0:00 Hi Love [Music] hello hello friends welcome back to the GYA Academy youtube channel Hopefully friends are always healthy and keep up the spirit yes during the rainy season we usually like to enjoy warm and soupy foods such as chicken noodle soup or meatballs in a bowl of meatballs there are meatballs, noodles, vegetables and soup which when combined will give a
0:46 delicious taste well did you know friends the bowl of meatballs is similar to one of the units in our body, namely cells in a bowl of meatballs there is a bowl that resembles a cell membrane meatball soup is likened to cell fluid or cytoplasm then the elements that make up meatballs are the same as the organelles in the cell all the components in a bowl of meatballs have different functions and complement each other so that the delicious taste of meatballs is created likewise with cells even though they are small cells have organelles that have various structures and functions and work together what are the
1:36 cell organelles and their functions we will learn in this video cell structure and organelles Hi based on the state of the core cells are divided into two namely prokaryotic cells that do not have a nuclear membrane for example bacterial cells and eukaryotes that have a nuclear membrane, for example, are fungal cells, animal cells and plant cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane and do not have an endomembrane system, prokaryotic cells generally consist of cytoplasm, ribosomes, mesosomes, select capsules, cell walls,
2:21 plasma membranes, flagella, and nucleoids in the form of RNA and circular DNA. The parts of the prokaryotic cell have their respective functions. The cell wall functions as a protector and gives shape to the cell body, the plasma membrane protects the cell, regulates the entry and exit of ions and molecules, and regulates respiration. The cytoplasm is useful in the process of digesting food intracellularly and carrying out cell metabolism. The mesosome functions as an energy producer, ribosomes are where protein synthesis takes place. DNA carries genetic information that will be inherited for offspring and Erna
3:08 to make genetic codes according to DNA in the form of amino acids. In contrast to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are cells that have a nuclear membrane and an endomembrane system. Eukaryotic cells have cell organelles consisting of a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex, nucleus and nucleolus. [Music] Now Bali we will discuss the parts of the cell. starting from the plasma membrane yes Hi plasma membrane has selective permeable properties That is, it can select molecules that enter the
3:53 cell plasma membrane is composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane there is a phospholipid bilayer phospholipids consist of a phosphate layer on the head and lipids on the tail in a double shape and are fluid or can change shape and position phospholipid bilayer consists of two areas namely hydrophilic which is the head part that likes water and hydrophobic the tail part that does not like water in addition to the phospholipid layer in the plasma membrane there is also a protein layer consisting of integral proteins which are proteins found in both phospholipid layers and function as a funnel for the entry of
4:39 molecules from outside the cell peripheral proteins are proteins that are only found in one layer Cut only in addition to that in the plasma membrane there are also protein channels glycogen and cholesterol cholesterol in animals and phytosterol in plants is a type of fat in the cell membrane that reduces the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer glycogen is a carbohydrate group found on the surface of the plasma membrane that functions as a storage place for food reserves glycogen consists of glycoproteins attached to membrane proteins and glycolipids attached to phospholipids plasma membrane this
5:25 functions as a cell protector regulator of the entry and exit of molecules and the place where respiration and oxidation reactions take place the next part of the cell is the cytoplasm cytoplasm has properties that are able to recognize and transmit stimuli cytoplasm functions as a cell chemical and a place where metabolic reactions occur the main components in the cytoplasm consist of cytosol, which is a fluid in the cytoplasm genetic substance cytoskeleton or cell framework and cell organelles next we will discuss the cell organelles attached to the
6:11 cytoplasm the first organelle is the nucleus or cell nucleus the nucleus consists of a nuclear membrane nucleoplasm nucleolus and chromatin nuclear membrane is the outermost layer of the cell nucleus found in eukaryotic organisms nuclear membrane has small pores that function as a place for substances to enter and exit and protect chromosomes from mixing with large molecules from the cytoplasm nucleoplasm is a fluid found in the cell nucleus nucleolus is a child of the cell nucleus that functions as a place for RNA synthesis chromatin is a part of the cell nucleus that houses chromosomes the nucleus
6:57 functions to regulate cell division control all cell activities carry genetic information DNA replication and protein synthesis the next organelle endoplasmic reticulum re is a connection between the nuclear membrane ribosomes and the Golgi body in the form of a flat sac which fills part of the cytoplasm of the endoplasmic reticulum there are two types namely smooth ER and rough RF smooth endoplasmic reticulum is ER that does not have ribosomes located far from the nuclear membrane the function of smooth ER is as a place of fat synthesis for carbohydrate metabolism hormones calcium storage and detoxification of
7:43 poisons rough endoplasmic reticulum is wuih which has ribosomes located mostly close to the nuclear membrane its function is to synthesize proteins with ribosomes that will be used in the membrane or outside the cell so in general the function of ER is to synthesize fat and cholesterol as a means of transport between molecules neutralize toxins and accommodate proteins synthesized by ribosomes found in rough RX then ribosomes ribosomes are a combined unit of protein with Erna ribosomes are spread freely in the cytoplasm and some are attached to the surface reyrzq13 bosoms function to
8:30 synthesize proteins that are useful for cell metabolic activities Golgi complex or golgi body Golgi complex is a collection of small bubble spaces and small pockets that are stacked Golgi com functions to run the secretion system to form a plasma membrane as a place for polysaccharide synthesis and form an acrosome [Music] Hi maybe organelles The last is the mitochondria consisting of an outer membrane, an inner membrane that functions to carry out the respiratory chain that produces ATP, cristae are useful for expanding the membrane surface to absorb oxygen, the matrix functions
9:16 as a place for fatty acid oxidation, mitochondria or the powerhouse of cells are energy producers and where cellular respiration takes place, Well friends, those are the organelles in eukaryotic cells, all the organelles that we discussed earlier are found in plant cells and animal cells, but both have differences, what are the differences? Let's discuss further in animal cells there are special organelles in the form of lysosomes, centrioles, and small vacuoles, while in plant cells there are special organelles in the form of chloroplasts, cell walls, and large vacuoles, and
10:07 this is the complete structure of plant cells consisting of cell walls, plasmodesmata, protoplasmic lamella, peroxisomes, golgi bodies, vacuoles, middle cytoskeleton, mitochondria, plastids, chloroplasts, rough and smooth RX, nuclear membrane, chromatin, and nucleoli. Now we discuss special organelles in plant cells, first, the cell wall, the cell wall has a structure consisting of a primary wall, secondary wall, middle lamella, and plasmodesmata, the cell wall is composed of cellulose Hemicellulose and pectin cellulose
10:52 are rigid and give cell shape and maintain cell turgidity. The function of the cell wall includes supporting the cell, protecting the plasma membrane, maintaining cell balance from pressure and giving shape to the cell. The next special organelle is the vacuole, which is a cytoplasmic organelle containing fluid that is limited by the tonoplast membrane. In old plant cells, the vacuole appears large and contains food reserves and pigments. The vacuole is divided into three types, namely the middle vacuole or tonoplast. The vacuole that dominates plant cells functions as a place to store food. The
11:39 food vacuole functions as a place for digestion, storage, and distribution of food. The contractile vacuole pulsating vacuole functions as an osmoregulator, namely regulating the osmotic value in the cell as a whole. The vacuole functions as a place to store food substances, store pigments, store essential oils, enter water through the tonoplast and as a place to store metabolic waste. The last special organ of plant cells is plastids. Plastids have a structure consisting of an outer membrane, an inner membrane, grana, and thylakoids. Plastics are
12:24 double-membrane organelles that originate from the development of proplastids in the meristematic region based on the pigments they contain plastids are divided into chloroplasts containing chlorophyll which is useful as a place for photosynthesis chromoplasts containing non-photosynthetic pigments consisting of red, orange and yellow leukoplasts colorless pigments which are useful as a place for storing food next the complete structure of animal cells consists of Hi plasma membrane centrosome peroxisome cytoskeleton protoplasm golgi body ribosomes lysosomes mitochondria chromatin nucleolus nuclear membrane RX rough er fine
13:13 and small vacuoles next we will discuss special organelles in animal cells the first special organelle is lysosome lysosome is a membrane sac containing digestive enzymes in the form of protease lipase nuclease and phosphatase lysosome has a function to carry out intracellular digestion destroying unwanted cell structures or out tofak releasing enzymes out of the cell or exocytosis destroying the cell itself or out tol Isis and the second special organ is centriole centriole has a star-shaped structure that functions in
14:00 cell division both mitosis and Meiosis in animal cells there is also a centrosome which consists of two centrioles which also play a role in cell division well, friends, until here, friends can understand, so that friends understand more Let's solve the following example questions Hi, the first question contains several characteristics of cell organelles and we are asked to determine the organelles that match these characteristics for questions like this we can immediately answer them if we already know the characteristics of the organelles in question, if not, we need to match one by one the answer options with their characteristics according to the material
14:45 we have studied option a nucleus is round in shape and its main function is to control all cell activities option B lysosomes are like membrane sacs that are useful for digestion in animal cells C golgi bodies are flat sacs that are stacked for the excretion process D mitochondria are small sacs as energy producers and option e-red endoplasmic reticulum is shaped like a net that is useful for fat and cholesterol synthesis and can neutralize toxins so the correct answer is Hi e.sol second is given a picture of a prokaryotic cell and we are asked to determine the part that has the same function
15:32 as mitochondria we know Mitochondria are energy producers in eukaryotic cells and organelles that have the same function as energy producers are mesosomes which are indicated by the number 5 while the number 1 shows ribosomes two plasma membranes three cytoplasm and number 4 is choose the correct answer is e the next question there are several cell organelles we are asked to determine the organelles that are only found in animal cells to answer it we remember again the organelles that distinguish plant cells and animal cells are plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis cell walls as
16:17 protectors and large vacuoles while animal cells have send 10 and centrosomes for cell division and lysosomes for digestion so the correct answer is B centrioles and lysosomes the fourth question is given a picture of an animal cell and we are asked to determine the name and function of the organelle indicated by the letter x Well friends we remember again the organelle in the form of a membrane sac in the picture is a lysosome whose main function is to carry out intracellular digestion because in the membrane sac there are digestive enzymes so the correct answer is [Music] Hi the last question is given a picture of a
17:05 plant cell we are asked to determine the organelle that functions as a storage of food reserves and accumulation of metabolic waste Let's remember again the organelles that make up plant cells and their functions as described in the following table and the organelle that has the function as a food reserve and accumulation of metabolic waste is vacuole indicated by the letter g so the correct answer is e Okay friends, now we can differentiate organelles in animal cells and plant cells along with their respective functions, can you understand that? That's
17:55 our discussion about cell structure and organelles, don't forget to keep watching the latest videos on our channel, see you in the next video [Music] Hi Ho
