Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 1947–2016 Explained in Urdu | Abdul Sattar Book Summary

0:00 So today we will read Abdul Sattar's book Pakistan Foreign Policy 1947 to 2009 Talking about the first two chapters. First The chapter is The Emergence of Pakistan. it Tells under what circumstances Pakistan was formed. Yes of course. You tell us this chapter 19 Takes it to the end of the century. When the South In Asia, nationalism and New ideas of self-rule were spreading. Good. Yes Before this there were different sultanates here. Maurya, Kushan and then Muslim rulers came. Like Ghori, Tughlaq and then obviously the Mughals. And when the Mughals became weak, the British came. Yes absolutely. and the book tells us that Muslims had a lot to gain from the arrival of the British

0:45 There were difficulties. He was left behind. This is where the role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan comes into play. Yes. who inclined towards modern education got attention and from here political Awareness also increased. Good. Then in 1906 the Muslim League was formed. The purpose was to talk about the rights of Muslims. And differences between Congress and the League They grew especially separate On the Electorates. i.e. for muslims Separate voter lists and nominations and Bengal Also on matters like division of the. So this is the demand for separate electorates There was an important point right from the beginning. Yes. According to the book this is very important Was. Jinnah sahab signed the Lucknow Pact in 1916 I tried to find a middle path. But she did not succeed. No. The Nehru Report of 1928 in a way

1:33 I poured water on it. Thereafter, the league That struggle was first for rights. Then Constitutional Safe Guards again Subai Mukhtari himself and eventually of a separate state Reached the demand. And he played the character of Allama Iqbal The idea of a separate state was given in 1930 itself. Had given. Absolutely Northern Maghbi Muslim a principality comprising a plurality of territories s idea and he put pressure on Jinnah saheb He was asked to come back and take over the reins. Good Then the elections of 1937 were held after that Congress included the League in the governments Didn't do it. This further increased the distances. And then the Lahore Resolution of 1940 Yes. Karardade Pakistan. Clearly in this Consists of Muslim majority areas There was a demand for independent princely states. Book

2:20 She says this was a turning point. Destination I passed away. After World War 2, the British left Decided to do so. cabinet mission plan Why did it fail? According to the book, the Congress which proposed Jones was his own guarantor of power. Was not ready to give. So finally the partition plan came. Yes. On 3 June 1947, which was signed by both the groups accepted and Pakistan became Muslim referendum in majority provinces or their On the basis of votes of representatives. The book also mentions the cancellation of Congress's action There is a mention. Yes, it is mentioned that the Congress had Hesitantly admitted. and some leaders He was also saying that Pakistan is an economic It will not be able to work as is. and the riots that occurred at the time of partition Very severe. Millions of people were killed. to crores of

3:08 Had to migrate. a very big human being It was world wide. So this was the scenario in which Pakistan was formed. Now Coming to chapter two. Foreign Policy Beginnings of the new state's Kharja policy How did it start? Correct. This chapter explains how to begin Quaid-i-Azam, the foundation of foreign policy in Liaquat Ali Khan and the first Foreign Minister Sir It was on the thoughts of Zafarullah Khan. What was the vision of Quaid-e-Azam regarding foreign policy Quoting from? What does the book say? their The vision was very clear. from all the roots Friendly relations, peace-loving, honesty, Respect for the UN Charter and the world Support for the oppressed people. How did he want to see Pakistan? A progressive, democratic and modern

3:55 Muslim State. Liaquat Ali Khan also started non-profit Emphasis on alignment. That is not American In the lead block, not in the Soviet block. it The point about non-alignment is interesting. What The book tells us how feasible it is to implement Was it in the beginning? The book indicates that This was the principle of non-alignment. But immediately issues like Kashmir and Security letter should tell Pakistan that you Forced us to look towards the Ittehadists. So this policy was under pressure from the very beginning. and America's relation with the big originator, Soviet Union. Kuwait praised America's role. But relations with the Soviet Union were a threat Were. His theistic views and other fundamentals Because of interference in me. What about relations with the Muslim world?

4:40 Was it important? too much. From the very beginning, Pakistan has Türkiye, Palestine and other Muslim origins Raised voice for. Indonesia, Libya, Helped gain independence for Morocco. Iran, Close ties with Türkiye and Saudi Arabia Make it. But some challenges may have also come in this regard From. Absolutely. The book mentions that Arab Rise of Nationalism and Later Pakistan Security with K Magribi Mullick Pacts like the Baghdad Pact. yes baghdad pact Yes. Because of this, some Arab origin people Differences also arose. And how were relations with Afghanistan? He was complicated from the start. Kabul The Durant Line which marked the 1893 boundary There is an agreement, his status was questioned.

5:27 Yes, he had accepted it in the past. Yes, the Afghan government had accepted it in the past Was. But Pakistan still made friendship Maintained policy and provided transit facility remained. And the biggest challenge is probably with India There were relations. Certainly the book says that the partition will happen very soon happened in. Pakistan has been given administrative and Financial difficulties arose. of the Assas India put obstacles in the partition. Pakistan's part was stopped. Cash Balance, military stuff, everything. red Cliff There is also mention of the award which created boundaries. Yes and the book calls it unjust. Particularly the tehsils of Gurdaspur are a part of India This will give India land up to Kashmir I found the way. O! Then millions of people were killed in Fisa. especially

6:13 But in princely states like Patiala and Kapurthala There was a systematic massacre of Muslims and then In April 1948, India accepted the invitation of Pakistan Stopped the water of the rivers. From this The awesome Gerry Bohran was born. According to the book, both are divided on these conflicts. What was Mullick's approach? Sattar writes that Pakistan tried that this issue should be resolved according to law and justice yes. While India has advocated the use of force and Gave preference to impose his own will. So these were the initial issues which Laid the foundation of relations. Yes. And both these issues and contradictions are fundamental. till today it has a deep impact on the relations of Are. So these were the initial years when a new state

6:59 She was making her place in the world. elder Of dreams and obviously of tremendous challenges with. So let's start with Chapter 3. it It is on the Kashmir issue from 1947 to 1957 That era. Yes. This was the time when Branawi rule ended and the princely states had to decide To join India or Pakistan. And according to the source, this is the basic principle that the geography and population Decide after seeing it. of course but Jammu Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagadh The case here was a little different. Yes, the example of Junagadh has been given. Muslim The ruler was from Pakistan. Yes. But India said this is a matter of principles against and captured

7:45 And then the Hindus turned upside down in Kashmir Maharaja Muslim Majority and Ilhaq India Pakistan called it a fraud. Yes in the source based on fraud and violence There is also mention of a note by Nehru which He also climbed Mountbatten before Ilhac It was written. Good And those are some tehsils of Gurdaspur which are in India And that too for Mountbatten's character That means a hint has been given. That means something was going on even before Ilhaq Was. It seems this is the Maharaja's own Steps like taking away weapons from Muslims All this is also to suppress the supporters of Pakistan This is what they point towards. Then that tribal army entered the Maharaja's Friendship with India and then with the Indian Army Landing in Srinagar, all this happened very fast.

8:32 Yes, India has very quickly faced the plebiscite. I did promise. But the source says that Pakistan has sent him Thought it was just a show off. Absolutely Quaid-e-Azam He even ordered to send Pakistani army It was given but it could not be implemented. Then the matter went to the UN Security Council Went. Zee India blamed Pakistan. Pakistan filed a counter complaint. The UN has UN CIP Commission created. of plebeicide The agreements were approved. But what happened to these contractual people? what is the implementation Happened? This is where the source targets that India has decided to reduce the army and to The conditions for deliberate plebiscite There were always obstacles in their way. And the character of Sheikh Abdullah was earlier He was in favor of India.

9:18 Yes, it was there in the beginning. later when differences arose So in 1953 they were removed and imprisoned Went. So these Kashmir and other issues are obvious Pakistan needs a lot for its security He might have made me worried. This brings us to Chapter Four. This brings us to the search for security. Yes, the source says that Pakistan first hoped for Bartanian but He himself was weak after World War 2. and perhaps the Labour government there too It was not in Pakistan's favor. And why was the Soviet Union not that option? One is the difference of opinion and the other is their own Situation. Liaquat Ali Khan visits Moscow I found it. that invitation Yes, but he did not go. yes that tour is not there could. Its reason was not fully explained

10:06 Went. Then only America was left. But what Was America ready immediately? No, not initially. US at that time South Not much interested in Asia Was. Pakistan gave that 2 billion dollar loan I had also given a request. That is not acceptable. No. But Pakistan has its Kept emphasizing on strategic location. Middle East's oil reserves, confrontation with Russia All these points. Then Liaquat Ali Khan's 1950's America The visit was important. Very important. He talked about democracy, Of the Mushtakha Idar. Then the Korean War started So there was some change in America's thinking. Good. Pakistan condemned the war but the army refused to send it until his own

10:51 Security is not guaranteed. So this Security concerns grew and America also the inclination towards which we reach chapter five He brings it. That means the era of alliances. Absolutely. Now even in America, Pakistan has Strategy began to be considered. Karachi, Lahore area, base for air operations, Protecting the oil of the Middle East, all these things. Korean War and the arrival of Mussadda in Iran It also made a difference. Yes, America is concerned about the Middle East Hui. Secretary Dulles' May 1953 Pakistan tour is a turning point you can say There was a point. He is influenced by Pakistani leadership and army. happened. yes, enough. He said that he was from the Northern Tier. Gave the concept. Türkiye, Pakistan, Iran, A defence line encompassing Iraq.

11:37 But there will be obstacles too. of india Cancel the execution. Absolutely. India strongly opposed it. Bartanian also had fears that Pakistan India will be angry if we give weapons to them. America's own ambassador Chestubs and that too Were against it. Yes that too but in spite of all this Eisenhower The management decided to go ahead. And as a result of this decision those famous deals were made happened. Yes. Four important agreements are mentioned Is. First Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement of 1954. US buried goods Promised to give. but only inside For security and defense. Yes, that is what was said. The second was Seato. South East Asia Treaty Organisation. Pakistan joined in 1954. But the US

12:25 vaz that his commitment was only Is against communist aggression. India Not against. This was an important point. Third Baghdad Pact Was. Yes. Baghdad Pact 1955 Türkiye, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, UK after When Iraq came out in 1945 it became Cento. America was not its full member. No, he was an associate. During this time he was in Peshawar The establishment of Badaber base nearby was also important. US A big centre of intelligence for. and the fourth Maida That was the Butler Defense Cooperation Agreement Of 1959. In this the US has supported Pakistan freedom and peace for the benefit of our nation and in case of an attack

13:11 Promised to help. But there were some conditions in this also. Yes, mutually agreed help and communist There was a matter of aggression in this also. whose The weakness was again exposed in the wars of 65 and 71 I. So these alliances are the Kharja policy of Pakistan It became the centre of. Received help from USA. soldier The stuff also arrived. Yes. but at the same time the Soviet Union Resentment also increased. especially that you too after the detective's sentence And then the Canadian administration also brought in started to improve relations so that Matters became more complicated. we all this The details of Abdul Sattar's book Were looking at it in the light of rumours. Absolutely. Now these alliances are of Pakistan To what extent are security requirements met?

13:56 And what were their long term effects? These are the questions that will be considered further May go. Today we are going to talk about the start of Pakistan's Kharja policy We are looking at some important rumours of . start the conversation we do this with our father six who are for these issues It is about. Yes, especially in the Maghribi Duffy issues like As soon as Baghdad Pact was signed, Pakistan I joined in. Many questions arose. yes especially Arab world means Egypt and Saudi Arabia Egypt said very strictly the back of Islam stab in Yes, and Saudi Arabia welcomed Nehru He did that too by saying Rasulullah Salam I felt it very much Well then came the Suess Crisis of 1956

14:43 That was a big challenge, Nasir said no Suess nationalized And Britain and France were very unhappy with the cancellation of their actions Pakistan was very bad in the beginning, understand it like this Leaned slightly towards the west On which there was a lot of criticism inside and outside the country Hui. The people wanted that Egypt should be opened Have support. Yes, Prime Minister Sewardy later said The policy changed but Pakistan's credibility was harmed The damage had already been done and that statement of his Zero plus zero plus zero remains zero. Yes, that too was very annoying. They There was an expression of disappointment among the Ittahadists Probably. Absolutely. And not just Arab origin, but Soviet The union was also upset. Moscow has openly Started supporting India on Kashmir. g Bulganin and Krashenin in 1955 when India

15:32 When he came, he made Kashmir a state of India Said and also supported the Pashtunistan issue Did. This was a big blow for Pakistan. Sure. But in spite of all these disadvantages Pakistan is concerned about its security Didn't back down because of that. but in 1959 A new brutal defi deal with the US Did. Well, what was in it? In it, America said that Pakistan's Salimiyat is important for them and the form of attack I promised to help. but later on i.e. In 1965 it became apparent that this aid was only This will happen in case of a communist attack. And in the beginning, American military aid also It was not special. Some 29.5 million in 1954

16:18 Both Ayub Khan and Bughara were disappointed. Yes, it started immediately but increased later. By 1962, economic aid had risen to nearly $3.5 billion And military aid reaches $.5 billion Went. This improved the defensive capabilities. Yes, that must have happened. but in pakistan There was a growing realization that the US Political support, especially on Kashmir I can't find the kind of unity that I want it occurs. Because America also has relations with India Wanted to keep it. There was absolutely a difference of interest. Pakistan The focus was India. The US focus There was communism and the East. And then the policy changed in America itself. First he would attack the neutral original

17:05 Were. Then appreciate India's neutrality Started. Eisenhower specifically described it as Union with Pakistan was called a terrible mistake To. Yes and the Canadian administration has The aid was further increased. on it in Pakistan Obviously there was a severe reaction. Well now this ups and downs will start from Maghrib Had been. So with China in the background There is mention of relation. Yes. In 1950 itself, Pakistan had had accepted it and included it in the seats Despite this, China did not pay much attention And Pakistan is non-partisan on India matters remained. That Bandhun Conference of 1955 was also important. Show in Loy and Bugra meet Very important. This cleared up the misunderstandings but Yet due to American pressure, Pakistan

17:51 At times, difficult decisions had to be made. As On China's intention in Aqawam-e-Muttahida Supporting America and Ayub Khan in 1959 that he offered Mushtak Difar to India Yes, China was unhappy with it, but the Chinese Even then Kaayadat showed real patience The change came after 1960 When China and the Soviet Union had differences China-India border tensions escalate This will definitely bring Pak-China relations closer In 1962 a border conflict occurred in which China 750 Murabba mile area of Shamshal pass Let it remain with Pakistan. This is a It was a friendly move. On which America expressed doubt. Yes. Two other important things happened during this time. 1958 I met Gadar Oman. on peace methods

18:38 From. Yes. And in 1960, in the World Bank's Salsi Indus Water Street water supply with India Big issue solved. Both of these were huge successes. but then In 1962, the China-India war ended The situation has changed. India to America and Huge military aid was received from Britain. And America has consulted with Pakistan The promise was not even fulfilled. Didn't do it. This will increase the Pak-US relations and burn out. Then in 1962-63 on Kashmir There were six rounds of discussions. But failed. And after these failures comes chapter eight That is, the war of 1965. Yes. Because of this the Kashmir issue cannot be resolved unrest in occupied Kashmir, rain of

19:24 Kach's skirmishes in which Pakistan got military advantage And later it was solved with Salsi. Yes and then Pakistan's Operation Zibrota Whose aim was to highlight the Kashmir issue. But its predictions proved wrong and Jang Banul Aqwami spread to the border. 6 September India attacks Lahore. The Pakistani army and Fizaia fought bravely I defended myself. There are huge number of tanks in Chunda There were fights. China has given full support to Pakistan He interceded. Gave ultimatum to India. But America and Brania they The gun was stopped for both of them. Yes, I remained non-partisan. the loss of which Pakistan suffered more because our Inhasar was on the Magrabi basis. although

20:09 Indonesia, Iran, Turkey helped. And Then on September 20, the Salamati Council A ceasefire was imposed. Basics of Kashmir in G and Qardar There was also a promise of help in resolving the issue. After the war Tashkan became a Soviet possession In January 1966, the Union's Salsi There is no concrete proposal on Kashmir in this Hui. It did not happen at all. on which in Pakistan There was a lot of criticism. Abbaab Nine means the period from 1965 to 71. War After that relations with Magrabi Ittahadists It might have gotten worse. Yes, especially from America. But China's The friendship deepened. burial goods in china diya, mashi imdad diya, technology diya, kura Helped in the construction of Karam Highway. and from the Soviet Union

20:55 Relations became somewhat normal. of steel mill The compensation was given. Some military equipment was also found. But it is said that this series happened due to Indian pressure I stopped. Union with America is almost Consider it over. Practically yes, the arrival of Nexon will bring some relief Improvement came and Pakistan got that support from America, China Played a very important role in establishing rapport Did. Kissinger's secret visit to Beijing 1971 Yes and during this time in 1969 in Ribat OIC was also formed. And then comes the devastation of Baap 10 1971. Its roots were deep. of Mashriqi Pakistan deprivations, language issue, six points, Agartala conspiracy case, 1970 storm, then

21:40 Improper transfer of elections and authority. The political negotiations failed and on 26 March The military operation started. India took full advantage of this situation. Created Mukti Vahini, helped and gave shelter to the oppressed raised the issue of. And in August 1971, India became a Soviet colony. Went. which blocked the way for China's intervention I did it. Yes again in November India Pakistan was attacked. safety Because of the Soviet veto in the Council The ceasefire could not happen. Did America help in any way? No. But Nikkin put pressure on India That the Magribi should not attack Pakistan. The seventh external fleet was also sent. China has also Political advocacy continued. But on December 16 In 1971, arms were surrendered in Dhaka.

22:28 The country became two. over 93,000 prisoners, The community is in deep despair. and then zulfiqar Ali Bhutto led the rest of Pakistan I took care of it. There were huge challenges before him. Mulkey Building nine, restoring the morale of the community, the world Reestablishing Pakistan's position in Giving new direction to Kharja policy is important in these circumstances I had a very difficult job. So from chapter 11 let start. Shimla Agreement is often referred to as This is called negotiating under duress. What was the situation after the ceasefire of December 1971? Please tell me how were you. Yes absolutely. After the ceasefire, approximately 4 There was no significant event for a month. Then

23:14 India killed DP Dhar in April 72 Sent. Good. It was assumed from the conversation there that India actually wanted a durable piece And its basis is the solution to the Kashmir issue. Wanted to make it. Whereas Pakistan's focus is more on immediate issues But it was. like prisoners and territories Absolutely born out of the Pakistan war The immediate issues were POWs, in custody I wanted to focus on the areas that were vacant. And then the Shimla Conference took place. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi face to face. It is said that Bhutto's position was weak After the defeat. Yes obviously position on the negotiating table Was weak. go to him he himself is a good He was considered a negotiator. Indira Gandhi Was in a strong position.

23:59 Very tough on the recommendation side too There would have been a conversation. Aziz Ahmed and DP Dhar. Yes. In the initial drafts that came in There was a huge difference. india one The Comprehensive Treaty was being signed. in which Kashmir should be included but not for PoWs or areas Let there be no talk. And Pakistan's focus is on these important issues Was. Absolutely. One more thing: Mention of India UN Charter I didn’t want to do it. She keep it buttered wanted. Yes, he wanted a buttery framework. Pakistan cited the UN Charter Insisted so that UN's decision on Kashmir could be taken The agreement holders have relevance. So did it get included in the end? Yes Reference to the charter was made, but India put a condition that the missiles should be used only Will be resolved through mutually agreed methods.

24:47 Due to this the role of the third group became limited. and the release of POWs to Bangladesh linked it to recognition. Yes, this is also an attempt to increase the pressure from India. There was an attempt which was rejected by Pakistan Gave. There was also disagreement over the return of the areas. Yes absolutely. India Only International Was ready to withdraw army from the border. Kashmir Not me. There's that December 1971 line wanted to maintain it. That is, the new cease fire line that was built in 1949 Not this one. Absolutely. From this again the Line of Control i.e. Losi's thought came to mind. It's kind of a new reality wanted to impose it. But the negotiations reached close to failure. They went. Then how did that breakthrough happen suddenly? On the evening of July 2nd? it is still a question

25:34 It is a mark that Bhutto met Gandhi that evening What was actually decided in. But the one who is most An important change came in the agreement that gourd It was quoted. What change was that? This phrase is associated with gourd in Jammu and Kashmir got involved. without prejudice to the Recognized position of other side. i.e Effect on the accepted position of any party Without guessing. Good. With this, Pakistan has expanded its legal Saved the position on Kashmir. Yes, to some extent. Although the condition for butterlism Had to agree. some people keep a secret Let's also talk about understanding. But Indira Gandhi later cancelled it. Gave. But it is certain that the agreement is pressured It happened under. Ok. After Shimla, obviously Pakistan that security concerns have increased a lot

26:21 Must be. Its effect will be on the country's nuclear It would be mentioned in the program It's in chapter 12. Pakistan's nuclear program is definitely So it started in 1950. Purman Maqasid Ke for example pinstick reactor, Karachi Power All these plants were under IAE safe guards. But India's intentions must be gauged first It was happening since then. Yes. As early as 1960, it was becoming apparent that India is moving towards weapons option. There is also that famous statement of Bhutto in 1965 that If India makes a bomb, we will also make it Had to eat grass. But the real boom came after the 1971 war. Absolutely. In January 1972, Bhutto Called a meeting of scientists in Multan. Munir Ahmed Khan was appointed PAEC chairman.

27:07 The objective was to obtain weapons options. Pakistan is also ready to sign NPT It was with a condition. Yes, the condition was that if India does it then Pakistan will also do it. India refused Gave. Then in 1974 India tested it Gave it which was called peaceful. After that technology for Pakistan It would have become more difficult to achieve. Very difficult. Canada stopped aid. The US has formed the Nuclear Suppliers Group Through this, the restrictions were tightened. So what path did Pakistan choose? Did? That was the plan for the repair plant No? Yes. Khamphrey reproducing plant in 1973 There was an agreement for plutonium. But America put severe pressure on France But he got the contract cancelled. Oho. Then

27:52 Pakistan chose a different path Did uranium enrichment. Dr. AQ Khan started work on it in 1976 at Kahuta and achieved success in a few years Took. Meanwhile PAEC has also prepared the device design I had done it. How was the US repeal? On that? imposed restrictions? Yes. Symington and Glan Amendments I. Sanctions were imposed on Pakistan which were imposed on India Was not installed. Although India has Technology was diverted by Sinjar himself This preferential treatment was criticized. 1979 Our aid was also stopped. This was the same period when India's program was also I was moving ahead. Yes. that with the help of Canada and America They made the CIUS reactor from the same plutonium was acquired.

28:37 At the same time, when Pakistan was preparing for nuclear war Another big one was working on the program Bohran was raising his head in the neighborhood Afghanistan is on Chapter 13 AC. Yes, the connection with Afghanistan has always been there You could say it was intriguing. Durand Line The tension of Pashtunistan then Soren in 1978 The club came. Communist government came. and then In December 1979, the Soviet Union path mudakhlat Absolutely they removed Amin and brought in Babar Karl. This is a huge security threat for Pakistan There was a challenge. The buffer state was over. What was Pakistan's cancellation? Very fond of the name of the Soviet Union Without criticism of the arrival of foreign news of. The UN General Assembly voted for an overwhelming majority He demanded the transfer of troops.

29:25 OIC also praised And the struggle begins inside Afghanistan Went. A fierce battle began. Pakistan has Help to the Mujahideen started in a compassionate manner of. Was this at the behest of America? No. According to the book, Pakistan The decision was taken by Muktaar himself. yes, later America and Saudi Arabia provided great help Of Faraham. That 400 of Carter Intezamia There was an offer of Rs. 1 million which Ziaul Haq Said peanuts. Good More than $3 billion since Regan came on board Received a package of ₹. There was talk about F16 preparations. Even under restrictions on nuclear program There was leniency. Got the waiver. Then how was the Geneva Treaty settled? Talks began in 1982 under the UN Security Council

30:12 happened. Initially the Soviet Union was not serious Was. But the Afghan conflict continued to grow. Soviet policy after the arrival of Garbachev Changed. He called the withdrawal from the inner settlement Separated it. Yes. and Bilikhir in Geneva in April 1988 The agreement was signed. Pakistan and America stated that he would accept the Kabul regime do not do it and stick to positive symmetry will remain. That means help continues for the Mujahideen I will keep it. Ok. Now comes the last chapter That is, 14 Kashmir The Struggle for Independence. Even after Shimla this issue remained a matter of concern. It was absolutely a stir. Sheikh Abdullah is back He came but accepted the Indian conditions. The real big change came in 1987

30:59 Came after the elections. Elections in Indian Health Department Yes. there is massive fraud in them Allegations were made. This will keep the whole family away from politics Disappointment spread and a popular uprising i.e. The movement started. What was India's action on this? Very strict. Jagmohan was made governor again Gaya whose attitude was extremely strict. to the army Open leave was granted. Mawra-e Adalat Murder, violence, arrests, all these have become common Went. Human rights organizations have also of documentation. Yes. Amnesty Asia Watch Hatta's Americans State Department reports also There is mention of this. Thousands of people were killed. Thousands went missing. Did people from outside join this movement? This has been India's allegation. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the struggle for power in the West

31:46 After the rise of Islamophobia, India Started calling Kashmiri workers terrorists I did it. APHC i.e. Hurriyat Conference is also Made during. Yes. In 1993, perhaps India found a political solution It was made to give effect but the practical phase But Jabr continued. Meanwhile some Razakars People from outside also started coming to Kashmir. India has Immediately started calling it Pakistan sponsored I did it. Kargil 1999 was also probably in this same Tanajur. It is possible that Banul Aqwami may get attention Try to do it. then after 91 India intensified its allegations. So we read Abdul Sattar's book Pakistan Foreign Policy 1947 Debunking Those Rumours of 2009 Took stock of the matter. OIC has always been vocal on Kashmir Supported the cause of Pakistan. But

32:33 On the international level, especially UN Human Rights Pakistan's efforts in the commission are high Was not successful. and as per APSC By 2004, more than 80 thousand Kashmiris were killed Had gone away. Yes. However, India's accusation is always the same It remains that Pakistan is a realist country Providing training and weapons. Whereas Pakistan's position was that it was only political Providing recommendation and moral support Is. Today we are starting our discussion with Chapter 15. Afghan Khanajangi from 1990 to 1998 The Soviet rumours were gone but after that What became of Afghanistan? g soviet With the departure of the Union, you should see the plight of the Afghan people.

33:20 The difficulties did not subside at all. That Najibullah that the communist government continued for 3 more years She kept fighting till then. For three years. Good Yes. Then in April 1992 when that regime ended Then the real issue began. of the ikhteddar The war started between the Mujahideen groups Went. O! And this fight that was going on, it mostly goes It was based on desires and race. It has Do you think the country is being pushed towards further destruction? Gave. That is, no one can form a consensus among themselves Found. Is there no attempt at unity? Had happened? No, efforts were made. See 24th April In 1992, an investigation was conducted in Peshawar. In Peshawar? Yes. This is what is called Peshawar record. Its under which Sikhullah Mujaddidi was given two months and then Burhanuddin Rabbani to become president for four months

34:05 Was. This was the plan. Ok. But Rabbani saheb said that after the completion of the period But he refused to give up his authority. Bus From there, the fight broke out again. Ho, that means the issue was broken right at the beginning. Absolutely. Then Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran Together they tried one more time. On 7 March 1993 Another agreement was made in Islamabad. In Islamabad. Yes. Rabbani Sadar and Gulbadin were there Hikmatyar became the Prime Minister. but try this It also failed. What happened this time? There were differences regarding the formation of the cabinet. talk The tension increased so much that Hikmatyar started attacking Kabul with great zeal and enthusiasm. The firing began. too much for the city There was damage. This is a very sad situation. Meaning Trying again and again and failing

34:52 Have been. Meanwhile, in this chaos The Taliban came forward. Absolutely. This Dini near Kandahar in 1994 The Taliban were students of Madrasas. We Maula Mohammad Umar was leading him. Good. He came forward. The reason was that a local He was the commander. His attitude towards the people is something It was Najeeba. We People who are tired of war and infamy They supported them and the Taliban The shoulders and many southern ones spread very fast They took over the provinces. What was the cancellation of Kabul government? Qualified The government immediately accused it of Pakistan has a hand in it. Though Pakistan At this time too the Mujahideen were trying to There should be some unity among the factions. And then how can the Taliban capture Kabul

35:39 Went? When did this happen? This is from September 1996. Taliban Mashraq The Pashtuns had conquered the province. On Jalalabad After his capture he returned to Kabul on 27 September 1996 I got admitted in. without much of a fight Yes, with relatively less blood loss. Rabbani The government retreated towards the north. then may Another development took place in 1997. General When Abdul Malik rebelled, the tomb Sharif also came under the control of the Taliban. Good. But the fighting soon began there again. General Dostum returned. Well in 1998 The Taliban again took control of Mazar-e-Sharif and most of the Occupied the Shimla areas. Only The Panshirwadi who was a supporter of Ahmad Shah Masood Remained in control till the end. So the Taliban

36:25 What was the regime like and how did the world perceive it? saw? What was Banul Aqwami Radde Amal? See, one thing was that the Taliban Wherever we controlled there was peace Established it. which is a solution for the warring people It was a big change. This is a good aspect. Yes. But on the other hand, his interpretation of Islam She was very strict. Specially the education of women And there were restrictions on employment. Then Bamiyan the historical remains of the Buddha There was devastation. Yes, that was a very big incident. Yes, this was severely criticized at the international level. Iran, Russia, Asian principalities were all theirs Was against it. Aqwame Mutahida imposed restrictions Applied it. Especially giving shelter to Osama bin Laden

37:12 Because of giving. But the Taliban He did not agree to the demand. in this whole situation What impact did it have on Pakistan? It is obvious that it will have a negative impact on Pakistan It was arranged. One in passion for liking There was an increase. These are the handmade weapons in the market This is what is called the Kalashnek of culture It has increased a lot. Smuggling of Munshiyat increased and many non-Muslims The countrymen who came for Jihad He remained in Pakistan and later he Found guilty of terrorism. So Musanif According to this, where in Pakistan's policy Is there anything missing? Musanif is of the view that in the Geneva Agreement There is no clear intention of transferring the authority This was a fundamental flaw. This led to the subsequent Gave birth to issues. Then the Mujahideen mutual relations among the leaders and later

38:00 All this because of the strict policies of Taliban Together they continued to worsen the situation. Ok. Now let's move on to Father 16. Pakistan, India Tanaziat and Bohran. Shimla deal was made but what was the result of it Were the tensions over? No, not at all. In spite of the Shimla issue The old tensions including Kashmir are there Stayed there. Rather, some new problems have also arisen. Went. Which new issues and conflicts were more important? In that period? There were many important ones. Firstly it is a government issue. it A river between Sindh and Indian Gujarat There is a bandage. Good. According to a 1914 agreement, it was part of Sindh. Was a part of. But India is a maritime The Vesail and the basis of its navigability But he says that a middle line should be considered.

38:47 This issue has not been resolved yet. and another big problem That one is from Siachen Glacier. of the world The loftiest battlefield Yes. It is actually a part of Baltistan. 1949 that the cease fire line was at one point nj9842 It used to end there. beyond that The area was not populated. Pakistan it He considered the area up to Karkaram pass as his own and He used to control it also. So when did India occupy it? In 1984. India resolved to take the Shimla border He rebelled against them and took over the place. Pakistan also sent its army again. 1989 There was a unanimous opinion that the troops should retreat Will be removed. But from India's side But due to disagreement, it could not be implemented. That means this Tanajua kept going. beyond the borders

39:36 The issue of water is also very important Between countries. Yes, absolutely water is a big issue. Sindh Taas The issue is from 1960. Under this, India Magrabi Water on the rivers Sindh, Jhelum, Chenab large obstructions to the flow of I can't make plans. feel something about the situation with. What were the tensions over this? There were several. There was tension at Salal Dam. He It was resolved on the surface of the rulings. then india Tried to build a barrage on Wular Lake. This was an application against the compensation. Pakistan When he objected, the work was stopped. Biglihar Dam had also become a big issue. Yes, Biglihar Dam was on Chenab. taunt on this It increased so much that Pakistan went to the International Bank Went. In 2007 Almi Salis wrote a book on Pakistan's

40:22 Some objections were accepted and the height of the dam was reduced What did you say? Similarly there is Kishanganga project On the mother river Neelam of river Jhelum. on that too Pakistan has objections. The relationship is not good even on the recommendation level Must have been there. No, it remained just embroidery. Jina House in Mumbai Was. India promised that Pakistan The consul will give you food to eat, but later He refused. Good Yes. Rather the Pakistani consular staff He was arrested in Mumbai on which his office Had to close it. then in karachi The Indian Consulkhana was also closed. Due to the recent activities. A strict code of conduct for advocates Of conduct was also made but its implementation was less Happened. Has the situation ever come close to war? Have you arrived? Yes, this happened many times. During 1983 to 1985

41:10 There were intelligence reports that India was on the border Can attack. Oh! America intervened and Pakistan If a strict counter warning is given then this danger Averted. Then in 1986-87, India's Brass Tax There were military bags. Yes, this is very famous. Yes, it is very close to the Pakistan border. It was on a large scale. become a big bohran Went. Pakistan also retaliated with a military post Took. In January 1987, the Kashidgi was absolutely It was at its peak. Then how did the matter cool down? Recommendatory efforts were made. of Prime Minister Aazam Junejo There was a conversation with Rajiv Gandhi. Secretary There were exchanges of power. On 4 February 1987 An order was made to withdraw the army. Vesper Is. After that crisis, again in 1991 there was some confidence

41:56 There were attempts of saaji which were used by the military like waterskins and Advance information about airplane flights Benefits of giving. Even in 1990, Kashmir There was a threat of war on Surat Hall. Which was promoted by the visit of US LG Robert Gates Helped to reduce it. Ultimately this Takhfeef-e-Aslaha i.e. dismantling What was your position on the Muwahids? Pakistan of 1993 which was a book on alchemical weapons The CWC is a convention of its own That means the ban on alchemical weapons was accepted. India has also Yes, India too acknowledged this and also said that He created alchemical weapons in Maji. it A two-sided 1992 agreement with Pakistan There was a protest against the compensation. Good. and a ban on nuclear experiments

42:44 Compromised CTBT Pakistan supported the CTBT. But a condition was put that India should also sign. India initially supported it, but later made an excuse that till the atomic bomb was launched There is no time table for this and by signature He refused. So it means that he is not a good person It could happen. Yes. Became invisible on the world stage. This Another issue is the fissile material cut off Treaty means FMCT. these nuclear weapons Treatment to stop pus production for Is. There is a danger of consequences like CTBT on this too No significant progress could be made because of Is. Today we have read Abdul Sattar's book Pakistan Review of two important rumours of Kharja policy Took it. One is the food of Afghanistan

43:31 The subsequent situation and the emergence of the Taliban and Second, this is what is happening between Pakistan and India Government Siachan is going to end the tensions Water issues and then that dangerous crisis like kahota and brastics really it It is important to understand how these issues are connected and what are their effects on the entire area. So Chapter 17, Nuclear Tests. May In 1998, India conducted several nuclear tests. Yes. Pakistan which means for more than 10 years He was adamant on not getting tested. Now this new Was in Surat condition. Absolutely. The public pressure was too strong to test Of. But the decision is not easy for the government Was. No, it was not easy at all. The decision is very

44:18 It was difficult. On one hand, if we look at the country's It was a question of security. do not test it One could understand the weakness. Correct. On the other hand, there is the threat of economic sanctions. It was very big. Mulk already means 1990 38 billion due to policies worth ten thousand was under dollar debt. O! $5 billion annually in debt servicing Had to give it. While foreign exchange earnings It was just $ billion dollars. Hmm. We So if Pakistan had conducted the test then America would have Which had already stopped providing aid since 1990. Japan is the other donor that IFI i.e. World Bank, IMF imposed all these restrictions Could have been. The threat of default was very real. But on the other hand, security The argument was also very strong. especially

45:06 But given the past experience, there was this fear that India might benefit from power imbalance Don't pick it up. Yes absolutely. and from across the border Threats and statements were also coming. well like As Indian Home Minister L.K. Advani said Said that Indian Test is strategic The balance has changed and Pakistan has made its anti- India should stop this policy. oh Madan Lal Khurana even threatened to start the fourth war Gave. Even the US State Department It is also believed that India is increasing the tension. We And another important thing was that experience of 1974. Then India tested and then the West In a way I accepted it. Yes. But sanctions were imposed on Pakistan. So in May 98 too there was this fear that if immediately

45:51 If you don't answer then maybe test it later and it may become more difficult or impossible. And there was pressure from the West as well. They Stroop Talbot's visit is also mentioned. Yes. US Deputy Security Strobe Talbot came to Islamabad. But the news that was According to him there were more sticks and carrots It was less. That means more threats and less greed. the sort of. President Clinton also Called Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Asked to understand security concerns, Review of restrictions and financial help He also promised to start again. But No concrete security guarantee given. So, it becomes clear that Pakistan You will have to defend yourself. Absolutely. This was the result and then the country Inside there are political groups, leaders, security

46:38 Analysts and media have unanimously But demands started that Indian Test should be answered. Show it to India that Pakistan also has nuclear capability is present. Even the chief editor of a newspaper The prime minister was also warned that choice between their nuclear tests and their It is in the midst of government. Yes, the pressure was so intense. and then 28 May 1998 was discovered by scientists from PAEC and KRL Test in the mountains of Chagi in Balochistan did. Finally Further tests were conducted in May. this is some one day There was no work of . This is the hard work of three decades It was the result of. And it is also important that according to the source Pakistan's aim was only security. No pursuit of status or prestige. Yes

47:25 This is what the source says about Pakistan's Wahid The purpose was to ensure one's security. No Status of Prestige Nuclear Club Membership or Security Council seat There was no desire. We Even NPT i.e. non-proliferation treaty about what it is said that There is Imtiaz in him, I am not angry with him either Was. Pakistan had even supported it in 1969 I had voted. Good Yes. And if there were security guarantees Maybe he would even sign it. Similarly in 1996 CTBT means Comprehensive Test Band had also voted for the treaty and India He himself was ready to sign. And India's policy is in comparison to that Different types have been mentioned. According to the source, India's policy is often It was absurd and misleading. of the NPT

48:14 Opposition and demand for nuclear disarmament Apparently a veil to hide one's ambitions Was. Good His motivation is that neighbors become a great power But he wanted to establish his dominance. BJP The government conducted the test to launch two of its nuclear reactors. Justified in the eyes of neighbours. Pakistan and China. Yes. Prime Minister Vajpayee had inaugurated approximately 177 Write letters to the countries. Covert to Pakistan Called it a nuclear weapon state and in Kashmir Accused of terrorism. on china too The accusation was made. Although later Beijing Assured that he was not a threat. Yes. So how was the cancellation of the action of Banul Aqwami? Especially after the Pakistan test and What did the Security Council say? See, the reaction to the Indian test was intense.

49:01 America expressed its displeasure. Restrictions were imposed. Then American policy Focus should be on stopping Pakistan from playing Tests Went. Tolbert's visit was in this connection. G Talbert restrenched in Islamabad That means what Tahmmul said. some lure of reward Gave. But Foreign Minister Gauhar Ayub India is a habitual aggressor and America is a fair Weather friend criticized both. We Well, after Pakistan's test the world Mostly India and Pakistan are considered to be the same Put it in category. except china which noted that India had taken the initiative and Security Council Security Council approves Agreement 1172 that on 6 June 1998 it Appreciated the tests. Majeed Test

49:48 Weaponization to deter ballistic missiles Said. Signing of CTBT and FMCT i.e. Negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty He also asked me to start. and an important point The important thing was that the agreement included Kashmir all the root causes i.e. basic reasons Also emphasized on dialogue to resolve the issue. What were the economic impacts? How long will the restrictions last? doing? The P5 and G8 asked the World Bank and the IMF that those loans are for basic human needs Other than that, postpone it. in this difficult time In 2015, Saudi Arabia sold oil on deferred payment helped by giving money which later turned into a grant Done. Good. Restrictions eased after almost a year It's done. IMF also gave credit to Pakistan Gave.

50:33 The restraints that Resolution 1172 introduced Was the agenda given implemented? Pakistan released Majeed immediately after the Chagi Test Announcement of moratorium on tests i.e. ban I did it. Participation in FMCT talks Decided to take it. Weaponisation and missiles Reciprocity means to stop development If India stops, Pakistan will also stop. This condition was placed. And what became of the CTBT? Both the Prime Ministers signed CTBT in UN had expressed the intention to do it in September Till 1999. But there were conditions along with it. Pakistan attributed this to the lifting of US sanctions couple. India's Nuclear Disarmament I do so in a hurry. So this plan did not move forward could. Then Lahore Declaration was also made in February 1999 In. Yes. In this both accepted that nuclear

51:18 Responsibility to avoid conflict with dimensions has increased and accidental or unauthorised to reduce the risk of use and to Even on advance notification of the test It coincided. All issues including Kashmir There is also a promise to speed up efforts to resolve the issue Did. So there was some hope after the test But did it last? Kargil Crisis What was the impact of this? Yes. That hope is coming very soon in May 1999 It ended with the Kargil crisis. He The effectiveness of deterrence was questioned Because the Indian Army chief said that The possibility of conventional war has not ended. That is, despite having nuclear weapons Yes. This is in line with Crisis Resolution 1172 and Lahore Declaration of root causes to be resolved This happened despite acknowledging its importance.

52:04 This crisis has also brought this basic debate to the fore would have brought that nuclear weapons bring peace or increases the risk. There are definitely two types of thoughts. say something that this increases the risk of miscalculation Is. Especially from the side of smaller forces. and another thought The second idea is the deterrence theory that Nuclear weapons make war so expensive Let someone dare to start it does not. So, in maintaining this peace They are helpful. Some empirical evidence also supports this Points in the direction. It is also called Weapon of Defensive Last Resort They say. Yes means the last weapon of the time. Britain, France, Israel and even Ukraine This has been the argument. Then comes the question of nuclear sufficiency

52:49 Of. Meaning how many weapons are enough? What Is it necessary to be equal to the enemy? Experts say no, it is not necessary. The arsenal should be just enough that if the enemy first Even if he attacks, then bear this attack and survive weapons that can cause so much damage Which is unbearable for the enemy. Survivability is important, not numbers. Good. The Soviet Union did much less than the United States Deterrence was achieved with warheads. Medium powers like the UK, France, China, Israel's arsenal is also comparatively less. One According to scholars, there were five or six wars There could be plenty of heads as well. and price The price should also be manageable for medium status It can. Especially if it is because of

53:36 Less expenditure on conventional army Lets do it. There was a call from General Sundar ji if If less is enough then more is unnecessary. So what is Pakistan's doctrine regarding this? about? Pakistan's Doctrine Minimum It is called credible deterrence. That is, at least At least there is enough arsenal for deterrence You are credible and worthy of trust. This is any It is not a static thing, it is dependent on the enemy's capability. It keeps adjusting along. The motive is not arms race? No, the purpose is only deterrence and for this Command and control is very important. that's why In February 2000, Pakistan established the National Command Authority NCA was formed. which is the source of nuclear weapons Responsible for control and use. Yes absolutely. But during this time he was AU Khan The network issue also came up.

54:21 yes what was the use of this? Nuclear materials and technology in it There were allegations of secret trade. Source Tells that Pakistan has started investigation I tried it. Doctor Khan goes Accepted responsibility. The chief pardoned him Gave. The inquiry concluded that The government was not in power. But Banul The national sentiments nevertheless persisted. at last What is the role of ballistic missiles in all this? In Surte Hall? Ballistic missiles further complicate the matter Made it. These are force multipliers. This means these deterrents are more credible Let's make it. But But this first strike capability is also Let us increase it. Due to which the same survivability again The issue comes up. India's Earth and Agni Missile Program for Pakistan was deemed a major threat. So Pakistan responded. Yes, in reply Pakistan sent Gauri, Shaheen and

55:06 Later cruise missiles were developed. We This detail is from Abdul Sattar saheb's book Pakistan Foreign Policy 1947 to 2009 Discussed on the basis of those chapters Are. Pakistan will continue to be a strong force for many years to come Kharja policy and Banul Aqwami relations But it remained very deep. so today we are talking about Chapter 19 is after September 9 Policy September 11, 2001 was indeed a turning point Was. The world changed. Yes of course. And in America, there is intensity There was anger and there was a demand for revenge. You can say one thing for Pakistan right away It was the time of test. yes because geography and then taliban All these things were related to the government. Absolutely. Pakistan also immediately praised it

55:52 And said that we will fight against terrorism In the war against. but yes in Islamabad There was a sense of crisis about what was next will be. Then on September 12, the President Musharraf held a high level meeting. to everyone It was expected that America would do something In Afghanistan. Yes the question was that if America had helped What will Pakistan say if asked? what to do Needed? What was the analysis of that meeting? See, the analysis was that America's It is not possible to oppose. be at a loss Could have been much more. Loss? What kind of loss? understood it to mean It was believed that the big powers would support America And no proof will be sought from the Taliban Against. There could have been pressure on Pakistan as well that maybe it will be declared a terrorist state or else

56:40 India should get some advantage. Good. So what was the decision then? Strategy what did you make? A strategy was made to do what the world is doing Let's become a part of it. In Afghanistan American attacks should not be opposed and If America asks for help, it will be positive A response should be given. yes, details later Will be seen. This was called the yes but approach. Yes, yes but approach. I said yes. But But conditions will apply. and this The decision was taken interestingly on the evening of 12th September It happened on 23rd. US Specific Before the demands arrive. Good. So the demands came later, that Richard Armitage's one. There were seven points. Seven points On 13 September Armitage reported to the Pakistani The ambassador and the ISI chief present there at that time

57:26 He called him and placed seven demands. What were those demands in detail? In short, the aim was to stop al-Qaeda, Provide air space, provide landing rights, Share intelligence, give back, Terrorism charges continue for operations Keep it. Stop fuel supplies to Taliban and If al-Qaeda turns out to be the leader then it will be against the Taliban Break the relationship. So what did Pakistan say? accepted it all Immediately. General response as decided earlier It was positive. But to say that everything is instant I agree that maybe he is not right. some things But the discussion happened. As Like Pakistan gave three air bases For logistical support. But it was that there are no combat missions from here Will fly and Pakistan will engage in direct combat

58:13 will not participate in. There was consultation within us and the country as well It will be. Yes President Musharraf has addressed the political leaders, Talking to intellectuals, media, Ulema, everyone of. According to reports, apart from the Ulema Nearly everyone said that this is in the interest of the nation is better. And this decision got international support as well But. Yes, I got a lot of support. around the world Leaders visited Pakistan and There was a lot of benefit on the economic front. Well, what was the benefit? The ban was lifted. The US, the EU, and Japan have all Aid restored, loans waived, rescheduled happened. The US spent $3 billion in 2003 Package given for 5 years. F-16 deal It also happened. and relations with China. He too remained strong. Economic Corporation

59:00 Increased. So this was the reveal of chapter 19. This way. Correct. Now let us come to Chapter 20. Pakistan America Strategic Partnership. So 91 Later the negotiations started but the partnership Obviously there would be ups and downs. Yes absolutely. The most practical issue is It was from the Pak-Afghan border. so long It is difficult to seal the border. Yes, that was not easy. Pakistan did not have that much capacity, nor America deployed so many troops in Afghanistan that he could have stopped it. So the result was that Al Qaeda and Taliban people cross the border And then they came to the tribal areas. But Pakistan has sent its army It was installed on the border, right? Yes, I definitely did. thousands of terrorized

59:46 They were caught and also killed. The US has this But he also praised Pakistan. but then Too But this criticism started within the country that this is America's war. Yes, this narrative was very strong and On the other hand, America's presence in Afghanistan Strategy means less army and local war Inhisar on Lords, this also hurt the Taliban Got a chance to regroup. And then some American actions also created the atmosphere must have done something bad like that Crusade Loves, attack on Iraq, Guantanamobe. Absolutely. All these things have affected the Muslim world created a lot of resentment in the Extremists took over. So the main reason behind this partnership is tension. What were the points?

1:00:31 One is America's constant dor Mutaliba Yes, do it more and more. Yes. Second drone attack. Pakistan to I considered it to be against my sobriety and I also used to call it counter productive because There were civil casualties and anti-American The sentiment was increasing. And thirdly Third is US India Civil Nuclear Deal: Pakistan said this is favouritism Is. This will spoil the strategic balance There was already that old mistrust of the region The 1965-71-90 sanctions that the U.S. Not a reliable partner. But America has tried to improve the relationship I even tried it. Yes, efforts were made. gave ad packages Went. It was given the status of a Major Non-NATO LI

1:01:18 Went. In 2006, a proper strategic A partnership agreement was signed. Then came OB Administration. Yes, efforts were made even after his arrival. A Pak A strategy was introduced whose aim was to defeat Al Qaeda Defeat and defeat of Pakistan To build capacity. then kerry lugar bill came for long term economic aid so that Relations are not limited to just security are. And during this period Pakistan itself has also Many were becoming victims of terrorism. Perhaps This also changed public opinion against the Taliban. Yes, this is a very important point. Pakistan has Made many sacrifices. Public opinion has indeed changed and Friends of Democratic Pakistan Like forums also helped a bit. There have been complexes. Strategic Requirements

1:02:03 are also there. But Shuku also has good wishes and Circumstances keep changing. Absolutely. And after reading these chapters it became clear It turns out that this is a constant dilemma. National Interest, Regional Dynamics, Global Everyone has a role in politics. And all this leaves us with a question. Yes, that is the question whether any long The term strategic partnership is old, Can Ghalib overcome deep mistrust? especially When the internal conditions of both the countries and Regional interests always keep changing. So today we are talking about some important points Are. Especially whatever came to light in Jaray. Let's start with chapter 21, which It's on terrorism. Yes, terrorism. So sources say that

1:02:50 Pakistan has always maintained its position on the international stage It is Mujammet's. I have condemned it. and has also supported the Banul Aqwami Tabun

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