ANCIENT HISTORY REVISION FOR CGL MAINS

0:00 So hello everyone, so in triple R, we have started a new subject that is history and we are going to finish history in three lectures, ancient medieval and modern, okay so this is the first lecture and the end as I told you guys. It was told that you should check your application status once again because some people's centers have been updated and some people's centers have changed, so make sure once. That you double check that thing also, end and start and end before starting, the same thing which I told you yesterday, are you okay, there is a little pain in my tongue, so because of this, I may not be able to speak that fast, okay? If yes, then you can speed it up from your side. Yes, one more thing about Indus civilization, like we start reading from Stone Age, but here we will start directly from IVC.

0:47 Because of Harappan civilization, stone wedges or Chalcolithic age are not that much important. Not many questions come. I am not stopping you from reading. You should read it once on your own, but there are not that many questions. Okay, let's start. It is Indus Valley Civilization which we also call Urban Civilization, why we call it so, we will see further but it was suited along the banks of Industry, that is why we call it Industrial Civilization and the one who was the Director of ASI at this time was John Marshall the first Director General of ASI and that was Alexander Kanin whom we know as the Father of SI. Where was India spread? And it was mainly spread in Pakistan, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and you can see all this but expansion, we should know that in the North this spread would reach till Jammu and Kashmir. Alamgirpur in the East, Uttar Pradesh, Sukta Kandor in the West and Daimabad

1:33 in the South till Maharashtra. If we talk about town planning, then the towns were divided into two parts, namely, Seater L which was the Higher Town, which was also known as Macro Polis and Lower Town. There used to be a site of ours in which we did not get to see Seattle and there was a town which was divided into three parts, it is okay instead of two parts, in which we could see Seattle. Didn't get that place of yours was Chan Hud which is in present day Pakistan and which was divided into three parts was your Dholavira, ok urban, we call it urban civilization because here we saw very efficient town planning like That the towers were built in two parts, we saw the grid system. Here we saw the drainage system where the roads were cutting each other at 90°. Very good drainage system was seen. You know that if we

2:20 see in every house, there was a separate proper made for the complete drainage system and the water where it was stored, we call it 'Gabar Bandh' or 'Naala'. Okay first. To produce cotton: The first to produce cotton were the people of Alpine civilization and the Greeks who knew cotton as Sidon. Okay, moving ahead, if we talk about technology and craft, then Bronze. The tools seen here did not know about iron and they knew about bronze, that is why this Indus Civilization or the Harappan Age, we also know it by the name of Bronze Age. If we talk about which time period is IVC, then you can almost assume that we are talking about the time period from 2500 to 1750 BC. Trade is fine in the Indus Valley Civilization.

3:06 If we talk about it, then it was done from Mesopotamia, which was the civilization of Iraq at that time and we get evidence of this from the seals there, which were Harappa Seals. We got to see the Mesopotamia of Iraq there. Evidence can be seen here and the people of Harappan Civilization were known by the name of Mesopotamian Meluha, so repeat again whose name is Meluha? Not of the Mesopotamians but of the Harappans. Mesopotamians used to speak by the name of Harappa . Mesopotamians used to speak by the name of Sorry Melua. We did not know them by the name of Harappa because we have not been able to read the script of Harappan Civilization till date as to what was written. Those people and recently the Tamil Nadu Government has announced that it will be given one million dollars, which means it is

3:51 approximately worth Rs 8 crores. Even more than that, if whoever deciphered it, the script is fine, the weight measuring was seen here, we got the weight in multiples of 16, the butter system was used, there was no currency, people used to trade lapis lazuli. Which is a kind of blue stone. Blue stone It is okay, if we talk about religious practices, then the penis, which is the male genital organ, the vagina, it was worshiped here, okay, and you do not need to remember all this, ghosts etc., okay, let's move ahead to the domestic of animals, so these are the animals. Where was the evidence of domestic ket being found? Where were the seals etc. from there? Were any temples seen here? There was absolutely no trading community . Mainly this is fine, even agriculture was not practiced by these people. Mainly, they were paste or we can say that they were pestle and trading type. Well, they

4:39 did not practice agriculture yet. Very much fine. If we talk about the script, then their script was pictographic i.e. That it was in the form of pictures and Bas Fa Don was a script. Bas Fa Don means writing from right to left, then from left to right, then from right to left. In this way, we called it Bas Fa Don. Now what we follow now is the opposite of what we follow now, what are the sites here and what we got to see there, where is it, who discovered it, it becomes a little important like Harappa was the first site. Saali Civilization was discovered, that is why we also know this civilization by the name of Harappa Civilization. It was discovered in 1921 and Dayaram Sahni ji. You get to see six granaries in each row on the banks of river Ravi, that is, actually six here, okay, I thought it became seven, okay, and not six, it is six, okay, six

5:25 were here like this and In front of the granaries, we found a brick platform, what kind of circular brick platform was found, if we talk about coffin burial, burial means how people were buried, then whatever kind of coffin is in it, they are buried in it. It was okay to be buried and Dayaram Sani had discovered it. Similarly, if we talk about Mohan Zadar, then this is one of the largest sites. It is not the largest and it was discovered by Rakhal Das Banerjee. RD Banerjee discovered this site in 1922. River like Harappa is situated on the banks of Ravi River, this is Harappa which is situated on the banks of Ravi River, it falls in Punjab province which is present in Pakistan and this is Sindh province which is in Pakistan. Mohan Jadar is found there , Sindh is Mohdaro and Punjab is your Harappa,

6:11 and what we got to see here is Clay Figure of Mother Goddess. Clay figure means it is made of terracotta, that is, it is made of clay. The Great Bath and the Great Grundy were seen or the huge Annaga where grains were stored and the Great Bath which might have been used by these people for ritual purposes. Stay Tight Stay Tight A Soft It is a stone, okay, we got to see the beaded man made of it, okay, which looks a bit like Modi ji, isn't it, when we did it, we saw that thing, and it is one of the largest site, okay Bronze statue of dancing girl can be seen here which is in Tribhanga posture in its Tribhanga posture. Well then if we talk about Lothal then it is the ancient dockyard or a This is the port site, this can be seen, present

6:58 in Gujarat, on the banks of Bhogav ​​River, this fire altar i.e. the altar of fire was seen here, and here there used to be double burial, that is, double burial means that man and woman are together. Was acquitted in Most Probably Husband and Wife are okay, similarly we got to see the altar of fire litter black, in Bengal also it is okay, fight fields or plowed fields were found, black bangles were found black You can remember brinjal by doing this. It is in Rajasthan, on the banks of river Ghaggar. Plusher was also not seen. Plow was not seen. Each house has its own well in Kalibanga. It is fine here. We had left it here , that was there, this is us. We have already seen that again it is in Sindh province of Pakistan and it is a city without heater, Lal Si Se Chan Hudur and Si Se is a city and which is divided into three parts. Dholavira is divided into three parts, which is in Gujarat itself.

7:43 Giant Water Reservoir can also be seen, so if ever such a question arises regarding water, where was the water stored, then that would be Dholavira divided into three parts. It is divided, that is, the Harap sites that we saw just now were the Citadel that is Higher Town or the Acropolis Lower Town and the one here Town was also seen in Dholavira. If we talk about Sukta Gando, then from here sorry Kotda Sukta Gour is not there, both are different sites. If we talk about Surkotada, here we have a single Surkotada horse. Remember it by doing like this, a single bone off. Horse is found in Satka Gor, let's talk a little here, okay, this is Satka Gor, this is not your trading site port, this is a Suta Gendo is considered a trading site. If we see,

8:30 it falls here near Afghan and it is far away from the Harappan Civilization but it is its part. Okay and let's move ahead. Okay, this will be your Shorat Ghai. Okay, Shorat Ghai Shorat. Dear Satka Condor, yours is situated here, that is, if we see, the border with Iran is situated here, Pakistan's is situated there, okay, which Satka Gadar and this one is yours? This is also the western most site, this is your Shatu Ghai, okay, if we talk further, then Bhirana is the oldest Indian civilization which you will see in Haryana. Banawali is in Haryana, here we got to see the grid pattern here. Not found plus from here we have also found evidence of fortification. Okay, where these people had built fortifications, let's move ahead

9:16 and come to the next chapter. And that is Mahajanapada. You can also read the Vedic Age once. You will answer on your own , questions are not formed even from Duff, questions are formed from a few Mandals etc. Like for example, which is our Rigveda, then in Rigveda, Gayatri Mantra is in D Mandal, in the Ninth Mandal, about Lord Som is given, Th Mandal. In Purusha Shakta's Hyme where the head has been compared to Brahmin and the hands where it has been compared to Chhatri which is Thai. Vaishya and feet are better than Shudras. What is Mahajanapada now? What is Mahajanapada around 6th century BC? It is okay around 6th century BC. This is Mahajanapada. Where do we see it originating in Nadan part of India? First of all, it is in the form of Janapada.

10:03 Janapada means the place where people's feet fall, that is, if people step on it, then it becomes a Janapada, but gradually, as the territory grows, Mahajanapada has become total, 16 Mahajanapadas can be seen here, Monarchical and Republic, you do not need to remember because of this screw question, I have not seen it in the recent, okay, so total 16 and where are their evidences, which is Buddhist literature, Ang Uttar Nikaya. And Dag Nikaya there are eight chapters which are our oldest text which is the test of oldest Sanskrit grammar which is Ashta Dai which is Pani has written, okay, its evidences are also found in Jain literature Bhagwati Sutra, Regarding the Mahajanapada of Mahajanapada, it asks you what is the capital, okay and where is the present day, then you try to recall yourself, Anga's Champa is Anga. Where

10:52 was this of yours in Magadha and if we go a little to the eastern side, the kingdom of Magadha was not your husband's son Kashi Kashi, do you know now that it is present? Varanasi is yours fine, on the other hand, what is the contribution of Vatsa, we had remembered Vatsa in this way, drink the juice of Mosambi, okay then it is Kaushambi, its Kaushalpur king is called Lord Ram, then Ayodhya is its capital, along with Ayodhya, Shravasti is also there. Keep in mind, okay, if we talk about Sur Sena, Mathura Panchal Panchal, do you remember Panchal King, whom do we know by the name of Panchali in Mahabharata? A Chitra and Kampal, its Kuru's Indraprastha is the fish, it is Virat Nagar, Virat Kohli takes great care of his mother, it was good to have a hole like this, that is, its banda is Capital Avanti, if we talk about it, it has two and one is

11:39 on the top. The one below is Ujjaini, the one below is Mahishmati, if we talk about Gandhara then it is Takshashila, it is Kamboj's question, okay, Kamboj's question is Takshashila, it is Asmak's A Pratisthan or Pathan. The one at the bottom, Vajji Vaishali and Malla Kusi Nara, Kusi Nara is the same place where Lord Buddha died. Okay, so this is the thing. Here the same question arises. Now we know that the first dynasty that came to Mahajanapada is okay. Among the Mahajanapadas, the most important Mahajanapada that emerged out of 16 was Magadha, so we have to read about Magadha, then why Magadha means so much, it emerged as the most powerful at the end. Because of its advantageous position, its capital Raj Gree was surrounded by five hills and if we talk about Patli Putra, it is located at the

12:28 bank of Ganga and Son. Sometimes you are asked which Mahajanapada. If it is located South of Ganga then the answer would be Magadha, it is fine. There were many elephants here and great leaders were also seen. First of all, if we talk about it then the rule here was Harika. The first ruler of the dynasty was Bimbi Saar. Okay, and regarding Bimbi Saar, it is important to note that he had a physician named Jeevak, who was sent to the king of Ujjain because he had jaundice and was not getting well, so he Had sent Azad Enemy, his son was Bimbi Saar and if Bimbi Saar is sorry, if we talk about Azad Enemy, then just keep this much in mind here. It is true that the first Buddhist council was formed in 483 BC, the work of consolidating it to Patna was done, that is, the work

13:15 was done to bear its expenses. Udan came after them who shifted the capital from From Rajgiri to Pataliputra comes our Shishu Nagar Dynasty, which is Shishu Nagar Dynasty. In this, Shishu Nagar and Kala Shok were two rulers. We should not read anything like this about them, except that Kala Shok ruled. Dhananand and Dhananand were Patnites on the Second Buddhist Council. It was during this time that Alexander the Great, a Greek king, invaded India in 326 BC. It is also known as the Battle of the Peace because of the Jhelum River. Jhelum was fought on its banks, its name in Greek is Das Pis, exactly with whom was it fought, it was fought with Porus, Alexander was victorious but Porus took it as his own.

14:02 By giving back his territory to Porus, Alexander had gone away. Okay, so who was there at that time? There was Dhananand here in Magadha. After this, Dhananand was murdered or the meaning is the same that after killing Chandragupta Maurya sits on the throne and the Maurya Dynasty is established. Okay, so let's see here who were the rulers of the Moran Empire and how Chandragupta Maurya ran the Moran Empire. The founder was Dhananand with the help of Katle, who is known as Vishnugupta or Chanakya and he also defeated Celik Nicator. Who was Celik Nicator, then who was actually Alexander, he gave it to the umpire here, Celik Nicator, who was his military commander. Had given and he had created the Salis Dynasty here, now who had done the work of defeating this Salis Dynasty? Chandragupta Maurya When he defeated Tirthankara,

14:52 he also married his daughter, Helina. Chandragupta Maurya had Bindusar as his son. He was known as Amitra by the Greeks. He had tamed the Aajeevika sect, so Aajeevika is the sect when our 24th Tirthankar. When Vardhaman Mahavir ji left his home, Makkhali Kausal was one with him and he also left, but Makkhali Kausal later separated himself. Had created a sect called Aajeevika Sect. Okay , Ashok, who was his son of Bindusar, ruled for 12 years. Okay, and he was sitting on the throne with the help of Radha Gupta. Okay, and it is believed that he helped his 99 brothers. After killing him, he was sitting on the throne here in which we know the name of Sushima. Sushima was his elder brother who would have sat on the throne if

15:37 Ashok had not murdered him, then Ashoka after eight. Years of his Coronation i.e. after 8 years of his coronation, he fights Kalinga war in 261 BC and in that you know that Ashoka wins but now what they do there, they remove Beri Ghosha and bring Dhamma Ghosha. Physical context of Ghosha means Dhamma. Ghosha means cultural context. Okay, Conquest, so this is 8 years after his coronation, Kalinga fights. Battle is important, okay if we talk here about Ashoka and his Inscrinox,

16:24 then there are two types of rocks and pillars which we can see in the rocks and two which we can see in the pillars. So major is 14 and about minor, you do not need to remember such numbers. James Principe was the first to decipher them. We will keep in mind in this year 1938. In 1938, the maximum number of The language used in their encryption is Prakrit and the script that is used the most is Brahmi, Kharosthi script is also used in the North Western part of India, which is the North Western part and Greek Aram is also used which is our Afghan. The area is there because their territory extended till Afghanistan, most of their entire rock inscriptions and those who are our pillars, the gods with nice pillars.

17:09 Nami Piya Dashi i.e Billet of God this is just mention but these four are our minor rock inscription Musky Gujjar Brahmagiri Nittur Gujjar in MP rest all in Karnataka here we get the name of Ashoka Dev Nami Pisi Ashoka Player is addicted Total seven seven pillars No seven lines like there are 14 lines and not 14 pillars and sometimes it asks you in which particular ekr and which particular predicate it is written. Animal Slaughter Band, then the first one, it is written in it that it is Animal Slaughter, it is okay, no one can do the killing of animals, keep in mind that in the 13th one, it mentions about Kalinga Var, it is okay. If we talk about Pillar, then Prakrit language and Brahmo

18:00 script have been used maximum here too and Lauria Raj Lauria Nandgarh. Where is this, it is in Bihar, this should be known a little and the bull of Ram Purva is ours, where is the President's House, where is the bull of Ram Purva, that is Ram Purva Kobol, which actually means the pillar. If there was a particular part of the pillar, it is called a shaft. Okay, here there was an inverted lotus, there was an abacus and on top of the abacus there was some animal, so this was the capital. Now this animal, this eater lotus and this shaft are fine, in the same way, the bull of Ram Purva is the pillar of Ram Purva, there we got to see this bull which you will get to see in the President House, similarly we get to see that of Sarnath. Which is in Varanasi, where Lord Buddha gave his first sermon, Sarman, by what name do we know it? Just tell me, as we call online meditation as Nirvana, it

18:50 is okay that his renunciation of the worldly life is called Maha Bani Shaman. If death is called Maha Parinirvana, then what do we call his first sermon? So there is one where we got the capital, which is today the national emblem of our India. You know, there are four lions, right, and here and in the back, we have a lion. You get to see a plus elephant, you get to see a horse, you get to see a deer, okay, sorry, you get to see a bull, okay, if the thing is clear, who built Barabar Hill Caves at the time of Ashoka? These were made in Bihar, Rishi's Lomas is also in Bihar and Nagarjuni's is here in Bihar, remember the encryption, take a little care and that is Babru Baira Rock encryption is ok Babru Baira, so where is this, keep it in your mind in Rajasthan, okay clear So many things are given that

19:38 who were the administration and officers at his time, then Sani Dhata was the CTO that is the Chief Treasury Officer. Samarta used to take away everyone's sorrow i.e. used to take away everyone's tax, everyone's money was a Collector General of Revenue, Akshay Patel was responsible for Gopa Account, Accountant General was Sita Daksh, Sita Mata Agriculture is performing ok, so responsible for Agriculture, President of the organization. i.e. Responsible for Market Boat Chairman i.e. Fee Chairman for Ships Dhamma Mahamat Ya Ashoka had pointed out a separate officer for toll tax to see this. So brother, whether all the people are following Dhama i.e. religion or not, it is okay according to Megasthenes, here if we follow Megasthenes, then the municipal administration was six committees and five in each committee. There were five members in the committee. Okay,

20:27 this is what Megasthenes had told us. Megasthenes had also told many other things like Megasthenes told us. It was also told that the society here was divided into a total of seven classes, divided into seven varnas, as they said, okay, which we remember by PCS 2, now a question has also been made in MTS Sab, okay, so this question was asked. It was said that the last one is the varna. According to the Indica book written by Megasthenes, there are seven classes and seven castes. The last caste is the counselor. Which of our philosophers comes first? Okay, Philosopher will be from CC, here Cultivator i.e. Farmer comes in the second character, Asker in the second, In the third, in this way, your Shepherd will be from S, sheep herder from T,

21:15 Trader from W, Warrior and O from Overshear. Let 's keep this thing in mind that Megasthenes had said in his Indica book that there is no slavery in India. No slavery was seen in India, which was not true because From Kautilya's Arthashastra, we get to see that in Kautilya's Arthashastra, we come to know about Saptang Theory, which is called Seven Element Theory, where there is King, Amat, District, Fort, Fund, Army and Friends, so let us see a little about whom and what. They say, who gave the Saptanga theory, Katle gave it, it is okay and if we talk about the rest, we have discussed it, there were two types of courts, civil was yours, religious was there and criminal was there. Kantak Shodhan Nyayalaya, these were under Vyavaharika and this is fine under Pratistha, but the tax

22:03 paid here was Rs 16, 14 to 16, but mainly in the initial time, there was no production, this is fine, then if the ports. If we talk about Bharuch and Sopara on the western side and Tamra Lip on the eastern side, which would have belonged to Bengal, then the source of all these things is the Arthashastra written by Katle which There is a book on state craft, Mudra Rakshas, ​​written by Vishakha Dutta, written much later, in which the rulers of the Maurya dynasty were described as being of noble lineage, written by Indika Megasthenes and the Buddhist literature Jatak, which is in our Buddhist literature. Lord Buddha's Deep Vansh, Mahava and Divya Dan tell about the previous birth. We come to know these things from the sources. Ok and let's move ahead. Next is our post modern empire. So as we have just seen that the last modern king was the one who is great.

22:51 Who created it? Arya Pushyamitra Sung and he established the Shunga dynasty. His capital was Vidisha and he followed Hinduism and Buddhism. Patna has built a lot of stupas. Take care regarding the stupa. Its pillars depict the story of Yaksha and Yakshini. Okay, this is the story of Yaksha and Yakshini. It is depicted here in Baruch Stupa which is located at There is a stupa in Madhya Pradesh. If the discussion is going on then let us discuss the stupa a little because even the stupa raises questions like what is this? This is our hemispherical dome which is called egg, this is your Hermine, okay then you will get to see gates like this here, okay pillar type,

23:42 we call it Rana, then you will get to see like this here, Medhi, where you walk, it is We say Medhi is fine and in this way we will get to see the railing, to whom we say Vedika is fine, what do you say Vedika says the railing is clear, so this is how one of ours Bharuch Stupa is the largest stupa that we will talk about in India and it is Kesariya Stupa which is in Bihar, it is fine and Dhamek Stupa, this is in Sarnath Varanasi, it is in cylinder shape, we will take a little care of this thing, it is also fine, give agar of flax. Talking about Pushyamitra's son , Agnimitra and Kalidas ji's Malavika Agnimitra, the hero of his story was Agnimitra. Patanjali Mahabhashya has been written, who was his contemporary, whose contemporaries Shunga, the flower friend Sung, Dev Bhooti, ​​his last son, who

24:29 was killed by Vasudev, Vasudev created the Kanwa dynasty and we know them as Shunga Bhritya. Why do we say Shunga Bhritya because of Bhritya? Meaning, the kind of servant is the servant of Shunga, this is the right way, our seventh dynasty is the seventh, which is what we just saw, which is ours. There was a Mahajanapada which had Kal Pathane Pratisthan, the founder of the seventh dynasty was seen there, Simuk Satva, its Simuk Satva is fine and you know the rounds of Maharashtra, they started coins made of lead, it is fine and Gautami's son Satak was considered their greatest ruler. We go to the greatest ruler who had defeated Satrap Nahapana who was the ruler of a kingdom and we come to know this thing which is the history of Nashik. You will do Inscrinox

25:28 Judgement also with the help of mind map. All the mind maps are available on your mobile and on the mobile itself you will get the PDF of current affairs. Okay, I am working on that only. I am fine, you will get it soon, that too is fine, so you can forget about Patria Kal and Matrilineal Society, because the question has not been made, there is no one to explain, it is fine here, Ajanta. And the caves of Ellora were built by the people of the seven dynasties. Well, if we talk about the stupas, then they built Amaravati and Nagarjuna Konda which is in Andhra country. These people used Prakrit language, then after them the invasions were seen i.e. That attacks should be seen, Central Central India is better than Central Asia, the first ones from Central Asia who crossed the Hindu Kush, the first ones who attacked are known as Indo Greeks, the greatest. The Indo

26:15 Greek ruler's name was Meander or Milind, his dialogue with Nag Sen is completely written in Milind Panho, brother, whose dialogue is Nag Sen's with Milind Panho, these were the first Greeks who made gold coins. They were the first ones who started making coins edible to mint. Tribo King means where the photo of the king is made and something is written on it. They were the first ones. The Greeks had introduced and they also introduced the Hellenistic form of art which we also know by the name of Gandha Art. It is clear then if we talk here about Sak Dynasty, then who comes after the Greeks, then the Greeks. After the Greeks come the people of Sak dynasty, it is okay that they had five branches,

27:01 we do not have to read about all the branches, we just have to keep in mind that 57 Vikramaditya Parmar had defeated them in BC and Vikram Samvat starts from here, it is written in 57 or somewhere in 58 BC. After this comes our Shaka ruler, Rudra Daman forest is fine, which is Gujarat region, there is P. While ruling, he got Junagadh Rock Inscription written which is situated in Girnar Hills Gujarat. And there he told that he got the Sudarshan Lekh repaired, the Sudarshan Lekh which was made by Pushya Gupta Vaish in the court of Maurya Chandragupta Maurya, so he had got it repaired, Ashoka had also got it repaired and it was repaired by Rudra Daman the Force. Had also got it repaired, after this comes Parthian, it is not important for us, but after that comes Kushan, whatever Kushan has, either you choose. Or it is known as Skin Yans,

27:51 their capital was Purush Pura which we know today as Peshawar and Mathura was first Pu Purush Pura i.e. Peshawar then later Mathura was called Sons of God and King of Kings. The Kujal Cut Fees Who is Kujal Cut Fees considered its founder ? Okay, then after this comes Vima Cut Fees, whom we call Cut Fees First, these are called Cut Fees Second. Vima Kat Fasas After Vima Kat Fasas comes Kanishka, who was the most powerful ruler of the entire Kushan Dynasty. He also convened the Fourth Buddhist Council, and it was during his time that the Portuguese form of gold coins were introduced. The Portuguese form is clear, this thing is clear. And if I ever ask you to introduce the largest hoard of gold coins, then what will be the answer, the largest hoard of gold coins, then this also They had brought from Kushan only

28:38 at the time of Kanishka. They had brought from Kushan itself. Okay, and they controlled the Silk Route and the rest, more than anything else, we have to take care of this. Yes, keep in mind that they had brought the Satrapi system, which is our Indo Greeks. They had brought 'Stratos Stay Goes' means the son of the ruler is not the next ruler but the military commander of the ruler will become the next ruler, so he was called the Satrapi system . Kushant made so many things clear. If we talk about literature, then Ashu Ghosh wrote Buddha Charitra, it is okay and Vatsayan wrote Kama Sutra and medicine, who is known as Father of Indian Medicine, Charak who wrote Charak Samhita, Chankundenkil

29:28 was his time period, now this is him. After this in time, here we get to see that first of all these meanings came, after that if we talk then Gupta Dynasty comes deeply in our Gupta Ya. If you are reading then okay then if we talk about Gupta Ra then this was his era mainly from 310 AD to 540 AD and we also know it by the name of Golden Era. Who came after Shri Gupta was Ghatot Kach. After his son Ghatot Kach came Chandragupta the first. He took the title of Maharajadhiraja. His wife was Kumar Devi Gupta. Ra started in 320 AD and he started giving gold coin dinar. If we talk here, after him, Samudra Gupta came, his son was the greatest king, he was of Spite dynasty and was never defeated. This we come to know which

30:15 is Prayag Prashasti, Allahabad Pillar Encryption. From there which was composed by Hari Sen his court poet and a question arises which and the following post was not Held by Hari Sen So you should know that we had three important posts at this time. By the way, we will see I think, it will be written, this can be seen Kumar At, who was an important officer, Maha Dand Naika Officer Responsible for Punishment Treaty for Dand Vigra's Officer of War and rooter of the kings have been seen playing Veena on the coin Ashva Meng He also performed Yagya, ok, it is clear,

31:04 so many things move ahead, his son, Chandragupta, the second one, he first killed his brother Ram Gupta, ok, Ram Gupta was the first to start copper coins and Ram who was with Dhruva Devi. Gupta had a wife, so he married her, after that it was during his time that the Gupta Empire, which had the largest territory, was established, just as if we talk about the time of Maurya, it was during the time of Ashoka. Similarly, during his time, if we talk about Gupta Ra during the time of Chandragupta II, the most important thing is that it was the empire's form of matrimonial alliance, where he married his daughter, Prabhavati Gupta, with Rudra Sen II, who is the Waka Taka Prince. Waka taka kahan pe here pe gujarat area and baat agar If you do then Mehrauli which is Iron Pillar encryption is also associated with them, there were Navratans in their court like Amar Singha was ok astrologer, Dhanwantri was physician,

31:53 Hari Sen was Kot poet, Kalidas Shah Panka is ok Shanku Varar War Ruch and Vital Bhatta Vital Bhatta Who was the magician? He used to show magic. Okay, the title he took was the title of Vikramaditya. Chandragupta the Second Ne Fa Heen the first one which came at the same time as the Chinese, then if there is any book of Kalidas which you should remember, then check it out carefully. Here is a love story of Mrij Kati, Charu Dutta and Vasant Sen. Hai Mraj Kati Ko Hum Mach Kati means The Little Clay Art Yes but they give gifts to each other which are toys for children made of clay so hence Little Clay and it Who wrote Shudraka? Okay, after this Kumar Gapad comes first. During his time there was invasion of Hus who

32:39 was a Central Asian tribe but not that much attack and he was the one who built Nalanda University. Okay, it was Skandagupta who built it. If we talk about the last ruler, it means he is not the last ruler but yes, he came after Kumargupta and it was he who successfully registered the swan i.e. chased away the swan from here and now after this he Hans never came back, but because of the repeated invasions of Hans, Gupta Empire had now become weak. We will keep this thing in mind, okay, and here the Gupta Empire will come to an end. Rest about Skandagupta. In the past we had to pay the inscrinox of the inner circle

33:33 and there is no need to remember anything else, there was Uparika tax and also there was a tax on doing Hiranya, right, which was called gold tax, right. Gift to Hiranya, if we talk about culture, then here we can see the Idol of Vara Protecting the Goddess Earth in Vidisha, MP, where it is fine. Sorry, yes, the Udayagiri Caves of MP, Chandragupta Second Caves are there. Outside that, Varaha, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, who is protecting the Goddess Earth, is depicted in the form of 10 incarnation temples, which is in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. 10 Avtaar Temple, another one in the village, which is dedicated to Lord Krishna in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh and it is the oldest brick temple, not the oldest brick temple, okay, let's move ahead to the last topic and that is post post

34:20 Gupta okay. We have already seen this and one thing in Sunga, keep this in mind that this Pushya Mitra Sunga has once asked the question, what does SSC mean? If there were designs, then it is okay for Lord Krishna, Lord Krishna will take care of these things, now coming to Post Gupta, the scene of Post Gupta was like this, I will explain it to you on the map, it is okay, you will understand more on the map, you will understand completely, see. Here, Thanesar is a place in Haryana. There in Thanesar, there was a Pushyabhuti dynasty. It means that the entire Gupta Empire got divided into small empires and came here. Pushyabhuti people came here near Kannauj. Maukhari people came here in Bengal. God Province

35:06 people came here. Is this what is true? There was a king of Maukhari whose name was Graha Varman. Okay Graha Varman. They got married. Pushyabhuti Dynasty. Prabhakar Vardhan was born, Prabhakar Vardhan had two sons, Rajyavardhan, Harshvardhan , one daughter, Rajshri and Rajshri, they got married after marriage and were the kings of these God Provinces. Shashank and here there was a king of Malwa, Devguptam, he killed him. Okay, who went to avenge him? To avenge him, Raj went to Rajyavardhan, who was the elder brother of Harshavardhan. Rajyavardhan killed him. Who was the ruler of Devguptam and God? Shashank killed him,

35:54 Rajyavardhan killed him, after that Harshvardhan finally took revenge and this is the entire territory of North India. Harsha captured that is Harshvardhan, whose rule from 606 AD to 147 AD, we can see that Harsha made Kannauj his capital in the day, he permanently shifted it from Thanesar to Kannauj. If we talk here that in Moukhari If we have to read something else then firstly what we saw about Graha Varman and secondly Ishaan Varman became their ruler who became Maharaja. Had taken the title of Dhiraj, keep this thing in mind, okay then, now what happened is that our river here is Narmada River. Okay, so Harsha wanted to cross the Narmada River. Earlier,

36:42 there was a Maitrak dynasty here and tried to defeat it. If he could not defeat him, he formed a matrimonial alliance and married his daughter. He was a ruler of this place. Whose name was Dhruva Sena, they got it done with him, then this also came under their control, then when they went to cross the Narmada River, the Chalukya ruler Pula Pulakesin II sitting here defeated them. The Chalukya ruler Pulakesin II defeated them and took the title. Took the title of South Pateshwar, did they take the title of Pula Kesan 2, took the title of South Pateshwar after defeating them and they would have finished from here Harsha ji is never able to come to the South. Harsh Vardhan's biography is Harsh Charitra which is written not by him but by his coat pet ban Bhatt. He has also written Kadambari and if we talk about Harsh Vardhan, he has written the book Ratnavali

37:28 Priyadarshika and Nagan here. We get to see a kingdom and that is Pallava, who were the Chalukyas in direct conflict with Pallava, then Pula Kesan too also defeated Pallava king Mahendra Varman. Defeated Mahendra Varman, but now the sons of Mahendra Varman, that is Narasimha Varman One, I think you would know all the things, that is why I am not showing it, this is how we are recalling, okay, so Narasimha Varman One defeated him. Killed Kesan II and took the title, why did he take the title, Vatapi Konda, why did he take the title Vatapi Konda, because Vatapi had crushed Vatapi, meaning these were the Chalukyas. Chalukyas of Badami, their capital was Vaata, which is called Badami, we also call it Vatapi, so there were Chalukyas of Badami, so gradually they expanded,

38:15 kept expanding and grew bigger, what is their empire of Pallava now Pallava If we talk about it , then their capital was Kanchi or Kanchipuram, not Kanchi, it is Kanchipuram and the name of their founder. Simha Vishnu is known for his temple architecture and Dravid is known for introducing the style of temples. If we talk about Pallavas in the temples of South India, then Pallavas built some temples like Shor. Temples Kailash Nathar Temple in Mahabalipuram Which is the temple of Kailash Nathar and which is our Seven Rath Temple Okay Seven Rath Temple is Shore and Kailash Nathar It was built by Narasimha Second and Seven Rath Temple was built by Narasimha First. Keep in mind that it

39:03 is also included in UNESCO World Ted site, so this much is clear, the whole thing has been explained here, you can see everything except that which is said. Who is known by the name of Juan Jang, whom Modi ji was talking about yesterday, in his first podcast that was uploaded, he was saying that Juan Jang, who is the second He is a Chinese traveller. Okay, so before returning back to China, he stayed in Modi ji's village for the longest time and Mr. Jim Ping, the village from which Xi Jim Ping is from, told Modi ji that when he came to China, he stayed there the most. He stayed in their village for a long time, so there is a connection between both the people, neither is Hin Sang, the second is a Chinese tailor, the first is Phan, who came at the time of Chandragupta second. If we talk, then he is Harsh Vardhan. The Buddhist religion

39:50 was patterned after the assembly was held in Kann Prag. I have seen not that much important books. I have also seen the Pallavas. This is right here. So, the greatest ruler will not be Mahendra Varman but Narasimha Varman. It is okay. I have also seen the clear architecture. Now coming to Chalukyas, a little bit about Chalukyas, understand that Chalukyas are three Chalukyas, okay which one is the Chalukya of Badami, but then we saw. When the Pallavas defeated them, the Pallavas gradually grew and grew, they merged and here there were Eastern Chalukyas whose capital was Vangi. Later, the Chalukyas re-emerged here again and were known as Later Chalukyas or Western Chalukyas. Do you know what was their capital? Their capital was Kalani, that of the beginning people was Badami and that of the Eastern people was Vangi. Okay Jai

40:37 Simha. Founder The Sama will not be there in the option then it may be your Pulakesin The first option so Pulakesin One you will tick Capital Baat Aapi Thi Pulakesin One You can see okay this you do not need to remember you about Pulakesin Two We have already seen all the things that need to be read in Pulakesin Two, there is an Ahor Nahi I Hole Pillar Inscription which you will get to see in I Hole in Karnataka which is Pill Kesson. Poet's quote is Ravi Kriti, he has composed it. If we talk about the architecture of Chalukya, then he started the Vesara style of temple architecture here. Vesara means city, which are the temples of North India, Drava which is South India. There are temples and its mixture Ravana Jo Fali Caves, Ravana Fadi Caves, you will see them in Aihole, this is a part of Aihole Group of Temples, Ladkhan Temple, this

41:22 is also a part of Aihole Group of Temples, Durga Temple, this will also be seen in Aihole only when the side plane is made. Okay, this Cheema temple is legal, Patta Dalal, this is our Ahole group of temples, take care of the temples of Ahole. This thing is known by the name of Cradle of Indian Architecture, take a little care, it is okay because it is a very magnificent temple, the temples of Patta Dal are total 10 in which six are in your city and the rest are in Drav style. Sorry, six Drav and four Nagar. Virupaksha temple is built in your style. This is your Virupaksha temple built in style. We are not talking about the one from Hampi, the one from Vijayanagara. This Virupaksha was built , it was built by Queen Lok Mahadevi, Lakan Dande, it was built by Queen Lok Mahadevi, this much is understood and there

42:11 is also a Shavar Temple built here, so Virupaksha is said to be a gift to Lord Shiva, if we talk about it. Who destroyed the Chalukyas? Well, the Rashtrakutas were the tributaries of the Chalukyas. Well, the Rashtrakutas were Danti Durg. They were its founders. Killed the last ruler of Chalukya, Kirti Varma second and established Rashtrakuta dynasty here. Whose capital was the founder Danti Durg and what was the capital? It was the capital of Maan Khaitan. You have to keep this thing in mind that Krishna was the first ruler of Rashtrakuta. What is ahead ? If not, we would have told you right here. Okay, so Krishna first built Kailash Temple which you can see in Ellora. You will get a single monolithic i.e.

42:57 the entire temple is made of one stone. Krishna the third is the ruler of Pandya, sorry, he had defeated the Chola dynasty. He is right, he had defeated the Cholar dynasty and keep this thing in mind that the print one is The rulers of the Cholar dynasty, we will study only in Khar Chaula. For now you can leave it. He had done Pandya Koraya and Krishna the Third had done Chaula. Koraya had said that Krishna the First had built Kailash Temple, but the thing is clear in your Ellora which is our caves and now we see further that in between these three dynasties, Gurjar Pratihar comes here. Okay, Gurjar Pratihar is here. But the sails set and here comes your Rashtrakuta dynasty. There was a struggle between these three for Kannauj, which

43:46 we call Kannauj or Kanak Buj or Then, if we talk about Pal Dynasty known as Tri-Partite Struggle, then its founder was Gopal, his son was Dharampal, this is the thing you have to keep in mind, if we talk about Gopal Dharampal and then Deval Gurjar Pratihar, then Nagbhatta was its founder, okay. Okay, we have already seen about the Rashtrakutas and we will keep in mind that those who were there in the past years were the rulers of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. Okay, they are called Arabs, they are Arabs. People knew him by the name of Suleiman. Well, I remembered from Arabia for a second that we had seen Bindusar who was the father of Ashoka, so keep this thing in mind that he had ordered something

44:35 from the ruler of Syria Anticus One. One is Philosopher, it's okay, Philosopher Dry Fix, which is fig, and the wine, that's okay, so they had ordered it, Sweet Wine, okay, so who did you get this thing from? Antiques One Off Bindusar from Syria, you will keep this thing in mind, okay, so now let's come beyond this, we were seeing this trip struggle, so this Dev Pal was here, Dev Pal Pal was dynastic, sorry Dharampal, he Dharampal who has been there for some time. For Kannauj, it means our establishment which was established for some time, you will keep this thing in mind, the ruler of the Amogh Varsh Rashtra Ku dynasty was clear, so one more thing, here we see the dynasty that is Hoye Saal of Halle Beatu, ok here

45:22 comes Hoye Saal dynasty, later Lukyas of Kalyani were later Chalukyas, their footarii, now this Hoye Saal is Halle Badu, their capital was Hoe Saal which we know apart from Halle Badu by the name of Dwar Samudram. Also know this thing, keep it in mind that if we talk about the year, there is no need to know the founder etc. Just keep in mind that these people had built a star shaped temple where the people of Karnataka. Like there is a star shape temple in the region, this is the temple of Chenna Keshav Vishnu ji and in the star shape of India, it is also included in the 4th UNESCO World Site and it is also included in our Hoye Saleshwaram dir, it is okay , Hoye Saleshwaram is in Karnataka, this is a little bit. Keep this in mind, now we will start Medieval History in the next lecture. You may have some energy, I know you may be feeling down. The reason for this is that there is a little pain in the tongue and actually I

46:08 did not get the food I wanted to eat today. Eating in the sense means there was some health problem and due to this I did not eat food today, so I had a little energy but brother, the energy was less. But the content that can come, I have told you the same things, you have to read a little about Jainism Buddhism on your own, I have given a little information about Jainism Buddhism, Stone Age, Chalcolithic Age and Vedic Age here. Skipped because not many questions