0:14 So next topic under food spoilage and preservation is food adulteration and the tests to detect adulteration. So the objectives of this topic are as follows. To define food adulteration to recognize common adulterance in daily food items to demonstrate household tests using resources like dart which is detect adulteration with rapid test booklet to test milk oils and sugar. Food is essential for sustenance of life. We all eat food and gain energy for different metabolic activities. All living organisms need food for growth, work,
1:01 repair as well as maintaining maintaining life processes. There are different types of food which are available today in the market and on a daily basis. We all depend on various food sources which include vegetables, fruits cereals pulses legumes. As we buy fresh veggies and other groceries, we might have come across small pebbles in cereals and grains, darkly stained vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, fruits, etc. and dark red meat and a lot more. So, adulteration or contamination of natural food products is one of the major challenges in
1:47 today's society. Despite various actions and penalties, the practice of adding adulterance is quite common in developing countries. So there are various methods used for adulterating natural products. So what is a food adration? It can be defined as the practice of adulterating food or the contamination of food materials by adding substances which are collectively called as adulterance. So adulterins are substances of poor quality products which are added to food items for economic and technical benefits.
2:32 So the addition of adult trends will reduce the nutritional value of food and can contaminate it which will render it unfit for consumption. These adulterins can be available in all food products we consume on a daily basis. So this includes dairy products, cereals pulses grains meat vegetable, fruits, oils, beverages etc. So what are the reasons for adulteration? First one is business strategy in order to have a economic flourishment. Then it becomes an imitation of some
3:17 other food substance. Lack of knowledge of proper food consumption. It increases the quantity of food production and sales. Increased food demand for a rapidly growing population. Adultration is an illegal practice of adding raw and other cheaper ingredients to excellent quality products in order to increase the quantity. Having this adulterated food is highly toxic and can lead to several health issues. This includes certain nutritional deficiencies, uh disorders like liver failure, kidney failure, etc. and individual organ systems can have an impact. So the major organs affected would be heart, kidney
4:04 and liver. So there are three types of adult trends. So the first one is intentional adult trend which will help in increasing the profit. So it becomes an adult trend that is used for business tactics. So the example include weight and bulk increaser. So sand marble will be uh present in the food products in order to increase the weight of the product and appearance enhancer. So color will be added to the food product like metanal yellow which is present in turmeric. So this will enhance the appearance of the product. The next type of adulteration is incidental which is actually an
4:51 accidental type of adulteration because of poor sanitation practices and uh hygiene uh insecured places. Uh so the adult trends include pesticides, pests and microbes and metallic include lead and arsenic. So normally lead is present in products like turmeric etc. So this is either intentional or incidental. When it is present because of poor sanitation practices metallic adulter becomes a incidental adulteration and uh in case of business strategy it becomes an intentional adulteration. So there are various methods of food adulteration. So the
5:38 first is adding certain chemical so that fruits can be ripened faster. Mixing of decomposed fruits and vegetables with good ones. Adding certain natural and chemical dyes in order to attract consumers. So this is nothing but appearance enhancers. So mixing of clay, pebbles, stones, sand and marble chips in order to increase the weight of the food product. Then cheaper and inferior substances are added wholly or partially to the good ones in order to increase the weight or nature of the product. So what are the types of food adulterance? So coming to the food products the type of adulterant present in it and what are
6:23 the harmful effects that it can lead to. Milk and curd are commonly adulterated foods wherein water or starch powder is added to it. So this can cause stomach disorders. The next one is ghee, cheese, butter. So mashed potatoes, vanuspati or starch powder can be added to the product which can cause gastrointestinal disturbances or some stomach disorders. Coming to grains, dust, pebbles, stone, strawed and seeds, damaged grain etc. can be included into the product which can cause liver disorder, toxicity etc. Pulses will have dice chemical or net
7:11 chromate present in it which can cause stomach disorders. Coffee powder addition of chikory or tamarind seed powder is seen. So this can lead to diarrhea. Tea has some artificial coloring agents which will lead to liver disorder. Sugar will be adulterated or can be adulterated with chalk powder, washing soda or ura. So this can cause stomach disorder or kidney failure. Pepper will have the presence of dried papaya seeds or blackberries. So this will have severe allergic reactions like stomach or skin irritations.
7:58 In mustard seeds, argamon seeds can be present which can cause abdominal contractions uh and uh increased excretion. Edible oil will have the presence of castor oil or artificial colors or some mineral oil being added to it. So this can cause gallbladder cancer, allergies, paralysis, cardiac arrest or increased LDL cholesterol. Coming to the uh turmeric, so pesticides residue, sawdust and chalk powder can be added to it. So this can cause cancer and stomach disorders. So chili and coriander powder normally
8:45 for the color to be enhanced or the appearance to be enhanced red brick powder uh rodamine B dye etc will be added to them. So because of which there can be the presence of metal toxicity cancer lead poisoning tumor etc. Cinnamon stick will have the presence of calcia bark which can lead to liver damage, low blood sugar, mouth sores and increased risk of cancer. Cumin seeds can have the presence of grass seeds which are colored sawdust and charcoal dust. So this can lead to stomach disorders. Jam, juice and candies can have the per non-permissible
9:33 dyes being present in them. So this can lead to uh various disorders like cancer uh and it can also lead to carcinogenic effects in the body. Jaggery will have the presence of washing soda soda or chalk powder in it. So vomiting and stomach disorders are the common health effects. Honey will have the presence of molasses, dextrose or sugar or corn syrups. So this can also lead to stomach disorders. Fruits, vegetables will have the presence of chemical dyes, malachite green, uh calcium carbide etc. being present in them. So this can once
10:20 again lead to stomach disorders, vomiting and dice can also be highly carcinogenic. Tomato sauces will have pumpkin pulp or non-edible artificial colors and flavors. So this can lead to gastritis or inflammation of vital organs. Ice cream will have the adulteration being present with the help of pepper oil ethylacetate uh etc. So this will actually cause dreadful diseases and can affect the organs such as lungs, kidneys, heart etc. So what are the safety measures that can be adapted? So we are supposed to avoid dark colored junk and other processed foods. Make sure to clean and
11:06 store all the grains, pulses and other food products. Fruits and vegetables are supposed to be thoroughly washed in running water before they are used for consumption. We are also supposed to ensure if the seal is valid or not before buying food products like milk, oil and other pouches. Always make sure to check and buy products which have an FSSAI validated label along with the license number, list of ingredients and manufactured date and expiration. So coming to the Dart test. So that which is detecting adulteration through rapid testing is a book that is manually published by FSSAI
11:55 which is food safety standards authority of India. It provides simple quick tests to detect common food adulterance that can be present at household commodities. So this guide actually covers over 50 easy tests for various food categories such as milk, diary, oils, sugars, food grains and spices. So these tests will typically use everyday items like water, tincture of iodin or some visual examination. So in the next slides, upcoming slides, we'll be seeing what are all the household level tests that can common
12:43 household products that are used and what are the adult trends that can be present in these food products. This can be done at household level. First one is milk. Addition of water to milk is the first test. A drop of milk has to be dropped on a polished slanting surface. While pure milk will stay and will flow slowly. It will leave a white trail. Whereas milk that is mixed with water will flow immediately without leaving a mark. So pure milk will have the white trail
13:29 being present whereas adulterated milk can be very quick in progress and it cannot leave a mark. Coming to the next test which is honey. A few drops of honey is added to a glass of water. Pure honey will settle at the bottom while adulterated honey that is honey adulterated with sugar or any syrup can disperse in water. So adulterated and pure honey is seen in the picture or depicted in the picture. The next test is the detection of adulter present in red chili powder. Sprinkle some chili powder on the
14:16 surface of the water in a glass or beaker. Pure powder will stay on the surface for a bit and will settle without leaving streaks. Whereas adulterated powder will leave some colored streak as it goes to settle down in the bottom of the glass or beaker. So the chili powder that is pure will have the substance being settled down at the bottom whereas the adulterated product will stay at the top surface itself. Green vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, capsicum etc. So detection of adult trend present in
15:04 them. So normally malachite green dye is utilized. A cotton ball has to be soaked in water and rubbed on the surface of green vegetables like chilies, peas, broccoli etc. If the cotton turns green, it indicates the presence of the artificial dye. So it is uh depicted in the picture. uh the first one shows the pure chili and the second one has the presence of green in the cotton ball. Coming to the grain, the most staple uh grain that uh we use is rice. So
15:50 soaked lime or tuna test is done. So some amount of uh so lime is soaked on rice grains. uh so this is nothing but the calcium carbonate. So if the grain turns red it is adulterated. So pure rice when soaked with calcium carbonate or lime does not get uh the color but the adulterated rice will have the presence of red color in it. Coming to apple. Uh so wax coating is one of the major concerns of consuming apple today. So how to detect it?
16:37 We are supposed to scratch the surface of apple with the knife. If a white powdery substance comes off, it indicates a wax coating. The same thing is depicted in the picture that is shown there. Black pepper. So most common adult you uh utilized in the black pepper is papaya seeds. So some amount of black pepper is supposed to be added to the glass of water. Pure black pepper will settle at the bottom. Whereas adulterated black pepper will have the papaya seeds floating on the surface of the water. Top surface of the water. It is depicted in the picture as shown. So the next
17:23 test is detection of iodin present in salt. So a fresh potato has to be cut into two pieces. Salt sample has to be applied to the cut surface of one piece and for a minute we are supposed to wait. Two drops of lemon juice is supposed to be added to the salted surface. Iodized salt will have a blue color presence on the potato surface whereas unadulterated salt will not have any color. Coming to the next test which is the presence of adulter in sugar. So chalk powder or whitest stone powder can be added to increase the weight or mimic the appearance of refined sugar. We are
18:10 supposed to dissolve about 10 g nothing but approximately 2 tespoons of sugars in a sample transparent glass of water. Either beaker or glass can be utilized. So pure sugar will dissolve completely by leaving the water to be clear. Whereas chalk powder will have a insoluble impurities present and will settle at the bottom of the beaker or glass.
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