ANCIENT HISTORY FOR SSC | FRB | STONE AGE & IVC

0:00 So hello everyone, from today we are going to start history in FRB and we are also going to start in history because of ancient history. Earlier we had made a schedule that brother, what are we going to do, are we going to do physics but like I had told you guys in the morning that the same thing will happen in the test as well. Whose score was there in the test that is held on Sunday? First of all, tell us in the comment section that yesterday's test was held and then in the test along with the current affairs. You will also be getting questions like three or four because this week we are going to do current affairs for two months, then next week we will be doing medieval history, then in two weeks we will be doing modern history, then at that time,

0:49 two sorry, two months here. What will we do on current affairs? Six months' current affairs will be covered in our athlete's list. Okay, and what is the point of this that the SSC JE students who are junior engineers also get some benefit, that is, I am thinking that they should also get proper benefit. Let's go because things are ending according to our schedule. The raffle is going to go till 20th June, it is ending like this, so brother, the important things should be finished before then, most of the important things are so. That means there should not be that many things left for the last, that means we will cover the Physics etc. in the last, so that JE students also get equal benefit. Okay, let's start with Ancient History, as if I had got batch Ch. So there we had discussed about Stone Age and this Chal Lithic meaning IVC which is Indus Civilization separately, but here we are going to do it together because

1:34 here we do not have to write anything, I am going with the consideration that you will know the things. You will know about this, even if you don't know, it's okay, you will have to push extra. If you don't know, then you are doing it from scratch. Otherwise, I hope you will know some things, otherwise then the mind map is made for us. We don't have to write anything here, all the things are written, okay, so let's start Stone Age, now what is Stone Age, do they first understand Stone Age, if we talk about it, here I write Stone Age or Stone Age no. First of all, I write it like this, the meaning has evolved and since then, if we start tracking the history, then we can classify it into three categories, one is called prehistory, it is okay, we call it prehistory, one is called Protohistory is fine, protohistory

2:23 and the third one is the actual history, so our actual history starts later. What comes in prehistory? What is the difference between prehistory, protohistory and history? What is the difference between these three? This is where did you run away, okay? The difference between these three is that what is your prehistory, we do not get historical evidence in it. Any one is fine. Historical evidence in ten senses. If we do not get written evidence, then it would not be right to call it written evidence because it is historical evidence, only then it is a little. We know things that brother, yes, the people of this time lived like this, used this kind of pottery or what kind of lifestyle they had, so we come to know all the things only from those evidences, but those evidences are not available to us. We can say that there was no written evidence, okay,

3:11 no script was written, no script was found or we did not find any inscription anywhere where it was written that this is how we lived or some things like this in protohistory. What is it that we get the written evidence, we get the written evidence, but we could not decipher it, decipher it in the sense that we could not read what things she is saying, whether the things written are actual. What is there in history is that we have written evidence and we have been able to decipher it that yes, these things are written. When we talk about prehistory, your Stone Age comes in this. Your Stone Age comes in this. Your Bronze Age, which we are going to read in today's lecture, which we call Harap Civilization or Indus Civilization, if we talk about it, history starts from then onwards,

3:59 which we call Vedic Age starts onwards, this is Vedic. Whatever we have from the age, you can say that if it comes till the modern history, it will last only till there. Now this is the prehistory which I called the Stone Age. What do we do with it on three basis? We classify it in three categories or in three ways. What are those three bases? First of all, what is the basis of classification? So, stone as stone. The point is that brother, the people who were here were using stone tools, that is, they were using those tools which were made of stone, now these stone tools were of different types as we call them Stone Age is called Pilio Thick. Okay, Pilio Thick, one is called Dan Majolis and then one is called Olithu.

4:45 On what basis are we calling it, on this basis we say that brother, the stones used in Pilio Thick were absolutely raw. The format was raw in ten senses, they had not polished many of the stones, had not done any grinding, they were using them in a very raw format, as they got it, they used it in the same format, they used many different stones in their work. What is in Majolis? We will see it now. We also know it by the name of Microlith. Micro means small, so Microlith means small stone, even small stone. They had developed the flake technology here. Flake means Cutting it a little bit would not be called aged but yes, suppose it is a stone. If you cut it a little bit like this, then what is the point of cutting it. A slight edge came and then it started being used for some other work. What was that polished stone in Olithu? And at the same time, the community here now

5:33 used to be of hunter gatherers who have now shifted to food producers. Pay attention to Lithic. Now when we read its time period, we are a little confused about the time period. They get confused in the sense, like if I talk about pale, then paleo thick, like if I talk about 5 lakh BC to 5 lakh BC, then you can take it to 10000 BC, okay, if I talk about 10000 BC, then it is from 10000 BC. Then from 9000 BC, at some places you will get 4000 BC, at some places it may be 5000 BC, at some places it may be 20000 to 10000, it is also written in this way and if we talk about lithic, then you can consider it from 7000 BC. It can be till 1000 or till 1500 BC. Now why do we get this confusion because

6:20 on what basis are we saying this? This is the time period because look, let's assume that this is the Indian subcontinent. Okay, let's assume that this is also the Indian subcontinent. Pakistan also comes in the Indian subcontinent, so let us assume here that now Majolis, we say that brother, these people have given us small stones and stone tools from here and how do we know that brother, these are from such an old age. What is this BCBC, it is written here, okay, so no one will be offended here, okay, it means Before Christ, now I will tell you, what is BC and AD, so we know these stones, stones are found, archaeological evidence is still found. You must have heard that in Telangana and Karnataka, we have found a lot of megalith culture, we have found some lithic sites. Now you must have heard the news that I had done this to you in Current Affairs

7:06 by using the urban dating method, that is, by using the carbon dating method. Which is yes, we used to find out the age, brother, it is so old, it is so old, okay, so let's assume from here, we came to know that brother, the stone tools here are small, they are microlith ones, that is, they must be Majolis ones, that is, here The people had shifted to Majolis and when the edge was taken out, it was found that the edge had come out in 8000 BC. Right here, we saw that the stones found here are small microliths. When the edge was taken out, It is found that it is 7000 BC, so maybe we can write this 7000 BC in lithic, that dozen means that there was a trend of 7000 BC everywhere, that brother, like 7000 BC will start, we will start Molik, okay then

7:51 someone among us. Well, now the world is so interconnected, but at that time it was not at all, okay, you can't even expect that the people here will be connected at all to the people here, right? Don't get confused in this matter, keep an idea in your mind that brother, from this time period till this time period, this was of a particular age, Pilio means old, okay, so let's call it old, now let's get on the mind map. Okay, so this is your Pilik Pa. If you come first, then what is the meaning of Pili? Pilik means Old Stone Age. Okay, Old Stone Age. It means that now we come first. We also divide this into three categories. Yellow. Lith Ko Lower Middle Upper comes first. Your Lower then Middle then Upper.

8:38 We do not need to know about it in much depth. Okay, let's see a little bit. What kind of society was there? Okay, were they Pastoral? Were they Hunter Gatherers? This should be known. What does yellow lith mean a short period of time because all the sites will go to memory which It is written here that it is okay, when I got it done in the batch, then all these have been made for you accordingly, but that dozen means that you should memorize each one, that is why I am saying this deliberately so that those are the important things. Beyond that, don't lose your focus in the process of remembering all the things, it is okay, so here I have explained the things to you, remember them very well, yellow means old stone, majolis means middle and lithic means new stone, okay one by one. If we see, the upper which is lower upper or lower, sorry upper, say lower or early which is pillow lithic, if we talk about this, then when we talk about this,

9:24 we refer to the time period from 5 lakh BC to 50000 BC. Where do we do the Lower or Early Pilic Age, which we call the Old Stone Age, that is, the Old Stone Age, we also classify it on three bases or in three types, classify it in three different time periods, here if we talk about There are some sites like Son Valley in Punjab, Belan Valley in Uttar Pradesh and this one is sided with the Ice Age. Keep in mind that means even here the temperature did not increase much, the same time as the Ice Age was still going on here. Nevasa Maharashtra, just remember a little where this place is located: Didwana Rajasthan Neva Maharashtra Nj Ki Karnataka Pahalgam in Kashmir and Patna in Maharashtra Ok here, evidence of ostrich was found for the first time in Maharashtra and tell me what is the egg of ostrich

10:09 . This is what we had studied regarding this in biology. Okay, so remember this little site in your mind that which one is where, these come in the middle peel thick, where flake technology started being used. Flake technology is very different . There was no high end technology, it was just that the brothers used to cut a little bit of the rough stone on the side, this is called flake technology, it is called hunting and gathering food, that is , even now, in the sense that we were not practicing agriculture like this. They were hunting and gathering for food, it's okay, they were killing, they were killing, they were eating, this was the last phase of Plato's son, that's the last stage of your essays, this is Upper Pili Fik, now we are talking about it, it's okay, which is Upper Pili This is your period from 5 lakh BC to 50000 BC. Your Lower Paleic period was

10:55 your Middle Paleic. The time period from 50000 to 40000 BC was your Upper Paleic. If we talk about upper pilik, then it was the last phase of Playstore, not the last phase of I. Ice Age Appearance of Homo Sapiens. First of all, Homo Sapiens appeared here. What is Homo sapiens? So Homo is a genus, which is a genus of monkeys. Yes, I had seen in the chapter on Animal and Plant Kingdom that we had seen, if you remember some girls of our class, in this way, species and genus is a kind of genus which is now called by modern man. Let us tell you that Homo Sapiens first appeared in the Upper Paleolithic, here flint stone started being used. Flint stone means different types of aged stones like this. Okay, it means different types of stones. Which is here,

11:41 they started being used for different purposes, where we can call it upper pill lithic, but it was not much evolved yet, understand this time period once, I thought about it. You are not clear yet, see, in the time period we write either Basi or AD, we write bc2 or this is what we use now. Before Christ Era is fine and we call it Common Era. It is fine, what is this? References are used or reference is used here, who was our Christ, Jesus Christ was his birth, it is believed that when Jesus Christ was born, all the years before that, we denote them as BC. We denote them with Before Christ or BCE and the later ones we denote with AD or Common Era CE. Keep this thing in mind, now when I tell you that 7000 BC and 6000 BC, then that dozen means as

12:31 I say now. 2020 and then I say 2024, it means that this 2024 has come later than 2020, when we talk about BC, then it is 6000 BC, assume it is okay and one is 7000 BC, then after 7000 BC, this 6000 BC will come in your attention. Keep it like, suppose here I am standing at 7000 BC, okay now I say brother, 6000 BC is okay, so here your 6000 will come, 5000 will come, 4000 will come, 3 will come, one will come, then Jesus Christ must have been born here. Then AD must have started and from AD you Let's start moving forward and now we are living in 2024. Okay, so in BC, when we move forward and move the years forward, the absolute number decreases, keep this thing in mind. Means

13:16 Middle Stone Age is ok, Middle Stone Age is ok, Last Stone Age is ok, Microlith period, that is ok, Microlith, I just told you, ok, no last, this is late, ok, Late Stone Age, Microlith, I told you, micro means It is small, that is, the use of small stones had just started here, there was a worm climate, it means that now the play scene had ended, there was a worm climate in purple lithic, increase flora and fauna, use fire and small stone tools, small stone tools. Used to use these are some sites like Lang Naz Mehsana in Gujarat, you will get to see Bhim Betka, Bhopal, Chaupai Mando in Madhya Pradesh, you will get to see Allahabad, Birbhanpur in Uttar Pradesh, you will get to see Bagor in West Bengal, Hindi Rajasthan and here is the earliest evidence of end. The earliest

14:03 evidences of domestication of animals can be seen from here, that is, domestication of animals had started and they are rotting here [ __ ] Broken Con House in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Adam Garh, this is yours, a little in Madhya Pradesh, just in mind. Keep in mind, there is no need to memorize too much, now we are coming to Lithic, which we call New Stone Age, food producers had now become here, now they had shifted from hunter gatherers to food producers, keep in mind that this thing is important, they were food producers. This point of lithic ones is important, here these people had started living in towns and they had started owning properties. Towns i.e. they had started living by building towns. They had started living by building villages i.e. they had started owning properties. Art. If we talk about this art We get to see Madhya Pradesh of Bhim Bet. Now you will say that sir, you told this in Mizo Lithic, so it is Mizo Lithic or this

14:52 is the lithic site of Bhim Bet, which is in your Madhya Pradesh, so actually it is in Mizo Lithic. Evidence of Mizo lithic was also found in it and we also found lithic. It is not that brother, come here, the people who were using microliths got extinct completely, they ended here and there are enough lithics here. People were living as fard as they evolved into lithic, that is, they started using better polished stones. They are still using stone tools because they are using stone tools, that is why they are using lithic as lithic. It means stone, Pilio means old, Mizo means middle and Neo means new. Okay, how were they using pottery? What were they used for? Pottery means there are pit types, so what were they used for because they are grains etc. To store it, we found pottery here. What that means is that these people have now

15:38 started having surplus grains, that is why they kept the pottery in which they used to store the surplus grains. What color was it? It was black and red, as if it was completely black, a little red painting was done beyond that, then if we talk about which sites are there, then first of all keep in mind that in Mehargarh Balochistan, evidence of rice was found first here, okay. It is also believed that here the evidences of Vet were found for the first time, where Mehrgarh is located, Bolan Pass is in Balochistan, Bolan Pass is seen near it and meditation is also seen in Kashmir Valley. Keep Burja Home, these two are important, Burja Home and Gufkral, both of them are very important because one of them is in Kashmir, this is the one you should not remember right now, 16 km and 41 km, it is okay , you do not have to remember

16:25 it now, okay I have done it in the batch. It was told but now considering that you are revising then first focus on those things which are more important. If we talk about Burja Home, the actual meaning is The Place of Birch. Ok Place of Birch. What is Birch? It is a kind of tree. Well, there is BIRCH, which here we saw that we also found a lot of Barj trees. When we discovered these sites, we still find paid Barj here, hence the name of Burja Home. Burja Home Pada Place of Burj Then here another site was found whose name is Guf Gufkaral means Cave of Potter, as it means Place of Burj, similarly it means Cave of Potter Gufkaral is okay, cave is whose potters. Potters means those who used to make pottery, who

17:10 used to make these types of pots of yours, this is fine, where is this 41 kilometer, don't remember everything, that's all. Remember there are only two such lithic sites in Kashmir Valley and Burja Home which is Burja Home. There are only two such lithic sites where we find weapons made from bones. One of them is this. There is Bhurja and the other one is Chirand which is in Bihar, near Patna, the site is Chirand, the same thing is found here also, one more thing, remember there is a site named Catal Hayuk, it is Catal Hayuk, a question came from it. Think in CGL 22 and this is not a site in India, this is your country which is Turkey, present day there this site is a lithic site, keep this thing in mind, only this thing you

17:57 have to keep in mind, where is it and what tone age. Yellow belongs to Mizo or Clear to Neo. Let's move ahead now and let's see the millet cultivation which was first seen in Karnataka, Sangana [ __ ] Brahmagiri Musky Pickly Hall and Hallur. Just see the site which I have given you above. Told Gufkral Burja Home, this is very important, don't forget it, don't forget what I told you, this Chirand wali, and also what was found from here, and evidence of rice is first found in Mehargarh, then people come to Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh to see this site. And keep in mind here, there is also a site called Kold Va Kar, okay Kol Diva which is situated in Uttar Pradesh, this is your Kold Va site, here also one of the earliest evidences of rice is found, here I told you. What was Mehrgarh and Mehrgarh? Keep in mind that this is the oldest lithic site

18:45 found in the Indian subcontinent. Roughly, it is in 7000 BC. Carbon dating has shown that it is so old and it is the oldest lithic site in the Indian subcontinent. Now the rest should be across the world. There may be older sites than this, but if we talk about Indian content, domesticated rice and earliest evidence of rice can be seen here in Kolad Va. It is fine in Kolad Va and some fragments of bonus are also seen in Andhra. If we talk about Uthanaguri in the state, it is okay around them, then Uthanata is important. In Andhra Pradesh, in Tamil Nadu, if we talk about Paim Palli and Kaveri Belan Valley, I told you that in the Belan Valley of Uttar Pradesh, there is Kol Diva. Got to see and Mahagra Mahagra and Kol Diwa are cold or I told you early evidence of

19:33 rice and domesticated rice are found in Kol Diwa, there are two hills in Meghalaya, this is Dawjali heading, this is not a heading, it is ok, this is not a heading, Dawjali heading Dawjali Heading Dawjali Heading is in Assam and here Jadeite stone was seen which is Jadeite stone, it is a kind of greenish colored stone, it is okay, it is a greenish stone, it is okay and this Jadeite stone is here Davjali heading and cattle were seen from here, I told you that here it was the first human proto city, meaning there was a kind of city type in the lithic site itself, Katal Hüyük which is in Turkey, so this is our entire Stone Age, now the Stone Age. Later we will come to the Copper Age, which we call the Chalcolithic Age. Now the Chalcolithic Age, which time period are we talking about? First of all, keep in mind that it is copper, it was the first metal, right,

20:20 the first metal discovered by humans, right. This is the first metal which was first discovered by humans, if we talk about the time period, then the time period which is Bronze Age, it was in the same time period, Copper Judge, which is Chalcolithic, which is Copper, which is called Copper, Judge, Okay, so this was the same time when our Braj Ja was going on. Let me explain to you what is Braj Ja, then you must have read this thing. Okay, what must have you read about this thing, like let's say it is our Harappa sites, okay. Our Harappan sites or the Indus civilization developed around this Indus Valley. You must have read this. Okay, now this is our Chail Kolithad, when I

21:05 am saying that Chail Kolithad is not Chalcolithic, it means that this People did not use copper. Now why don't you use stone? Now the stone age is gone. Now the age of copper has come. The age of copper has come. This is called copper age in Hindi. So where will copper be found? If this is developed, then copper is found in India, here it is usually fine, this is your region of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, so if you look carefully here, this is the region of Copper Age, these are our sites, it is fine. These are the sites of Copper Age which you are able to see here. This one is Harappa. Okay, now you will look carefully, all the things are linked to each other. How to see, if it is Copper Age, then let me write the age here because Now! We have not seen Harappa, so please consider that something from 2000 BC is ok, something from 2000 BC. Here you

21:56 can consider the time period. Some sites were in the Lithic Age which were there till after Harappa. Also continue, okay, now if we come, what should we see first, first of all, let us understand the facts here, what things are written, the first metal discovered by human copper was a rural community, okay, this was a rural community, and practice urn, burial urn. Burial was practiced. What is this? You must have seen that when someone dies, after burning his body, his ashes are kept. Okay, if his ashes are kept in a pot, then we call that as urn burial. Ok and done know about the house and burnt bricks, people did not know till now or read the sites, what kind of pottery were used by these people before that, it is also an obvious thing, if lithic has developed then these people Will also use access

22:43 to store their grain, they used black and red color and ocher color was also there, black and red was also there and ocher means which you can understand a little which is saffron type color. It happens that it is called Kakre, this spelling is written wrong here, I will correct it, it is correct, what will be the spelling, its spelling will be O C H R E, it is correct, it is called ocher colored painting, Abhi Aaye Hain Kis Pe Abhi Aaye Sites As a matter of fact, we have seen that when we come to the sites, we will get to see the sites in Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, why only here, we get to see mostly because it is only here that we get to see that which is not written here, so let's go here. Let me write here, here we get to see which one is the Malj Khand in Madhya Pradesh, it should be written, it is not written, okay, there is no Malj Khand, there is a famous mine in Madhya Pradesh, which if

23:30 we see today And which is the Khetri mine in Rajasthan? It is here that we mostly found evidence of it. In this particular region, if we talk about Maharashtra, the first site that was discovered is named Jorve, that is why this culture is called Jorve culture. I say Jorve culture, like when I say Harappan Civilization, it means that the first site found in the Indus Valley Civilization was Harappa, that is why we call it Harappan Civilization, just like that, here, first of all The site was found which is called Jorve Culture. Jorve Nevasa Daimabad Doli Inamgaon Nashik Navda Toli This site was found in Western Maharashtra which was a Chalcolithic site and the biggest one among them was that, it is ok. Out of these, it was the largest and the biggest one was Daimabad. If we talk about it, then

24:17 we come to the sites of South East Rajasthan, Aahar Gilund, this is an important site, that is why Aahar was found here first, so Aahar was developed around Banasur, Banas, which is a river, Banas Valley. If we talk about Western Madhya Pradesh then Malwa was done and Iran was done with Malwa. Iran keep in mind that this is in Western Madhya Pradesh. If we talk about Chiran in Eastern India which we just read about Bihar near Patna, here we have A Tools were found Tools were found Bonus made ends Burdwan and Midnapur Okay, this is in West Bengal so take a little care especially the one who is from Maharashtra side and is not from Rajasthan, whenever this Jorve culture comes in Maharashtra. You should know that when we say Jorve culture, it means that we are talking about the Copper Age of Maharashtra, because the first site

25:03 was discovered here Jorve, so this is your Copper Age, there are so many things in it. We have to remember which metal was discovered first, what is the time period and in which region it was developed. Okay , now let's come to Indus Valley Civilization, we know it by the name of Bronze Age, so now we know what - What have you finished and here you can see it on the map, this is your Ganeshwar Jodhpura culture, where is Ahar Ahar culture in Rajasthan and Ganeshwar Jodhpura also in Rajasthan, where is Katha and Malwa culture, where is Jorve culture in Madhya Pradesh. Pay me yours in Maharashtra, so what have we done now sir? Now we have done one prehistory time where we did this Stone Age, in the Stone Age we did Old Stone Age, Middle Stone Age and New Stone Age which we call Yellow. Mizo and Neo, then we did protohistory. Does it come in protohistory? Haven't we done our protohistory yet? Protohistory.

25:49 Now we are going to do what is Protohistory and what have we done, apart from Stone Age, we have done Copper Age and this is Proto History. Whichever period we enter on, which we call the Indus Valley Civilization, then this is what we call Bronze Age Civilization. Why do we call Bronze Age Civilization? What is Bronze? Bronze is an alloy. It is an alloy. Whose alloy is it? This is bronze, this is copper i.e. copper and tin, this is an alloy of copper and tin, it is an alloy, so how were these people able to use bronze, these people had developed a little, this is what you see here, Harappa. What were these people doing? They were picking up copper from here, they were picking up tin from Afghanistan, they were mixing both and making bronze and using bronze tools.

26:37 If we talk about the time period, these people were If you do then your time period will be the same as I just wrote here, I have written exactly the same at which the Copper Age was developing, this will be your time period from 2500 to 2500 to the same, you are something 1750 is fine. Or 1700 is written but there is no one, okay, you remember from 2500 to 1750 BC, that is, now we are moving further and further and further, okay now when we were talking about 10-7000 BC, in Mehargarh which we This is the oldest lithic site, now we have reached 2500 BC, okay, gradually we will keep moving forward, in this you have understood why this time period is called Bronze Age Civilization, why it is called Bronze Age, you have also understood, keep in mind that They did not even know about iron. These people

27:25 were people of urban civilization. Now let's see things one by one. These people were people of urban civilization. Urban civilization means that we get some evidence which shows that people They were not of rural environment, they were of urban environment. First of all, why do we call it Indus Valley Civilization because it was seen on the banks of Indus River or what is called Indus River, at what time did it become extinct , at what time did we find evidence of it. So, when we met at the time of 1920 and 1921, the father of the Archaeological Survey of India, who was the chairman at that time, John Mash Chate, whom is called the father of the Archaeological Survey of India, who is called the father of the Archeology Department, then he said that Before us, its Director General was ASI and that was Alexander Cunningham. Alexander Cunningham was a Britisher, we call him

28:13 the Father of Archaeological Survey of India and who gave the name of Indus Valley Civilization to this particular site, it was John Marshall who gave it. Excavation was done at the same time, keep this thing in mind, where is this Indus civilization spread? You will see this by looking at Punjab, that is, if we talk from India's side, it is seen in three countries, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. So in India, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Western UP, Gujarat, here in Pakistan, Punjab is the province, Sindh, Balochistan, there are some other parts of yours, a little bit of Afghanistan region, but in Afghanistan, it is negligible, mainly your expansion in India and Pakistan. If we talk, then the northern most site is Manda in Jammu and Kashmir, the eastern most is your Alamgir in Uttar Pradesh, the western most is your Satka Nder in Balochistan and the southern most is your

28:59 Daimabad in Maharashtra, okay sir, all these are your extensions that brother, the northern most. You will get to see a site in Manda, Jammu and Kashmir, the Eastern Most in Alamgirpur, Uttar Pradesh, the Western Most in Suta, Sukta Gando, and the Southern Most in Daimabad, Maharashtra. This is its expansion. This thing also has to be kept in mind, why do we call it Urban Civilization now? You will understand because what kind of town planning these people had done, what kind of town planning they had, that whatever towns they used to have, they used to be divided into two parts, something like this, something like this. They used to be divided in which one part was western, the western part was higher and smaller, keep in mind that Citadel, which is known as Acropolis, was on the western side, right and it was smaller and who is here? People used to live here who

29:49 were very rich or who were kings or people of that type who used to live here and this used to be called Lower Town, just as Higher Town was called Seattle, Lower The town was not called anything like that, brother. Yes, this used to be called Lower Town, this is where the common man used to live, this is where your residential buildings used to be, that is, the places where people live are fine and the important buildings used to be here, seat adal used to be here. I am fine, now we will see one by one which are the important buildings. We found a city which was divided into three parts, there was also a middle town where there were a few traders community, rich traders. We also used to live in this middle town but which site was that? Can anyone guess? Till then you guess

30:37 . I will give you a hint. There we got to see the Joint Water Reservoir System. Its name starts with D. Okay, a little suspense. It should happen in the class, so guess now and then we will see, so let's move ahead. We got to see the grid system. What is the meaning of grid system? It was dividing the roads among themselves in this way in 90°. It was dividing itself in 90°. And the door of the houses was opening towards the back, that is, it was such a grid system that the air would blow and all the roads would be cleaned automatically. The dent system was very proper. The drainage system was very proper. Brother, every house was connected to a common drain, that is, through a drain like this, pot holes are also seen here, so proper for cleaning, which in today's time, we get to see the drainage system in any city, it is there. The drain used to be called 'Gabar Bandh', it means 'Gabar Bandh' or 'Nala'. Now

31:25 we call it 'Naala' where the waste etc. flows, but these people used to call the place where water was stored as 'Gabar Bandh' or 'Nala'. It means okay. Gabar Bandh is called Gabar Bandh. It is fine. First to produce cotton means he was the first one to produce cotton. He was known as Sidan. He got Pashupati seal. This is not a specialty of town planning but yes, it should have been in a separate place. We will also discuss Pashupati seal later. If we talk about technology and craft, then these people used brown tools. Now I told you that it is an alloy of copper and tin. It is an alloy. They did not know about iron. This is very important. Memorize the fact that they did not know about iron, occupation, textile, brick layering, boat making, bead jewellery, they used to make all these, they used to make bricks and how else do we know whether this is town planning or urban planning. It is said that these people

32:12 used to use burnt bricks, that is, what do we use today to build a house? We use raw tea, not burnt bricks. Well, these people also use burnt bricks. Used to make beads. They used to use beads which are pearl type and used to make jewelery from it. It is better to use beads only. Jedda it stone was seen here and where else in Assam's Dawjali heading. Then if we talk about it. Gold ores can be seen from Karnataka. Now you know that there is a green colored stone which is a kind of gem stone. And here if we were talking about gold ores, then gold. We were talking about ord ments, we got from Karnataka because Karnataka is your Geography, we will read here what we get to see, gold mines get to see, if you remember

32:58 kg of that e collar gold field t gold mines. Where is the Pottery and Potter's Wheel in Karnataka? Here you got to see the Potter's Wheel, that is, the potters who used to make their own pottery are called Potter's Wheel, so we got to see that here too. Now trades are coming. There is through evidence of seals made of solid and terracotta, that is, whose seals were used for trade, we know from the seals found and where the broken seals were found, in Mesopotamia, Iraq, which was the civilization of Iraq during their time, that is, Contemporary civilization in Iraq was that of Mesopotamia, which was the civilization of Mesopotamia, it was settled on the banks of which rivers, so Tigris and Euphrates, okay, it was settled on the banks of Tigris and Euphrates rivers and it is from here that we come to know about it. We

33:48 come to know from the evidences found in Mesopotamia, literary evidences found that brother, these people of Harappa used to call themselves Meluha, meaning or these people also used to call them Meluha, the people of Mesopotamia, so we consider this. That yes, the Harappan people would also call themselves Meluha. Okay, so keep in mind that Meluha is the term that we know was used for the Harappan people. Who used the term for the people of Mesopotamia? This Meluha is not Mesopotamian. What is Harappa, but not by the Harappans, we did not know from Meluha Harappa, we came to know that there is evidence there, so these people used to use seals, if suppose they were trading something, then they used to put a seal on it, either The stone was made of tight stone, which is a kind of soft stone. There is soft stone, not so soft

34:35 but yes, it means relatively small. Your soft one is terracotta, which is a kind of baked earth. What does baked earth mean? Brother, clay. Okay, the clay was baked a little, that is terracotta evidence, Harappan seals are found here, they are called Harappa Melua, it is written that weight measuring is found in multiple of 16, so those who used to measure weight used to do it in multiple of 16, right. And like Jase Abhi Abhi means we all use multiples of 16 annas in this way, so these people also used multiples of 16, water system was used here, that is, we really don't see any currency here. Milli Baate System You must be knowing that brother, let us assume that you have wheat i.e. wheat is fine and I need wheat and let's say I have rice i.e. rice and you need rice then which is double if the coincidence of Wants means what you want, I have it, what I want, you

35:24 have it and we both agree, so it is called double coincidence of wants, only then it means water system and does, then only water system was running here, at this time no one True currency was not developed. These people also used to trade lapis lazuli. What is lapis lazuli? It is a kind of blue stone, like your Jada, this stone is a kind of green gem stone. This is lapis lazuli, it is a blue stone. Where is Lapis Lazuli found? This is the oldest site in India or the oldest site of the entire Harappan Civilization is Birana which you will find in Fatehabad Haryana. So from here we get its evidence. Now let's come to religious practices. So these worship temples etc. have not been seen much here, which means that there was no dominance of the priestly class here, but yes, it is not that they did not do worship etc. at all. Palace, which we

36:17 used to worship this vagina, which is the female genital organ, which we do even today, Pashupati trees, okay, Pashupati seal was found from here. Now we will see about Proto Shiva, we got animals from Mohan Daro on Mother Earth, believed in them, they used to believe in horses, this is not a very important point, domestication of animals, so about these animals, which animal did they domesticate? I didn't know about the cow, it also becomes equally important. I didn't know about the horse. I didn't know about the horse. It is important. We only got to see one bone of the horse. We got to see one bone and on the basis of that we are not We can say that these people knew about horses or they used to domesticate horses, they knew about elephants, ok, we have camels, buffalo goats and sheep, oxen pigs, they knew about all these, now we will see how we knew about them. It turned out that these people knew about them that

37:03 Polity was not a temple, so brother, trading community used to be the main community here, that is, there was no dominance of priestly class here , there was dominance of merchant class, if we talk about script, that is, inscription. So these people are seen in pictographic script. Pictographic means that they have tried to show something in the form of pictures, which till date we have not been able to understand or decipher, that is why we say that this is the tree of protohistory, bosto fidonal. It happens where you write from right to left then left to right then right to left meaning you start writing from right to left and not from left to right like today we write from left to right and people used to write from right to left. Now let's come, about whom we will read about the sites, here we will read about the sites, what was found in which site, what was the important thing and see all these things. The first site that

37:49 was discovered was named Harappa, only then we call this civilization Harappan Civilization. Let's give when it was discovered, who discovered it in 1921, Dayaram Sahni, where, on the bank of which river, this site is located, Ravi, these three things are very important. Important: John Marshall is currently the Chairman of the Archaeological Survey of India, so I have already told you what we get to see here. This is where your present day falls in Pakistan. There are granaries in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Six granaries in each row, six granaries here, six granaries here, six granaries in each row, we get to see a coffin burial, what does coffin burial mean, where in a way, cough, not yet. What is it called and if it is a wooden coffin, then what is in the coffin, in which someone's dead body

38:35 was kept, that is called as coffin burial, it is just fine, so it was found on the banks of river Ravi in ​​1921, Dayaram Sani died six months in it. Row Coffin Burial was your first side discovered, these days come from Chan Hood, before coming from Chan Hood, let's come here, this is also your site in Pakistan and it is the city without sea tidal, just told. Was the entire Harappan civilization divided into two parts? Or was their town divided into two parts? One was the Citadel, which we called the Higher Town, the higher part was the Citadel Acropolis here. Rich people used to live here and common people used to live here. Okay, this was your lower town. This was on the western side and it was small. Okay, so this is Citadel. Where else did we get to see it? So, we are in Chan Hood. It was not found

39:20 on the banks of which river Chan Hud Indus is located in Sindh province. Who discovered this site? Is it ok or Mahamad will not be there. Ok Gopal Majumdar. It is ok. Gopal Majumdar has discovered this site. Coming to the very important and the largest site which was discovered here and that is Mohan Zadar, now this is very important, when was it first discovered, in 19 21, who discovered it, Rakhal Das Binoj, on the banks of which river, on the banks of Indus river ? Where does it fall? This mojdar falls in Sindh province only, which is in Pakistan. It falls in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Rakhal Das Banu Ji, who discovered Harappa? Dayaram Sani is the largest city. Okay, and on the banks of the Indus River and here. Listen carefully what all is found

40:06 here. Clay figure of Mother Goddess clay is found here. When I say that it means that I am talking about terracotta. Terracotta means the same baked earth. We got it from here by cooking the soil. Bronze Dancing Girl in Tribhanga Mudra, here we get the statue of dancing girl. Now let's show everything. Okay, we get the statue of dancing girl and it is made of bronze and here we came to know that these people have made it using the lost wax technique. It is okay, we are not discussing it in depth here, otherwise the purpose of revision will be defeated. Okay, great thing and great granary was found i.e. huge bathhouse and huge kitchen. Here we got to see one of the bearded man. In a way, we can say that the idol type found was made of stainless steel and soft stone and here we also find Pashupati seal which is made of whose material, it is also

40:54 made of stainless steel, okay now let's see who- What are the things found here? Okay, so this is what you are able to see. This is your Great Bath. This is your Great Granary. This is the Great Granary. This is the largest site. I mean, sorry, the largest building. This is the biggest building that we have found anywhere in the entire Harappan Civilization, which is the Great Granary. Grains were stored here. The granaries found in Harappa were found in such a manner that there are six such granaries in each row, isn't it? What is your Vishal, is the bathroom ok and where was this seat used to be, meaning it used to be in Upper Town, not in Lower Town, this is your bearded man, Modi ji is not ok, this is ok and this is Miloni ji. No, who is this, this is the statue of the dancing girl which

41:44 is on Tribhanga posture and Tribhanga posture means there is a bend here, there is a bend here and there is a bend here, so they call it Tribhanga posture and I don't even know which one I think. There was an IB exam, in this their height was asked. Keep in mind that its height is 10.5 cm. Whose is it? This is the statue of your dancing girl. Okay, let's move ahead and this is also yours. As I told you, it is made of lost wax technique. It is made of brown, let's come to this, who is this, this is our Goddess Earth and this is Goddess Earth, where it was shown how a tree is being born from her womb, in a way, only then. From this we came to know that this Goddess Earth Significa or is it being symbolized through how this tree is coming out of the earth, then people must be asking, okay, whose made is this, this is yours,

42:31 I told you, terracotta of terracotta, this is yours, if we talk about budded man, then it is yours. This Pashupati seal that we have got is also of stateite, this Pashupati seal is here, now I don't know whether you are able to see it here or not, but here we have got one or two dear ones, here we have got one. The photo is fine, Rhino's found, Buffalo's found, Tiger's fine, so what animals are found here in the Pashupati seal? He asks what is written here, it must be written, it is fine, which ones are found in the Pashupati seal? So the animals in it are Buffalo, Elephant, Tiger, Deer, Rhino, also known as Unicorn, One-horned Unicorn, okay, so all these are mixed together, if you want to remember it easily, then you can remember it like this, it is better than better dear, better be better dear be. TR

43:18 and Dear will become B, your Buffalo will become E, Elephant, T will become Tiger, R will become Rhino, and Deer will become Dear, where are the two dears seen? Pashupati, Pashupati, who is also called Proto Shiva, is correct. You must be able to see Proto Sheva who is sitting in the yogic posture, performing yoga, sitting in a meditative posture and the animals shown here are two, you can see them dear, okay here. Your tiger is a forest, this is a rhino, right here and here the elephant is depicted, and you can see what this is, this is a pictographic script, something is written here from the picture, which we could not decipher. Lothal is a site which is found in Gujarat. Gujarat has an ancient port i.e. an ancient port or we also call it a dockyard. Dockyard means the place where ships etc. stop. This site

44:06 is found on the banks of which river is your enjoyment? Which river? Bhogav ​​and here we get to see joint or double burial, just as coffin burial was seen in Harappa, in Lothal we get joint or double burial. Double burial means male and female. Male and female are called side by side. Double Burial Remember this, I think I forgot to add it at the back and that was it, add it otherwise I will add it. Come on, this Burja Home which I told you, where is the Burja Home, this Burja Home is fine, you can see it. If it is added then I had forgotten to tell, it is okay, domestic domestic dogs were killed with their human master in a pit on the lake side, that is, here the dog with its master was acquitted as if for example death. The dog used to be the gift of the owner. When the dog died, he was acquitted there or

44:52 when it is assumed that the dog died, then when the dog died, he was acquitted on the side. They were fine and here they used to live in a pit on the lake side. As if there is a pond here, they used to live in a pit near it. Okay, what were the people of Mehrgarh? They used bricks etc. to make a little meaning of brick and burn. It is not brick which is seen in Harappa, but these people are made of raw wall type, they used to live in a pit, why did they live on the lake side, they got a good source of food, living near the lake is fine, so let's go. This thing has happened to us and now we come here, right, we were in Lothal, and who discovered the Lothal site, it was S.R. Rao who discovered the Lothal site, right, Rao Saheb, right, let's come to Kali Banga. Kali Banga is Kali Banga, it falls in Rajasthan, here Kali Kale

45:37 means black brinjal, black bangles are seen here, plot feed, plot feed i.e. plowed field is seen here, seven fire altar is fine, here we have fire. Altar can be seen i.e. fire altar can be seen not only in Kalibanga but also in Lothal, so add this thing in Lothal also that what we get to see in Lothal and Kalibanga is fire altar i.e. An altar of fire can be seen here, each house has its own well, a well can be seen here, a plower, it is okay and Ghaggar is an obvious thing, if it is a plowed field then it must have been plowed by someone and then by a plough. Must be plowed and on the banks of river Ghaggar, your black bungalow comes to Satka Gando, which is our western most site, falls from Balochistan Praveen, coastal area, one single bone of horse, sorry, sorry,

46:24 sorry, Satka Gando and Surkotada both are different, okay now. Here either remove it, then it's okay, remove Satka Gando, Satka Gando, I told you like this is India, okay this is Pakistan, okay this. If it is Pakistan , then here they give you mojdar etc. Keep in mind, a single bone of a horse can be seen here, this is the only site from where some evidence of whose horse can be seen, but we cannot say that they must have known about the horse, it is possible that something like this may have happened. That a bone has come there, okay let's come to Dholavira, you will also get to see Giant Water in Gujarat, so this is the same site that I was telling you about, which was divided into three parts, that is,

47:12 Seat Dale was also there, Lower Town was also there and There was also a middle town here and a giant water reservoir system could be seen here, so whenever any question like this about water reservoir comes, the answer would be Dholavira, Rakhigarhi is the largest site in Haryana, overall in India, so the largest site is yours only. Daro is there but if we talk about India then which is Rakhigarhi which is the oldest? Which is Birana Birana which is in Haryana? Right on the banks of river Ghaggar, you can see Rakhigarhi and terracotta wheels and toys. Gifts are available in Rakhigarhi. Birana is in Haryana. The oldest IVC site is Banawali. RS Vishnu had excavated it. This is also in Haryana, on the banks of river Gaggar and here the grid pattern is not visible and here first of all we find the evidence of Burley which is in Banawali, it is okay but Burley. If we talk about Ropar, where in Punjab is End Burial with Dog

47:59 seen here, like we were seeing in Burja Home, in our Olithu Home too, Burial with Dog is being seen, similarly in Ropar Punjab too, Burial with Dog is seen. A dog was seen and an oval burial pit was seen here. Oval shaped pits were seen in Sanoli, Uttar Pradesh and an extended burial form was seen here. Burial means going very deep. To acquit the people, where a particular poacher was maintained that they would be on the hand side and in this way, all those things happen, if we do not go deep into this, then in Sanoli, Uttar Pradesh, we got to see extended burial, okay domestic. All the things are done with us, it is okay, who all was domesticated, so it is an obvious thing, the evidences we found here in Pashupati Seal, from that we come to know about which things, these people knew about which things and also the time period. We have seen it,

48:44 we have seen it, now just keep one thing in mind that what was going on in South India, like yours, when your bronze or civilization was going on, what was going on in South India at the same time, was going on in India, remember, not fog. Megalith was going on, keep in mind that it is okay if you ever ask me if there are too many megaliths then questions will not be raised, by this megalith means big stones like this, we get to see them for a second, right here, let me tell you about this in megalith. In a way, we got to see big stones. Big stones are there, in this way, we got to see that brother, here these people must be burying people in a way, so we got to see big stones, this is called Mailit, where from? This was in South India and what was the time period, it started from 2500 BC and continued till 500 BC, that is, Harappa ended here in 1750 and

49:33 what is the reason behind its ending, when did Harappa happen? There is no clear evidence behind how it ended, some people believe that there was an earthquake, some people say that brother, maybe there was a flood or maybe there was a drought, maybe there was an invasion of Aran, but Aran Invasion Theory. It is not accepted that much, it is okay because those people came much later, it is believed that we will study the invasion of Aran in the next lecture, so remember the megaliths, when Harappa was flourishing here, these are yours in the northern and western parts. This is your megalith going on in South India, okay megalith which means large stone, okay so here we end things, you will get to see this mind map where on Parmar SC Tegra, the link of which you will get in the description of the video. is given, then from there you can go and download these mind maps