Newspaper Analysis for UPSC and APSC | 12th July 2025 | APSC and UPSC Exam Preparation | SPM IAS

0:00 Hello and welcome to SPMIS Academy. Today we will analyse news articles of 12th July 2025. Please come no further than download the PDF version of Today's Newspaper Analysis by clicking the link given in the comment section. This is the list of the topics that we will be covering from today's newspaper. The first topic is about Urban Moism Bill brought by Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. This topic can be seen by linking it to the GS Paper on Polity and Governance. Also useful for our syllabus GS paper 3 internal security perspective. So let us understand about the Urban Moism Bill. So let's go a little into the background. Mavish will understand about the people who are. Maoism which is it can be considered as an

0:47 offshoot of communism. So let us first understand communism. Communism is an ideology that supports an egalitarian society. Egalitarian society means a society where there is not much inequality between the rich and the poor and where there is no economic exploitation. There should not be any discrimination at social level. There should not be caste based discrimination or any other type of discrimination. There should be no gender based discrimination. So we can call this kind of society an egalitarian society and communism enforces or the ideology of communism has the ultimate goal to bring about a true society, egalitarian society. So

1:32 this is a broad ideology of communism but now to attain this, different tangible approaches have been given. Marxism and all will be included in that. So communism is a broader ideology. Now to attain this, how to attain the goals of this ideology i.e. how to establish an egalitarian society. For that, different approaches have been given. Approaches have been suggested. The most prominent approach suggested is by Karl Marx. Karl Marx wrote a book in 1867 called Das Kapital, in which he explained about socialism which he called scientific socialism and then

2:17 Marx said that once socialism is achieved then over a period of time the world will transition to the phase of communism, communism will be the phase where there will be a stateless society, there will be anarchy, enlightened anarchy, no need of government, so the stage of socialism will be the transition stage and the ultimate stage would be communism. This is what Karl Marx said. All the socialists before Karl Marx were then rejected as utopian or ideal idealist socialism. And Karl Marx called his socialism scientific socialism. This concept of socialism is of Karl Marx and how Karl Marx argues that socialism will evolve into communism.

3:04 We also study this in Economics class. In the chapter on Getting Started. I hope you are able to recall and relate. So the practical suggestion for attending to communism was given by Karl Marx. Now, different ways have been adopted to apply the theory of Karl Marx in different countries of the world. So in India also you can say that Marxism is an offshoot of communism which is practiced in different manner. There are some parties or people who believe that the socialism as described by Marx can be brought through electoral processes, elections will be fought, we will win the elections and then we will

3:49 form the government and then we will attain the socialist principles, so this can be called democratic socialism which is different from Marx's idea. The common idea is that socialism has to be attained, but regarding how socialism is to be attained, some people believe that through elections, we will win through electoral processes , we will form the government and then we will bring in the socialist principles. So this idea is different from Marx. Marx 's suggestion was that there would have to be some violence there. The workers will take the factors of production in their hands by using violence. Capitalist people will be eliminated or converted to the working class. So Marx's idea is a slightly violent process.

4:36 Marx has supported violence. Marx also said that violence is the midwife of change. There will be no change without violence. So communism is a broad idea and Marx suggested some ways to attain it. That path is the path of violence. But there are many parties in India which try to attain communism or socialism through democratic process. So that was called Democratic Socialism. Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the first Prime Minister of our country, can also be called a socialist. But he believed in democratic socialism. The Congress Party, which was at the beginning of this path, also had an ideology largely with socialist inclination. Even during

5:23 Indira Gandhi regime it was highly socialist in nature. You can call it center left. And that is the reason why Indira Gandhi ji got the Constitution amended and got the word Socialist added in the Priyamval. But Marx's path was a bit of violence. But who will commit violence according to marks? Workers will fight against the capitalists. But when Marx's ideology reached China, the leader there was Mao Zedong. He made slight changes in Marx's ideology and gave it Maoism. Maoism which was the application of Marxist concepts in an agrarian society. Marx's concept was that it was for an

6:09 industrialized society where workers were being exploited by the hands of capitalists. In China, the country where Mao was, industries were not developed very much. So Mao changed Marx's ideology a little and when Marx's ideology was changed and applied in China, it was called Maoism, where Mao Zedong motivated the peasant class, who were agricultural liberals, to take up weapons and engage in violence against the exploitative landlord class. Marx had said that there will be revolution, there will be violence by the workers against the capitalists.

6:56 Mao changed Marx's ideas a little according to the local economic conditions of China and said that there will be revolution but by the peasants and the agriculturalists against the big landlords who exploit the peasants and the landless workers. So this is Maavism. Let me simplify it once. Communism is a broad idea. Different approaches were made to attend to him. This is Marx's approach. Marx says that socialism will come first, which we can call Marxism or scientific socialism. Then communism will come. There are

7:45 parties that support the democratic process for the stage of socialism before attaining communism in India. Even Congress could be put into that or CPI or CPI Marxist could be put into that. In China, Marxism was slightly modified and Maoism was introduced where peasants were motivated to fight against the landlords. And the way Maoism came to China, a similar concept came to India which we can call Naxalism, where in the Naxalbari area of West Bengal, the peasants were motivated to fight, take up weapons against the landlord class in order to resist the violence inflicted by the landlord class over the peasants' exploitation inflicted

8:31 by the landlord class against the peasants, so this path was called the path of Maoism in China and in India it was called Naxalism. But both ideologies are exactly the same. The ideology of both of them is that the landlords exploit the landless workers and the governments support those landlords. So landless workers agents have to take up arms against the landlord as well as the government. There will be an insurgency armed revolution against the landlords and not just against the landlord but also against the government who is supporting the landlords in order to suppress and exploit

9:17 the peasants and the landless workers. So in India, those who try to bring socialism in a peaceful way through electoral processes are the CPI parties, CPI and CPIM. They are allowed to contest elections. They are legally recognised. Whereas those who plan violence and support armed insurgency are called Naxalites and they are banned in India. Their band outfits are called Naxalites or Maoists. I have already told you a little about the history of Naxalism in India. The word Naxalism derives its name from Naxalbari village of West Bengal. There were

10:04 two tribal leaders in 1867, Kanu Sanyal and Jagan Santhal. They were inspired by Mawiish ideology and they motivated and inspired the local peasants to take up arms and engage in violence against the landlords. The landlords had grabbed the lands of the peasants there. By various unlawful means. Gave loan to peasants. Suppose, when they needed the money and were unable to return the loan amount on time, their lands were taken away. So in this way many peasants were being exploited. So all these peasants were motivated to take to violence and overnight many landowners were killed and the peasants got their land papers stolen. And with this, the Naxalite Movement started in 1967

10:49 in the West Bengal state of India. And this Naxalite movement, ideologically or in approach it was very very similar to the Maoist movement in China. But the Maoist movement in China became completely successful and there Mao Zedong was able to capture the top most position, he was able to form the government and he brought Maoism at the top level and then single party rule was introduced there which is there till date which is called the Communist Party of China. These Naxalites in India have been committing violence at the ground level. In the beginning they were guided by Mavist ideology but with time it spread to different states, from Tiruva West Bengal it spread to different states

11:35 like Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh. Especially in the Eastern region of India, there are two reasons behind its expansion here. This area is a forest area and there is a large tribal population here. And tribals are generally more inclined towards Maoist or Naxalite insurgency. Some tribals feel that, firstly, it is easy to brainwash them because they are generally more innocent and secondly, whenever there is developmental activity in tribal areas, legs etc. are cut off, and the tribals get agitated; even during British times, there were many tribal movements, tribal revolts and even after Independence, there are forests in these areas, plus these areas have a

12:21 lot of minerals and thirdly, the tribal population is also high here. Now because of these three combinations, here Naxalism, Armed Insurgency or Maoism all three are the same thing. He gets a lot of support in getting promoted. Because now there are minerals, so for the economic development of the country, trees and plants here will have to be cut to extract the minerals. For example, bauxite needs to be extracted for aluminium production. Now when mining work starts for extracting bauxite, naturally the tribals get alienated and frustrated because they get agitated by cutting down the trees, because their life is very much around them, their life is very much integrated with the forest. So the

13:09 Naxalite movement can also be seen as a tribal revolt post independence. So Naxalite movement can be seen as a way of tribal revolt also post independence. It is a different matter that the Naxalite movement started as a tribal revolt or pigeon revolt in India. But with time many vested interests have also come into the Naxalite movement. The Naxalite top most leaders, it is assumed that they are in aligned and they are in connection with the government of China where China provides them arms, ammunitions, funding support in order to create inner turbulence in India, internal insurgency in India in order to destabilize India from within. At the same time, these left wing extremists are now called left

13:54 wing extremists or Mawish or Naxalites, these people now fight less for the rights of the workers. Few fight for the rights of peasants. These they are engaged in many organised crimes. Such as human trafficking, drug trafficking. So all these types of activities can also be seen now. So the Naxalites of today have actually become businessmen or terrorists. You can say that. There are more inu now money making process. Now they have lost the cause. So for this reason the Indian Government started taking a very high-handed approach. Meaning, to stop the Naxalites, many security based approaches started to be taken. And in the last 101 years, the Government of India has

14:41 taken a very trigent approach. And this is the reason why the left wing extremist affected areas are what we also call the Red Corridor. Because red color is associated with machismo or Marxism. That is why it is called Red Corridor. It is associated with the red color because it supports the path of violence. It supports the blood path. So in the last 10-12 years, the areas affected by left wing extremism or the areas in the red corridor have reduced to a great extent. If we talk about left wing affected districts, in 2013 there were 182 true left wing affected districts but now it has been reduced to only 18. So this can be considered a success of the Indian Government and our Home Minister Amit Shah has said that

15:28 by next year any trace of Naxalism or Maoism will be wiped out from India. So I just hope that you are getting the point till now. One is a broader ideology. There can be a peaceful way to attain that ideology of communism i.e. egalitarian society. There could be a path to violence. Karl Marx suggested the path of violence. But Marx 's approach was applied by Mao in China and by Naxalites in India. Some minor changes have been made according to local requirements. Marx suggested violence by the workers in industries against the capitalists who were called the proletariats would revolt against the bourgeois class.

16:15 But in China, Mao changed it a little and an ideology similar to Mao was applied in India in the form of Naxalism. But if we look at Naxalism in recent times, it has lost its cause. It has lost its purpose. It is engaged in all sorts of organised crime. Now Naxalite top most leaders are engaged in brainwashing of the tribals, innocent tribals. It is also possible that Naxalism gets support from China in order to destabilise India from within. Now, what approaches has the Indian government taken to curb this Naxal movement? So the Indian Government has basically taken a two pronged approach. Security approach is that whoever commits violence will

17:00 have to respond with violence. So many such special forces have been created or operations have been launched. Like Operation Green Hunt was launched in 2010 different state police have created special forces within the state police itself. For example, Andhra Pradesh has created Greyhound in order to deal with the Naxalites in their state. Recently Indian Government came up with Operation Kagar from last year where CRPF has been deployed. It is considered as the largest counter insurgency initiative in India since 200 largest counter insurgency operations in India that was launched in 2024 and this Operation Kagar has been very very successful and on this basis our Home Minister Amit Shah ji had said that by next year every trace of Maoism will be

17:45 wiped out from India. But maoism cannot be eradicated by security approach alone. It cannot be ended just through security approaches or through violence. Because unless the tribals are developed here, better economic opportunities will not be brought for the tribals. At the same time, while preserving their environmental rights, cultural rights, what will happen is that the tribals will continue to be alienated and frustrated. And these tribes will become a natural reserve for new recruits for militant organisations. As long as tribals are harassed, unless they have better opportunities, they will be available as potential recruits

18:31 for insurgent groups. And because of this it will become difficult to end the insurgency. Insurgent groups will continue to hire new tribals. Desperate mass elimination through security approach, killing through security approach. So this is not the right way. The democratic way is not just to follow the security approach. So along with the security approach, we will also have to bring in a development approach so that the tribals can be developed here. They should be provided economic opportunities so that they do not get alienated, frustrated and they should not get diverge towards armed revolution activities in the form of Naxalism. So many initiatives have been brought for developmental approach. Like Aspirational District Programme. Along with the Aspirational District Programme, now the recently launched

19:16 Aspirational District Mineral Foundation has also been launched. So recently another development has taken place related to the Aspirational District Programme and Aspirational District Mineral Foundation. So we will discuss it together in the next topic. Then many more initiatives have been launched. Welfare initiatives like Roshni Scheme under Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana where training is provided to the youth of low-income groups from left wing extremist areas so that the youth can get economic opportunities after skill development. Employment opportunities were available. A solution doctrine has been adopted to curb Naxal movement by promoting development approach. Samadhan stands for S for Smart Leadership A for Aggressive Strategy M for Motivation Training A for Accessible

20:02 Intelligence D for Das Board Based KPIs H for Harnessing Technology A for Action Plan for each theatre and No Access to Financing So this Samadhan approach is a comprehensive approach in order to deal with the problem of Naxalism in Red Corridor I hope you understood all these things. Now we will come to the current news. We haven't even come to the current news yet. Current news is with respect to urban majesty bill brought by Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. But we talked a little about communism. Then, related to communism, we talked about Marxism, Democratic Socialism and we talked about

20:48 Maoism as well as Naxalism. Now the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly has passed a bill which is being called Urban Maoism Bill. Its full name is Maharashtra Special Public Security Bill but it is being collectively called Urban Mafia Bill. This includes people living in urban areas who talk about such insights that can lead to public agitation. Law and order may deteriorate. He can be called an urban maverick. What happens normally? Who is a traditional Mavist? The word used for them is left wing extremist. Those who live in the forests. There they use arms and ammunition to commit violence against the government and security forces. They are generally

21:34 called Mavist. But now the days a new term is also becoming popular which is Urban Mavist who are the people living in urban areas. Some are activists, some are poets, some are authors, some are writers. And these people promote left wing ideas in their speech. That is, they promote exclusive socialist ideas and try to format violence through their words. Such people are called urban mavericks nowadays. And to stop urban motives, Maharashtra government has again come up with this bill called Urban Movimentism Bill under which such people can be punished with 7 years of imprisonment or a fine of Rs 5 lakh or both. Such people who threaten public order and peace or who undermine administration of law or institutions living in urban areas but

22:21 write insightful active things in insight meaning forming violence, those who write such things can be called urban mob, a law has been brought to stop them and it is not that Maharashtra is the only state which has brought such a law. States like Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Jharkhand have also brought such laws. Now what is the problem with such laws? The problem with laws like the Urban Maoism Bill is that these laws can be misused to suppress legitimate criticism of the government. Traditionally the Mawis lived in the forests. These are the people who live in urban areas and do legitimate criticism of the government and legitimate criticism is a very essential part of democracy. Unless the

23:07 general public has avenues to criticize the government, democracy cannot be practiced in a dynamic manner. Unless we have the freedom to critically analyse any activity of the government, democracy is being practiced functionally. We can't say that. Now such people should be silenced by calling them urban mavericks. That is seen as suppressing democracy's chilling effect on freedom of speech and expression. There are few individuals whose names you will remember who are called Urban Naxals or Urban Mavericks. Like Sudha Bharadwaj ji is a trade unionist and a lawyer but a rogue Telugu poet and activist, there are many such people who are

23:52 considered as urban Naxals. And a law has come for these people, urban majesty, we can be seen as this law of urban majesty, if seen on the positive side then it will be helpful in maintaining law and order, it will be helpful in maintaining peace but the negative side can be that it may be misused by the government to suppress the voice of dissent, the voice of criticism which is very fundamental in a democratic process. This is a prelims practice question on movement. Please attempt this question and submit the answer in the comment section. Such a question can be asked to you in Mains that Left wing extremism is a threat to India. Discuss briefly: First we have to discuss this statement. And then briefly explains Government of India's approach to counter challenges posted by

24:37 left wing extremists. So first let us tell you about the threats. Then that two pro strategy has to be told. Security approach and development approach have to be explained. Next topic is about Aspirational District Mineral Foundation Programme. So what we discussed here is the Aspirational District Mineral Foundation Programme in the development approach. So coincidentally this is also in the news. Recently the Ministry of Mines has launched the Aspirational District Mineral Foundation Programme. Let us understand what it is. But before understanding this, we will have to understand about a scheme named Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana. Look, there is a law in our country which is a very old law, Mines and Minerals Development and

25:24 Regulation Act of 1957, in short it is MMDR Act of 1957, under which mining activities in our country are regulated as to how mining can be done and what will be the role of Central Government and State Government in it, so the law is Mines and Minerals Development and Regulation Act of 1957, this law was amended in the year 2015. The MMDR Act was amended in the year 2015 and by amending it, the concept of District Mineral Fund was introduced under this Act. So the concept of District Mineral Fund was added in this MMDR Act by amending this Act in 2015

26:10 District Mineral Fund was created as per section no. B of this MMDR Act. What is District Mineral Fund? A special fund has been created in every district where mining work of any kind of mineral activities is going on. So in every district where any mining work is going on for any mineral, a special fund will be created called District Mineral Fund which will be under the authorization of the District Collector there. Where will the money come from under the District Mineral Fund? The money will come by the mining company. If any particular mine is allocated to any mining company then you can extract bauxite from here or you can extract iron from here. So

26:56 when the government allocates a particular mine to any mining company, that company has to pay royalty fees to the government in return. Now 10% amount of royalty fee will be kept in the District Mineral Fund. So suppose there is a district like Dantewara district in Chhattisgarh, if mineral extraction is taking place there, then the government has given lease to any mining company for extracting minerals and in return ₹100 crore has come in the form of royalty, then 10% of 100 crore that is ₹1 crore will be kept separately in the District Mineral Fund of Datevaara District and that District Mineral Fund will be used for developmental purposes; it will be used for health, education, drinking water

27:44 supply, sanitation supply services in Datevaara District. So in every district where mining is taking place , there will be a District Mineral Fund. Money will come into that District Mineral Fund through a part of royalty fees coming from the land that has been given on lease for mining activity to the mining company. And the District Mineral Fund will be used for developmental activities and the District Mineral Fund will be under the control of DC of that particular district and the developmental activities that will be done under the District Mineral Fund will be done under a collective scheme called Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana. Understand PM Mining Areas Development Programme from the name itself. It was

28:36 brought to mining areas for the development of people affected by mining. Firstly District Mineral Fund was brought under this Act and with the help of this fund this Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana was brought. Now this thing has happened. We noticed three things here. MMDR Act, District Mineral Fund and Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana launched with the help of this fund. Now let us look at the Aspirational District Programme. See, the Aspirational District Program was brought in the year 2018 by NITI Aayog in association with the State Government. Under this, backward districts of India were identified and it was decided to work on developmental initiatives there. So initially it was decided that 112 districts would be selected. There will be at

29:21 least one district from each of the 28 states of India and a total of 112 districts will be selected which will be called aspirational districts where the developmental parameters are a little poor, where poverty is high, health facilities are less, education is less, infrastructure is less, so on the basis of these four main parameters it had to be decided which would be the aspirational districts and in the aspirational districts work was to be done mainly on these four parameters. Under the Aspirational District Programme, the Aspirational District Programme also had one more aim that when work will be done on these backward districts, developmental processes will be brought there, then India's overall ranking in HDI will also improve. Total seven districts from Assam are under the Aspirational District

30:06 Programme. Gandhi of Darang, Borpeta, Dhabdi, Goalpara, Baksa, Udalgiri and Halak. When the Aspirational District Programme became successful, then the Aspirational Block Programme was introduced so that it would go below the district level to the block level. Focus will be on the backward blocks and mainly these four parameters will be worked upon there. Initially there were 115 districts but currently now there are only 112 districts under the Aspirational District Programme. So we saw two things. I had a look at the District Mineral Fund and saw how the Prime Minister's Mineral Sector Welfare Scheme is being run with the help of the District Mineral Fund. Secondly we have seen that under the Aspirational District Programme, backward districts in different areas of India have been identified and development work is going on there on these four parameters. Now what the Ministry of Mines has

30:54 done is that it has linked the Aspirational District Programme and the Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana for the areas where mining is taking place as well as the districts which are under the Aspirational District Programme and the districts where mining is taking place, that is, they also have their own District Mineral Fund. Wherever these two things are there, the Ministry of Mines linked them both. And now a collective scheme has been brought, Aspirational District Mineral Foundation Programme. Where both things are present. It is also an aspirational district. Plus mining is going on there. So the Prime Minister Mineral Area Welfare Scheme is also running there. By combining both these schemes, it has now become

31:39 Aspirational District Mine Mineral Foundation Programme. Now what will be done there is that with the help of District Mineral Fund, aspirational district initiatives will be implemented so that improvement can be brought in these four parameters. In these four districts, when we are talking about dealing with left wing extremism, we can separately write aspirational district program, aspirational block program, district mineral foundation and now aspirational district mineral foundation program has also been launched an integrated program bringing Pradhan Mantri Garib Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana in integration with aspirational district program as well as aspirational district aspirational block program. I just hope that you are able to

32:26 understand everything and how to use it in mains, how to use it in prelims, you can be directly asked what is District Mineral Fund, what is Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana, what is aspirational district program, what is it, in mains you will have to remember these schemes to suggest as a means to bring development. In these tribal belts, so that the problem of insurgency and left wing extremism can be countered. The next topic is about the pro natalist vs antinatalist debate. This is a very good article. Yesterday this came in The Hindu Newspaper on the Equation of World Population Day. We did not cover it yesterday but today we are going to cover it. This topic is about pronatalism. So this topic can be used in essay writing

33:12 in GS Paper 3 Economy or GS Paper 4 Ethics and Integrity in different places. First of all, let us understand who are those people who are called Pro Netlist. Look nettleism means life. So pronatalists are those individuals, groups or governments who are encouraging high birth rates. She is encouraging these people to have more and more children. So recently there are many governments in the world like Italy, Japan, Germany, South Korea, these are the countries where the total fertility rate has gone down significantly and now the governments there are giving monetary incentives to the young population and young couples to have more and more children. So such governments can be called pro-natalist governments. There are groups and individuals who are also in favor of

33:59 having high birth rates. In this you can see the name of Elon Musk. Elon Musk is also considered as a pronatalist. Elon Musk even says that if we do not produce more and more children, the population will collapse in 20 years. And we will be left dangling to nothing. Especially if you look at the countries where the level of education is high, economic level is high i.e. in developed countries, the total fertility rate there is 2.1 versus replacement level rate which has gone much below that. In fact, the fertility rate has reduced considerably in India also. Only in the backward countries the fertility rate is high and in the developed countries the fertility rate has gone down considerably. The governments there are adopting a pronatalist approach.

34:44 Supporting the idea of having more and more children. And among these Pronatalists, I told you the name of Elon Musk. Many people say that if we do not produce more children now, the population will collapse in 20 years. But this article is published on World Population Day. Talking on the basis of data, it says that it is not at all certain that the population will collapse in 20 years. The World Population Prospects Report is released by the United Nations once in two years. So it was released last year. Then it will be released in 2026. According to this report, the world population right now is around 820 crores, which will increase to 13300 crores by 2085 and till then our population will only increase, if the current trend is also considered, our population will rise from 8.2 billion to

35:31 10.3 billion by 2085, after that there will be a slight population decline, but even after the decline, by 2100, the population decline will be only 6% decline from the peak, so at present there is no possibility of collapse given the current trend of population. So these people who are saying that there will be a collapse, we will dwindle to nothing and we will be finished. These people are emptyly creating chaos or fear. Data wise such idea cannot be supported. We are going to grow by population anyway till 2085 and by 2100 we are going to be about 1000 crore in population. So the conclusion is that falling fertility rates across the rich countries in the world does not mean that we are going to have an immediately falling

36:17 population. The PFR rate is decreasing but the population will continue to increase for a few more days which is called population momentum. The population will definitely increase throughout the world for a few days. Now that we have talked about pronatalist, let us also understand a little about antinatalist. You can mention these in ethics or essay. Antinatalists are individuals or philosophers who believe that having children is morally or ethically wrong. These have different arguments. The philosophical argument is that life is full of suffering. This is the first noble truth among the four noble truths in Buddhism that life is full of suffering. So why do we want to bring a child and condemn him and her to this inavitable plane? Why do you need to bring him here, the

37:02 poor guy is happy where he is. Not being in this world is a big thing in itself. There is also the ethical argument that the unborn child cannot give you consent. You are not bringing him into this world after asking him. You are pushing him into the suffering of this world without asking anyone. So you are being immoral or unethical to that child. Environmental concern: It is obvious that overpopulation is happening, resource depletion is happening and climate change is taking place. Recently you can see the name of a philosopher among some of the prominent antinatalists. David Benatar's book is Better Never to Have Been. And it is said that if we were not born in this world then that would have been the best thing. It's a bit dark. But you will have to understand all these things to write ethics or essay. See the code of . It is curious that while good

37:48 people go to Great Lane to spare their children from suffering. Few of them seem to notice that the one and only guaranteed way to prevent all the suffering of their children is not to bring two children into existence in the first place. Everyone wants to take care of their children. Want to save them from any trouble. The best way to protect your child from any kind of suffering is not to bring them into this world. So says David Benatar. He is an anti-natalist. UPSC had asked this question related to this discussion in the prelims in the year 204. You can attempt this. In the year 2015, a question came up that what is the relation between economy and population growth? Tell me a little. How is poverty related to population growth? Tell me. See, in the

38:34 countries where there is more poverty, poor economies , the health facilities are also poor , hence the death rate is high there and because there are fewer economic opportunities, people reproduce more, procreate more, hence the birth rate is also high there. So the death rate is high, the birth rate is also high in poor economies. So due to this reason the population remains low. When there is a developing economy like India, the health facilities there become better. So due to this reason the death rate reduces significantly. But the birth rate still remains high. So the overall population starts increasing. Population blast starts happening. Then when a country becomes rich and developed, people there become educated. Women also now have opportunities to make decisions with respect to their reproduction. So there the

39:19 death rate also decreases and the birth rate also decreases. Because it is a developed country, the health facilities are good, death rate is low and women are educated, so they are now agency, they have agency on their own. So that is why the birth rate also decreases there. Due to this reason the population there becomes stable. So that is the relation between poverty and population. Even when there is extreme poverty the population remains stable. Even when there is no poverty, the population remains stable. During the time in between, the population starts increasing. There was a similar question in UPSC Mains 2015. Next topic is about Gharial and Sloth Bear under Integrated Development of Wild Life Habitat. For Our Syllabus GS Paper Three Environment Point of View. See, there is a scheme of the Government of India called Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitat.

40:06 As you can understand from the name, the wildlife habitats where these people live should be developed in an integrated manner, it is a centrally sponsored scheme, that is, the Government of India runs it in collaboration with the state governments, in which technical and financial assistance is given by the central government to the states and union territories for protection of wildlife habitat. What is done under this is that three types of areas are protected, first all the protected areas like national parks or wildlife sanctuaries are protected. The Central Government gives money to the state governments so that they can conserve national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in their respective areas. From the prelims perspective, you have to remember that under this

40:51 Integrated Development of Wild Life Habitat Scheme, National Parks or Wild Life Sanctuaries are conserved but the areas of Project Tiger are not included in it. All the funding for Project Tiger comes separately. So Project Tiger is not included under this Integrated Development of Wild Life Habitat Scheme. Project Tiger was started by the Government of India in 1973 with special focus on conservation of tiger population. So Project Tiger does not come under integrated development of wild life habitat. The first area which the Central Government wants to conserve through funding is the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitat. The second is Protection of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas. So, those are the areas outside the National Park or Wildlife Sanctuary where wildlife lives like reserve forest or community forest. That

41:38 can also be protected under this scheme. And the third component of this scheme is the Recovery Programme for Critically Endangered Habitats and Species. So under this scheme, work is done to recover the habitat of such animals whose population is continuously decreasing and which are now endangered, by giving special focus to them. So basically, this scheme of Integrated Development of Wild Life Habitat has three components - Support to Protected Areas; here the Government of India provides funds to the state government, provides financial support as well as technical support so that the state government can protect the national parks and wild life sanctuaries; Protection of wild life outside protected areas: if there is any area outside the national park and wild life sanctuaries, protection can be provided there, that is,

42:25 community forest or reserve forest can be protected. Third Recovery Programme for Critically Endangered Habitats. So these are species which are threatened somewhere or the other. Look, one more thing to remember from PT perspective is that the name of the third component is Recovery Programme for Critically Endangered Habitat and Species. But this does not mean that it only protects the habitat of IUCN critically endangered species. No. Any species whose population is decreasing. Even if it is in the vulnerable category in IUCN. Why not in the threat category? But if their population is decreasing, then to conserve their habitat, this is the third component of this scheme, Integrated Development of Wild Life Habitat. Till now, habitat of total 22 species was being conserved under this scheme.

43:13 16 were territorial, meaning those living on land, and there were six aquatic species within it. Now the current news is that two more species are included under this scheme. This is the overall scheme. Its component is this. Two more species will now be preserved under this component. There are many environment related questions in the prelims. So now you have to remember that crocodiles and sloth bears have also been included under this program. This means that the habitat of both of them will now be conserved under the Recovery Programme for Critically Endangered Habitat and Species Component of Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitat. If we talk about gharial, it is even critically endangered in IUCN. It likes to live in fresh water. That means he likes living in river water. It is mainly found in Northern India as well as low

44:01 lands of Nepal. It is found in the Terai region of Nepal. Madhya Pradesh has highest number of Ghiyaal. National Chamban Sanctuary of Madhya Pradesh has largest wild life population of Gharial. Here the length and weight of the crocodile has been discussed. This will be memorized before prem. Sometimes this question also arises. Mainly you have to keep in mind that crocodiles are critically endangered and live in fresh water. Sloth Bear It is one of the eight bear species. It is mainly found in the Indian subcontinent. 90% of sloth bears are found in India. Apart from this, they are found in small quantities in Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Sloth bears are found almost everywhere in India. Except Jammu, Kashmir and Northern North Eastern States. Sloth bears are nocturnal animals. Meaning, they are more active at night time. They feed on fruit ends and termites.

44:48 They are categorized as vulnerable by the IUCN. And despite being a beer they do not have a beer. This is their special feature. This is a prelims practice question on slot beer. Please run this question and submit the answer in the comment section. The second statement in the process related to the ICC is wrong. United Nations members are not directly members of the ICC. Here both the statements are correct. Related to World Population Day. Here both the statements are wrong. It's just reversed. This is the statement for the first generation and all this is true for the second generation. So it was reversed. Both statements are wrong. Cat Bond Off The straightforward answer would be option B. That's all from our side for today. Thanks for watching.