aspirin Structure of aspirin. so aspirin What is the structure of it like? First of all we will make a benzene ring here In this manner. This benzene ring is formed here Went. Now what will you put here? COOH group. I will put the end here OCOCH3. Whose structure is this? this is the The Structure of Aspartic. good to this It has other names with different names. As It is also called salicylic acid acetate.

1:00:16 what do you say? Salicylic It is also called acid acetate. Isn't it? These There is aspirin, but other than that, it Also called salicylic acid acetate. End There is another one whose name is that? that is Ortho Acetate Salicylic acid. Ok? So here it has many names Are. It has many names. what-what is your name? Like aspirin, as soon as you say it Is. Apart from this it also contains salicylic acid I say it. Salicylic Acid Not Salicylic

1:01:03 Acid acetate. Ok? Salicylic Acid Also called acetate. Ortho Acetate It is also called salicylic acid. so this The name is that you should remember all the three names of this Have to take it. i think you can't see light here Of. Look at this. Now you have complete I think Visible Is. See. So this is its name here I have mentioned all the three names here. What do you have to do? all three names properly I have to remember this. sometimes what happens is that Aspirin is its name and if you take it If you read it by the name of aspirin then I'll give you this structure and there will be four Options are given and you do not see the aspin there It is given in the option. In this way, you

1:01:49 Names were given there. Now you can recognize him that's aspin. Ok? But you It is not known if Aspin is known by any other name. Also known. So you will find that name there They were given. So that's why you get more than one Whatever things have names, they must have names Please remember it. Mainly the questions are asked from there It comes. Ok? this thing happened here About its structure. If we its If we talk about synthesis, then it is like We synthesized paracetamol yesterday. Just like when we synthesize aspirin If yes, then we get it in impure form Is. Then paracetamol also makes us impure It was found in the form. what did we make him do Was? Had it recrystallized. Is After recrystallization we get pure I got the form for paracetamol. i.e

1:02:35 Paracetamol is purely there for us when we Purification was done using recrystalline method I got it from there. just like when we If we get it synthesized then it first tells us What will be getting? It will be available in impure form. And then we will get it purified. recrystallize recrystallization What do we need of this in its pure form? will get? You will get aspirin there. Ok? So now let us talk about its synthesis About In. Here we talked about its structure About this. Ok? See when we synthesize aspirin so here we are at Salicylic Acid and

1:03:20 With the help of acetic acid and hydride, it Let's get the synthesis done. So first of all we are here But we will make salicylic Acid. This is salicylic acid here. We will make it react with acetic acid Anhydride CH3 CO's twice O so here this The reaction is that of concentrated H2SO4 It happens in the presence. whose presence In? of concentrated sulphuric acid In the presence. So it's very simple here There is a method. This can be completed in one step goes. The step that happens in a second It is about purification. Ok? so like we took salicylic acid here and

1:04:07 When we use it with acetic anhydrate makes you react in the presence of Concentrated sulfuric acid is available here What do we get? aspirin form is go Is. what did i tell you about aspirin The structure of is similar to Does it happen? What did I say? Salicylic It is similar to acid. So this happened We have salicylic acid. what would have to be done do we have it? Look at its hydrogen here hydrogen is removed from the and the removal of hydrogen what will come from here after CO CH3 comes here If oxygen is added to the O already COCH3 will be added further if it comes from here then this What did we get here in imperfect form Besides what else out here It comes out CH3COOH means this hydrogen end

1:04:54 CH3COO This CH3 can be obtained from here How much oxygen is there here, give me this one oxygen and one this one is three oxygen Went. We used one oxygen here. This one was already here. Ok? Two The two remaining oxygen atoms came here. this one carbon as it is this CH3 as it is And this hydrogen is like this CH3COOH came out. I am understanding it Is? Now here is what we got What is? This is aspirin. But how is it? He is impure. Found in impure form. Now what do we do to purify it? Brother? It is found in pure form. Its What to do? Hum Recrystallization I will get it done. Restyling means what will we do about it? We will get it purified bye Recrystallization method. So when we

1:05:42 If we get it recrystallized then here The recrystallization of this is done They get benzene mixture of acetic done

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