0:08 Good evening my dear students. Very good evening to all of you. Very good evening to all of you. Yes, good evening everyone of you. So, how are my favorite students doing? I hope you all are having a very good time. You all are learning so much and you are getting lots and lots of benefits from it. This is Dr. Anisha from Sri Chaitananya Educational Institutions. Welcome you all for another session of zoologology in the neat bridge course 2025 for your exams which is going to happen in need 2027. Yes, good evening. Good evening. Good evening. Good evening to everyone of you. Now let me tell you one thing that you all must be enjoying the class as well as you must be studying also.
0:55 Now we have started topics which are actually there for the process of your exams. Now we have started discussing the actual topics like we are starting now the animal kingdom. In animal kingdom all the basis of classification all the general characters we have already discussed. Now what are we discussing? Now we are discussing about the different phylm. We have discussed the phylm porifera and today we are going to discuss about the phylm cylindrator tenophora flatworms as well as the round worms. All right. So yes very good evening namaste to all of you and I'm so overwhelmed with your love with your
1:40 response that I'm so much thankful to you all to Sri Chaitananya Education Institution to give me an opportunity to connect with you all. So let's start studying. Let's have fun together. And here it is the phylm cylinderata. All right. Now the phylm cylinder what is it showing? The filmmintterata it is showing the organisms which are for example different types cylinderates or the another name of this film is the film nidaria. They are also called as nidarian. So they are nidarian or we can call the phylm to be nidaria. What is
2:29 this phylm? Nidaria. All right. So, phylm neria or called as the phylm cylinderata. Here we are again. What is it all about? Like I have told you the periphereral. The pipera means they are porebearing organisms. Similarly over here we will see the nidaria they are the organisms which are containing a specialized type of cells. That's what gives them the name nidaria. Okay. So now the organism needs or also known as the cylindricates what are their habit habitat as well as different type of characteristics. So students I hope you remember I have told you a strategy to
3:15 read the film in a sequence. First of all you need to remember the sequence of all the film present in animal kingdom. So these are forifera cylinder and so on. Similarly in each of the film maintain a sequence so that you can tabulate or you can see all the characteristics in one go and you do not miss any of its characteristics while reading. So what are these sequences? What are these characteristics? You must know all these characteristics. These are habit, habitat, level of organization, symmetry, body plant, germ layers and celum. These are the most basic characteristics that you have to know for your exams about a filer. So first it is the habit. Habit
4:02 includes the different type of characteristics such as what it feeds on, what it characteristics are, whether it is motile or non-mile, what type of organism at what time it is active in the day or in the night. All of these characteristics are called as the characteristics of phylm nidaria. Okay. So now we are coming to the habit of the phylm nidaria. In case of phylm habit the habit is these organisms some of them are motile or some of them are nonmotile. Some of the organisms are motile some of the organisms are non-motile in them. Most of them are carnivorous in
4:48 nature. Carnivorous in nature mostly and they have a different type of habitat. What are their habitat? Habitat means the location where they are residing. So the location of the habitat. What will be their habitat? The habitat is they are all aquatic since they are primitive non-coordinate or invertebrate organisms. These organisms they stay in water. So the periphera is aquatic. Cylindrates are also aquatic. So these are aquatic organisms. In aquatic environment where do they live? Now we have two options. Either they will be living in a fresh water or they will be living in the marine water sea
5:35 water. So here the cylindrates are present commonly in both freshwater as well as fish marine water forms. So aquatic they are both freshwater forms. Freshwater forms. Can you name any of the freshwater form of the cylindrates? H you need to think I'll give you a hint or I'll give you a name. It is hydra. If you think of the marine forms, it will be the marine form will be jellyfish. Example of marine forms the jellyfish. Many are there actually one of them is jellyfish. All right. So these are the different types of habitat they have. They are motile or non-mile. They are
6:22 mostly carnivorous. They live in water. Alo they are called as aquatic and in aquatic also they are either freshwater forms or the marine water forms. So this yeah fresh water and marine water. Okay. Yes. Very good. Very good. Now we are coming to the part which is called as the level of organization. Level of organization we have already discussed. That means how the body is made. Which type of structures the body is made up of. The body in case of pipherence was made up of cells. But in this case the body has now evolved a more. Now they have evolved one step ahead and now cells evolve to become tissues. So they have
7:07 tissue level of organization. All right. So they have tissue level of organization. Now body symmetry. What type of body symmetry? I hope these four points are very clear to you. How do we read them? We read them as they are either motile or non-motile. They are aquatic, fresh or marine motor forms. Level of organization have evolved from the periphereral. Poriference were cellular but now they have become tissue level of organization. So they are showing tissue level of organization. Body symmetry. So body symmetry is the method by which we can cut the organism into two equal halves. In porifera we have seen they had no symmetry means if we cut the
7:53 organism into any portion in any forms it will not be identical to each half the two halves will be asymmetrical. So such type of symmet such type of body symmetry is asymmetric. Now body symmetry in this case shows radial symmetry and I am very sure my all intelligent students they know the meaning of the radial symmetry. Yes. Yes. Yes. Radial symmetry. I'm very sure you all know the meaning of radial symmetry. Radial symmetry means when the organism can be cut into multiple planes into two equal halves. For example, like a football, you can cut the football into the transverse or the vertical half
8:41 or in the horizontal half or in an angular half because a football is a sphere. It can be cut into various halves. Right? So that is the structure of radial symmetry. Similarly, body symmetry over here is radial symmetry for a football. Okay? So do not consider them they exactly look like a football. No, definitely not. Their body is little bit different but they can be cut into two equal halves by multiple planes of symmetry. Okay. So that is body symmetry. Now it is body plan. So what is body plan? Yes. So we have seen two types of body plan. One is the blind sack body plan and another is there is
9:28 tube within tube body plan. See this also I have told you there is a trick. So which one will it be? Body plan the body plan will be based on the openings present. If there is a single opening blind sack imagine your purse a lady's purse or we can say your bag your school bag you have one zip to put all the things inside it and the same zip to take all the things out of it. That is a sack or a blind sack. So there is only one opening for both injection and ejection that is called as blind sack. Similarly here we have blind sack body plan. In case of blind sack body plan a
10:13 single opening that is acting as both mouth and anus. So that is a single opening present. All right students I hope you are getting it all right. Okay. So now here we are again to the germ layers. Body plan is over. After body plan after body plan it is the germ layers. So now what is this germ layers? What are these germ layers? So now what are these germ layers? These germ layers are various layers by which the organism's body is made up of. Again we have studied it earlier also. The germ layers can be an
11:00 outer layer and inner layer. Most commonly we have seen the body contains the three types of germ layers. The outer ectodom, inner endodm and in between there is the third germ layer that is misodum. All right. The cells, the zygote, the blastula, the gastula, they all form these germ layers. But very primitive organisms do not develop the third germ layer which is misodorm. So they are diploastic. Okay. Who is the first person to answer diploastic? Shanmok. Very good. Shanmok. Yes. Diploastic organisms. Very good. So these organisms are diplolastic and cylum. So what about this? Who is going to tell me what about the cylum? Who will be the first one to
11:46 answer what type of selom the cylindrates or the nidarians will have? Who is going to be the first one to answer that? Yes, I'm waiting for your answers. Aselomate. Cherry 18. Okay. So, the answer is asylumate. What is the meaning of asylum? The meaning of a aselomate means they do not have a proper cavity or empty space present between the ecto and endodum which is lined by the misodum completely. Okay. So that is called aselomate type of body cavity. Very good. Most of you have got it correctly. So asylum. So now these organisms are asylum because between ecto and endodm
12:33 there is no misodum present and for an organism to be called as an asylum. There has to be a layer a third gem layer present between them to completely line the body cavity that is called as a true but here since they do not have the misodum itself they are diploastic so they has to be the ailment organism. All right. Now it it is the various general characteristics which you have to study for each and every general characters of a film. This is you are going to study for polyera for cylindrator even for other organisms also. Now we are coming to a special characteristic about the nidarian. What is that special
13:19 characteristic? That special characteristic is the needite cell. Okay. So now there are cells which are called as the neidolast which changes into the neidocytes. The cell which gives rise to all its characteristic is called as the needlast which changes into neido site and this neidoite commonly called as stinging cells. They are commonly called as stinging cells. Now the question is where these stinging cells are present? Where these stinging cells are present? Exactly. They are present in cylindrates. But imagine a cylindric
14:07 body. Imagine this is a hydra which is a cylindricate. This is a cylindric body with its tentacles and the gem disk. So this is the basil disk. the body, the cylindricates, various tentacles present. Now, where will you find these stinging cells? Remember one thing, stinging cells are actually for their defense as well as for catching a prey. It is for their defense. Defense means for their own protection. These cells help them providing protection against some of the enemies as well as they also helpful in catching a prey. So if they have to be protected themselves
14:53 from the enemies if they need to catch a prey and even sometimes for attaching to a surface these cells are required where should they be? They should be on the outer layers of the body wall. So they should be on the outer surface that is on the epidermis. So they are present on their epidermis or outer layer of the cell. The body's outermost layer. The epidermis contains these cells as well as on the surface of tentacles. All right? Remember these two lines or these two words tentacles and the outermost body wall has the cells which are called as the stinging
15:41 cells. Tentacles epidermis. Now what is the use of these stinging cells? If they are present inside the body or to the inner wall. If the stinging cell is present inner wall or inner layer of the body, it will be of no use because it will not be utilized for catching a prey. It will not be utilized for protecting the body from the enemy or for the surface attachment. So that is why the needle blasts are present only on the outer body wall or outer surface of the body as well as to the tentacles. Okay, is that clear to everyone of you? I'm very sure you have understood it. Okay. So that is the needlast and
16:26 stinging cells. Now we are coming to the structure of these stinging cells. Stinging cells are a different type of cells present in the cylindricates. A normal cell modifies into stinging cell. So a stinging cell or a needlast they also contain the same structure as that of the normal cell. they are just little bit modified. So what is the structure? This is the cell the needlast or the needy. Now this neidtoite cell contains a fluid fil space inside it. Okay. It is the fluid fil space inside the cell. This fluid fil sack this is a
17:16 sack which is filled with a toxic fluid. This toxic fluid fil sack is called as needy. Fluid fil space is called as the cyst. So this is a fluid or a toxinfilled space which is called as the needy. Okay. So now this needs is present inside the cell and the cell will have the cell will have all its structures like mitochondria various other cellular organals as well as a thread like structure to hold this needy into its place. All right. There are some supporting fibers present to hold the
18:03 cyst into its place and the needy. The needy is a fluid fil space or a fluid fil sack inside one cell. Imagine a cell which contains a toxin fil sack inside it. That is this needs. Now this needs which is a toxinfilled sack contains a very crucial thing. What is this crucial thing? The crucial thing is that it contains a structure like this. It contains its structure like this. Now what is this structure? This is called as a thread tube. This is a thread tube. All right. This structure is called as a
18:51 thread tube. Okay. This structure is the thread tube. Now this thread tube contains one very sharp needle at its end just like an injection. You have seen the injection. Most of you have got it very recently also due to various reasons. So now this is the injection just a sharp needleike structure. Okay. It is this sharp needleike structure at the end of this tube. So it is a coil tube ending in a sharp needle like structure that is present inside this needyst. So needy contains toxin called hypnotoxin. All right. So my dear
19:37 students remember the toxin which is present in the needy is the hypnotoxin. It can cause severe pain in the enemy's body or while catching the prey to the to the organism's body. Okay. So this is a very dangerous and a very painful toxin called as the hypnotoxin which can actually paralyze small organism itself. Even for human body also if this hypotoxin is injected by some of the cylindrates in human body for example sometimes it is seen that the organisms are present near the seashore and any human being who is walking or present in the water they are
20:25 actually getting bitten or getting stung by this hypnotoxin of the jellyfish they can cause severe allergic reaction painful reactions will be seen and Sometimes they have to take him or they take that person to an emergency room of a hospital. Yes, it is that severe or that potential a toxin. So that toxin is hypnotoxin which can actually paralyze and kill a small organism and can affect severely to a larger organism even like humans. So these hypnotoxins are present in this sack-like structure. Inside this sack-like structure, these hypnotoxins are present and the hypnotoxin is injected using this thread tube in the form of a needle. Through the needle,
21:11 they just inject the hypnotoxin to a human body or any animal's body. So this is the most important characteristic. they here contains a structure called as needal which is just like a trigger and acts as active center of the neocytes. So what happens whenever anything that touches the need is the trigger you can say just like a gun if you press the trigger only then the bullet will come out. Similarly in this cell of the needy if any organism or anything touches the needle cell only then the fluid filled thread tube with the needle injection will come out
21:56 inject the hypnotoxin to an enemy's body and will cause paralysis or death or an attack to the body. So that is the most important characteristic called as the needyes in case of cylindra. Now these cylindricate organisms these cylindricate organisms they contain these cells on the epidermis and tentacles of their body surface. For what are the functions? Their main function is yes three functions these needlasts they help in for defense mechanism. For defense, that is for their own protection, for catching a prey, for attacking a prey, for catching
22:45 a prey or attacking a prey as well as for surface attachment. Surface attachment. So these are the reasons why these organisms are called as need nidarians or cylindrates. All right. So these are very very important characteristics of the film cylindrates. Now moving on to the part in which we will learn about what are the examples of nidaria. See the cylindrates are a lot in number. Many cylindrates are present in the animal world. Now the organisms which we are going to study or which will be useful for us you need to remember their names both scientific as
23:31 well as the common names. Now what are the first name that comes to your mind that is hydra. So hydra is known as hydra. Let it be hydra anything. Let it be anywhere it can be hydraulgaris or any other species. Hydra both commonly known as the hydra. Other than that the common name jellyfish scientifically known as Orurelia. Similarly the scientific name also known as Portuguese man of war Portuguese man of war known as piselia. Similarly the film contains another
24:19 organism which is known as sea fur which is known as oelia. Now very funny names or very interesting names you can say sea fur, c pen and c fan. All these are nidarians. In exam they ask these names very commonly and very usually very commonly they ask these question very frequently these questions are asked. Seur is oelia c pen is known as penetula and c fan known as gorggonia. Some of the corals you may have heard they all belong to the phylm cylindrates. Corals they form a hard
25:05 rocky surface on the various oceans. Last time also we have discussed about the corals. Corals like which examples of corals we know? Coral example is brain coral. Brain coral which is common which is scientifically known as mianina. Red coral is also there. Coralium. So few of these corals are present. Corals form coral reefs. How these coral reefs are formed? Very hard calcium salts are released or excreted out of the cylinder's body which deposit over a time period. Years after years or maybe we can say centuries after
25:52 centuries they will be depositing one layer after the another forming a very hard rocky surface near a seashore. So such type of island like structures which are not exactly island they are made up of the calcium deposits of these organisms over a period of time maybe centuries maybe even thousands of years these corals are formed. So one such important coral reefs you all must have heard of is Australia's great barrier coral reef. Okay. So great barrier coral reef in Australia is there. Even in India there is Lakshwadib which is another coral reef. These are all coral reefs formed by the various type of
26:38 secretions from the organisms's body which are cylindricates. All right. So here we have studied the cylinder. Let's move on to the next phylm which is phylm tenophora. Now what is this phylm teno force? The phylm tenors you all know we have seen them in our first introductory classes of the animal kingdom. We have seen the examples of the teno force. They look quite different. How do they look like? What are their appearances? They appear like this. Sometimes even called as the sea walnut. Sometimes even they are called as sea gooseberries. Gooseberry is
27:23 another type of fruit. So they have different names but they are commonly also called as tenopores or comb jellies. Tenophora or commonly called as the comb jellies. All right. So they are commonly also called as comb jellies. Now what are these organisms? See here we have these structures. So these are these structures. Why am why am I drawing these lines? These lines represent the most unique characteristic of this film. Now what is the most unique characteristic of this film? The most
28:10 unique characteristic of this film is comb plate. Comb plate. We are going to discuss about the comb plate in detail. But first of all, let's see how these are arranged. See here comb like structures. This is the comb like structure. Just like the comb we use for our for collecting our hairs. So that is the comb like structure. Comb like structure small small structure arrange themselves in lines in sequences and like that total eight total eight comb plates are present in these organisms. How many complates? Eight longitudinal like this comb plates are present in
28:57 their body and that is the reason why they are called as comb jellies. Okay. So they are called as comb jellies because they have eight longitudinal rows of comb plates. All right everyone I hope you all are understanding and memorizing as well as reading them in so detail that it is going straight to your brain and heart. Remember comb jelly is total eight longitudinal plates of comb jellies are there in these organisms that is why they are called as the comb plates. Okay. So now these are the comb plates present like this combed plates are present. So these are the eight
29:43 rows. I have not made eight rows over here. We can see only three strips but like that eight are present. Now moving on to the most important general characteristics of the film of the tenophora. Now the tenophora they have important characteristics like the habited. What is their habit? These organisms they are motile some of them are motile and some of them can be non-mile also. Motile as well as non-motile forms are also present. And these organisms they are they show transparent body. They show transparent body structure. That is why they are called as jellies. You remember the
30:30 jellyfish we just studied in the cylinder. The jellyfish. See here the appearance of jellyfish. In this case this is the appearance of the jellyfish. The jellyfish almost when you see in the water is almost transparent because the inner tissue present between ecto and endoderm that inner tissue is so thick and so jelly like that it is almost transparent to the presence of the eyes inside the water. So inside the water they appear almost transparent. Now in this comb jellies what is happening? The similar type of jelly like transparent middle tissue is present. This middle tissue is also called as misogillia. The misogillia tissue which
31:17 is present between ecto and endodm is transparent jelly like that is why they are called as comb jellies. Okay. So they are called as comb jellies because of their transparent thick misogillia present between ecto and endodm. Okay. Now we are moving on to the habitat. Where do they live? The habitat of these organisms are where do they live? The habitat of these organisms are they are all aquatic. Fine they are aquatic because they are primitive organisms. Now these aquatic organisms also they are exclusively found in sea water or oceanic water only. There are no members
32:03 living in the fresh water. Okay. So they are all marine exclusively marine in nature exclusively. Whenever in this animal kingdom we are using this terminology exclusively that means it is nowhere else present. It is nowhere else present. Not in the land, not on the trees, not in the air, not anywhere else. Not even in the fresh water. They are present exclusively in the marine water or in the oceanic water. Clear? I'm very sure you all are reading it properly. So these are all oceanic water. Third it is the level of organization. Now it is the level of
32:50 organization. What is the level of organization here? Again how these bodies are made. The bodies are made up of cells, tissues and here again like the cylindrates they are also made up of tissue level of organization. They also have tissue level of organization. Cells arranged in different groups of clusters called as the tissues and these tissues are forming the whole body that is called as tissue level of organization. Body symmetry what will be the body symmetry here? The body symmetry is the body symmetry means again how can we divide it the organism see here almost like a football just we
33:35 have given the example last time we took the example of football we can cut the football into any half two halves through any plane of symmetry. Similarly here also see the structure we can definitely cut it into various halves. So now how many symmetry or plane of symmetry it can produce multiple more than one. So they are also called as radial symmetry. In case of radial symmetry also they show a different pattern different than the cylinder but at least for the time being we will read it as radial symmetry. To simplify things yes tenop force they also show radial symmetry. The diagram is showing that the body plan what type of body
34:22 plan they have. What type of structures the body is organizing into the body plan is so celgregate plan is there in periphererals. In case of the teno force or we can say the cylindrates we have seen the tissue level of body plan and here in this case again tissue level of body plan is present. All right. So the body plan is tissue level body plan. So what will be the tissue level body plan? Blind sack body plan. Blind sack body plan. There is only a single opening here for both injection and ejection. This is called as the oral end and this side is is the aboral end. Oral end and
35:11 abboral end. There is no anus present. There is no other opening present only a single opening for both injection and ejection. So that is called as the tissue level or blind sack body plan. The germ layers. What will be the germ layers? The germ layers how many germ layers will be there? Again just like the cylindrates because it has lot of similarity with this cylindrator. So germ layers will again be diploastic in nature. So these organisms are diploastic made up of two germ layers which are ecto and endodm. All right. So they are diploastic made up of two germ layers ectodorm and endodm. And now coming to the last part that is the cylum. Which type of body
35:58 cavity they have? The cylum or the body cavity? They have they have the which type of cylum? See here again diploastic third gum layer is absent. Whenever you see that third gum layer that is the misodum is absent. Blindly go for the process called as a aselomate body cavity because to form a selom we need misodum definitely. Without misodum there will not be an covering around the space between ecto and endodm and there is no formation of body cavity. So absence of third gum layer definitely an aselomate body cavity. If you do not remember how is it is done or how it is
36:44 decided go to my previous videos also where I have explained it how we can call an organism to be selomate or asylumate. what all characteristics is needed to call a structure calm. It is described in that. So go through that video once again and you can refer this after that. So here it is the aselomate body cavity. So here we have seen that is the tenophora which are commonly called as the comb jellies with its various characteristics. Is that clear to everyone of you? I'm very sure you all have understood what is tenophora. Now we are going to the extremely crucial and most important characteristic of the
37:30 film tenophora again. But before that the general characteristics is this and I hope you all have understood it. Give me a thumbs up to everyone who has understood it. The characteristics of the celimrator as well as tenopura. Give me a thumbs up everyone. I need your support. So show me that you are listening and you are here for me. All right. Can I see the Yes. Very good. Thanks all of you. Yes. Such a nice motivation you're giving me. Thanks to all my favorite
38:17 students. I hope you are getting benefits from it. Okay. Okay. Thank you everyone. So let's move on to this the part of the com plates. Now what are these com plates? Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much for your support. So the comb plates here we are again see the structure here. If you see the structure like this of a t4, these are the tentacles of the t04. All right? So the body appears like the walnut or we can say like a gooseberry and in different shapes also in different other shapes also these com these organisms are seen. So now here we
39:03 have the comb plates with the tentacles. The tentacles either it will be two in number or it will be absent. The tentacles will not be 8 10 tentacles like the hydra. Like the hydra, it is not 8 to 10 tentacles. It is a pair of tentacles present in these organisms. And they have the special type of arrangements. These special arrangements. How many I have told you? Yes, I heard it right. I know you have said it in your mind, in your mouth where you're listening to this. So this is total eight longitudinal
39:50 rows of comb plates. You all remember it and I'm very sure about it. You all know it now. Why they are called as comb jellies? Because they have eight vertical rows of comb plates. Now how do they appear? These comb plates exactly like the comb. See here exactly like the teeth of a comb the structure appears. That is why the name comb plates are given. Now here again what are the function of the comb plates? What are the function of comb plates? The
40:37 function is very simple. The comb plates function is for locomotion. These comb plates these teeth of each of these combs they actually help in moving around. So they contain the structures which help in locomotion. They help in their movement. Locomotion is movement from one place to another. So that is the primary function. Movement in one place to another. All right. So they are the comb plates. The most important characteristic feature of all the tenopores which are also called as comb jellies because they contain eight
41:22 vertical rows of comb plates. All right everyone. So now we are coming to another very important characteristic of these organisms which are called as bioluminescence. I hope you remember what is bioluminescence. Bioluminescence. Now imagine you are out in the dark or you have gone somewhere in the dark where forest or the trees are present nearby near the trees you must have seen glowworms or the fireflies. These gloworms or the fireflies they sparkle at night like the stars they sparkle like or they twinkle like the stars all around you. These are glowworms or the fireflies. Now how do they emit energy?
42:10 How do they emit this light? The light is nothing but the light energy which has been converted from various of the chemicals. From the chemicals they obtain this energy and emitted in the form of light energy which we see them as glowing in the dark called as the phenomenon of bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is the property in which the organism will glow in the dark. So these organisms they also utilize their chemical energy in the form of food and many other sources. These energy will then be converted into light energy using various enzymes of this organism. And now this light will be emitted like the twinkling of the
42:56 stars. These are aquatic organisms. So you can imagine in the sea water you can see glowing of these organisms or glowing bioluminescent tenophores all around you. So yes these organisms are seen in various oceanic water where they glow like the beautiful fireflies in the water. So these are bioluminescence that is they glow in the dark. We in general term call it as glow in the dark but they are exactly the light emitting organisms which are present in the water. So these are the characteristics of the phylm tenopores. Now what are the examples? Not much or not much difficult
43:42 examples are here. What are these examples? These are not very difficult very easy to remember. What are these examples? The tenopura example is tenoplan and plurob brachia. Tenoplaner and plur brachia. They are commonly known as c walnut or c gooseberries commonly called as comb jellies. Okay. So here it is about the teno force and I'm very sure you have understood
44:28 what all we have studied about the cylindrate and tenophora. Today if I ask you tell me an example of phylm cylindrator which is a freshwater form. What will be your answer? Give me this answer right now. Give me the answer in your chat box. I want the answer right now. Freshwater form of a cylindrator. I'm waiting for your answers. What will be the example of freshwater cylindrates? Yes, before commencing the class, before ending the class today, I want this answer over here. Let's see how many of you remember. Okay, Khalil has already answered Hydra. Okay, very good. Very good. I'm so proud of you all. Very good. Everyone of you are giving me the correct answer. Yes, that's the that's
45:14 the motivation I need and that's the talent that's the we can say the brain you should be having right now. Yes, you are in the right track. You are focused you are studying I have understood it and be like this always stay focused to your studies and stay goal oriented always do not distract do not get distracted do not panic and do not get involved in any other things mentally or physically. All right. So stay focused, study well, eat well as well as have a healthy time. Thank you all of you. Thanks to everyone of you. Stay
46:01 healthy. Okay.
