A1: Indian Architecture, Harappan Art & Architecture, IVC | Indian Art & Culture by Nitin Singhania

0:00 Jai Hind. Today we are starting Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania. We will cover the latest edition of Nitin Singhania Art & Culture, the fifth edition, in detail line by line in these sessions. In written, the only thing expected from you is that if you like the sessions then keep pressing the like button on the video. Share it on your social media handles, WhatsApp etc., share it with your friends who are interested in this and are studying related to this and for sure subscribe to the channel. Look, let's begin. Chapter one is titled Indian Architecture. In today's session, we will talk about the difference between architecture and sculpture. Second we will read about Classification of Indian Architecture. And finally we will talk about Harappan art and architecture. Look, let's begin.

0:46 First of all we will talk about the difference between architecture and sculpture. Where did this term architecture come from? Tecton is a Latin word. And the literal meaning of tecton is builder. And from this tecton came the term architecture. Very simple. Tecton is a Latin word. And the literal meaning of tecton is builder. And from tecton comes the term architecture. If we talk about sculpture, there is a Proto Indo European root word 'Kale'. And the literal meaning of Kel is to bend. And from Kel came the term sculpture. Very simple. A Proto Indo European root word is kale. What is the literal meaning of banana? To bend. And from Kel comes the term sculpture. Within architecture, we talk

1:31 about the design and construction of buildings. Architecture deals with the design and construction of buildings. Inside the sculpture, the discussion is about relatively small three- dimensional works of art. About small 3D works of art. The conversation takes place inside the sculpture. Architecture deals with the construction of buildings. So various materials are used to make these. Like stone, wood, glass, metal etc. But usually a single type of material is used to make a sculpture. There is an engineering essence within architecture. Mathematics

2:17 is key. Price measurement is key. There is not much precise measurement inside the sculpture. It is about creativity, it is about imagination. What is an example of architecture ? Taj Mahal is an example of architecture. Redfort is an example of architecture. What is an example of sculpture ? Image of Nataraja, dancing girl. They are the examples of sculpture. Very simple. What is the difference between architecture and sculpture? In very simple language , architecture deals with the design and construction of buildings. Various materials are used to make these and architecture mains is of engineering, mathematics and measurement.

3:04 If we talk about sculpture, then sculpture deals with relatively small three dimensional works of art. Made usefully from single type of material. And in sculpture, creativity and imagination are important. If we talk about Indian architecture, the story of Indian architecture is the story of evolution. Whatever happened in our country from Indus Valley Civilization to British Rule, is reflected in our architecture. And in between came many great kings. Big empires were established. A lot of invaders came. Whatever work all these people did, all that work is reflected in our architecture. So Indian architecture

3:51 is the story of evolution. Infact architecture means the same thing. The architecture of any country reflects the different phases of development of that country. For example, let us assume that there was a phase in the history of our country when a lot of temples were built. What does it mean? This means that religion was dominant during this phase. Religion was important. Or like Taj Mahal was built in our country , Red Fort was built in our country. What this shows is that this face was the face of prosperity. People or should we say kings and Maharajas had a lot of money. There was money.

4:38 That's why he was able to build such great architecture. So, this is the importance of architecture. Architecture reflects different faces of development of a country in different eras. In fact, most of the remains of art and architecture in our country are religious in nature. Even today and since ancient times, religion has been very important in our country. Religion has been very dominant and it is also reflected in our art and architecture. Like Devgarh Temples in Uttar Pradesh. Like Nachna Kutra Temples in Madhya Pradesh. We will read about all this art and architecture later. The rock cut structures, the

5:23 cave structures of our country, are impressive pieces of ancient art. In fact, these rock cut structures of our country are linked with different religions. Once again we are understanding that religion has always been important in our country. We will discuss about all these raw cut structures in detail as we move forward. In fact, vernacular style of architecture is also seen in our country. Vernacular style of architecture built by local builders is also seen in our country. There is a term called iconography. What does ionography mean ? Identification of Images. Based on certain symbols and mythological stories associated with them. What is the

6:12 identification of images based on certain symbols and mythological stories called? It is called iconography. The ancient temples in our country, like those in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, are made of sand stone. For example, Devgarh it was built in the early sixth century. This is a very basic introduction to this chapter. And in this whole introduction you don't need to memorize anything really. Yes, you can roughly see how the story has progressed. We will read about all these things in detail. Keep this difference between architecture and sculpture in mind. All other things will come in detail later. Good. If we look at the classification of Indian architecture. So it can be seen by dividing it into three phases. The

7:01 Architecture of Ancient India. Second, Architecture of Medieval India and third, Architecture of Modern India. This architecture of ancient India can also be seen by dividing it into four or five categories. There is a Harappan art which is very important in itself. Then there is Mauryan art. Then there is post-moron art. Then there is the art of the Gupta Age, which is very important in itself. And then there is South Indian art too. We will read about all these phases in detail as we move forward. If we talk about Medieval India, we will read about the art and architecture that developed during the Delhi Sultanate. We will talk about Mughal art. If we talk about modern India, there is Indo-Gothic art. This is Neo Roman style

7:49 art. We will read about all these in detail as we move forward. But yes, this is a rough classification of Indian architecture. Keep this in your mind. There is no need to cram too much. First of all we will talk about the very important Harappan art and architecture. If we talk about Harappan civilization, then it is the most flourishing civilization. Of all the civilizations discovered so far in our country, which was the most flourishing civilization? There was Harappan civilization. This Harappan Civilization is also called the Indus Valley Civilization. what is said ? It is also called Indus Valley Civilization. Harappan civilization emerged on the banks of Indus river and hence it got the name Indus Valley Civilization. On the banks of which river did the

8:37 Harappan civilization emerge? On the banks of the Indus River. When did it emerge? Around 2500 BC. When did it emerge? Emerged around 2500 BC. And in which part of India did it emerge? In North West and Western India. Harappan Civilization emerged, look, it is very simple, on the banks of which river did the Harappan Civilization emerge? It emerged on the banks of the Indus River. When did it emerge? It emerged around 2500 BC. Where was the Harappan Civilization spread? In North Western and Western India, this Harappan Civilization is also called the Indus Valley Civilization. Many sculptures can be seen in the Harappan civilization. There are lots of seals to be

9:23 seen. A lot of potteries can be seen. A lot of jewellery can also be seen. What were the names of the two most important and major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization ? One was named Harappa and the other was named Mohenjodaro. And Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the earliest and finest examples of urban civic planning. Harappa and Mohenjodaro are very fine examples of urban planning. We will read as we go further. Like in these towns and cities, a planned road network is seen. Houses can be seen. The drainage system is very good. We will read about both Harappa and Mohenjodaro in detail. But they are the two major

10:08 cities of Indus Valley Civilization. Let us look at this map carefully. Like Harappa is located here. Mohenjodaro is located here. The present day is located in Pakistan. But earlier everything used to be India. Harappa and Mohenjodaro reflect remarkable sense of town planning. Both the cities Harappa and Mohenjodaro are known for their town planning. And for planning this town, a rectangular grid pattern was followed. A somewhat rectangular grid pattern was followed to plan these towns. The roads in these towns ran in North-South and East-West directions. They used to run in such a manner that they would intersect each other at right angles. They

10:55 cut each other at almost a 90° angle. In this image, you might be seeing that one road is like this, one road is like this and they are cutting each other at almost a 90° angle. Harappa and Mohenjodaro. They were known for their town planning. And a rectangular grid pattern was followed to plan the town. The network of roads ran in North South and East West directions and these roads cut each other at almost right angles, i.e., at an angle of almost 90°. Well, in this Indus Valley Civilization, Harappa, Mohenjodaro, three types of buildings were seen. Which three types of buildings were seen? Firstly we

11:42 got to see dwelling houses. Dwelling houses were seen where people used to live. Secondly, public buildings were seen. All the important buildings like granaries were visible. Public buildings were seen. And thirdly public baths were seen. And these public baths used to represent rituals in the Harappan civilization. So three types of buildings have emerged in this Indus Valley Civilization. Which ones? One dwelling houses, second public buildings and third public paths. We will read about these in detail as we move forward. The town planning done during the Indus Valley Civilization was done using burnt mud bricks to build these towns. Burnt mud bricks were used.

12:28 And these bricks were of standardized dimensions. Their dimensions were standard. It was fixed. Meaning, these people were far ahead in terms of measurement. And to join these bricks, gypsum motor was used for joining. What was used ? Gypsum motor was used. To join these bricks. Well, these cities were planned in such a way that they were divided into two parts. Which two parts? A Citadel. You will see in the image what this Citadel used to be. This used to be a bit appreciative. Meaning, it was slightly raised. And this Citadel used to be on the western side of the city. You may be able to see it in the image also. This citadel was

13:14 elevated and was located in the western part of the city and all the important buildings of the city were built on this raised part, for example, granaries were built to store the gains, they were built on top of the citadel, all the administrative buildings were built on top of the citadel, all the pillared halls and courtyards were built on the citadel, in fact the houses of the rulers and aristocrats were also on this citadel. So the most important part of the city was this Citadel. And then the other part was the lower part. And this lower part was where working class

14:00 people used to live. Usually there were small one room houses. But yes, some of the houses which are there are also double storeyed. Two-storey ones have also been seen. Which means that the people of Indus Valley Civilization knew about stairs. He knew about the stairs. But this lower part was also very well planned. Private wells can be seen. Proper ventilation is seen. So this city used to be planned in such a way that it was divided into two parts. There used to be the citadel in the western part, and the citadel was a little elevated, a little raised, and on top of this citadel, all the important buildings of the city were built and the second one was the lower part, in

14:48 this lower part, the working class people used to live but yes, here one can see private wells, proper ventilation can be seen, which means this lower part was also properly planned. An important note is that large monumental structures are not seen in these Indus Valley Civilizations. Large monumental structures are not seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. For example, temples are not seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. For example, the palaces of kings and Maharajas are not seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. The contemporary civilizations of the Indus Valley Civilization. Like Egyptian civilization, like Mesopotamian

15:33 civilization. One can see huge palaces there. One can see huge palaces there. But, these palaces are not seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. Temples are also not seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. So this is an important note in itself. Keep this in mind. A very important feature of this civilization was public baths. There used to be large public baths. Look at this diagram. There used to be large public baths. And these public baths in a way show the importance of rituals, in this civilization, in this culture. And there used to be many rooms around this public bath. There used to be many galleries. See the image. There are rooms built here. The galleries remain. The most famous example of a public bath is the

16:20 Great Bath of Mohenjo Daro. The great thing about Mohenjodaro is that it is the most famous example of public bath. So what is a big important feature seen in this civilization ? Public baths can be seen. Another big striking feature is seen in this civilization and that is the advanced drainage system. In fact, the sewers that we see today, almost similar advanced drainage system was seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. A small drain was built near every house. And this small drain was connected to the larger drains on the road. Look here in the image, there is a small drain here. It is being connected

17:06 to the road drain and then this drain was covered loosely so that it could be cleaned regularly. There used to be cesspits and these cesspits were placed at regular intervals so that they could also be cleaned regularly. Can be cleaned easily. As of today, governments are constructing sewers in small towns. Sewer lines are being laid. Almost similar drainage system and such an advanced drainage system is seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. What did the Mesopotamians call the Indus Valley Civilization ? We got the mail and they called me. What did you call him? Used to call it Melua. What did you call him ? Used to call it Melua. Look, very simple things should be set in your mind at once.

17:52 Harappa and Mohenjodaro are the two most important cities of the Harappan civilization, known for their remarkable sense of town planning. A rectangular grid pattern was used to plan the town. The roads ran in North, South and East- West directions and cut each other at a 90° angle. When excavation was done, three types of buildings were seen. Which ones? One dwelling houses, second public buildings and third public paths. Burnt mud bricks were used to build this town. And to join these bricks, gypsum motor was used. The city was planned in such a way that it was divided into two parts. There used to be a

18:37 Citadel. This citadel used to be oppressed. This used to be on the western side and all the important buildings of the city were built above this Citadel and the other part was the lower part or Lower City. Working class people used to live here. Large monumental structures are not seen in the Indus Valley Civilization. Like temples are not visible. Palaces etc. are not visible. In this civilization, a very important feature is the public baths. And these public baths reflect ritual sense. Their drainage system was very advanced. And what did the people of Mesopotamia call the Indus Valley Civilization ? Used to call it Melua. These are very simple

19:25 things. Well, now let us talk about all the important sites of Indus Valley Civilization one by one. Let us see where they are located and what is found on those sites. If we talk about Harappa, then Harappa is in present day Pakistan. It is in present day Pakistan. Harappa was discovered on the banks of the River Ravi. Harappa is in fact the first site of the Indus Valley Civilization to be discovered. You must have heard the name of Dayaram Sahni. He was the one who discovered it. What specific things have been seen in Harappa? Two Roses of Six Greeneries. Greeneries were used to store grains. And at that time greenery was very important. Two of the six greeneries can be seen in Harappa. Stone symbols of Lingam and Yoni can be

20:12 seen. Stone symbol of Lingam and Yoni can be seen. Meaning, religious significance is visible. The sculpture of Mother Goddess can be seen. The sculpture of Mother Goddess is also seen in Harappa. Wheat and barley are available in wooden motor. Firstly, what is the important thing? That wheat and barley are found in Harappa. Secondly, these people had knowledge about Vet. These people knew about barley. This is also understandable to us. There is also a sculpture in Harappa in which a dog is chasing a deer and it is made of bronze metal. Which means that the people of Harappa knew about dogs and also about deer. Coffin burial system is found only in Harappa. So this becomes important.

20:58 Coffin burial system is seen only in Harappa. Male Torso of Red Seed Stone Where can one see this? It is found in Harappa. Dice are visible. Copper scale is visible. Which means the importance of measurement. Where can one see copper scale also ? It is found in Harappa. Where can one even see a mirror ? It is found in Harappa. Now see these small things are asked in prelims. So keep this in mind, where can one see two rows of six greeneries ? In Harappa. Where can one see the stone symbols of Lingam and Yoni and Mother Goddess ? In Harappa. Where was evidence of wheat and barley found? Found in Harappa. Coffin burial system is found only in Harappa. Where can I find Redstone's Mailtor Show? It is found in Harappa. If we

21:45 talk about Mohenjodaro, then Mohenjodaro is also in present day Pakistan. And Mohenjodaro was on the banks of the Indus River. where were you? It was on the banks of the Indus River. And the Citadel can be seen in Mohenjodaro. We have just come back from talking. Where can one see this Apress Citadel ? It is seen in Mohenjodaro. Great Bath. Now we have seen this Great Bath, where can we see this Great Bath ? It is seen in Mohenjodaro. The Great Granary. Where can one find large granaries for storing grains ? It is seen in Mohenjodaro. Where can one even see post-cremation burial ? This is seen in Mohenjodaro. This image is of a bearded priest, where can one see the sculpture of a bearded priest ? It is seen in Mohenjodaro. Bronze Statue of Dancing

22:31 Girl. Where can one see this bronze statue of dancing girl ? It can be seen at Mohenjodaro. Pashupati Seal Where can we see this Pashupati Seal ? It is seen in Mohenjodaro. And the importance of Pashupati is also visible from here. Then the unicorn motif, which is a horned motif , the motif of the unicorn can be seen. And it is the most common motif in the seals found in the Indus Valley Civilization. This unicorn motif is the most common motif seal found in the Indus Valley Civilization. So keep these things in mind. Like where was the bronze statue of dancing girl found? In Mohenjodaro. Where did you find the Bearded Priest ? In Mohenjodaro. Where was Pashupati seal seen? In Mohenjodaro. Where can I see the unicorn motif?

23:16 Found in Mohenjodaro. If we talk about Dholavilavir, then where is Dholavilavir? It is in Gujarat. Where is Dholavira? Look at this. Where is Dholavira? It is in Gujarat. And joint water reservoirs can be seen in Dholavira. Where can one see large and wide water reservoirs ? Can be seen in Dholavira. Water harnessing system can be seen in Dholavira. Just imagine how advanced these people were that in those times the system of water harnessing can be seen in Dholavira. A stadium can be seen in Dholavira. Dams can be seen, embankments can be seen. What is the importance of Dholavira? It is the largest discovered Indus Valley Civilization city. Which is the largest city of Indus Valley Civilization? That is Dholavira. Dholavira is locally called Kotada Timba.

24:04 what is it called? Dholavira is locally called Kotada Timba. And another important thing is that three plumb divisions are seen in Dholavilavir. In all the conversations we had so far, we saw that the city was planned by dividing it into two parts. One was the Citadel and the other was the lower part. But Dolavira has three plan division. There is the Citadel, there is the lower part. But there is also a middle town in between. So there are two important things about Dolavira. One, it is the largest discovered Indus Valley Civilization city. Secondly, what is this Dolavira called locally? It is called Kotada Timba. And one more important thing is that three plan division is seen in Dolavira. Lothal, where is Lothal?

24:50 In Gujarat. Look at this in the map. This is Lothal. Where is Lothal? It is in Gujarat. And what is important? Lothal is called the Manchester of Indus Valley Civilization. Lothal is called the Manchester of Indus Valley Civilization. Fire alters can be seen in Lothal. So the importance of havan etc. is visible. Painted jars can be seen. Where can one find evidence of modern day chess ? Can be seen in Lothal. And this chase is important this year. Why is it important? Because the current world chess champion is from our country. What is the name? The name is Gokesh. So where can we find evidence of modern day chess? Can be seen in Lothal. Naval trade can be seen. One gets to see the dockyard and one gets to see the rice husks. So it is also important that

25:36 evidence of rice is also found in Lothal. Apart from this, terracotta figures of horses and ships are also seen in Lothal. The practice of burial can be seen in Lothal and where can angle measuring instruments be seen? Can be seen in Lothal. So what is the importance of Lothal that it is called the Manchester of Indus Valley Civilization. Secondly, evidence of modern day chess is also seen in Lothal. And thirdly, where can we find evidence of important Vedas ? Can be seen in Lothal. Then Rakhigarhi, where is Rakhigarhi? It is in Haryana. Look where is Rakhigadi in the map? It is in Haryana. Rakhigarhi was discovered in the plains of Ghaggar River. And what is Rakhigarhi meaning is that it is the largest society of Indus Valley

26:22 Civilization. Which is the largest site of Indus Valley Civilization? It is Rakhigarhi. And don't get confused. When we were talking about Dolavira, Dolavira is the largest discovered Indus Valley Civilization city. In general, which is the largest site of Indus Valley Civilization? It is Rakhigarh. And the second important thing is that Rakhigarhi is also called the Provincial Capital of Harappan Civilization. Rakhigarhi is also called the Provincial Capital of Harappan Civilization. Granary can be seen in the rest of Rakhigarhi. Cementry can be seen. Terracotta bricks can be seen. There are two important things regarding Rakhigarhi. Firstly, it is the largest site of Indus Valley Civilization and secondly, Rakhigarhi is also called the Provincial Capital of Harappan Civilization. Then

27:08 Ropar. Where is Ropar? In Punjab, India. Just look above. This is Ropar. Ropar is situated on the banks of the Sutlej River. And in Ropar, Dog Buried with Human in Oval Pit Burials can be seen. Dogs have been bred alongside humans in the Oval Pit Buriers. Where is evidence found? See you in Ropar. Copper eggs can be seen. What is the important thing regarding Ropar? Which was the first Harappan site we discovered after independence? That was Ropar. Then Surkotada. Where is Surkotada? It is in Gujarat. Surkotada, look here. Where is Surkotada? It is in Gujarat. And what is Surkotada Keyence? First actual

27:55 remains of horse bones are found in Surkotada. Where were the first actual remains of horse bones discovered ? They have been discovered in Surkotada. Look, what is the importance of Ropar? Ropar is the first Harappan site to be discovered in independent India. What is the importance of Surkotada? Where are the first actual remains of the horse bonus discovered? Have been discovered in Surkotada. Then there is Banawali. Where is Banawali? It is in Haryana. Earlier there used to be a river Saraswati. Now the dry up is done. Banavali is found on the banks of this Saraswati river. Toy plow is available in Banauli. Meaning you get a toy. You

28:40 get a light toy. Barley grains: This is important. Where can one find barley grains ? See you in Banavali. Lapis Lazuli which was a major precious stone of the Indus Valley Civilization. Where can one get that too? It is found in Banavli. Fire alters can be seen. Oval shaped settlement is seen. And this is important. Because it is the only city built by the Indus Valley Civilization where radial streets and oval settlements are seen. Generally, from whatever we have read till now, we have seen that in the Indus Valley Civilization, the cities were planned in such a way that the roads cut each other at almost a 90° angle. But the roads in Banauli are radial. Radial

29:26 streets can be seen. And how is the settlement? That is the Oval Settlement. So that is why Banavli is important. Who discovered Banauli? Who eschewed? By R.S. Bisht. When? In 1974. And the letter Fuzz of Banawali represents Bara culture. And what is Bara culture? Bara culture is a subtype of Late Harappan culture. Bara culture is a subtype of Late Harappan culture. The later phase of Banawali represents this Bara culture. What is the Banawali Keyence? That it is the only city of Indus Valley Civilization. Where radial streets can be seen and where oval settlement can be seen. Then

30:13 Alamgirpur. Where is Alamgirpur? On the banks of Yamuna in Meerut, UP. And what is Alamgirpur Keynes? It is the eastern most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Which is the eastern most site of Indus Valley Civilization ? This is Alamgirpur. Keep this in mind as well. Apart from this, copper blades can be seen in Alamgirpur. Ceramic items etc. can be seen. Then Balathal and Kalibanga. Where are these two? In Rajasthan. Balathal and Kalibanga. What is importance? That here the bangle factories can be seen in Kalibanga and Balathal. Toy cards are visible. Where has the evidence of Camel's bonus been found? Found in Balathal and Kalibanga. Decorated bricks can be seen here.

30:59 Apart from this, Citadel, Lower Town, Fire Altar etc. can be seen here. What is important? Bengal factories can be seen in Balathal and Kalibanga. And evidence of camel's bonus has been found. Who discovered this Kalibanga? By Luigi Piottestatori. Who? Kalibangan was discovered by Luigi Piottestatori. Well then Mehargarh. Where is Mehargarh? The present day is in Pakistan. And Mehrgarh is considered a form of the Indus Valley Civilization. Which means that just before the Indus Valley Civilization began, which was the civilization that was developing a little bit and was ending? It was Mehrgarh. Pottery can be seen in Mehrgarh. Copper tools can be seen. Which

31:46 is an important thing. One thing is that Mehrgarh is considered predecessor to Indus Valley Civilization. Secondly, this is an archaeological site of the Neolithic age. Mehrgarh is an archaeological site from Neolithic times. And the oldest evidence of the lost wax technique can be seen in Mehrgarh. What is the lost wax technique? Hopefully you will know. Where can the oldest evidence of this lost wax technique be found? Can be seen in Mehrgarh. In fact, where can we see the earliest agricultural communities ? That too was seen in Mehrgarh. So what is the sense of Mehrgarh is that it is a type of Indus Valley Civilization. The second is a Neolithic archaeological site. Third,

32:32 where can the oldest evidence of the Lost Wax Technique be seen ? It is seen in Mehrgarh. And where can one find the earliest agricultural communities? Can be seen in Mehrgarh. Then Chanudaro. Choodaro is known as landscape of India. Who is called the 'L'shire of India? It is called Chanu Daru. This Chanudar is also in present day Pakistan. And it is the only city in the Indus Valley Civilization that does not have a citadel. So, this is also important. Chanundaro is the only city of the Indus Valley Civilization that does not have a citadel. Apart from this, you can see a weed making factory here. Lipsticks can be seen here. So where can one find lipsticks? Can be seen in Chanudars.

33:18 Who escorted the Chanudars for the first time ? By N.G. Majumdar. When? In 1931. And then after NG Majumdar, Ernest Henry led a team in 1935-36 to excavate these Chanudars. So what is Chanudar's Keys? One, it is called the Langshire of India and the second one which is very important, it is the only city of the Indus Valley Civilization where no citadel is seen, then there is a site called Sutka Gendour. Where is Sutka Gendour, it is in Pakistan and Sutka Gendour is the western most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Sutka Gendour is the western most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Just remember this much, then there is

34:05 Damabad, where is Damabad in Maharashtra and Damabad is the southern most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. This is important. Also keep this in mind that Alamgirpur in UP is the eastern most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Sutka Gendor is the western most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Damabad is the southern most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. And Maand is a place in Jammu & Kashmir. This is the northern most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Maand in Jammu and Kashmir is the northern most site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Then there is sand in Haryana. This sand is in Haryana, here the earliest evidence of garlic can be seen.

34:50 Where can I find the most evidence of garlic? Can be seen in the sand. Keralano Doro. Where is Keralanodro? It is in Gujarat. And here the production of salt can be seen. It was a salt production centre. So where was the salt production centre ? In Gujarat. What was the name of the place? Kerala and Dharo Kotbala Where is Kotwala? It is in present day Pakistan. And here the earliest evidence of the furnace can be seen. Where can the earliest evidence of a furnace be found? Can be seen in Kotbala. So these are many important sites of Indian civilization. what do you want to do? Basically, you should take one page for all the small things. Write the names of the sites on one side and write important things related to them on the other side. And look at that page a couple of times. These are the sites and all the important one-line things related to these sites,

35:38 keeping them in mind helps somewhere. There is no need to memorize. If you revise it four to six times, you will remember it automatically. Well, the Indus Valley Civilization also had many ports. Like Lothal used to be a very important port of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kaz was a port. Kotbala, the place in Pakistan today where the earliest evidence of furnaces is found , was also a port of the Indali civilization. Kunt Sai, this also used to be a very important port of the Indus Valley Civilization, Ranakpur, Surkotada, Surkotada is also important in itself and what is this, it used to be a port of the Indus Valley Civilization, now look at the name once or twice, there is Lothal, Kaj, Kotwala, Kunt Sai, Rangpur, Surkotada, these are all ports of the Indus Valley Civilization, so that if ever you click somewhere, you will know that yes friend, it is lying somewhere. Let us look at some more important points.

36:24 Lapis Lazuli, which was a very powerful stone during the time of the Indusli Civilization. Deposits of this Lapis Laduli have also been found in the Sark region of Afghanistan. There is a place named Sare Sangha in Afghanistan. Deposits of lapis lazuli were found there. Probably, it reflects the trade a little bit. Then cinnabar, cinnabar was used to produce lipstick. What was used to produce the lipstick that was produced in Chanudars? Cinnabar was used. Remains of Rhinosaurus have been found. Where? In Amri. Remains of Rhinosaurus have been found in Amri. Then, evidence of vermillion has also been seen. In addition there was a specialized center for making shell objects. Where?

37:10 In Balakot. Where? In Balakot. These are important points, keep them basically in mind. And with this we are ending today's conversation. We will cover this entire book in detail line by line. You just keep in mind that if you have any doubt then ask by commenting. Keep liking, sharing the rest of the videos and subscribing to the channel. Thank you very much.