Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) | Part-1 | Types | Causes | Pathophysiology | Complications

Brief Summary

This video provides a detailed overview of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), focusing on its definition, types (gastric, duodenal, and oesophageal), causes (H. pylori and NSAIDs), and potential complications. It explains the importance of the mucosal lining in protecting the stomach from acid and pepsin, and how imbalances can lead to ulcer formation. The lecture also covers the clinical manifestations of gastric and duodenal ulcers, highlighting their differences.

  • Peptic ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or oesophagus.
  • The main causes are H. pylori infection and prolonged use of NSAIDs.
  • Complications include bleeding, perforation, obstruction, and increased risk of gastric cancer.

Introduction to Peptic Ulcer Disease

The lecture introduces peptic ulcer disease (PUD) as a digestive system disorder. Peptic refers to digestion, and an ulcer is a sore or wound. PUD is a broad term encompassing ulcers in different locations, primarily the stomach (gastric ulcers) and the duodenum (duodenal ulcers). While less common, ulcers can also occur in the oesophagus (oesophageal ulcers). Duodenal ulcers are the most prevalent type.

Types of Peptic Ulcers: Gastric, Duodenal, and Oesophageal

Peptic ulcers are classified based on their location. Gastric ulcers occur in the stomach, duodenal ulcers in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), and oesophageal ulcers in the oesophagus. Gastric ulcers are wounds in the stomach lining, while duodenal ulcers are wounds in the duodenum lining. Oesophageal ulcers are less common than gastric and duodenal ulcers.

The Mucosal Lining and its Importance

The stomach and intestines have layers, including the mucosa, which is the innermost lining. Ulcers occur when there is a break in this mucosal layer. The stomach contains hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin, essential for digestion. The mucosal lining protects the stomach from these substances. In PUD, an imbalance occurs where gastric acid and pepsin either increase in amount or the mucosa weakens, leading to the digestion of the mucosal layer itself.

Factors Affecting Mucosal Injury and Protection

The normal balance between factors that promote mucosal injury (gastric acid, pepsin, ingested substances) and those that protect the mucosa (intact epithelium, mucus, bicarbonate ion secretion) is crucial. Bicarbonate ions, secreted by the mucosa, neutralise acid, preventing damage. Peptic ulcers arise when this balance is disrupted, either due to increased aggressive factors or decreased protective factors.

Stomach Wall Layers

The stomach wall consists of four layers: mucosa (innermost), submucosa, muscularis, and serosa (outermost). The mucosa, in contact with food, secretes digestive enzymes and HCl. Gastric glands within the mucosa contain specialised cells that secrete HCl, mucus, and pepsin. The surface of the stomach and openings of gastric pits have a single layer of columnar epithelial cells, also known as surface mucous cells or foveolar cells, which secrete a thick layer of mucus and bicarbonate ions for added protection.

Cells of Gastric Glands

Goblet cells secrete mucus, parietal cells secrete gastric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (for B12 absorption), and chief cells secrete pepsinogen (which converts to pepsin in the presence of HCl for protein digestion). D cells release somatostatin, which inhibits acid secretion.

Types of Peptic Ulcers: Acute vs. Chronic

Peptic ulcers are classified as acute or chronic. Acute ulcers are superficial, involving only the mucosa layer, and are relatively new. Chronic ulcers are deep, involving the mucosa and submucosa, and potentially the muscle layer. Chronic ulcers have sharp edges and can lead to complications such as perforation, where the ulcer penetrates the stomach wall, creating a hole.

Causes and Risk Factors: H. Pylori and NSAIDs

The main causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). H. pylori, a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium, is responsible for 90% of gastric ulcers and 75% of duodenal ulcers. It is transmitted through contaminated food and water or direct contact (faecal-oral or oral-oral routes). NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production, which reduces mucus and bicarbonate secretion, increasing the risk of ulcer formation.

Other Causes and Risk Factors

Other causes include Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, where tumours in the duodenum or small intestine secrete large amounts of gastrin, stimulating excessive stomach acid production. Hereditary factors, alcohol consumption, smoking, and certain drugs (like steroids) also contribute. Missing meals can lead to increased acid production in an empty stomach, damaging the lining. While stress doesn't directly cause ulcers, it can worsen existing conditions.

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease

The pathophysiology involves an imbalance between aggressive forces (gastric acid, pepsin, H. pylori) and weakened defence mechanisms (mucus production, bicarbonate secretion). H. pylori damages the mucosal lining and neutralises stomach acid, leading to increased acid production and further damage. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production, reducing mucus and bicarbonate secretion. Severe illness or stress can also impair blood flow to the mucosa, weakening its defence.

Clinical Manifestations: Gastric vs. Duodenal Ulcers

Common symptoms include dull or burning pain, abdominal bloating, heartburn, a feeling of fullness, nausea, and vomiting. In gastric ulcers, pain increases with food ingestion, while in duodenal ulcers, food ingestion relieves pain temporarily. Pain from gastric ulcers occurs shortly after eating, while pain from duodenal ulcers occurs 2-3 hours after meals or at night. Weight loss is common in gastric ulcers, while weight gain may occur in duodenal ulcers. Haematemesis (coffee-ground vomit) is more common in gastric ulcers, while melaena (black, tarry stools) is more common in duodenal ulcers. Perforation is less common in gastric ulcers but more common in duodenal ulcers. Gastric ulcers have a risk of malignancy, while duodenal ulcers do not.

Complications of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Complications include internal bleeding (leading to anaemia or haemorrhage), perforation (leading to peritonitis), obstruction (due to scarring and narrowing of the pyloric sphincter), and gastric cancer (increased risk with H. pylori infection). Stress ulcers can occur in patients under severe physical or physiological stress, leading to mucosal ulceration due to impaired blood supply and defence mechanisms.

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Transcript

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0:00 Hello friends, welcome to Roshneet Medical Education. In this lecture, we will discuss Peptic Ulcer Disease . Peptic Ulcer Disease is a digestive system disorder plus a very important topic. It is a very lengthy topic because I have explained it in detail. So, I have made it in detail. Part 1 and Part 2. In this lecture, we will discuss Part 1 of Peptic Ulcer Disease. So, let's start the video. So, Peptic Ulcer Disease P.U.D. यह इसका Part 1 है. Let's start the video. Peptic Ulcer क्या होता है? Peptic Ulcer Disease. So Peptic Ulcer basically Peptic Word का जो मतलब है वो क्या है? To Digest. So Peptic meaning To Digest. अभी हम इसको आगे discuss करेंगे कि इसको To Digest क्यों बोला है? अभी आपको

0:47 clear हो जाएगा. Ulcer का मिनिंग होता है Sore या फिर Wound. So sore and wound, if you speak in common language, it means a headache. So whenever our skin breaks and the tissue inside the skin gets exposed, it gets exposed, we say sore, wound or ulcer. As you have seen in bed-ridden patient who has been in a long time, what happens is that ulcer develops. They call pressure sore, bed sore or decubitus ulcer. What is that ulcer? They are externally. In our body also gets ulcer. The internal skin also breaks

1:32 internal tissue exposed. What is called ulcer? So, there is a very important topic in the digestive system. This is also very common. So, what is basically, Peptic Ulcer is a broad term. It doesn't show any disorder or it doesn't mean Peptic Ulcer in one place. Peptic Ulcer is a broad term, which is two types of types, depending upon the location. Now, Peptic Ulcer are two types of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. So, what is the gastric ulcer? In the diagram, it shows what is the stomach. So, this is the stomach. And after the stomach, which organ starts? This is

2:19 the pyloric sphincter. After the pyloric sphincter, what is the diodenum? It means small intestine starts. The diodenum is the first part of the small intestine. So, Peptic ulcer depending upon the location, कि Peptic ulcer किस location पर है, यह mainly two types के होते हैं, या फिर यह बोल सकते हैं, कि यह दो जगा पाए जाती हैं, एक है, Gastric ulcer, gastric means stomach, तो अगर stomach में ulcer हुआ है, So, यह stomach में ulcer है, It has become a wound in the stomach and the tissue exposed to it is called gastric ulcer. The other type is duodenal ulcer. Duodenal ulcer means if the ulcer is a duodenum, it is the first part of the small intestine. If it becomes a peptic ulcer, what do you call it? Duodenal

3:09 ulcer. So mainly these two types are depending upon the location. Gastric ulcer and Diordinal ulcer. A third can also be an ulcer. Where? Esophagus. So, this is just above the organ. Food pipe, esophagus. There is also an ulcer present here. Which is called esophageal ulcer. But this is not so common. Which is common? Gastric ulcer and diordinal ulcer. And in these two important points, the duodenal ulcer is more common. So, where do you get the peptic ulcer? The duodenum ulcer. Now, here we have told you that the gastric ulcer is an ulcer in the lining

3:56 mucosal wall of the stomach. So, in the stomach, layers present, our whole elementary tract, the whole gastrointestinal tract, what is present? layers present, muscle layer, or you can say wall present, what is present in it? mucosa, the most internal line of the inner, the inner coat of the whole elementary tract, what is mucosa layer? which you can say lining of the elementary tract, like the stomach, अगर आप हाफ में काड़ दें, तो जो सबसे अंदर की जो lining होगी, internal जो lumen होगी, वो कौन सी है? Mucosal layer. तो ulcer कहाँ पर हो जाता है? ये जो mucosal layer है, जो mucosal wall

4:43 है, अंदर की जो lining है stomach की, वहाँ पर break आ जाता है. जब वहाँ पर ulcer हो जाता है, तो उसको क्या बोलते है? ulcer. Means, suppose स्टमक की जो इंसाइड लाइनिंग है अगर इस मुकोजा में ब्रेक आ जाता है सबस्पोज यहां से जो मुकोजा है यहां से अलसर स्टार्ट हो गया है तो उसको क्या बोलेंगे गैस्ट्रिक अलसर ऐसे ही डियोडिनल अलसर की भी जब लाइनिंग तो डियोडिनल की जो ला� lining in the part of the small intestine just beyond the stomach. जब

5:32 स्टमक और डियोर्डेनम की जो लाइनिंग है उसमें ब्रेक आ जाएगा मिन्स उसमें अलसर फॉर्मेशन होगी तो उसको क्या बोलते हैं पैप्टिक अलसर यह जो म्योकोजल लेयर है इसमें जब अलसर बनता है तो यह अलसर और ज्यादा डीप भी होता जा सकता है अगर wall. So, we will discuss that later, so you will easily understand. So now, Peptic Ulcer is also called Esophagus Ulcer but it is not so common. Which is the most common? Gastric Ulcer and Diodinal Ulcer and which is also common? Diodinal Ulcer is the most common.

6:22 When the ulcer is when the lining or mucous membrane, because what is lining in organs? The whole gastrointestinal tract is mucosa. So, what is it in mucosa? Of these organs eroded. What is it eroded? What is it that if what is it in the lining? It is damaged or a break. To the point that the epithelium is exposed. Now, we will discuss the layers of the intestine and stomach. So, mucosa is a mucous layer. What is the line from epithelium? And

7:10 which epithelium is in the stomach? Columnal epithelium. It is a single layer. So if the epithelium has so much break that the epithelium is clearly visible or you can say that epithelium is exposed. When the mucosa breaks, the internal layers are exposed. Now what is present in the stomach? What is the work of stomach? It is to digest the food. What is the whole thing in our intestine? Food is passed, it is digested, it is absorbed, it is metabolism, etc. And what is the present in stomach? HCL is present, gastric acid is present, gastric juices are present, hydrochloric acid Right. Hydrochloric acid is present with the stomach. It is a pepsin enzyme which helps

7:59 the digestion of the protein. Now, pepsin is active with hydrochloric acid and it is active with the protein. What is present in the stomach? Gastric acid and pepsin. So, these are two important things. Due to which, the ulcer is developing. So, gastric acid and pepsin, which is for our food? What is the gastric acid? What is the HCL? What is the food? What is the protein? What is the protein? What is the HCL? What is the microbes? Also, it kills the germs. So, these are good if there is a normal balance in the

8:46 body. If it is in the present balance, it is good. But if the gastric acid, which is the amount of pepsin in our stomach, then what is it? It will disturb the balance. There are two things in our body. What is it present in our stomach? One is mucosa. This is mucosa lining. So what is it? This is mucosa lining. Now this mucosa lining, एसी एल से प्रोटेक्ट करती है क्योंकि है जो स्तमक का जो एसिड है गेस्ट्यूक एसिड और जो पैपसिन है पैपसिन यह क्या है यह प्रोटियोलिटिक है प्रोटियोलिटिक मिन्स इसकी जो नेचर है यह प्रोटियन को

9:32 डेजस्ट करना है प्लस यह म्यूकोलिटिक भी है य तो normally हमारे stomach में क्या present है यह फिर हमारे पूरे intestine में क्या present है यह mucosa lining present है जो कि इस gastric acid और pepsin से protect करती है stomach को नहीं तो अगर यह lining नहीं होगी तो यह acid और pepsin क्या करेगा यह तो stomach में ही hole कर देगा stomach की layers को ही खा जाएगा digest कर लेगा food to digest the food. It will also digest the stomach layers. So, the nature has given a good thing here, which is mucosa. So, this mucosa lining is protecting from

10:18 gastric acid and pepsin. But what happens in peptic ulcer? What happens in peptic ulcer? कि यहां तो यह gastric acid और pepsin का जो amount है यह इत्ता जादा हो जाएगा, कि यह जो mucosa layer है, यह इसको भी digest कर लेगा, इसमें भी hole कर देगा, यहां फिर ulcer कर देगा, इसलिए इसको क्या बोल रहा है? Peptic ulcer, Peptic means digest, और digest करने की वज़े से, digest किसने किया? Pepsin ने, इसलिए Peptic to digest, और जो हमारे स्टमक को स्टमक की लेर्स उसको प्रोटेक्ट कर रही है अंदर से ताकि एट्सियल और

11:03 पैपसिन उसको कोई डामेज ना पोचा सके या फिर इस म्यूकोजा में प्रॉब्लम आगी है यह वीक हो गई है यह डामेज हो गई है किसी रीजन की वज़े से वह उम पढ़े तो जब ये दोनों चीजों का balance जो है, disrupt हो जाएगा, imbalance हो जाएगा, क्या imbalance हो जाएगा? एक तो ये gastric acid और pepsin, जो कि naturally हमारे stomach में present है, food को digest करने के लिए बने है, अगर इसका amount जादा हो गया, तो क्या होगा? कि ये जो mucosa है, ये जो lining है, mucous membrane, ये expose हो जाएगी इससे, अगर � यह ज्यादा माउन में है तो यह अलसर ड्वेलब कर देगी विच कें प्रेसिपिटेट ब्लीडिंग जिससे अगर अलसर प्रोलोंग टाइम से

11:50 बनते रहे तो क्या हो सकता है यह अलसर में से ब्लीडिंग हो सकती है एंड परफॉरेशन परफॉरेशन मेंस होल्स बन सकते हैं यह पार कर जाएगा अलसर तो एक perforation hole बन सकता है और ulcers occur एक तो यह चीज हो गई कि pepsin और gastric acid इतना जादा बन रहा है कि यह layer erode हो गई, damage हो गई, mucous membrane जो lining है वो damage हो गई यहां फिर क्यों हो सकता है ulcer? when there is decreased resistance of the mucosa यह फिर यह जो mucous lining है mucosa यह रजिस्स नहीं

12:38 कर पारी यह इतनी वीक हो गई है या फिर आप बोल सकते हैं कि यह डामेज हो गई है कि यह पैपसिन और गैस्ट्रिक एसिड से रिजिस्स नहीं कर पारी मिन्स अपना बचाव नहीं कर पारी तो जहां से रिजिस्ट्टन्स नहीं कर पाएगी वहां पर क्या हो जाएगा तो यह दो ची� तो अगर इनका imbalance हो जाएगा, means किया तो mucosa weak हो गई और बुरी चीज जादा हो गई तो imbalance हो गया, जब यह imbalance हो जाएगा, तो यह जो mucosa, जो membrane है, इसको वैसे क्या बोलते है, gastric mucosal barrier, यह gastric mucosal barrier prevent करता है इस बुरी चीजों से, pepsin से और gastric acid से stomach को,

13:27 यह वैसे अच्छी है हमा Now, peptic ulcer occurs when normal balance between factors that promote mucosal injury, gastric acid, pepsin and ingested substances. Now, what is the same? When the normal balance is made in our body, gastric acid, pepsin and ingested substances, if we ingest such a substance, like germs, We have ingested microorganisms, bacteria, virus, anything. So if their amount has become more and factors that protect the mucosa. Now which factors are good that protect mucosa? Intact epithelium.

14:14 Intact means epithelial lining, no break in it. Mucus is good. Bicarbonate iron secretion. Now, the mucus lining here has some cells present here that bicarbonate secretes. This is also a very important point. Bicarbonate iron secretion. What is bicarbonate iron? Basically, it is base. What is acid in our stomach? ये acid उस mucosal lining को damage ना करें इसलिए mucosa जो है वो base secrete करती है, bicarbonate iron secrete करती है जो कि acid को क्या करता है? neutralize करता है तो ये bicarbonate secretion क्या करती है? basically ये acid को neutralize करती है ताकि mucosa disturb ना हो तो ये क्या है? कुछ अच्छे factors

15:05 हैं जो कि हमारे stomach की mucos को protect करें और कुछ बुरे factors है stomach की lining के लिए So I hope that your introduction will be clear. So basically what we have said is that depending upon the location, there are duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers. There are also esophageal ulcers but more common is gastric and duodenal. And what is the most common in gastric and duodenal ulcers? Right? Now, then I said that the mucosa is the internal lining of the stomach, the factors present in the stomach, like gastric acid, पैपसें जो की प्रोटीन की डेजेशन करते हैं तो यह क्या है फूड के लिए तो अच्छे है लेकिन यह

15:53 जो स्टमक की लाइनिंग है लेयर्ज है उसके लिए अच्छे नहीं है अगर यहां पर म्यूकोजा प्रेजन नहीं होगी तो यह इसको डेजस्ट कर देंगे इसकी लेय so that the acid will neutralize the acid. So, balance is very important. If it doesn't have a balance, then it will be a peptic ulcer. Then, these peptic ulcers can affect anyone, but people age over 60. So, 60 and age are more than 60. Plus, men are more affected than women.

16:42 अब इसमें हम स्टमक की वॉल को डिसकस करेंगे, जादा डिटेल में मैं नहीं जाओंगी, लेकिन इतना हम जरूर डिसकस करेंगे, जिससे कि हमें ये टॉपिक क्लियर हो जाए, स्टमक वॉल क्या है, स्टमक की वॉल है, ऐसे ही हमारे पूरे इंटेस्टाइन की भी वॉल है, � ऐसे ही हमारे ओर्गन्स के चारो तरब भी एक वॉल है। दिवार है जिसमें बहुत सारी लेयर्स है जैसे कि इस रूम में भी बहुत एक वाल है दिवार है जिसमें सिमेंट लगा हुआ है ब्रिक्स लगी है पेंट लगी है पुट्टी एंड पता नहीं क्या क्या लगाते है देन

17:32 उसके बाद जो वाल है वो स्ट्रॉंग बनती है और द एक्स्प्लेइन किया है डियोडेनम का भी इसी तरह से है बस थोड़े से माइनर डिफ्रेंसेज है अधरवाइस पूरे अलिमेंटरी ट्रैक में अल्मोस्स सेम वाल होती है सो स्टमक वाल स्टमक के पास फॉर लेयर्स है कितनी लेयर्स है चार लेयर्स है फॉर लेयर्स से यह व अब यह स्टमक का थोड़ा सा पार्ट, मिन्स थोड़ी सी यहाँ पर सेक्शन काटके, यहाँ पर बड़ा दिखाया हुआ है, कि स्टमक में कितनी लेयर होती है, सो फोर होती

18:19 है, सबसे जो इनर है, यह सबसे इनर लेयर है, यह जो आपको दिख रही है, इसको बोलते है मुकोजा which has protected the stomach. So what is the most strong cirrhosis? The most strong cirrhosis is the strongest outermost layer of stomach. It consists of thin layer of connective tissue. What is it? Connective tissue which connects to which it helps to anchor the stomach in place. So this stomach keeps on its place and connects to the stomach. So, it keeps

19:08 the stomach from the outer world and keeps the body on its place. Then, which layer is on the surface? Muscularis. So, we are going to go outside. So, muscularis is a layer of the name of the name of the muscle layer. So, it is a layer of muscle. What is the layer of muscle? What is the layer of muscle? What is the contract? What will the muscle layer do? It will squeeze the stomach together to help move partly digested food into the small bowel. So, the muscle layer will contract and push the food further. Where is the food from the stomach? Small intestine. So, the muscle layer will push the food further. Then, which

19:54 layer is sub-mucosa? Submucosa consists of connective tissue, it is also connective tissue, nerves and ब्लड वैसल्स अब यह क्या करती है यहां पर ब्लड भी है ब्लड सप्लाइए सो सब मुकोजा क्या करती है मुकोजा लेयर को न्यूट्रियंट्स प्रोवाइड करती है यह जो सबसी इनर लेयर है मुकोजा यह जो स्टमक की सबसी इनर वाली जो लाइनिंग है जिसने स्टमक क So, if we have duodenal ulcer, which is the mucosal lining inside of the diodenum? So, as I am explaining this in my stomach, you should be using the concept

20:43 of duodenum. So, which is the inner lining? Mucosa. This is the most important for understanding the peptic ulcer. So, we will study the mucosa in detail. Now, what is the inner most layer? or also the stomach lining. So the inner layer is the stomach lining. It is in contact with food as it enters the stomach. So when food enters the stomach, so food enters the stomach, right here. So which lining is the mucosa lining? Why? Because it is the inner most lining. And it secretes digestive enzymes and HCL. So, mucosa क्या secret करती है? Digestive enzyme secret करती

21:29 है, जो कि digestion में help करती है, plus HCL, acid secret करती है, जो कि further digestion में help करती है. The mucosa contains, अब ये जो digestive enzymes है, या फिर HCL है, जो acid है, ये काहां से secret हो रहा है? अब इस mucosa में glands present होती है, जिसको क्या बोलते है? Gastric glands. So, बहुत सारे gastric glands present है, इस mucosa में, inner lining में, which contains specialized cells, which are specialized cells. There are so many special cells that secrete different things, such as HCL secrete, acid, mucus, pepsin, for the digestion of protein. So, there are special cells present in glands. And where are these secretions? Open into stomach cavity via

22:18 gastric pits. There are many gastric pits here. जिसको बोलते हैं, यह gastric pits basically क्या है, यह gastric glands जहां पर open हो रही है, उनको gastric pits बोला गया है, और इन pits के थुरू जो secretions है वो स्टमक में enter होती है, तो यह आप देख रहे हैं, यह एक gastric gland है, और यहां पर बहुत सारे cells present है, अब यह cells बहुत important है, इनको हमने learn करना है, The surface of the stomach and opening of gastric pits have a single layer of columnar epithelial cells. अब बहुत important एक और line है कि ये जो mucous lining है. यहाँ पर एक और layer present है किसकी epithelial cells की. यहाँ पर एक और layer present है epithelial cells

23:09 की. कौन से epithelial cell? Columnar epithelial cells. जिनको क्या बोलते हैं? Surface mucous cells. surface mucous cells, क्योंकि यह surface है सबसे, surface mucous cells भी बोलते हैं, या फिर fovular cells भी बोलते हैं, जो कि क्या secret करते हैं, एक thick layer of mucous, एक तो gastric glands है, वहाँ पर भी कुछ cells present है, जो कि mucous बना रहे हैं, और ज्यादा protection के लिए, जो acid है और pepsin है, उससे और ज्यादा protection के लिए, नेजर ने एक और thin layer is made of epithelial cells. There are specialized cells present there which are called foveolar cells or surface mucus cells which secrete

23:58 more much mucus and make a thick layer of mucus. So what happens from this thick layer? The lining of the stomach is more protected from digestive juices, gastric acid, gastric juices and pepsin. So this is clear. So here there are two things. One is gastric glands in mucus, which are specialized cells, which are secreted special things. Plus, gastric glands, in mucus, there is another layer of epithelial cells, which is secreted more mucus and is made of a thick layer. जो की और ज़्यादा प्रोटेक्ट कर रही है प्लस यहां पर यह जो अपिधीलिय लाइनिंग

24:43 है यह और क्या सिक्रीट करें है बाइकार्बोनेट आयन्स यह भी बहुत इंपोर्टेंट पॉइंट है What do bicarbonate ions do? We have learned that bicarbonate ions are based which helps to neutralize acid so that acid does not damage the mucus lining. This is all about mucus lining. Now the cells are very important. Goblet cells. What do they do? They secrete mucus. यह चल्स और मुकस सिक्रीट करें रहे हैं परिटल सेल्स बहुत इंपोटेंट है परिटल सेल्स क्या करते हैं गैस्ट्रिक एसिड मीन्स जो एसिड बन रहे हैं स्टमक के अंदर एसियल वह कौन सिक्रीट करते हैं परिटल सेल्स Parietal cells, also the

25:32 intrinsic factor release which helps in B12 absorption. Then chief cells, now this which is pepsin which has a peptic ulcer, which is a protein digestion, which can also digest the mucus. Pepsinogen secrete chief cells. Now what are the pepsinogen? What is the pepsinogen? When is this active? When is this inactive? हचल की प्रेजन में मिन्स जब पी एच लो होगा लो पीएच में पैपसीनोजन पैपसीन में कनवर्ट हो जाता है और पैपसीन क्या करता है प्रोटीन की ब्रेकडाउन करता है देन डी सेल्स सोमेटोस्टेटिन

26:21 रिलीज करते हैं सोमेटोस्टेटिन क्या करते हैं यह एसिड की सिक्रीशन को इनिबिट करता है तो यह प्रोटेक और जादा acid की secretion को stimulate करते हैं इनके functions बहुत important हैं आगे समझने के लिए नेक्स टाइप ओफ पैप्टिक अल्सर कितने टाइप की होते हैं पैप्टिक अल्सर टू टाइप की होते हैं acute पैप्टिक अल्सर एंड chronic पैप्टिक अल्सर तो acute पैप्टिक अल्सर कौन सी होते हैं यूजरी शुपरफिशियल इन्वोल्स ओनली दव्यूकस लेर अग्यूट का मतलब होता है जिसको जादा ताइंड नहीं हुआ अग्यूट को अगर अभी जो अल्सर है वो फ्रेश है अभी अभी डिवेलप

27:08 होना स्टार्ट हुए है तो क्या होगा कि यह जो म्यूकस लियर है म्यूकोजा लियर है सबसे इनर लाइनिग यह सिर्फ उसको इन्वाल्फ करेंगे तो इस अल्सर में आप देख सकते हैं कि यह जो अल्सर है इसने सिर् Chronic Peptic Ulcer, Chronic Peptic Ulcer means उस ulcer को काफी time हो गया है, महाँ पर prolonged time से है, अगर ulcer को prolonged time हो गया है, काफी time से ulcer है, तो यह जो ulcer है, यह mucosa lining से, सब mucosa में, और maybe muscle layer को भी involve कर ले, So, Chronic Ulcer क्या होते है, It is Deep, यह deep होते हैं,

27:54 superficial नहीं होते हैं, acute ulcer कौन से होते हैं, superficial होते हैं, it is deep with sharp edges, इसके जो edges होते हैं वो sharp और clean होते हैं and a clean base, it involves both mucosa and submucosa, यह mucosa plus submucosa दोनों को involve करेंगे और even muscle layer को भी involve कर सकते हैं, और even deep जा सकते हैं, और क्या कर सकते हैं, hole create कर सकते हैं, perforation create कर सकते हैं, So if ulcer penetrates the stomach, it also involves the adjacent organ. And if this hole is removed, means that the ulcer also has been removed from the stomach, then the adjacent organ, which is the diodenum organ, will also involve it. Like that, it

28:41 can involve the pancreas. A hole that goes all the way through the stomach or the diodenum is called a perforation, which is a medical emergency. अगर यह जो अलसर है वो इतना deep हो गया कि सारी layers को cross कर गया और एक पूरा एक hole बन गया तो यह क्या है इसको perforation बोलते हैं यह एक medical emergency है क्यों क्योंकि अगर स्टमक में या फिर डियर्डनम में एक hole बन जाता है तो जो food हम ले रहे हैं वो क्या करेगा लीक होना start कर देगा लीक होकर कहा जाएगा दूसरे organs में जा सकता है So, two types of peptiocer plus the peptiocer is another thing that if the stomach

29:28 has a peptiocer, which is called gastric ulcers, they are mainly in lesser curvature. Majority of the peptiocer are in lesser curvature. If we are present in the diodonym, this is the diodonal bulb just after the pyloric sphincter. After the diodonal bulb, there are more present in the diodonal bulb. Then we will study Causes and Risk Factor. Now, what are causes and what are the causes of the pepticus? So, you have to listen to it. The main causes are two. First, bacterial and second, drugs or medicine, which are called NSAIDs. The first cause is bacteria, that is Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Helicobacter pylori, H. pylori. This bacteria

30:18 is very dangerous. This is a peptic ulcer. Especially in low economic countries, you get to see more cases. Helicobacter pylori, which is a bacteria, has 90% gastric ulcer and 75% deodinal ulcer. Helicobacter pylori bacteria. So, the most peptic ulcer causes this cause. So, this is the main cause. So, this bacteria is gram negative bacteria. This bacteria is spiral shape that easily the stomach lining will invade and it will feel there. Now, how does this

31:05 feel? If it is contaminated with food, if it is contaminated with a person, if we consume that water, it is contaminated with food. Even if it is present in the stool, vomit, stool and saliva, it can be spread from two roots. The feco-oral root or oral to oral pathway. यह बेक्टीरिया कैसे रहता है? इट लिवस इन दा म्यूकस दा कोट्स दा लाइनिंग अफ दा स्टमक यह स्टमक की जो लाइनिंग है जो म्यूकस जिसके हम बार बार बात कर रहे हैं जो म्यूकस लाइनिंग है वहाँ पर यह रहना

31:53 पसंद करता है वहाँ पर यह इन्वेड कर Now the stomach is acidic, how does the bacteria survive there? So, the bacteria is very clever. What does it do? The stomach also has duodenum. So, the duodenum and stomach is in the mucosal lining. What does this bacteria produce? It produces urease enzymes. What does this urease enzyme? It does the acid of the stomach. It is very bacteria is a bad bacteria because it has made urease enzyme which neutralizes the stomach acid so that it can stay there. If the stomach acid becomes more, it will

32:40 not be able to stay there because it will destroy it. That's why it has made urease enzyme to stay there. By making it less acidic, what happens with urease? Stomach acid is neutralized and less acidic. Now, the stomach is also running our body. It also knows that someone is neutralizing our acid. So, what does the stomach do? What does the body do? What does the body do? It makes more acid. To compensate for this, the stomach makes more acid. Which irritates the stomach lining. What did the stomach do? It makes more acid. What happened? The lining of the stomach is damaged. Now, there are two things here. One is the एच पाइलोरी बैक्टीरिया यह क्या कर रहे है कि जो स्टमक सपोज यह स्टमक है और

33:29 यह स्टमक की जो म्यूकोजल लाइनिंग है यहां पर यह बैक्टीरिया आ गया है अभी स्टमक की म्यूकोजल लाइनिंग को डैमेज कर रहा है क्योंकि वहां पर इसने अपनी कॉलर्णी � So the mucus lining, epithelium, will break down. Break down, then it will be there. So it has damaged the stomach's lining. Plus, what else is making urease enzyme, which is making the stomach's acid neutralized. What is it? It is making the stomach's acid. When the stomach has made more acid, the mucus lining, एपिथीलियम जो वहां पर है प्लस मुकस लाइनिंग है वह क्या हो रही है और डैमेज हो रही है तो दोनों केसिज में क्या हो रहा है कि जो म्यूकस लाइनिंग है वह डैमेज हो

34:14 रही है स्टमक की भी और डियोडेनम की भी तो इससे क्या हो रहा है कि है पाइलोरी या क्या कर � defense system तो यह स्टमक और डियॉर्डिनम का जो defense system है उसको वीक कर रहा है उसको वीक कर दिया क्योंकि mucus में ही रह रह रहा है उसको break कर रहा है स्टमक और acid बना रहा है that the mucus is also damaged from that. So, the defense system weakens the stomach. What will happen? Inflammation of the mucosa producing an ulcer. In which the mucosa will get inflammation and ulcer. So, Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of ulcer. So, the next cause is the regular use of NSAIDs. So, I have told that NSAIDs are the next important cause. So what

35:02 is the answer of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? What do we do with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? How do we form this ulcer? How does this ulcer form? Another good thing is present in our stomach, which we say good thing, which is prostaglandins. प्रोस्टाग्लेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडेंडें

35:47 तो formation by inhibiting the secretion of prostaglandin ये अलसर की formation करेगा prostaglandin को inhibit करके इसको रोक के तो ansats इसलिए हमारे बहुत बुरे हैं अगर हम non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs long term के लिए ले रहे हैं long term के लिए फॉन से patients इनको लेते हैं जिनको pain होता है arthritis है fever है so pain के लिए basically non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs या फिर inflammation के लिए लिए जाते हैं If someone uses NSAID in long term, the chances of ulcer increases. NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, all these mucosal lining irritate and inflame. It lowers the stomach ability to make

36:36 a protective layer of म्यूकस मेकिंग इट मोर सेप्टिबल डैमेज बाइ स्टमक एसिड सो क्योंकि यह प्रोस्टाग्लेंडिन को इनिबिट करें प्रोस्टाग्लेंडिन क्या करें म्यूकस लियर बना रहा है बाइकार्बुनेट आयन बना रहा है अगर म्यूकस लियर नहीं बरेगी क्योंकि प्र और Bicarbonate Ion अगर सिक्रीट नहीं होंगे तो Acid जादा बनेगा क्योंकि Acid Neutralize नहीं होगा तो क्या होगा? अलसर बन जाएंगे Stomak और Deuteranum में. So, Main Coases है यह आपको नहीं भूलना, Peptic Ulcer के दो Main Coases है, H.Pylori Bacteria और Anseid. अब यह क्या है? यह H.Pylori Bacteria है, यह Green Color का, यह यहाँ प

37:23 I had told you that the mucus lining is present in the upper part. This is epithelium. Which is the epithelium? Columinal epithelium. We also said the foveolar cells or surface epithelial cells. What do these cells do? They produce the thick thick layer. They have to produce the mucus layer, to secretion of bicarbonate iron, to neutralize acid. Now this bacteria, it started to invade here. It has created its colony here. When it has created its colony here, what will it do to epithelial cells? It will damage it here. So it is shown here that it has damaged it and epithelial lining has been damaged here. It has been destroyed. The thick

38:11 mucus was damaged here. So what is present here? यहां पर ulcer formation start हो गई है। और यहां पर अगर epithelial or mucous lining नहीं होगी, तो stomach क्या बना रहा है? More acid बना रहा है, हमने पढ़ा था कि यह जो bacteria है, urease enzyme बनाता है, neutralize करने के लिए stomach acid को, अगर यह neutralize करेगा stomach acid को, stomach और जादा acid बनाएगा, जिससे क्या होगा? अब यहां पर already mucous lining damage ह जादा एसे आना स्टार्ट हो गया है पैपसिन जादा आना स्टार्ट हो गया है तो क्या होगा यहां पर अलसर की फोर्मेशन तो हो नहीं है क्योंकि अब यहां पर म्यूकस भी नहीं है एपिटीलियल

38:56 सेल्स भी नहीं है तो यहां पर क्या है डैमेज इसली हो जाएगा और अलस जो लाइनिंग है उसको अटाक करता है अब अब अधर कोजिस इसके पढ़ते हैं यह तो दो मेंन कोजिस से एच पाईलोरी और एंसेट दूसरे कोजिस क्या है जॉलिंगर एलिसन सिंड्रोम जॉलिंगर एलिसन सिंड्रोम यह क्या होता है यह जो मारी इंटेस्टाइन है स्मॉ अब यह

39:42 tumor क्या करते हैं यह large amount of hormone produced करते है gastrin ठीक है तो इस syndrome में क्या होता है जो diodenum है small intestine है वहाँ पर क्या होता है tumors बन जाते हैं यह tumors क्या करते हैं एक hormone को secret करते है gastrin और इस hormone को बहुत जादा large amount में secret करते हैं गैस्ट्रिन क्या करता है गैस्ट्रिन हमने पीछे पड़ा था जी एल सेक्रीट करते है गैस्ट्रिन और गैस्ट्रिन क्या करता है स्टमक एसिड को स्टिमुलेट करता है कि स्टमक एसिड और प्रड्यूस हो तो अगर स्टमक एसिड को यह बार बार स्टिमुलेट करेगा गैस next है है हैरीडीटरी फेक्टर कुछ जैनेटिक

40:27 फेक्टर्स भी होते हैं क्योंकि अगर अगर क्लोज्ड रिलेटिव में देखने को मिलता है कि पैप्टिकल सर अगर किसी को है तो उसके ख्लोज्ड रिलेटिव में भी पैप्टिकल सर होने के चांसिस होते हैं इसलिए हैरीडीट which irritates the stomach's lining. It is like excessive consumption of alcohol. If you are taking more alcohol, it will disrupt the stomach's lining, irritate the stomach and ulcer formation. Tea, coffee, all these irritants are all. Spicy food, spices, Tobacco is an important cause of tobacco. Tobacco is also irritated. Mucous damage is also affected by smoking. Smoking is also an important cause of smoking. And some drugs like steroids.

41:15 And missing meals. Why is missing meals? If you miss food, you miss food, you skip meals, what will happen? Your stomach will be empty. And what does your stomach do? It produces HCL, it produces acid. If the stomach is empty, it will produce acid. When we eat food, the stomach will neutralize the stomach. If we don't eat the stomach, the stomach will damage the stomach. देन उसके बाद जो कोज है वो कौन से है? Mental stress can worsen symptoms अब stress से पहले ऐसा माना जाता था कि stress से peptic ulcer होते हैं

42:05 लेकिन recent studies से पचल है पता चला है कि stress से peptic ulcer नहीं होते लेकिन stress क्या कर सकता है? वर्स कर सकता है अगर peptic ulcer start हो गया है तो इसको वर्स कर सकता है So next is pathophysiology of peptic ulcer. Why are peptic ulcer? So pathophysiology means how are they, why are they, what causes are. So pathophysiology is easy to understand because we have studied peptic ulcer. What causes are the causes? Infection with H. pylori bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, the most prime cause. Then NSAID, aspirin or non-steroidal antivirus. inflammatory drugs aspirin ibuprofen naproxen in case of the second important cause

42:53 then alcohol abuse smoking all these causes are due to the fact that there are two things जो स्टमक का डिफेंस है वो वीक होता है और जो दूसरी अग्रेसिव फोर्सेज वो इंक्रीज होती है अब अग्रेसिव फोर्सेज कौनसी है जो बैड फैक्टर्स है जो कि फूड के डाजेशन के लिए तो अच्छे है लेकिन जो म्यूकोजल लाइनिंग है उसको भी डेजर्स करते हैं तो उसके लिए जादा माउंट में वह अच्छे नहीं है जैसे कि गैस्ट्रिक असिड अगर इंक्रीज अमाउंट में प्रेड्यूस होगा तो वह अच्छा नहीं है पैपसीन अगर जादा माउंट में प्रूटीन के

43:41 हेलिकोबेक्टर पाइलोरी का वहाँ पर प्रेजन्ट होना यह सभी फैक्टर्स क्या करते हैं प्लस स्टमक में अगर एसिड की फॉर्मेशन जादा नहीं भी हो रहे सिर्फ अगर हेलिकोबेक्टर पाइलोरी बैक्टीरिया वहाँ पर प्रेजन्ट है तो भी प्रेप्टिकल्स उसको severe illness है जैसे कि sepsis है उसको जादा blood loss हो गया है शौक की condition में patient है तो उस condition में भी क्या होता है इंट्यूबेटर पर है patient तो उस condition में भी क्या होता है stress increase हो जाता है और body cop नहीं कर पाती कुछ condition से जिसकी वज़े से प्यूप्टिक अल्सर

44:30 होने के चांसे इंक्रीज हो जाते हैं बॉडी जो म्यूकोस लाइनिंग है वहाँ पर इतना ब्लड फ्लो नहीं पोच पाता और वह कॉप नहीं कर पाता है एसी यल से एसे प्यूप्टिक अलसर हो सकते हैं लेकिन ऐसी कंडीशन में जब पेशन्स स्ट्र Now there is excessive secretion of stomach acid, gastrin amount increases. What does gastrin do? Stimulate the secretion of stomach acid. And the defense has decreased. Like mucus production, it has decreased. Stomach's defense has decreased. Decreased somatostatin production. Somatostatin we had studied in cells, which are glans in their

45:18 cells, that it produces mucus production. That also has decreased. Impaired mucous barrier protection. If mucous decrease, what is it? It will not provide protection. This gastro-mucous barrier is damaged. Is unable to secrete enough mucous and bicarbonate. If mucous is damaged, it will not secrete mucus and bicarbonate iron secrete. Which is normally protected from axial. We have studied both conditions, which is an imbalance between gastro-dudinal mucosa defense. The mucosa and deuterium has more than any other imbalance. Aggressive forces are our gastric acid, pepsin and helicobacter

46:04 pylori. What is the imbalance in them? Breakdown of mucous membrane, acid enters in the mucous membrane. breakdown होगी mucous membrane acid enter mucous membrane में erosive gastritis उससे क्या होगा erosion हो जाएगी महाँ पर damage हो जाएगा gastritis होगी stomach की layer में inflammation हो जाएगी और क्या होगा अब inflammation के बाद ulcer severe ulceration हो जाएगी ulcer होगे तो उसके बाद क्या हो जाएगा और deep जाते जाएगे ulcer तो bleeding हो जाएगी क्यों सब्म्यूकोजा को involved करेंगे तो महां पर blood है bleeding हो सकती है scarring हो सकती है chronic time से ulcer होंगे तो महां पर scar formation भी होगी scar formation होगी तो obstruction होगी food आगी इसलिए पास नहीं होगा peptic ulcer occur more often in deodorantum यह

46:52 हमने पहले भी पढ़ता है deodorantum में peptic ulcer जादा common है हम clinical manifestations पढ़ेंगे अलसर की, कि अलसर, पैप्टिक अलसर जब हो जाते हैं, तो क्याल क्या साइनेड सिंप्टम देखने को मिलते हैं, जो कॉमन है दोनों में, गैस्ट्रिक और दियोर्डेनम में भी, दोनों अलसर में कॉमन है, वो क्या है? डल और बर्निंग पेन, डल पेन होग Then, abdominal bloating. Bloating होगी, जो abdomen है, वो bloated रहेगा. क्यों? क्योंकि जो food है, वो digest नहीं हो पारा अच्छ से. क्योंकि ulcer की formation है वहाँ पर जो food है वो भी खाने का patient को दिल नहीं करेगा

47:41 क्योंकि उसको pain हो रही है, pain हो रही है, food प्रॉपल ही नहीं काएगा, abdomen blotted रहेगा, heartburn होगी, patient को heartburn भी होगी, क्योंकि वहाँ पर acid formation अगर जादा बन रहा है, अगर acid stomach में जादा बनता है, तो क्या होता कारण feeling of fullness patient को ऐसे full feel रहेगा क्यों वो हम आगे पढ़ेंगे क्योंकि scarring की वज़े से obstruction हो जाती है जिसकी वज़े से food आगे पास नहीं होता और patient को full feel रहता है dyspepsi हो गया indigestion रहेगी patient को नोजिया और vomiting भी रहेगी patient को आगे discuss करते हैं दोनों में difference What will we get to see the gastric ulcer and what will we get

48:30 to see the patient's diordinal ulcer? So, comparison of clinical features of gastric and diordinal ulcer. So, what happens in gastric ulcer? In ingestion of food increases pain. In duodenal ulcer, ingestion of food relieves pain. Now, one important thing in both of them is gastric ulcer. Suppose I call this diagram of stomach ulcer. Right. So when you have a gastric ulcer, suppose gastric ulcer is in the stomach. So, like we take food, it enters the stomach. This is food ball. What does food do? It has been mixed with HCL, mixed with acid, and the digestion of

49:16 the stomach has been started. किया, breakdown करना, start किया, food का, वहाँ पर काफे सारे processes हो रहे हैं, अब जब stomach में food आया, तो जैसे इस patient ने food खाया, उसके आदे एक गंटे बाद patient को pain start हो जाएगा, अगर patient को gastric ulcer है, पेट में ulcer है, stomach में, क्यूं? क्यूंकि food की digestion start हो गई है, When the digestion of food starts, the stomach is doing a lot of processes, which will cause ulcers more exposure to the acid. Because food has entered, there will be Pepsin and digestive juices, which will cause the patient's pain. So what happens in the gastric ulcer?

50:02 स्टमक में अलसर है तो पेशन जैसे ही फूड खाता है उसके हाफ एन आर वन आर बाद पेइन स्टार्ट हो जाता है डियोडेनल अलसर में क्या होता है अगर डियोडेनम में अलसर है So the same thing that the food layer is coming from the stomach. As food comes from the stomach, it is digested. So the pyloric sphincter is closed tightly so that the digestion of the food can be in the stomach and the food will not pass in the duodenum. So the duodenum is empty. There is no acid. So when the patient eats food, food is in the stomach and the duodenum is empty. इसलिए पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को

50:48 पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को पेशन को � the stomach ulcer will disturb the digestion of food. Duodenum is on the opposite hand, empty when the stomach is digested in the food and there is no acid present here. Due to the duodenal ulcer, there is no pain when the patient takes food. Then, pain occurs after half to one hour after meal. When the patient causes pain? half-half to one hour after the food. Because it took time to reach the food, the digestion will start when we took the food. After that, when will the pain start with the deodorant ulcer? If the patient doesn't have pain in food, when will

51:37 the pain start? 2-3 hours after the meal. 2-3 hours after the meal. Now, the digestion of the food is over 2 hours. Now, the food will be further. This is the pyloric sphincter open and the food will be further. जब food आगे पास होगा डियॉर्डनम में 2-3 गंटे के बाल तो अब डियॉर्डनल यह जो ulcer है यह disturb हो गए अब वहाँ पर food लग रहा है, acid लग रहा है तो pain अब start हुआ खाते टाइम patient को pain नहीं होता इसलिए डियॉर्डनल ulcer वाले क्या करते हैं जादा खाते हैं उनको लगता Then, what happens in

52:23 gastric ulcer? No pain at hours of sleep. Sotet time pain is not happening. Why? Because the production of HCL decreases. Sotet time is reduced. So, the patient's gastric ulcer, when he sleeps, doesn't happen. But the patient's diordinal ulcer, has a pain at hours of sleep. Why? First, he had dinner. डिनर करते सार पेशन को क्या हुआ पेशन हुई जिसको गैस्ट्रीक अलसर है उसको तो पेशन हुई थोड़ी दिर बाद पेशन होगी क्योंकि फूड आगे पास हो गया डियोर्डेनल अलसर वाले क्या करें वो तो खाते है राम से और सो जाते कहते हैं अमें तो पेशन होता �

53:11 Where did he get to the food? He got to the deodenum. So now the pain started. First reason. Second reason is that gastric emptying is that the food that goes past the stomach, it goes past the stomach. At the time, it doesn't become at the time. But food also continues to go past the intestine. So that's why the deodenal ulcer pain is also at the time of sleeping. In the gastric ulcer, there is weight loss. In the deodenal ulcer, there is weight loss. No, it is not. Weight is gained. Why? In this case, the patient has pain. When he eats, he has eaten, and then he has pain. So the patient is scared that I have not eaten. Because I have pain from eating. What do they think about the duodenal ulcer? They get comfortable with eating.

53:58 Because the pain starts after 2-3 hours, they don't have the idea that the pain will pass in. So weight is gained. They think that if I eat, it will be good. So they are eating. Good. So, is it normal or is it normal? Is it normal? Is it normal? Is it normal? Is it normal? Is it normal? Then, hemorrhage is common if occur. Hematosies is common. Coffee, ground, vomit. What is the hemorrhage? Bleeding. What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorrhage? What is the hemorr So, what is the coffee ground vomit? Because the stomach is more up. So, the

54:48 upper GI is the chance of vomiting. What is the hemorrhage? It is a hemorrhage but it is less common. If it happens, it will not be a vomit. What is the melanoma? What is the melanoma? Blood in the stool. So where will blood go? Stool will pass through the stool. Because the deodenum is lower GI, so it will pass in the stool. So what will happen in this? Black Terry Stools. Perforation is very less. This is gastric ulcer. It is perforate, very rare. This ulcer is deep but very little. So if there is ulcer here, it will cross the mucosal lining. perforate

55:34 less, gastric ulcer. But in the duodenal ulcer, there are perforations and common. Perforation is common in the hole. This can be perforation from the pancreas and also inflammation from the pancreatitis. Then, there is malignancy in the stomach ulcer, means cancer. In the duodenal ulcer, there is no malignancy in the duodenal ulcer. cancer is not. So stomach ulcer is becoming cancer. This is common but there is no malignancy in the diordinal ulcer. Why do not have malignancy in the diordinal ulcer? Why do not have cancer in the diordinal ulcer? Because the intestine is regenerated and the cells are shared. So the malignancy of malignancy is less as compared to gastric ulcer. Then what

56:22 is in the stomach? यह जो normal to hyposecretion of stomach acid जबकि diodonal ulcer में क्या होता है hypersecretion, जादा stomach acid बनता है, gastric ulcer में क्या होता है, normal acid बनता है या फिर कम बनता है, hyposecretion of acid, ऐसा क्यों होता है, अगर long time से, pro long time से, chronic time से gastric ulcer है, तो वो क्या करता है, कि जो cells जो acid बनाते हैं, उसको क्या कर देता है, damage कर देता है, chronic गैस्टिक इंफ्लमेशन कोजिस दपैराइटल सेल्स जो की एसिद बनाते हैं तू सिक्रीट लेस हाइड्रोग्लोरिक एसिड तो उनको डैमेश्ट करता है लेस एसियल

57:07 बनाता है रिजल्टिंग इन हाइपोग्लोरीडिरिया मिन्स रिद्यूस गैस्टिक एसिडिटी और एक्ल इसका यह रीजन है, स्टमक में हाइपो सिक्रीशन होना एसिड का यह रीजन है, कि जो पराइटल सेल्स है, अगर लंबे टाइम से गेस्ट्रीक अलसर हो रहे हैं, तो उनमें इंफ्लामेशन हो जाती है, जिससे वो कम असिड बनाते हैं, डियर्डनल अलसर में हाइपो सिक्री� Then, हम पढ़ते हैं, Complications. So, Complications क्या हो सकती है? पहले भी हमने पढ़ा, Internal Bleeding हो सकती है, यह अलसर ब्लीड कर सकती है. अगर bleeding होती है, Slow bleeding होती है, तो क्या होगा? Anemia होगा, और अगर जादा bleeding होगी, तो क्या हो सकता है? Hemorrhage. So, Slow bleeding से क्या होता

57:55 है? Anemia और Iron deficiency हो सकती है. सीवियर ब्लड लोज से क्या हो सकता है मेजर हैम्रेज हो जाता है जिसे ब्लड रांस्फूजिएन देना पड़ता है पेशेंट को देन सेकेंड है पर्फॉरेशन पर्फॉरेशन हमने पढ़ा था क्या है होल होना म्यूकस लाइनिंग से पार जले जाना अलसर सब म्यूकोजा म So, can cause serious infection. Because if it is damaged in mucosa, mucosal wall, then muscle layer and other organ, if the ulcer goes to the other, then what will happen? So, what will happen? It will start to leak. It will be infection. In abdominal cavity, it will be peritonitis. Third,

58:43 obstruction. The peptic ulcer, which can block the passage of the food. How can it do? Suppose, इसोफेगस, this is stomach, और यह हमारी डियॉर्ड़नम, और basically, commonly यह कहां पर होता है, डियॉर्ड़नम में होता है, suppose यह है pyloric sphincter, यहां पर ulcer हो गया, so ulcer हो गया, अब chronic ulcer है, तो वहां पर inflammation होगी, scarring होगी, scar tissue भी develop होगा, तो यहां पर क्या होगा, narrowing हो सकती है, obstruction हो सकती है, तो ज So food will not pass there and where will it stay? It will stay in the stomach. So there will not be delayed gastric emptying. When there is a stomach, what will happen? The patient will fulfill the

59:31 feeling of fullness plus nausea and vomiting. Then it will be obstruction. Then gastric cancer. We had studied gastric cancer. In the stomach and gastric ulcer, the chances of cancer increase in the stomach. Studies show that people infected with H. pylori have an increased risk of gastric cancer. If there is a H. pylori infection due to that, it increases the gastric cancer. Then, one term is stress ulcer. Stress ulcer, I have already explained that if a patient is in a physical, mental, physiological stress, then what happens? Mucosal ulceration increases. So,

1:00:16 like if there is any stressful event, like a patient has burned, शौक जिसमें ब्लड लोस हो गया है पेशेंट का बहुत सारा सीवियर सेपसिस है या मल्टिपल ओर्गन फेलियर हो गया है इससे क्या होता है जो मिकोजा है वो उसमें ulcer formation हो जाते हैं क्यों इसका reason यह हो सकता है जैसे कि अगर patient ventilator dependent है ventilator पर patient है trauma हो गया है कोई surgery हो गई है तो blood supply properly mucus को नहीं पहुच पादी अगर blood supply proper नहीं पहुच पाएगी stomach को तो वहां का defense है पॉर प्रॉपर ली वर्क नहीं कर पाएगा जिसकी वज� So this was the complication and this was

1:01:06 part 1 of the Peptic Ulcer. In part 2nd we will discuss the diagnosis and treatment in this part. So I hope you understood this video. If you understood then please like, subscribe and share to my channel.

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