0:02 Good evening my dear students. Hello to all of you. We are back here again in the Sri Chaitananya educational institutions the bridge course need 2025 for the aspirants of need 2027 and I'm Dr. Anisha welcome you all for our today's session of zoology. All right. So yes yesterday we had some of the problems some technical glitches because of which we could not finish our topic. So here we are we will be studying again we will be starting our the topic and we are going to finish the topic which we have started yesterday. So what all we were discussing I hope you all remember what all we were discussing. We are discussing about the health and diseases. Yes, I'm not going in detail
0:47 about the health and diseases because we have already covered it. Some of the parts, some of the bits, some are the topics which I feel that you must have missed it due to the problem. So, we are going to discuss that. All right. So, let's start studying and yes, I hope you are very focused and very much towards for your towards your exam orientation. Now the thing is here we are not sitting for talking or for you know wastage of your time. You're not here to chat with the others. You're here to study. So make 100% utilization of this time and this class. So here we are starting the session again. Starting our class again. So get ready with your pen and paper. So start studying. Since we have discussed about the health and diseases
1:34 yesterday, we know the definition of health. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. So the definition of health is definition of health is is not just the mere absence of disease or mere absence of any infirmity. What is it? It is the state of complete well-being of physical, mental, social and emotional condition. So that is health given by this definition was given by whose head office or headquarter we can say is present in Geneva, Switzerland. We have discussed all these things. Now what is it about the different types of diseases? Different types of diseases we have already discussed. We have discussed about the pathogens bacterial, viral, fungal as well as the helmentic
2:21 and protozoal diseases. We have discussed all these pathogens and now what are the causitive agents of these? Some of the bacterial diseases. Bacterial diseases like the examples for example tuberculosis we have seen the cholera bacteria we have seen gonoria syphilis these are all bacteriacausing diseases viral infections like hepatitis B HIV aroviral diseases like denio chicken gona all these are viral infections we have seen various protool infections I hope you have made a note of it and you all have seen it very clearly we can see
3:08 that. Okay. So, I'll just quickly make a note of it. Bacterial, viral, fungal, protool and the helmentic diseases. All right. And few examples of it also we have seen. For example, bacterial diseases like tuberculosis and pola. If you have not realized or if you have not written it down, then you can write it down right now. Viral infections, HIV and hepatitis B examples. I'm just writing fungal infections like ringworm infections and candidasis. We have discussed candidasis. We have discussed
3:54 the protozoal infections like the malaria, the dentry all these are protozoal infections. Helmanthic diseases various helment thick diseases like the diseases of round worm infection, tapeworm infections, tapeworm infections as well as the filerial worm or elephantasis. Filerasis or elephantasis. So these are the few names of the diseases caused by different types of the infections. All right. So bacteria causing the tuberculosis and cholera. Other organisms like virus, fungus, protozo and helmentic diseases
4:40 are other organisms causing different type of diseases. So I'll just give you here for some time to write it down. Okay. So, here we have done it again. I'm very sure you all have written it down. Show me a thumbs up if you all have written it. I'm very sure you all have got it correctly. All of you got it.
5:28 Okay. Okay. Satya have written it. You all have written it. Right. Right. Very good. Very good. Okay. Fine. Let's moving on. Let's move on to the next comm uh next part that is the communicable diseases. The next part is the communicable diseases. Now what are these communicable diseases? The communicable diseases as we know they can communicate or spread from the one person to another that is the communicable diseases. And the diseases which are not capable of transmission from one person to another they are the non-communicable diseases. Yes, you're right. So communicable diseases and the
6:14 different types of pathogens we have discussed. So, communicable diseases, diseases transmitting from diseases transmitting from one person to another. Diseases transmitting from one person to another. All these we have already discussed yesterday. So, diseases transmitting from one person to another is the communicable diseases whose examples are these. These are the different types of communicable diseases. They can communicate from one person to another by various methods. Now here we are to discuss till here we have already discussed yesterday communicable and non-communicable diseases also we have discussed these
7:00 are the two types of diseases communicable and non-communicable. Communicable that gets transmitted from one person to another. Now the question is how is it getting transmitted? What are the various methods of transmission of these infections? How bacterial diseases, tuberculosis can transmit? How malaria can transmit? They both are of different types. This is a broad classification. You may go through it that the various method of transmission are here. Now what are these various methods of transmission? Through coughing and sneezing, feces, blood and fluid. So if we take four broad method of transmission of the communicable
7:46 diseases. Now what are these four broad methods for transmission of the diseases? So these communicable diseases can get transmitted either by the process of these four methods. What are these? For example, bloodborn diseases. They are called as bloodborn diseases. Some of them are called as vectorborn diseases. Another is fecal root or fico oral root. Fecal and oral root of transmission. And the third last one that is cuffing and sneezing. So cuffing and
8:31 sneezing we can call as the aerosol method. coughing and sneezing or aerosol method. So communicable diseases can get transmitted through these four roots of transmission. These are called as modes of transmission. How communication occurs or how the infectious diseases reach from an infected to a healthy person either through the bloodborne method. Now we will go in detail about these. So first it is either the blood bone method, the vector bone method, the ficooral root or through the process of cuffing and sneezing which we call as the aerosol method. So let's start about
9:16 these in detail because these are the modes of transmission that you are not going to study in detail. Here we are we are studying these individual roots of transmission how this affects and this will definitely give you a clue how an infection reaches and which organ this infection is actually affecting. For example, first it is the different modes of transmission aerosol transmission. Okay. So aerosol or we can say cuffing and sneezing. See here during coughing and sneezing number of droplets are produced. What are these droplets? Suppose for example through coughing and sneezing one droplet is released. One
10:02 droplet is released due to this coughing and sneezing and this droplet contains millions and trillions of bacteria, fungus, viruses and many more infective agents inside it. This droplet just single one drop I have drawn here but such type of millions and millions of droplets are released when we sneeze or cough. So such type of droplets loaded with the pathogen is called as aerosol. So what happens when these aerosols are inhaled by a healthy person? Because through coughing and sneezing these droplets containing the organisms or the pathogens are released and when these aerosols are inhaled by a
10:50 healthy individual these healthy individual through their respiratory tract inhale them these droplets they will sublime. The droplet will be vanished immediately as it enters inside the respiratory tract. The organisms will be released into the respiratory tract. So the it is like almost like a balloon. So it is like a balloon. It is almost like a bubble. We can say this balloon or this bubble will be inhaled by an individual where they will burst. the bubble will burst and the bubble containing the pathogens will reach easily the respiratory tract of the healthy individual. Such type of transmission is called as aerosol transmission also called as the droplet
11:37 transmission as well as such type of transmission occurs through sneezing and coughing. So here in this diagram we can say through the sneezing and coughing millions of these droplets reach the another individual. These are the aerosol particles and these aerosol particles can directly enter through their respiratory tract as well as these aerosols can also stick to the various places various surfaces inanimate object or non-living object surfaces. Now what happens? Remember this term. This term is very very important. The term is called as fulommites. This terminology is called as a fomite. What is a fomite?
12:25 Fomite means non-living object or an inanimate object whose surface contains millions of infective pathogens. So these surfaces are called as fommites. For example, in a laboratory, if you see a laboratory or a hospital in the hospital, the door, the knob of the door, the tabletop, the surface, the bed linen, all these are called as fulommites. Even fulommites can be infective agents. So these aerosols can reach directly to a person through the respiratory tract or these aerosols will settle down on the surface of these inanimate objects and when a healthy person touches them
13:12 through hand through respiratory pathway these infective pathogens will enter their body. So the through the process of the inanimate objects the transmission of the infection is called as fomite transmission and this one is called as the aerosol transmission. So that is how infective agents through the cuffing and sneezing reach any other organism or reach any other individual. Now what are the examples of the coughing and sneezing or we can say airborne transmission. So now these are the airborne transmission. This is the aerosol or droplet transmission. It is also called as airborne transmission.
13:59 Now what are the organisms that can transmit or what are the infections that can transmit through airborne transmission? I'm very sure you all know the examples. For example, yes, you're thinking right. The COVID 19 that transmits through droplet transmission and like that other organisms other infections like pneumonia that transmits dtheria that also transmits through the aerosol. So anything that enters through the respiratory tract even the common cold also common cold flu all these are transmitted by aerosol or droplet transmission. All right. So common cold or flu or we can say COVID 19,
14:47 pneumonia, any respiratory tract infection is caused by aerosol or droplet or airborne transmission. All right. So this is about the aerosol or airborne transmission. Now moving on to the next mode of transmission which is called as the ficooral transmission. Okay. So ficooral transmission is also called as fcal transmission. It is called as ficooral transmission as well as fecal transmission and in general terms it is written as through contaminated food and water. Okay. In general terms it is also written as through contaminated food and
15:33 water. through contaminated food and water. Contaminated food and water also called foodborn diseases. All right. So these are food born diseases. Now what are the food born diseases here? Foodborn diseases means if the food is not properly prepared, if the food contains many contaminated components, if unhygienic hand practices are done during cooking or serving of the food that causes ficooral transmission. Now we are coming to the details of how ficooral transmission is done. The fecal parts of any vertebrates
16:19 or any humans contain many many millions of bacteria pathogens in them. So the fecal parts contain many pathogens in the feces. These pathogens through various method can reach our body. How? Through the fluids. If the fecally contaminated fluid or water is there in the fields, if someone walks barefoot, if someone walks the field barefoot, then also many parasites perforate or penetrate through the skin and directly enters the body. So that is in the fields through the flies. Flies, house flies, they act like carriers, mechanical carriers. What they do? They will carry the different type of
17:06 pathogens on the surface of their body, the outer covering, the the antenna, the legs, their body parts, their wings, they will carry these pathogen and when the flies sit on a food or a drinking water, it will shed all these pathogens in that place and that will get contaminated. So that is how flies can cause the infection. and the fingers. If unhygienic hand practices are done after the process of tickle matter excretion. So if unhygienic hand practices are done even the fingers can also carry this condition. So what are the various methods how the fecally fecally contaminated pathogens can enter human
17:51 body again or can cause different type of infections again if they are present in the fluids in the fluids like the contaminated water the same pond water is utilized by many of the organisms many of the individuals. So that is contamination of the water as well as the different types of fluids. Contamination in the fields directly through the skin penetration when we walk barefoot on the fields through the flies acting as the carriers and the fingers. These fingers if we practice unhygienic hand practices if we do not clean our hands properly these cause the transmission of the feal pathogens into our food and that causes our infection. So these are
18:37 the methods by which fecal matter can reach a healthy human body through these various methods. the contaminated water, the flies, the unhygienic hand as well as the fields. Okay, so we are back after a break. So here we are. The fecally contaminated water, the fingers, the hands, the flies and everything can transmit the fecal pathogens to our food and can cause infections to our body. So next it is the modes of transmission through blood and blood products. This is called as bloodborn infections. Okay. So they are
19:24 called as the bloodborne infections. Now what are these bloodborn infections? Who can tell me what is the meaning of bloodborne infections? Yes guys, can you help me out? What is bloodborne infections? Any guesses? Yes, you can see what all examples we have seen here. Yes, bloodbone infections. Who is going to answer me the first? What is an example of bloodborn infections? Who will be the first one to answer what is a bloodborn infections? Yes, I'm waiting for your answer first. Yes. Yes. Who will be the first one to answer this bloodborn infections?
20:13 Okay. Yes. Stop chatting and answer AIDS is an example. Sya, very good, Sya. A very big clap for you. Yes. Sya is the first person who actually answered it. HIV. Very good. Yes. So, what are the methods of transmission of bloodborn pathogens? Bloodborne pathogens are transmitting the infection through various blood and blood products. Now what are these various blood and blood products through the sharing of the needles like the sharing of the common needle or the syringes, sharing of the various accidental puncture from the contaminated needles, various broken or damaged skin, infected body fluids, broken mucous membrane, blood to blood
20:58 contact. So these are the different methods of blood and blood products. Now what do we mean by bloodbone diseases or bloodbone infections? Blood yes hepatitis B someone also has said hepatitis B and C. Prahawiti very good Prahawiti that's a very very good answer and I really did not expect you will answer hepatitis C also. So yes guys hepatitis C is another infection which is bloodborne. No syphilis is not jaundice is hepatitis B jaundice you can say but uh yes hepatitis B C HIV these are considered as the blood bloodbone diseases now these bloodbone diseases let's move on to that bloodbone diseases means through the contaminated blood
21:44 from one person to another it will transmit now these infections how does it transmit from one person to another through blood how are we transmitting Blood blood transmission or blood transfusion. It is not the only method. You have heard of blood donation. That is one of the method of transmission of blood. But other than blood transfusion, organ transplantation or organ donation is also another method of bloodborn pathogen transmission. Another method other than organ transplantation and blood transfusion. They are needle prick injury. These are called as needle prick injury in which accidentally to a healthare worker or to any person a contaminated needle or syringe who was
22:29 in which uh this contaminated blood of an infected person is present. If it is accidentally pricked to a healthy individual it can easily transmit the disease. So needle prick injury which is 99% of the time obviously it is the accidental injury this is also called as needlestick injury other than that there are other methods of transmission of these blood and blood products like from mother to the fetus from the mother to the fetus there is transmission of the infection through sexual mode of transmission also these are the method of transmission. So yes the blood and blood products are the various methods other than organ transplantation and blood transfusion. There are needlestick
23:16 injuries sharing of the common syringes in a hospital or in a healthcare setup. If a single needle is not used for a same for a different person then one person infection can get transmitted to other individuals also in which this common needle has been shared. So the common sharing of these syringes can also cause the transmission of the infection. So let's have a quick look at the various processes in which blood and blood products are blood and blood products are transmitting the infections. Blood and blood products transmission that is first it is the needlestick injury. Needlestick injury it is an accidental injury. Remember this.
24:03 Another is the organ transplantation. Another is organ transplantation. Third method of transmission is blood donation. We can say blood transfusion, blood, plasma and many other components. Blood transfusion. Sharing of common syringes. Sharing of common syringes. Can you name some more examples of blood and blood product transm transmission? Another example will be IV drug abusers. IV drug abuser. What is the meaning of IV here? IV indicates intravenous drug
24:50 abusers. Yes. Some of the drugs are there like heroine and others which are sometimes injected in the body. Now these drugs when injected in the body these are not definitely a sterile drugs or sterile injections. These injections are in common use. There is a common sharing of these IV drug injections. So these intravenous drug injections during the drug abuse is a very common method of bloodborn pathogen transmission. Other than that tattoo making again where a common syringe is used for multiple individuals tattoo making and there is the common piercing
25:36 and needle sharing. Piercing and needle sharing. So these are the various methods in which common needle is shared among multiple individuals and whenever there is common sharing of syringes to multiple individuals there will be blood and blood products related transmission of pathogens. So these are the different processes of blood and blood product transmission. So here we have discussed again the airborne transmission. Airborne transmission is caused due to the droplet transmission which causes the transmission of infections like COVID 19, pneumonia, dtheria, common cold, flu, influenza all these. Similarly, foodborn diseases or we call
26:25 as ficooral transmission of the diseases they are caused by where is it caused? How is it caused? Foodborn or ficooral transmission. What are the examples of ficooral transmission? Foodborn diseases. The examples of food born diseases are or ficooral transmission. The first one will be the cholera. Okay. What else are food born diseases? You can name anything like diarrhea decentry and what else? Diarrhea decentry. And one more very important viral disease you have seen it in individuals in children even polio
27:11 virus. Yes you heard it right. Polio virus is a food born disease. A ficooral transmission occurs. So foodborn disease or polio virus is a ficoorally transmitted viral infections and many other bacteria and pathogens are present which are transmitted through ficooral root. Similarly through blood and blood products how they are transmitted through blood and blood products like sexual transmission from mother to the child accidental injury which is called as needlestick injury. the contact between damaged skin, mucous membrane, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, sharing of common syringes as well as intravenous drug
27:58 abusing, tattoo making, piercing and common needle sharing. So these are the methods by which blood and blood products related pathogens, bloodbone pathogens are transmitted. Now the question is what are the examples of the infective agents which are transmitted by this method. So what are the various pathogens which are getting transmitted by this method? Yes, you have already named it HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C. These are the common common ones which are transmitted by blood and blood products. So we already have three methods of transmission. One is by aerosol or droplet ficooral blood
28:44 and blood products. Now moving on to the next method of transmission. Transmission roots of blood and blood products. It is the vertical transmission. Now this is another very important one. Vertical transmission and horizontal transmission. Horizontal transmission means the transmission of the pathogen from one person to another. For example, I'm staying here in this room. Now, if I sneeze or cough, the pathogens will directly move from my body to another person and will cause the infection. This is horizontal. When the pathogen moves from one generation to the another. When the pathogen moves from one generation to another that is called as vertical transmission which we
29:33 commonly see during mother to fetus transmission of infections. This is called as vertical transmission. Vertical transmission also known as mother to fetus transmission. Mother to fetus transmission is called as vertical transmission. vertically from one generation to another generation the infection is moving. Can you name some of the examples of the vertical transmission? Who can answer me the examples of vertical transmission? Whatever transmission we are hearing these are all horizontal transmission. So what are the examples of vertical transmission? Yes, that is my question an what are the examples of vertical transmission? Just think a little bit
30:20 and you can answer little bit. Which organism transmits from mother to the fetus? There are many. Just at least name one. Think use your brain, use your neurons a little bit and you will get the answer. So yes, what will it be? From mother to fetus, cancer, diabetes, these are not infective agents. Okay, I'll tell you the answer. HIV. HIV gets transmitted from mother to fetus. All right. So yes, HIV transmits from mother to fetus. Yes, HIV shows vertical transmission. Other than that, there are many syphilis. Okay. Many other are there. Yes, AIDS. Who has answered this? Penchal. Very
31:05 good. Yes, you're right. AIDS or HIV is one of the most crucial example of vertical transmission. The child gets the infection from the mother and many more infections are there like the chickenpox infection is there that can also get transmitted other viral agents other viral infections are also there which can get transmitted from mother to fetus. So yes HIV yes all of you most of you have got it correct HIV gets transmitted from mother to fetus which is called as vertical transmission of infection. So two modes of transmission horizontal transmission in which from one person to another healthy individual of this generation of this area will be transmitted. But when it get transmitted
31:52 from one generation to another from mother to the fetus that is called as vertical transmission. We are moving on to another part of transmission which is called as vectorborn transmission. Now we are going to the vectorborn transmission. That means another organism will be utilized for the transmission of this infection. So it is the vectorbone transmission. Now what is vectorbone transmission? Vectorbone transmission is vector is utilized. Now what is a vector? A vector is an organism or a host in which the organism or the pathogen completes its life cycle. So
32:39 vector are the organism organism acting as the host acting as the host of a pathogen other than the human other than the humans. in which in which the pathogen completes its life cycle. Okay. So they are called as the vector. So what is a vector? Vector is
33:27 the organism in which the pathogen will complete its life cycle other than the host other than humans. So they are another type of host which is required to complete the life cycle of a pathogen or a parasite. For example, the most common example of vectorbone diseases are malaria, various parasitic infections like malaria, filarasis. Then it is the tenia infection, tenasis, tenosolium infections. All these are called as the infections of parasites or vectorbone diseases. Why they are called as vectorbone diseases? Because malaria
34:14 requires the presence of human as well as the presence of the female anophilis mosquito. You must have heard female anophilis mosquito bite spreads the malaria. So malaria is a vectorbone disease in which the parasite lives or completes its life cycle not only in humans but also inside the mosquito. So that is why malaria is a vectorbone disease. Another is example is fariasis. Even fyasis or we can call in general it is elephantasis even that is also another example of another example of vectorbone disease. So now fyasis also requires the pathogen the parasite responsible for fyasis also requires the
35:01 presence of another host like a mosquito cullex mosquito. So these are all mosquito or in case of tenius they have a different host like pig or the cattle and the humans. So they have a different type of the organism. So these are called as the vectorbone diseases in which a vector is required which transmits the disease from one person to another. So such type of infections are vectorbone diseases. So here we have discussed different type of comm non-communicable as well as communicable diseases. Non-communicable diseases we have to discuss it in detail but about the communicable diseases we
35:47 have discussed. So different type of pathogens which can cause communicable diseases or infectious diseases. Different type of pathogens causing different type of other roots of transmission. Some enter through the respiratory root. Some enter through the picooral root or maybe bloodbone and vector bone diseases. So these are the different methods of transmission of pathogens. All right. So these important informations you are going to apply you are going to use when you are actually going to study the chapter human health and disease. Now we are here for the non-communicable diseases. So what all non-communicable diseases we have? Non-communicable diseases means the diseases which are not transmitted from one person to another. Maybe they are
36:34 genetically present. They are present at the time of birth. Maybe they are genetic defect, inborn errors or we can say they appeared or they developed during environmental conditions, pollution or maybe they are present due to old age. So they are of different types and what are the different types of these non-communicable diseases? Different types of non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases or we can say in general words heart diseases. So these are heart diseases or cardiovascular diseases. Cancer, chronic respiratory diseases due to air pollution. Many lung infections can appear even due to
37:22 different types of habits. Smoking and other habits also as well as occupational conditions also can produce respiratory diseases which is another very severe form of the non-communicable diseases. So respiratory diseases chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, diabetes malitus especially diabetes malitus type one and type two both all these are considered as the four major types of non-communicable diseases. So non-communicable diseases see like diabetes it is not spreading from one person to another. Similarly, cancer or heart diseases are not spreading from one person to another. But due to the habits, due to the the method, the
38:10 weather, the environmental condition, the occupation and genetic factors, many more factors, hormonal imbalances, many things are there as a result of which non-communicable diseases appear. These non-communicable diseases include heart diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. And among these four, the most common one according to NCRT is given as cancer which is one of the major cause of death of non-communicable diseases. So majority of these are forming the death of the individuals and among these four cancer is the major cause of death
38:57 in the non-communicable diseases. So non-communicable diseases also as dangerous as the communicable diseases. Now these non-communicable diseases also can kill majority of the population if they remain untreated or uncontrolled. Now these other types of communic non-communicable diseases are hypertension, obesity, genetic abnormalities, genetic disorders, autoimmune disorders, autoimmune disorders and different types of hyper sensitivity
39:44 or we can say allergic reactions. So these are the different types of conditions which are non-communicable. Can it be fever? No Shriram, this cannot be fever because fever is also a transmissible as well as we can say a condition of infection. Normally if it is fever, it is common cold or flu. All these which are transmitted from one person to another. So they are communicable diseases. Non-communicable are absolutely the word which is not getting transmitted from one person to another. It is the body's own infection or we can say the body's own condition because of the living
40:30 condition, the environmental factors, the genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalance or maybe some radiations anything. It can be anything which will cause these conditions. Different types of non-communicable diseases are there out of which these four make the major category most of them 75% of the non-communicable diseases are because of the heart diseases maybe a heart attack maybe a stroke maybe any other conditions cancer different types of cancer can be lung cancer can be uterine cancer can be cervical cancer prostate cancer in males it can be a different type of cancer causing ing death of the individuals at a very large scale. Other
41:16 than that, chronic respiratory diseases, respiratory diseases, chronic respiratory diseases which leads to obstruction of the airway and causes difficulty in breathing. So that can be due to pollution, due to the living habits or due to some kind of genetic disposition. Those are the conditions as well as diabetes which is imbalance of the hormone. Which hormone is responsible? Yes, it is insulin hormone. Insulin hormone deficiency can be due to at the early age some of the conditions genetic conditions might be there or maybe due to old age the beta cells do not function properly and cause the diabetes melitus. So both type one and type two diabetes you are going to study in detail when you are going to study
42:02 the chapter in hormonal imbalances. So all of these are the conditions which cause non-communicable diseases and other than these majority of the conditions are these other than this hypertension that is high blood pressure obesity obesity is a very major condition right now genetic disorders different types of genetic disorders like the down syndrome filter syndrome and many more you can name autoimmune disorders again hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders you are going to study even I would also like to add some mental and neurological disorders mental and neurological disorders so all these contribute to the
42:51 part of non-communicable diseases can diabetes transmit from parental to next generation these are called as genetic predisposition they can be genetically predisposed means they have a higher chances of occurring diabetes if they do not maintain their diet habit properly. But it is not transmitted from one generation to another. No, this is not a vertical transmission of diabetes. Okay, remember this vertical transmission is an infective agent. Infection directly cross the mother's placenta and reach the fetus. That is vertical transmission. The transmission over here from one generation to another through disposition genetic disorders definitely not vertical transmission. Genetic
43:38 disorders are not vertical transmissions. Okay. So this all together forms the non-communicable disorders. So here we have some questions. Now it is time for the question answers. Which among the following are vectorborn diseases? Vectorbone diseases. We require vectors for the transmission of these diseases. Yes. Who is going to answer first? The vectorbone diseases. The vectorbone diseases are the first one is yes, you're right. Malaria. Malaria is a vectorbone disease. Yes, you all are right. Very good. Disease is spreading through fural transmission. Now the second question. Answer the
44:23 second question correctly. the ficooral transmission occurs. What will be the answer for the second question? I have not got the second question answer yet. The second question answer will be okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Now it's the time for the second question. No, not collera. It is cholera decent tree polio. So the answer will be all of these. We have the option all of these. Yes. Very good. Very good. to all of you. Head office of WH where is it located? Head office of WH head office is WH head office. Okay, I'll tell you the answer.
45:08 You already know the answer is Geneva. Now read these two statements. Okay, the statements are here. Read them. Statement one says health is a state of complete well-being of physical, mental and emotional, social well-being only. Statement two being free from diseases only is called health. No other factors play any role in being healthy. So what will be the answer? Which statement is correct? Both these statements are correct. One is correct, two is incorrect. What will be the answer? Okay, I'll tell you here. Health is a state of complete well-being of physical, mental and emotional and social well-being. That is also correct. And also free from disease. Free from
45:58 any kind of infections. So yes, this has to be added at this statement. And being free from diseases only is called health. No, even this also is incorrect. So both these statements are incorrect. Incomplete statements. Assertion diabetes. These are very important ones. Diabetes and cardiovascular diseas are spread from one person to another through blood and blood products. Is it? So do they transmit from one person to another through blood and blood products? No, definitely not. And diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are non-communicable diseases. This is correct. So assertion is incorrect and reason is correct. So the second option will be the
46:43 answer. All right. Now coming to the next question. HIV is a communicable disease. Okay, that is also correct. It transmits from one person to another through various modes of transmission. Does it transmit from one person to another? Transmits from one person to another through the various modes of transmission. Yes. So reason is correct and HIV is a communicable disease. It is also correct but not the correct explanation. So the answer will be option number four. All right. So thank you all of you. Thank you for such a lovely class. Thank you for being there and study well. Be there and study hard. Stay focused. Do not get distracted here and there by many of the other things. All
47:29 right. So staying focused is the most important part. Stay well. Stay focused. Study well. Goodbye all of you.
