1b Exploration and Discovery Part II Spanish French and English Exploration

0:04 okay so today's lecture is called exploration and discovery part 2 and we look at Spanish French and English and Dutch exploration okay so coming starting up with last time Columbus's voyages of discovery particularly the first one came as a tremendous shock to the Portuguese the Portuguese had been leading exploration for the past 100 years and now that the Spanish are sort of surpassing them the king of Portugal was unwilling to admit defeat and claimed that the land's discovered by Columbus actually belonged to Portugal so the point was there was a lot of questions raised by Columbus's

0:51 discovery his accidental discovery and a lot of disputes between Portugal and Spain as to whom this territory really belongs this leads us to the Treaty of Tordesillas due to these disputes between France between Spain and Portugal an agreement had to be negotiated and we call this agreement the Treaty of Tordesillas the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the new world between the Portuguese and Spanish according to this line here the agreement was negotiated by the Pope and the treaty divided the new world between Spain and Portugal it gave Spain playing to all non-christian lands ie everything west

1:36 of an imaginary line drawn 307 the leaves or miles west of the Canary Islands it's just this line so claim Spain has claims to all the territories west of the line and Portugal had the same claims to the territories on the east of the line now of course it looks unfair to us and of course the full extent of South America is not known at that time contrary to what we might think Columbus's discovery of the new world was actually a vast disappointment once Europeans realized it was in fact a new continent because the American continents were only viewed as an obstacle or barrier to reaching China

2:24 and India the whole point of this era of exploration was to reach the east via the seas so the American continents were viewed as a problem not an opportunity very few countries were interested in in America for America sake or settling America at least at this early point so this leads us to a discussion of what we call the Northwest Passage at this early stage around 1500 and into the fifteen hundreds Europeans tried their best to find their way around the Americas the Americas were thought as a thought of as a barrier to Asia so countless explorers would set forward

3:10 in search of the Northwest Passage and pardon me there's a there's a typo there that should not be an extra s the Northwest Passage the Northwest Passage was a navigable all water route to Asia okay so the Northwest Passage was an a navigable all water route to Asia through the American continent of course they didn't know the extent of this continent they thought there might be a water opening here the Northwest Passage was elusive they never actually found it um also at this time we can now actually speak of America and the naming of

3:57 America the new world was named after a member of a Portuguese expedition from 1501 that was exploring the coast of South America his name was Amerigo Vespucci 'us Amerigo yes and he was a Florentine an Italian orchard on this expedition exploring the coast of South America so Amerigo suggested in a letter to a friend that these lands be referred to as a quote new world this letter celebrating the new world was eventually published in a famous geography atlas and the editor of the book it suggested that the land

4:44 should be named America's land in America's honor so the name stuck America's land ie America the name soon stuck across Europe and this occurred in the very very early 1400s meanwhile I want to continue this theme of the idea of America the barrier at this time there is a tremendous amount of energy spent on trying to find a way around the Americas trying to find this passage to Asia and look let's look at a few subsequent expeditions first the expeditions of Balboa

5:31 so Balboa was a Spanish colonists from from Hispaniola who attempted to find a path across the narrowest route of the Americas in Panama he led a number of expeditions so basically he led expeditions to de Panama looking for a waterway for Spanish ships to the Pacific Pacific he's leading these expeditions for Spain of course he never found one a canal was only built much much later under Teddy Roosevelt a little bit about Balboa Balboa was a very poor colonist of Hispaniola who decided he would try his luck elsewhere he enjoyed very friendly

6:19 relations with the Native Americans Americans in Panama rather than trying to fight or conquer them he befriended them had very good relations with them he married the daughter of an important native chieftain so with native health in 1513 he leaded expedition across the jungles of Panama Panama and was the first to reach the Pacific Ocean via this route which he claimed for Spain so he led an expedition across Panama to the Pacific he found gold and pearls which really sparked the interest of other Europeans in the new world similar expeditions and explorations in

7:06 this period from the Spanish base in the Caribbean was the expedition of Ponce ad lib ponte de Lyonne so related to bob oh uh de leon was the governor of Hispaniola who famously sailed north looking for gold and a legendary Fountain of Youth he landed in Florida but found neither so he led an expedition to Florida nonetheless he explored and mapped out the coast of Florida he did attempt to find a colony there but was driven away by the Indians there was very little initial there was very little government interest in

7:52 following up on this initial expedition it was not until 1565 that the Spanish established a military fort in Florida a military outpost San Agustin so ponte de Lyonne claimed florida for spain but it was a military outpost there was never much settlement there it was an isolated military outpost during the entire colonial period one final very important Spanish voyage was completed by Ferdinand Magellan and his crew from

8:38 1519 to 1522 and the crucial thing that he achieves is the circumnavigation of the globe actually have to switch back to the other map so Magellan navigation of the globe so you can see Magellan sailed for Spain and he sets off in 1519 and was the first European to successfully circumnavigate the world the globe now you'll notice here on the map it says Magellan and then out okay no he actually died in altercations with the local in the Philippines so the

9:23 voyage was actually completed by his deputy outcome voyage in any case going back to our list here Magellan's voyage had two very significant results it was the first successful circumnavigation of the globe and it also proved that an all water route to Asia was possible from Europe it was possible but looking at the map again it was very long and it was very difficult and impractical Magellan's voyage absolutely tested the limits of his cruising towards endurance they went weeks even months without seeing land without fresh food and water

10:10 and ran into some horrible weather in storms during their journey moving along we are now going to talk a bit about English French and Dutch exploration they the northern European powers get in on exploration a bit later with the Treaty of Tordesillas the span the Spanish and Portuguese believed that they had fairly divided the world between them but the rulers of England and France and Holland thought differently and basically tried to challenge the Iberian powers virtual monopoly on so northern European countries are challenging the Spain and Portugal

10:56 claims world the first northern European country to join in the race to the new world is England and it's this expedition by John Cabot so England was the first northern European country to join in the race for the new world in 1497 King Henry the seventh of England sponsored a voyage by Giovanna Caputo John Cabot in English who was a sea captain from Genoa in Italy fYI the voyage was sponsored by King Henry the seventh he is the less famous older brother of Henry the eighth many of you would know that his marriage politics

11:42 began the English Reformation Henry the eighth he was the head of the first head of English church but what people most people don't know is that Henry the eighth actually Mary is older brother's wife his widow after his older brother died Mary of Spain with a special dispensation a special permission from the Pope so that's why you don't need to know that but any case Cabot sailed for England like Columbus Cabot's idea was to reach Asia by sailing westward and like Columbus he failed in 1497 he sailed westward and discovered but I

12:28 think more accurately rediscovered the coast of Newfoundland now as we know Newfoundland was previously known to Norse sailors importantly Cabot gave England its very first claim to territory in North America its claims to Canada parts of Canada and the Atlantic coast in his next voyage in 1498 he sailed he sailed down the Atlantic coast as far as the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay's that's not on the map when he was actually lost at sea so although the English challenge the Portuguese and Spanish is monopoly on

13:14 the new world with Cabot's voyage they're forced to sort of drop out of exploration for about 50 years due to the political and religious turmoil of the English Reformation we don't have time to get into that France next gets in on the race for exploration the French also hoped for a colonial empire in the new world and in 1524 the French King Francis the first commissioned another mariner from Italy Verrazano to hopefully discover new lands and hopefully discover a Northwest Northwest Passage to Asia once again the Northwest

14:03 the Northwest Passage was a sea route to the east through the North American continent Verrazano you can see his voyage here Verrazano touched they touch land at the present-day Carolinas and then ventured north as far north as Maine and Nova Scotia looking for but fruitlessly seeking the elusive Northwest Passage to eat of course he doesn't find it a similar mission was the expedition's of Jacques Cartier also sent by France the same King Francis the first gent sent Cartier on a similar series of

14:48 missions to find the Northwest Passage on his first voyage in 1534 Cartier explored the coast of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island as you could see here in subsequent expeditions in 1535 and 41 he sailed up the north the st. Lawrence River as far as the site of present-day Montreal like Cabot he also did not find the Northwest Passage but gave the French a claim to the New World claims too much of Canada like the

15:33 Spanish the French hoped to find precious metals like gold and silver but when this proved elusive they focused on extracting fish and furs a final voyage of exploration that is important would be led by the Dutch the Dutch it's actually not on the map the Dutch were sort of late to become involved in exploration a group of Dutch merchants formed a joint stock company called the East India Company and hired a sea captain from England and Henry Hudson to search for the mysterious water route to the Far East through North America the

16:20 Northwest Passage so Hudson was commissioned by the Dutch private company the East India Company to try to find this passage to Asia so that these merchants could you know continue trade and trade profit increased trade profits had to sail down the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland the whole way to Virginia he explored Cape Cod and the Delaware they and of course as we would know he famously explored explored and sailed up the river that is named after him today the Hudson River like others before him he failed to find the Northwest Passage but gave Holland

17:05 its first claims to territory in the new world the Hudson Valley now we're going to take what you can see as I mentioned to you the nature of some of these claims so the Spanish claims over Mexico and the Caribbean the French claims over much of much of Canada England's claim to the eastern seaboard and other parts of Canada and of course the the Portuguese claims in the eastern part of South America um next I want to introduce a little theoretical concept to you let's take a

17:53 break from this narrative exploration and give a theoretical model to what is happening here as we go forward there will be a transition from what scholars call extraction societies to settler societies and you can very much look at these as a spectrum that's why I've given you this arrow it's not there there this is a spectrum so a society might be at any point on that this sort of spectrum spectrum not necessarily at the polar opposites you could be somewhere in between but on the two extremes we have an extraction society and a settler society and a number of shades of grey in between an extraction

18:42 society can be summarized by this motto gold guns and Gloria and get-rich-quick schemes that's the easiest way to think about it an extraction society society is interested in extracting extract means to take out taking out wealth and raw materials typically in the form of gold and silver from the area in question with extraction societies there's a hope to get rich quick to find a gold mine or take out other sorts of raw materials extraction societies there is no interest in settling establishing permanent roots there's basically no interest in America for America safe safe an extraction society is populated

19:30 by soldiers explorers adventurers conquistadors and extraction societies are not family societies they tend to be almost exclusively male and they're motivated by profits and riches on the other end of the spectrum we have the settler society model this is a colony this is a different model it's a society characterized by permanent settlement practicing established agriculture and not just these efforts to get rich quick and extract quick sources of wealth like gold or silver settler societies consist of families and are equally balanced between male and female with the expectation that they would stay in that

20:15 place that colony for ever settler societies can be equally motivated by desire for profits just as an extraction society but they can also be founded for other religious and other religious or political or ideological reasons keep in mind this is a spectrum societies can be somewhere in the middle of this scale for instance we'll look at this in depth net next week the English colony of Jamestown it's founded in 1607 it begins as an extraction society it's populated entirely by male adventurers who are in search of gold and who want to get rich quick eventually when they discover that

21:01 they would when they discovered that extracting quick sources of wealth would not work ie there was no gold in Virginia the Jamestown colonists turn to other sources of wealth lucrative cash crops so cash crops are often a way that extracted sucide extraction societies sort of transformed into settler societies cash crops are agricultural commodities that could be sold on the market for profits so think of things like coffee tobacco sugar in the case of Jamestown as we'll look at in the next lecture it is the lucrative cash crop of tobacco

21:48 which fosters this transition from an extraction society to a settler society the lucrative cash crop of tobacco a Native American product led to the development of a settle settler society in Jamestown the arrival of women in 1621 and the real and the realization they could that they could make profits in different ways in a more in a slower more laborious way but not just through extracting goal other cash crops or commodities that led to this transition from extraction societies were or settler societies could have been fish and furs in the case of French Canada or commodities like sugar coffee things

22:35 like that so we'll be looking at this model as we go forth the next concept in our lecture is the idea of the conquistador the conquistador we can almost summarize this whole era by looking at the armor and the helmets that they wore this is a piece of Spanish armor from helmet from the 16th century the new phase of exploration and discovery would be dominated by the so called conquistadors it's simply means Congress the conquistadors were Spanish adventurers freebooters and they swarmed destructively over and looted Central and South America and effectively

23:22 claimed it for Spain the conquistadors enjoyed minimal state oversight and had tremendous leeway to test different norms of behavior than in Europe to be very blunt the conquistadors were very greedy they were very cruel they were very brutal towards conquered people so let me define it precisely what a conquistador is and the computer model the conquistador expeditions were private enterprises led by the best way to think of it as this the conquistador expeditions were private enterprises led by independent military contractors with loose

24:08 supervision from the government and the crown and they were in pursuit of profit and glory it's it's definitely this extraction society model gold guns and glory the conquistadors are here the conquistador commander usually obtained a license from the crown and this license gave the conquistador a right to one fifth of the plunder the loop that they extract the rest would go to the crown the holder of this license the leader of the expedition usually financed and recruited for his own expedition as I mentioned they were sort

24:53 of like private military conquerors hired by the government and they were only under the loose supervision of the government they had a lot of freedom a lot of leeway to do what they want as long as they gave the the crown their share of profits the the best-known example of the conquistador model is Hernando Cortes as we'll talk about but the conquistador leaders usually came from the noble class but the lower ranks of the nobility the lower nobility the less wealthy nobility and their men their soldiers were single men middle class men from the Spanish towns the whole enterprise was was fueled by greed

25:41 and profit okay for instance the soldiers on a conquistador expedition didn't actually receive any raid wages but they fought on speculation for a gambling for their share in the profits so they received no raid wages but they were promised at the end of the expedition a small share of the profit that the conquistador made also the soldiers had to supply their own weapons own provisions at the end of the expedition the soldier would be receive a small share of the profits and then would be free to retire or begin a new expedition so with this whole thing driven by desires for personal glory and profit there was really a drive to

26:27 brutality and exploitation built into the computer model so this conquistador model the conquistadors were under the loose supervision of the Spanish crowns with the charge of conquering the lands in question so in this way Cortez conquered Mexico and he would receive a small share of the loot and profits himself one-fifth once the initial phase of conquest by the conquistadors was over the key the conquistadors would be quietly retired they would sort of be pushed to the sides they would be given a neat administrative position and then the Spanish crown would operate more formal orderly governments that would be loyal to the crown no more of this sort

27:15 of freebooting adventurer rowdy conquistador era after the conquistadors claimed the lands the Spanish established a more formal Empire so going back to our map the Spanish Empire in the new world would be divided into two huge provinces each with a governor or viceroy who would be directly loyal to and appointed by the crown and the two big areas of the Spanish Empire was New Spain New Spain consisted of Mexico the West injury's Indies and Central America and then there was the Viceroy of Peru the Spanish claims to South America as a case study we are now going

28:01 to look at one of the best-known of the Spanish conquistadors and this is Hernando Cortes Cortes was a Spanish adventurer from Cuba he was a dropout law student in Spain his family was from the ranks of lesser nobility famously Cortez would be responsible for conquering the mighty Aztec empire it's almost astonishing his expedition consisted of only five or six hundred men and they famously massacred and conquered the entire Aztec empire now the reason I have question mark

28:48 there is because as we will discuss the Aztecs were a very formidable warlike people with a strong warrior class the Aztecs ruled over a vast empire of five million people how could such a small number of men do that and I really need to emphasize to you that this was not a like foregone conclusion and disease was so crucial in this so while we always think of the Aztecs being conquered by the Spaniards what we need to remember is that the Aztecs themselves were a conquering people the Aztecs ruled over an empire in in Mexico

29:34 the Aztecs conquered many neighboring people and ruled over an empire of about five million people the capital of their empire was the city of Tenochtitlan on the site of today's Mexico City it was a beautiful floating city built on a lake and it was filled with impressive temples where the hearts of military prisoners were sacrificed to the gods we'll talk later about the significance of blood sacrifice in Aztec culture the native language was called noir el the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan was among the largest cities in the world at

30:21 the time it was about a quarter million people and it was a beautiful city you can see it was built on the lake that presided over great wealth part of the requirements that the Aztecs placed on conquered people was a tribute a tribute a tribute is like a force tax in the form of a gift and they made the people they they conquered give them various things as tribute such as agricultural commodities cocoa tobacco but also a number of people to be sacrificed to the gods the stone pyramids the religious pyramids were an architectural wander they were originally painted in bright red and

31:08 blue and the palaces were made of glittering stone the city itself was built in the late 15th century from land reclaimed from the lakes and consisted of actual streets but also water canals as you can see here the city was supplied with fresh water by two aqueduct so it was quite an amazing city at the heart of the city in the middle of the city was the sacred precinct where the temples to the most important gods stood the most important temple the main temple no longer stands today but here's a depiction of it from the time of Cortes the most important temple stood about 90 feet high in the middle

31:54 of the sacred precinct and it consisted of two stepped pyramids that raised that work that raised side by side on a raised platform which dominated the entire cityscape and at the top of this the hearts of conquered warriors warriors would be sacrificed to the gods again we'll talk about the significance of blood sacrifice to add stat culture and what this meant the twin pyramids of the main temple were dedicated to two of the Aztecs main gods these two talaq who was the Aztec rain god the god of rains storms and Thunderbolts and also who

32:40 deal approached Lee was the Aztec war the temple structures on the very top of each pyramid were dedicated to statues and images of the main deities so the question is once again how could only 500 maybe 600 men conquer a strong empire an empire with strong military culture strong warrior class with military values advanced mathematics beautiful art and architecture how was Cortes able to do this well I want to give you three reasons why Cortes was able to do this first effective diplomacy this was critical Cortes befriended the Aztecs rivals and

33:28 conquered tribes the very people that the Aztecs had conquered put a tribute on they did not like the Aztecs this was very clever and by befriending the Aztecs rivals and conquered tribes Cortes plays a very clever sort of diplomacy your enemy's enemy is your friend that's basically what he's doing so point one effective diplomacy pointing to were various forms of cultural misunderstandings we'll talk about this end point three the invisible but critical weapon of disease the Aztec empire at the time Cortez conquered it would be crippled by a horrible smallpox epidemic so let's talk about the actual expedition I'll save the significance of

34:17 blood sacrifice for a bit later but suffice it to say that the Aztec the Aztecs believes that the earth and the and the main gods quite literally need to be needed to be sacrificed fit fed with the with the blood of victims because the earth was thirsty it needed to be fed and sustained in order to ensure for future fertility and good harvest but we'll come back to this Cortes departed from Hispaniola with a small army of 500 to 600 men 17 horses and cannons and set out for the coast of Maskell the entire conquest of Mexico of Mexico of the Aztec empire of the strong

35:04 military society took a remarkably short amount of time it was only around 2 years from 1519 to 1522 the conquistador model Cortez demonstrates the loose supervision that the coup that the conquistadors enjoys enjoy pardoning Cortez was actually under official orders from the governor of Hispaniola to establish a military trade outpost on the coast of Mexico but Cortes took matters into his own hands he disregarded these orders scuttled his fleet he was supposed to establish a military trade post and he decided he would march inland to conquer the Aztec

35:50 emphysema Empire so this move by Cortes to conquer the Aztec empire was totally unauthorized and totally of his own initiative Cortez landed on the coast of Mexico present-day Veracruz on Good Friday 1519 April 22nd 1519 and marched over landed capital astonishment Lee the mighty Aztec empire fell in two years in a campaign marked by Massacre and brutality the Aztec emperor emperor Montezuma ii surrendered to him on August 13th 1521 there is the spelling

36:36 of Montezuma you need that playing a critical role in this conquest was a very controversial figure a woman called in English lady marina or also known as la mola Malinche La Malinche was Cortez's Native American translator and also mistress and she was also a sort of diplomatic envoy or representative to the native people she played a critical role by translating Spanish into the native neck language of nahuatl she also bore Cortes

37:25 the son so who was she lady marina was one of 20 Native American slaves given to Cortes by Aztec leaders by local Aztec leaders when he arrived on the coast in 1519 she is a controversial figure even today her name is synonymous with traitor and treachery but as a slave she had no choice if she did not help him she would have been killed so with llama the choice help as translator emissary and really go-between between the Spanish and Native Americans Cortez's first step in the conquest was to ally with the Aztecs rivals and conquered people's again his strategy was your enemy's enemy is your friend

38:11 the indigenous peoples over whom the Aztecs ruled bitterly resented Aztec overlordship they resented the Aztec breed they resented the forced tribute and most if not all of the Contra peoples easily turned against their Aztec overlord so once again effective diplomacy none nonetheless getting wind of the situation meanwhile the Aztec emperor Montezuma this by the way is lady marina the Aztec empire Montezuma tried to bribe Cortes not to visit the capital he bribes Cortes not to visit the capital by sending him gifts of gold silver and ceremonial masks which is

38:57 depicted here as well as other sorts of prestige gifts like chocolate and tobacco this was in fact a huge mistake because the sight of these treasures made Cortes hungrier for more riches so with his Native American allies backing him Cortez and his men first marched into the Capitol 10 actually 10 achievement on November 8th 1519 and occupied it by force here we see the role of cultural misunderstanding playing in the native population was dazzled by the sight of Cortez and his men in their armor with their swords their guns their cannon and

39:42 the horses horses were totally unknown in the new world as we mentioned before so dazzled by the sight of Cortez horses guns and Chinese sword much of the population welcomed Cortez's cortezes expedition as living God's the embodiment or reincarnation of their main war God however soon after a series of bad omens like this comet the population of course realized that the Spanish were not gods but conquerors out to get them however there was definitely a kink in Cortes of conquest of Mexico of course has his next threat came not from the

40:28 Aztecs but a fellow Spaniard a rival conquistador named Nevarez now as we as you as you know Cortes really didn't have the operation authorization to do what he was doing he was doing it of his own court so Nevarez was a rival conquistador who was charged by the Spanish governor with capturing Cortes dead or alive and ending this unauthorized mission the threat from the Barras was so serious that Cortes was forced to withdraw to the countryside but ironically his enemy to Nevarez brought a more formidable Ally epidemic

41:15 disease that would ultimately help Cortes win the conquest and that is epidemic disease some of the viruses one of Nevarez men was sick with smallpox bomb smallpox so as I said ironically his rival Cortez Cortez's rival ended up really cinching the children we have long been hypnotized by the daring here ISM of the conquistadors that he that we have overlooked the importance of their invisible allies and this was disease one of Navarre ziz men was suffering from smallpox and from this man smallpox

42:03 spread like wild wildfire it was a classic example of a virgin soil epidemic as we discussed last time for 60 days smallpox small pock the epidemic raged the city the city was littered with bodies and reeked of stench and the Aztec empire fell victim to the classic virgin soil epidemic massive death starvation further disease social political collapse I cannot important I cannot emphasize the importance of this epidemic enough the 60 days in which the epidemic raged most destructively gave Cortes and his men the chance to organize a counter-attack on Tenochtitlan remember

42:51 at this point Cortes is hiding out in the countryside since Nevarez had invaded Mexico and is hiding out in the countryside he had been forced to retreat from the capital this epidemic gave Cortes the chance to reorganize and retake the capital had there been no epidemic the Aztec warriors might well have pursued and possibly defeated Cortes remember the Aztecs came from a strong warrior of military culture with the smallpox epidemic raging the Aztec empire was sapped of his strength with his Native American allies on August 13 1521 Cortez marched into the capital city of

43:37 1002 Kaitlyn burning it forever to the ground and forced forced the surrender of the city smallpox continued to rage by 1600 the population of what is now Mexico had been reduced from 15 to less than 1 million due to disease and exploitation and how disease and exploitation compounded and exacerbated one not one another a final final note on the smallpox epidemic remember pandemic diseases kill both in terms of quantity you know millions and millions of people but also quality the disease took out the leadership class

44:25 the last Aztec emperor Montezuma had died in the scuffle between Cortez and Nevarez when Montezuma's died he was succeeded by his nephew but the nephew too died of smallpox meanwhile many Aztec Nobles lesser noble families rival rivals of the imperial family were beginning to side with Cortes hoping to gain favor why the death the widespread death due to smallpox disrupted the leadership class smallpox killed not only in numbers but also in terms of quality and these deaths due to smallpox as well as the Spanish invasion in general allowed Cortes to court the note

45:12 loyalties of lesser Nobles enemies of the royal family these enemies of the imperial family thought they might have something to gain by siding with Cortes against Montezuma Montezuma so once again effective diplomacy so how could such a small number of European and conquer a entire empire well it was not necessarily just technological superiority it was disease cultural misunderstanding the fact that they were mistaken as gods and created number one well there's there's a tie between the smallpox epidemic and cortezes shrewd diplomacy another example of the conquistador model would

45:59 be the conquest of the Inca Empire in South America by Francisco Pizarro and we don't have quite so much time to go into so much detail but we'll go over the broad outlines you can read about it in your text as well in 1532 Francisco Pizarro mounted a similar campaign against the Inca Empire the Inca Empire was located in the Andes of South America he rampaged and pillaged the Inca Empire as a conquistador so under the loose supervision of the Spanish crown but really acting of his own initiative he seized around in today's currency sixty five million dollars in Inca treasure who was bizarre Pizarro was a veteran of the Balboa expedition in Panama and

46:46 there in Panama natives had told him stories of the wealth of Incas like Cortes Pizarro landed in Peru with only a small number of men that estimates vary from one hundred to a little over two hundred men your textbook says 102 other sources save 160 so it gets a very small number of men and sixty two horses versus the entire Inca Empire when the Spaniards finally neared the Inca ruler the Inca ruler and capital the Inca ruler ruler whose name was out of Hoopa offered the Spaniards diplomatic gifts

47:33 of gold silver and other prestigious gifts just like Montezuma had hopefully he hoped out of Hoopa that these gifts that these diplomatic gifts would buy his life and freedom but just like the case of Cortes and the Aztecs it was a big mistake Pizarro accepted the gifts of gold and silver the double crossed his promise he has the last Incan Emperor bound to a stake and strangled so the conquest of the Incan Empire actually occurred in in its stages we don't have so much time for all of these details so basically the area around the

48:19 capital was conquered by Pizarro more or less in 1522 but outlying areas of the Empire continued to resist nonetheless we can say that the conquest of the Incan Empire was completed gradually in stages more or less by 1572 when outline resisting areas finally surrendered just like in Mexico the conquistadors invisible allies of disease epidemic disease smallpox was also a decisive attack factor from their new new world empire from the viceroy of peru and new

49:06 spain from 1500 to 1650 spain extracted a tremendous amount of wealth from the silver mines of peru so Peru was very rich in silver the Aztec empire which involved so from this new world empire the Spanish extracted almost 20,000 tons of silver and 200,000 tons of gold from mines in Mexico and Peru you don't really need to know the numbers but this new world empire easily made it the wealthiest country in Europe and the country that had the most gold and silver bullion so long and gold and

49:52 silver so we talked about how these European conquistadors we're able to as it seems easily conquer these mighty empires sorry it seemingly easily conquer these mighty empires in our next lecture we look at how various aspects of Native American culture influenced European culture in unexpected ways thank you