AP Human Geography Unit 1 Live Review! [Thinking Geographically]

0:03 [Music] [Music] Heat. Heat. [Music]

0:50 Geographers, how are we doing? Woo! Oh man, it's AP season. We're almost there. We are going to be reviewing unit one of AP Human Geography. So, if you're ready to review, I'm ready to view. It's going to be awesome. It's going to be a good night. We got a ton of people in the chat right now. This is phenomenal. You guys are all awesome. So, real quick, we're going to get started in just a second. I want to know where people are from, but if you want, I do have guided notes and stuff, so feel free to get those out. Um, they're in the ultimate review packet. Um, tonight, what we're going to be doing, we'll quick put it on the screen so you can see. Maybe it'll be easier. Uh, we are going through unit one. Here's the CED. Now, this document, if you haven't seen it before, no big deal. Uh, but this is the course exam description. This is created by College

1:37 Board, and this is what they're going to test you on. So, when I was going through making notes, doing stuff with the Cahoot, everything connects back to this document. If it's in this document, the College Board can test you on it. So, you can see the learning objective, essential knowledge. It's a massive document. Um, you can find it. There's a link in the description. You can find online. It's free. Uh, if you want to, I went through and it's right here, too. I copied it all over if you want. So, if you wanted a spot to take notes, you can take notes right here. So, um it's in the ultimate review bag. It's online, but this is what we're going to be focusing on today. Anything that's in here could be on that AP test. Uh again, too, if you want, you can also go and get the guided notes for this if you would like. Um it's up to you. Um but that is in the ultimate review packet. So, cool. I got that out of the way. Um

2:23 I'll let some people get their stuff. Let me know where you're from. I'll post some of them on the screen. It's always cool to say uh hi to everyone and see where everyone's from. So, let's see. We got uh Mr. Johnson's eighth period class. Hello. Hello. We got Florida. Yes. Texas. Illinois. Texas. Uh new uh Whoops. Oh, shoot. It's going so fast now that I'm like It's crazy how many people are here. Mars. Wow. Ronald Dragon. I was meant to click the Mars one. Georgia. Georgia. Miss Baker. Uh, Mr. Johnson. Virginia. Pennsylvania. Um, Miss Nelson. Woo. Third period class. Mr. uh, Donald

3:10 Donald. Uh, Miss Crime. I know I mispronounced that one. I apologize. That Texas, North Carolina, St. Cloud. Hey, Minnesota. Minnesota represent. That banner is huge. Feel like they changed the sinus of that. Oh well, that's fine. Uh, cool. So, we got the shout outs and everything there. I'm going to scoot up a little bit so I'm out there. We are going to get started. We are reviewing again unit one. So, I don't want to waste any time. I want to make sure we're respectful how this is going to work. We are going to go through kind of the notes of unit one and then what we're going to do is connect back and do some cahoot. So, I'm going to kind of do an overview. I'm going to try to engage with the chat throughout. We'll have some opportunities um where you can kind of talk and engage there. Seeing if I can make this a little bit smaller and if

3:57 not there, that's a lot better. We're gonna go with that. Um, so I'll try to engage with the chat as much as I can, but the notes I want to make sure we're pretty aware of that. Then we'll do the cahoot and I'll engage a lot more with the chat. And then for those wondering, if you got to leave, if you got to go do something, no worries. I will repost this. I'll probably split it. So that way we have the note section that'll get posted without the cahoot and you'll have the cahoot section at the end. So cool. Alrighty. I'm already super far behind. Love from Virginia. Thank you. Thank you very much. All right. We're gonna get started now. Let's get it going. Unit one. Here we go. Um, so right off the bat, one of the big things with unit one that you want to make sure

4:42 that you are paying attention to is maps. And maps are going to come up throughout this whole course. You got to be able to read them. And that is the focus here. We have reference maps and we have thematic maps. So, make sure you know the difference between them. Remember, reference maps are more justformational. They'll show us boundaries, the uh toponym, geographic features of an area. Um, they could be used for directions. But thematic maps on the other hand, that's where we're starting to see now these themes, these patterns, and we're looking at spatial patterns of places. And a lot of times they're displaying quantitative data. Uh, real quick, anyone know what a topin is? So, what do we see? I'll try to pin it on the screen. So, I mentioned that reference maps can show it. That is a vocab word you'll want to be familiar with for the AP test. People saying they're cooked. You're not cooked. Uh, I

5:29 got places name. Yeah, place's name. The name of a place on Earth. Place's name. Name of place. Yes. Awesome. Awesome. Awesome. Um, Awesome. Good. We're getting it. So, with maps, then we're going to quick There we go. uh with maps. We're going to break down some of the different types of thematic maps. Now, the big thing with the different types of thematic maps, and actually it'll be easier. We'll split like that so you can kind of see um each of these types of thematic maps, you don't have to worry too much about memorizing all these components of them. The bigger thing is that you can read them and you maybe understand also some limitations. uh we have seen in the past questions that'll ask like what is a limitation of this map at a particular scale or trying to

6:16 understand it for a particular topic. Remember when we're looking at like broad themes of this course um and this will come up throughout the whole test for all the different units but we always have like the political the economic the social um the cultural we're looking at these larger themes that can connect into questions and a lot of times thematic maps can actually show these. So for here, our first one's chloroplath maps. Remember here we're looking at these kind of ranges. So here we have two different types of maps that were both examples. We're having different shading here. Um and it's a great way to display data and there's a high likelihood that you're going to see one of these types of maps on your AP test. So make sure that you do spend time when you're studying not just remembering, okay, this is what a chloropl map is. This is what it looks like, but actually how do you interpret that? If I was to ask you a question,

7:03 for example, like which part of the United States, like which region, if we're looking at it, has the highest literacy rates or the lowest literacy rates? You would want to make sure that you could read and interpret that data. Another thing, too, whenever we're looking at these maps, again, you got to make sure you always are looking at the title, look at the legend, what's the source. A lot of times, that information can actually help you get some pretty easy points. Um, especially if there's any prompts or things that go with it. So, always always spend time. Um, my students all the time will you, it's not their fault, but you you get stressed when you're taking a test and so you go fast and you skim and you make really easy mistakes. And a lot of times actually when we go back and look at our past tests, maybe this has happened to

7:49 you. You look at your test, you're like, "What the heck was I thinking?" Like, "This is clearly wrong." And that's because when you're looking at, you're no longer stressed and you're looking at more objectively. So, take your time when it comes to maps. So that way you can make sure you don't make some mistakes. Another one you want to be familiar with is dot density. So dot density maps are again a common one that we have seen on the AP test before. So we have a thematic map. It's showing that precise um location. Now depending on the scale of the map, it can be harder to read these. For example, here we can see I really can't see the exact dot. I mean each dot it's saying is a person, but they're blending in together because of my scale here. So remember we have small scale and large scale maps. We'll talk about those a little bit more later on. Um and actually real quick

8:35 anyone remember the difference? What would be an example of a small scale map or large scale? What's the difference between those? Again some vocab that comes up when we're looking at maps here. So we have small scale, large scale. I'll try to pin a comment there. Some people saying global small scale small detail. Yep. When you're thinking small scale, think of like the earth. So, for example, we can look at a lot, but we're not getting a lot of that detail there. Um, large scale on the other hand, I think it's uh yeah, large scale, lots of detail. Yep. Nice. Global would be a small scale. That is correct. Correct. Nice. Got a lot there. And if you're messing it up, not a big deal. That's why we're reviewing. So, some people um flipped them in the comments there. Not a big deal. That's why we're reviewing. But

9:20 again, depending on the scale with dot density, it's easier sometimes to read it and sometimes not. Uh, gradual symbol isn't as common, I would say, as the other two, but you definitely want to be familiar with it. One thing that is kind of a limitation here, so we can see we have this one's 2016 presidential election, and then over here we have north uh uh North American ski resort for snowfall. Uh, and we can see there's a lot of overlap, and that can make it difficult to read. Um, so it's the limitations of these, but generally these maps get used because they're pretty visual and interesting for people to look at. Isceline maps are another one that could come up on the AP test. Um, again, it's not maybe as common, but it definitely has before. One thing to remember with ice lines is we have these contour lines. So these lines right here, and that's what's being used to kind of group uh the different

10:07 characteristics together that it is displaying. So spend a little time making sure you remember about the contour lines. Again, all of these are thematic maps, so remember that they're all displaying data. They're all displaying some information. It's not just showing um the Earth's surface, which would be more of a reference map. The next one is cardogram. And this one, make sure you spend some time with. A lot of students get tripped up on these because of the distortion. So, the distortion can make it a little harder to read. And remember generally when we're looking at these the larger the area is the more whatever that topic the map is on it is prevalent. So it's more. So for example here we have population. Um so the larger areas here have a higher population. So the smaller the area then the smaller the population at

10:54 least for this particular map. Now it could be other things. Um there's some that are like on farming. There's some that are on votes. There's there's a ton of different cardoggram maps um besides just population. But definitely make sure that you spend some time being able to read and interpret them. Um, I know for my students a lot of times, especially earlier in the school year, they'd get messed up on it. Especially we're looking at global map because countries would all of a sudden like kind of disappear or regions would because they'd have so many few variable whatever we were talking about um present and so there wouldn't really be represented on the map. So it can be kind of hard to sometimes remember where everything is. So definitely take some time if you get a cardoggram map to break it down. All right, we're almost done with our maps here. The next one is a flowline map. By the way, if you're following along in the notes if I'm going too

11:40 fast, uh, let me know. Um, you can always pause it or rewind or any of that stuff. Um, but we have a flowline map. And here's an example on the screen right now. Right here, we're looking at exports and imports. So, let me know in the chat. You'll want to definitely know what exports and imports are. What is the difference between exports and imports? So, in the chat, I'll try to pin a couple. difference between exports and imports. So flowline maps though are great at showing movement and that could be people like I have on the screen, goods, it could be ideas and we're talking about different areas and that's the cool thing like with globalization with this new connected world that we live in. I mean we interact all the time now. So for example the camera that I'm using right now I actually had an overheating problem yesterday and so I had to quick get a new um fan to install

12:27 it on the back of it to keep it cooler during the live stream so it wouldn't shut up. Hopefully it doesn't shut off, but I ordered that on Amazon. That came actually from Florida, but it was also produced in China. The world today is connected and things are moving all over the place. Flow lines are a great way to show that. So, let's see. Exports, imports. Whoa, I'm really far behind. Um, going back. Exports out, imports in. Yeah. So, you can see E for exit, I for in. Um, export send out. That is correct. Um, can we go over these? Yes, we're going to go over all the stuff for unit one, so we will get there. Um, yep, perfect. A lot of people are seeing it. Couple people had them flipped. Again, if you had them flipped, no worries. Not a big deal. Just remember exports, E for exit, I for in. Cool. All right, that

13:14 was a really quick overview of the different types of maps. If you're struggling and you want, by all means, I have more stuff in the ultimate review view packet. Um, I have a whole quiz that's just literally maps and it's you reading it and trying to figure out what statements or scenarios work the best. So, if you want to check it out, you can. I also filmed me taking the quiz and like just going through point by point of how you could interpret stuff. So, there's like a 52minute video in there. So, if you want, by all means, check it out. It's in the ultimate review packet. But if you don't, no worries. That's if you needed some more help. All right. Next thing is map projections. And the big thing with map projections is don't get too bogged down in your studies about trying to memorize and learn every single map projection. You don't need to. There is tons of map projections. The big thing though is to understand that every map has a

14:01 fundamental problem. Anyone remember what the fundamental problem is. Fundamental problem. What do we got? Fundamental problem of all maps. I should have clarified that a little bit more. So every single map has this and it is distortion. Distortion. Yes, size and distance can be distorted. Distortion. All maps are distorted. They're all distorted. They're all incorrect, which is weird to think about. But yeah, it can be the shape. It can be the area. It could be the distance, the direction, all of those can actually be distorted. So, that's something to look at. Uh, when you're looking at map projections, these are some of the main ones that you might want to kind of pay attention to, especially the Merkar that's come up before. We can see a lot of distortion there. For example, Africa is way smaller um on this map. Greenland's way

14:47 larger. This actually should be flipped. So, there's a lot of distortion that occurs there. Robinson, the good Hobble scene, the Fuller projection. These are some you might have went over in class. Um, and there's also like the Winkle triple and other ones as well. Uh, for studies, again, I wouldn't focus too much on memorizing all of the different merkar or all the different projections. I would focus more on just being able to read maps. Uh, you have a lot of things to study right now and so you want to kind of pick and choose on what's going to make the biggest impact for your scores. So, moving into the next part, which kind of deals with maps as well, we have some vocab. Uh, and again, I saw some people asking like, "What's all this stuff based off of?" Just a reminder, everything I'm saying right now, I'm just focusing on the stuff in the CED. So, that's the stuff that College Board has said, "Hey, these

15:33 things could be on that AP test." So, I'm not going with a particular textbook, just going from that course exam description. So, with our maps, whenever we're looking at them and whenever we're talking about different places, you want to be familiar with things like absolute distance. And remember, absolute distance, we're looking at the exact distance between two places. And you don't want to mix that up with absolute direction. Absolute direction is the exact direction you're heading. There's also relative distance. And relative distance, remember, is this approximate measurement. And it's between two uh places. Again, um oftentimes, for example, we can say time. So, for example, like, oh, I'm like 15 minutes away. I'm coming there. I'm just kind of it's relative based on my location and where I'm going to. It's not precise. And same thing with relative um direction would be the other one you

16:18 want to be familiar with. And that's where the direction actually depends on your surrounding area. So those you want to be familiar with. You might see them come up. I I'm not going to say you're going to get a question that's like what's the definition for absolute distance. You're probably not going to get that, but you might see these terms used in an answer or in a question. And that's why vocab in this class is so important. It's not that you're getting a bunch of questions that are just saying define this term. It's that you're getting questions that are going to use the vocab because the college board expects you to have an understanding of it. And sometimes they might even pair certain terms together. For example, like absolute distance and direction or relative distance and relative direction. They want to see, do you really know what that term is or are you going to make a mistake and flip it for a different term? Cool. So, let's get a little bit more interactive here.

17:04 Let's look at some settlement stuff. What do we got here? Is this an example of clustered, disperse, or linear? So, take a second, type it in the chat. I'm going to try to get caught up. get a little bit more interaction instead of me uh just talking. I got dispersed. Dispersed. Yes. Yes. Awesome. All right, next one. What do we got? What do we got? Got a little water there. Um linear. Correct. Linear. Yes. Yes. Awesome. Linear. Uh yes. So, we can see that line kind of going all the way down. All right. What about uh this one? We have a couple more. Here we go.

17:50 Um, I think I fell behind on a couple super chats as people are saying. Uh, shout out to Mr. Abrams first period. Shout out to you. Another shout out to Mr. Abrams or Mr. Sorry, uh, Mr. Abrams first period. So, shout out to first period. All right. And it is another linear one. So, yes, it is linear. All right. Um, some people saying long lots could have some long lots there too that could connect as well. Long lots are linear. Um, we'll talk more about long lots, meets and bounds, township and range, all that in unit five. So, that'll be more unit five. And I'm already seeing a bunch of people saying it is clustered. Yes, clustered. Cool. We got a lot there. Everyone's um doing pretty good. All right. We're going to

18:35 talk about data in just a second, but I want to point out um one thing to note when we're looking at like linear, clustered, dispersed. Those pictures it looks like for most of you are pretty easy. The thing you want to focus on when you're studying though is understand like if I live in a clustered settlement, if I live in a linear or dispersed, how does that impact me? How is that going to impact the amount of services that I have or the opportunities? Um what's life going to be like? How could that impact? Again, if we go back to these themes, the social life, economic opportunities, political, environmental, how are these things impacted by how our societies are laid out? So, that would be something I would spend a little time with because you might see some questions that are going a little bit more deeper than just can you identify. They might be trying to see like, well, what would which one have more traffic

19:21 or which one's going to maybe have higher taxes, different things of that component. And to also be able to too connect them like some of you already did to the other units like someone already brought up. I would I would pin it again and it's already gone. Um, but long lots. So like linear and long lots. You can see a lot of overlap between units and college board is going to often do that on test questions. So for our next part of unit one, we are looking at data and we have qualitative and quantitative. Two terms you really want to make sure you're familiar with because they are going to come up throughout all of the different units in this class. And it's something that will definitely help you um answer a variety of different questions and deal with different stimulus components. So, make sure that you have an idea there um of the difference here. Remember, qualitative, we're looking more at information that is kind of up for

20:08 debate. It's up for interpretation. I could do a survey and every time I survey people, they'll probably give me different answers. Um, but it could be great to do. Uh, for example, like governments will use qualitative data to see like, okay, what do people think about a particular candidate or a particular policy or law? And then they might adjust their laws or their candidates based on what the people are saying. That would be more qualitative. On the other hand, we also have quantitative. So remember quantitative is objective. It's not up for debate. I mean the crime rate of a city that is just a fact. Now we could debate what caused that or we could debate other aspects of it. But the number itself is what is that quantitative data. So that would be something there that is quantitative. Uh real quick, let's see what is this an example of. So I got over here this GDP per capita of 2020.

20:56 We're looking here at a map. What do we got? Is it qualitative or quantitative? Let's see. Quicko and I'm seeing quantitative based on the numbers. Yeah. So, quantitative GDP per capita would be quantitative. Uh what about a population pyramid? We'll talk more about these in unit two, which will be tomorrow. What do we got? Qualitative or quantitative? Who else is getting? You're not getting a two. You've got this. You got to have confidence. You can do this, geographer. Come on. You're not getting a two. You guys are going to do great. All right. What do we got? What do we got? Here we go. Um, go back. Go back. Oh, I'm sorry. I should have left I'm just starting to see. I should have left those definitions up. I apologize. I'll try to

21:42 do that more. I'll leave those up more. Uh, so that way you can see it. Uh, quantitative. Yeah, quantitative. Quantitative. This would be quantitative. Uh someone also said a chloroplath map which this would be. So that is correct on that as well. All right. What do we got here? One more. Uh here we have qualitative or quantitative. A survey on how students feel about the quality of their school lunch. What do we got? Everybody loves school lunch. Everybody loves it. And I'm seeing quantitative both. it would be qualitative. So qualitative um I would say it's a qualitative here again we're surveying people we're getting their opinion their perspective um technically will we have

22:29 like a number at the end yes but this is not necessarily if we go back um it's going to be up for kind of debate interpretation so data for quantitative is just a factual thing it's objective um where qualitative is more subjective so these are things that are being described for example uh how you feel about your school lunch is an opinion each person will have a different way on it Again, if you are struggling with any of these, I I do have a quiz in there. It's just 25 questions. All the questions are is different like statements or situations and then you're identifying is it qualitative or quantitative? And then there's a 26-inute video of me explaining it. So, if you're interested, if you need more help, if you're like, I'm a little fuzzy here, you can check out the ultimate review packet. I got a quiz in there just breaking it down. And all it does is focus on those terms. Cool. We're gonna move on to the next thing. Um, I'm

23:15 gonna try Where we at right now? 23 minutes. Okay. All right. We're doing good. We're doing good on time. Uh the next part is geospatial technologies. And some people are already asking for it. I'll put it on the screen. There's a couple different things here that connect. So all of these are examples of geospatial technologies. So remote sensing, remember, we're looking at the Earth um sometimes from satellites, but we're we're collecting information without presently being there. A GPS oftentimes are used for directions, but we're also starting to see GPS be used in a lot of other ways as well. For example, farms can use GPS now with tractors uh to better use the tractors for plowing the fields to make sure they're very precise in their lines. And then a GIS, we kind of have that example here. It's layering these data. So we have a software here that's actually

24:00 storing, capturing, and manages and displays it. So a lot of times our thematic maps uh will use GIS to be able to kind of create some visual things and it makes us e it makes it easier for us to be able uh to actually read and interpret stuff. So, geospatial technologies are important. You will see these terms come up on the test. Again, I'm not saying that you're going to have a question that's saying define remote sensing, but you might have one that uses remote sensing in the question or an answer that uses it in there. So, you want to make sure you have an idea on these concepts here. I'm going to go to the next one. I know some people are asking uh to pause. Um, the hard thing with doing the live streams with so many people is everyone goes at different paces. But the nice thing is you can always pause the video and you'll be

24:46 able to catch up or you can also rewatch it later on. Cool. Let's go on to our next part. Uh, and it is gathering information. So there's a bunch of ways in which we collect information. I'm not going to go into in depth in all these. These are the seven that are listed in the course exam description. The nice thing with these like field observations, you can kind of put it together like, okay, if I'm there, I'm observing it. I have to be actually in the field, the media reports. I'm going to look at things that the news is saying or travel narratives. I'm talking to different individuals who are maybe there and what they thought about it. Policy documents would be looking at legislative things, looking at laws that are enacted in an area. Interviews, you're talking to people. The two that I would spend the most time with practicing out of these seven if you're going to actually um focus on them is

25:32 landscape analysis and photographic interpretation. And that's because on the test there's a high chance you're going to have to do this. So I would spend a little time making sure that you have uh practiced that skill. You want to make sure that you are able to um look at a picture and it could be from an area you've never seen before, but be able to observe it. What type of buildings are there? What type of clothes are people wearing? Is there more modern culture, pop culture? Is it folk culture? So connecting to unit three there. Is there certain types of land use patterns that we can see or agriculture? Maybe it's more rural community or is it an urban area? So you want to be able to observe and kind of pick up on different things just from looking at a photo there. And that's going to be important because that way you can connect into some of our core skills. And we have seen plenty of

26:18 questions in the past that I'll show you a landscape or show you some photo and you have to connect it into like different religions, the cultural landscape. You have to look at the different um possible cultural traits that are prevalent in that photo. So definitely spend some time on those. The other ones aren't too bad. So if I'm focusing on anything right now with you guys, I mean these two in particular. All right, going on. Next thing we have is census and satellite imagery. Um this uses remote sensing. We're not going to have the audio here, but kind of a cool time lapse. There's a bunch of them online if you're interested here. Uh you can just see over the time how land uses change. So we can see deforestation here, which connects also into unit five. So consequences of agricultural um techniques and practices. So I thought

27:04 that was kind of a cool video. There's longer ones on there, but the census satellite images, these things collect data. So the census, remember, that is going to be an example of quantitative data. And the census comes up a lot in this course and we use a lot of data from it. It's a very important um thing that happens every 10 years. We collect all this information on different people across the country and it gives us not only an accurate count for how many people live, but we also start to see different characteristics from medium household income to race to gender all these things that then we can use to inform policy decisions and just have good conversations. So that would be an example of quantitative data there. All right, going on to our next thing. I want to show a couple different scales. So, we have to understand how to use

27:50 things on different levels or different scales. So, one way in which we can use data here is personal. So, for example, here we have Redfin. Um, let's say you want to buy a house. All this data is being collected and displayed. We have some thematic maps here. Um, this one I'm looking at crime rate. So, I as an individual, I might look to see, okay, where is it located next to like the highways or interstate? Do I want it to be in a particular school district? I could do an overlay for schools. I could also look at crime rates. I could use it as in general when I'm looking at data even just for like what's the weather. Um, today for Minnesota, I didn't know if we were actually going to be able to do the live stream. I actually have a pre-recorded live stream all queued up and I had a different intro and an outro because

28:35 Minnesota where I'm lived, we were in like a severe weather um why am I blinking now? I've been just talking straight on. Anyways, it was a sphere storm. We were supposed to have tornadoes and a lot of hail and a high chance of losing power. So, I had like a whole backup plan, but I was using then those maps where we're looking at Iceline maps to try and track that to see, okay, are we going to be good? Are we not? Do we need to go into the basement uh if we're going to have a tornado? So personal, we can see a lot of application there. We also can use all of our spatial data here uh for business. So here we're looking at average income by country. Um real quick, anyone know what the scale of this map is and the scale of analysis? The scale and scale of analysis. So let's see what we got here. It's in

29:21 Wisconsin now. I hope you stay safe if the storm I know the storm's been moving quick. They are moving about I think the news was saying 50 to 60 miles an hour so it was pretty windy. Um so stay safe if you're in Wisconsin. Uh we have a global scale and a national scale of analysis. Yes global scale global global national all those work. Again remember couple people mixed them up. Remember when we're talking about global scale we're looking at the entire globe. Here we can see all of the different countries but the scale of analysis is how data is organized and we'll spend more time later on. So here we can see the data is organized by the country. That's why it would be a national scale. But for businesses, a business might want to say, "Hey, I want to open a new business somewhere. I need to make sure that my customers are where I'm going to open my business." And each business

30:07 knows different amounts of data that they need for like how much people make, who's their customer. Like for example, Ferrari, the average income needs to be a lot higher than let's say a Honda. Not to rip Honda. There's nothing wrong there. But the Honda Civic is a little bit of a cheaper car than a Ferrari. So their average customer base is a little bit different. So, they would look at different maps to be able to see, okay, where would I locate? Now, the one issue here, and some of you have already kind of pointed it out, an issue is we're looking at a smallcale map here. And because it's a small scale, I don't have a lot of detail. So, that's great. I could be like, all right, I want to locate in the United States or Canada or Australia. Um, but I don't know where. So, we could change the scale of the map. So, now we could look at a regional scale here where we're starting to see the median household income by state. So

30:53 we can see each state now is different. And notice as we start to change our scale, as we go from more of a small scale to a large scale, we start to get more insight. Right here, we have a lot of generalizability. It's very general. It's all been applied. Now, we're starting to get more specifics in our data. And if we continue this trend even further, we can look even by counties. So now we could go for a local scale and I could see exactly like which counties in the United States are the most wealthy with the higher uh medium household income and that could then help me determine as a business where exactly I want to locate a store or maybe where I want to locate production or a factory. So again just realize on the test do you have to memorize this example that I have here? No. But you do want to make sure that you have an understanding of how scale and as we

31:39 change scale impacts data and how it can be used from a personal to a business or even to a government. So for example here we have a bunch of population pyramids from Utah. I can see 2000 210 all the way to 2020 and we can see what's happening as our population shifts and changes. So realize that every different organization uses data and the scale of it matters. So we're going to go on to the next thing. I just really wanted to highlight that the hard thing here it's not something that you can necessarily just like memorize. I mean you can memorize like okay as we zoom in more we get more details but you have to practice reading data and also make sure you have some idea on how different organizations could use it and and that could be helpful even going into the FRQ to be able to say hey off the top of my head I know three ways

32:24 government can use it. I know three personal. I know three business. just in case you get an F FRQ on it, you'll be able to kind of have one in your back pocket that you could quick pull up. All right, couple more vocab. Um, we're gonna speed up a little bit here. I want to make sure I'm respectful of all of your guys' time. Um, these are some terms though I'd make sure you have an idea of. Some of them are kind of self-explanatory. Um, they come up throughout the whole course. Um, place will definitely come up in unit 3, but remember when you're thinking of like these concepts, the focus here is just making sure you understand what they mean. Don't worry about perfectly memorizing a definition. If you have an F FRQ that's a define and it asks you to define place or a sense of place. You can word it in a variety of ways. The readers are going to be looking for do you understand the main point. Do you

33:09 understand that concept? So don't focus just on memorizing an exact um definition there. Focus on the larger thing there. All right. Since these are just vocab, I'm going to go to the next one um just for time sake here uh where we get to distance decay. So distance decay is uh a concept that comes up throughout this course. Um remember it's this effect that distance has on our interactions. And what distance decay would say is farther away you are from a place less likely you are to interact with it or the farther away you are from someone less likely. Uh if we connect back Tobler's law of geography um which you don't have to know about Tolbar but u that's where distance decay and this stuff kind of comes from. So we're looking at this impact and distance decay has decreased and that's something to remember and that is because of time

33:56 space compression. Time space compression the world feels smaller. So we can see this kind of graphic here and over time the world seems like it's shrinking and that's because we can now connect so much easier around the world. I gave the example getting the fan earlier for my um camera. So it went over heat and that came from China which then was shipped across the world and went to Florida. and it went on a truck and it all the way up to Minnesota. That's time space compartment. We're able now to connect to more places quicker than ever before and a big part of that is due to technological advancements. So, make sure you have an understanding of these two concepts. You'll see them come up throughout different questions. So, they're important to kind of remember there. Cool. We're on to the perspectives. How

34:41 we got here? I just quick looked at the chat. There's a ton of stuff going on. It's just like flying, cars, phones, but uh planes and boats. Yes. All the modes of transportation. All right. For the perspectives, environmental determinism and possibilism. Don't mix these two up. Remember, environmental determinism, the physical environment is actually what dictates possibilities. It's essentially saying like, hey, the people that live there, your outcome, your possibilities are determined. Just remember that. Determine, it's set. Possibilism. Think of like anything's possible. This is factoring in human agency. Agency is your ability to take control over your own life. So possibilism is a lot more accepted today. Um especially as

35:27 technological advancements continue to happen. We are no longer limited as much by our environment. I mean I gave of the fact like I live in Minnesota. We're able to withstand pretty cold temperatures up here without really any issue. Um same thing with all the snow. We can handle quite a bit of snow without getting school canceled. I always laugh when I talk to other students or teachers around the country. They'll be like, "Oh, we got like an inch of snow and snow got or school got cancelceled and we would need to get like a couple feet at least to be able to get canceled up here." But we've adapted more and we also have more technology. We have more snow plows. We have different methods of taking care of the roads. So, we're able to do that and that would be kind of like possible. We're adapting to our environment. So, make sure you don't mix these two up. These all deal with human environment interaction. Um, which remember that's

36:13 part of the five themes of geography. Human environment interaction is any time that we are interacting with the environment, there's always an interaction that occurs back. So if we manipulate the environment, generally there's going to be another like kind of this cause and effect that can go through there. Cool. We are getting there. Uh a couple more concepts. We're getting down towards the end of unit one. Um one quick thing with human environment interactions, uh there's renewable and non-renewable resources. Most people understand these, but that could come up. Also, it might come up again with um unit 7. I was blanking for a second there. Uh it'll come up there as well. So, just have an idea of these two concepts. Also, too, land use patterns. You want to make sure that you have a good understanding of land use

36:59 patterns, particularly of when you're looking at an image. If we connect back to ways we collect data, remember when I was saying that like, hey, you want to make sure um photographic interpretation and landscape analysis, this skill connects into land use patterns. Understanding when you're looking somewhere, what are their priorities? If I have a lot of agricultural land, that's showing maybe inferences that we could make about the population density, which connect into unit two. It's going to show us stuff with unit five. It could show us the economic development. um we could connect into even the demographic transition model. So same thing too with residential, transportation, industrial. These things reveal a lot about what society is prioritizing. What's their economic development? What might be government policies or what's the culture? So

37:45 again, there's not stuff that you can necessarily memorize, but I'm just kind of reminding you to always be aware of this whenever we're looking at different images, or we're looking at different scenarios to have that in the back of your mind because oftentimes that can help you actually come to quality answer. Um, for example, if we look at this photo here, take a second, let me know what does this picture tell us. So I can see we have Japan here. Um, but what like just from looking at it, we could kind of notice we have a lot of like hotels. Uh we're clearly by some mountains, so we could have like the ski resort. Um we also though we don't have a lot of residential areas. It looks like most of it is kind of very compacted together. I can see maybe like a ski lodge kind of right up here. Maybe there's um a track going up, but this

38:30 would kind of reference us. This is a higher economic development area. This would kind of show us that there's a lot of tourism. So we can kind of gain insight from just looking at how land is being used. Even if you didn't have this, if it didn't tell you what the land use actually was, uh you'd be able to kind of get that from there. So, yeah, a lot of commercial land tourism rich. So, higher economic development, that could be something there. Um, a lot of people are saying ecoourism. This one I don't know about ecoourism. I great connection into unit 7. So, awesome connection to unit 7. Uh, we need a little bit more information on that. Ecoourism remember is also trying to promote sustainability protecting that um local culture as well. Where this in this image when I'm looking at the land use pattern it looks a lot more kind of globalized. Um I can see a lot

39:17 more homogeneous um architectural styles there. So probably not ecoourism but great connection to unit 7. All right we're going on to scale and scale of analysis. Scale and scale of analysis super important very easy to mix it up. A lot of people mix these things up here. scale. Remember, we're just talking about the Earth's surface. So, like the distance on the map to the corresponding distance. Scale of analysis is all about how data is collected, organized, and presented. So, always remember scale of analysis is that data there, how it's organized, how it's presented. Um, sorry. Homogeneous would mean like everything's the same. So, if something's homogeneous, it's all kind of standardized the same. Um, like a lot of neighborhoods in the United States, they kind of like cookie cutter

40:04 houses now. They're all built the exact same. So they have like one kind of style and they just m build a bunch of them. So the neighborhoods are homogeneous compared to before if we used to if we looked back each house would be unique and so there'd be a lot of different there would be more diversity in the types of buildings. So homogeneous everything is the same. Cool. So these are different scales and scale of analysis that are the most common. We got local, regional, national and global. Uh you might see subnational. Subnational would just be anything below the national. So sub meaning below national. It's below the national there. All right. So here would be an example of a local scale of analysis. Again, this would also be a large scale. We can get lots of data. We can see a lot what's going on. As we move out, we could get a regional scale. Now regional can look at a variety of

40:50 different ways. Um this is just one example. We're looking at regions of California, which California itself is a region state um of the United States. We can look at national, which I really should have just cut out the US here. So, we should have just focused on Canada. That's kind of the focus I try to make. But a national scale where we're looking at a whole country, a global scale where we're looking at the entire world. Um, all of these would be different examples. Um, we also can see different scale and scale of analysis. So, real quick, let's practice. What's the scale and what's the scale of analysis here? So, what do we got here? Scale and scale of analysis. Scale and scale of analysis. Um, yes. Uh, oh, shoot. I wanted to pin that comment. That was a good comment. I apologize. I wanted to give you credit. It's already gone. U, one person said,

41:35 "Could like if we're looking at global, could we still have regions on the global scale?" Absolutely. That's why regions, it's kind of a weird one. We can have a variety of different things. So, always pay attention to how the data is being presented to you. for example, like North America, we're looking at a region, a global region there. But we could zoom in too and eventually you're getting into like regions of the 50 states um or regions within a state if we're looking at directions and stuff being used. So regions can be used in a variety of different ways. Um here we go. Global would be the scale. So that would be the global um and national would be the scale of analysis. So global would be the scale. National would be the scale of analysis. Uh remember so scale is looking at how

42:21 much of the earth's surface we are looking at and scale of analysis is how data is organized. So how is data being organized and presented? So that's the difference between the two they use still global um national regional local um but scales again how much of the earth surface we're talking about scale of analysis is the data. All right once again what do we got here? Let's see. We got a national scale and regional. So, yes, national scale regional analysis. Correct. Correct. Trying to get as many people as I can. Chat goes so fast there. Um, yes. Awesome. All right, let's do another one. Uh, scale and scale of analysis. What do we got here? Notice here too, um, this it can

43:06 be confusing this map that we're actually looking at. So, as people are typing stuff out, it's a little confusing just all the colors. Um, we have a lot of different ranges here. So, this would be our legend. and you'd want to always pay attention to it. Um, and we got a national and local. Yeah. So, these are counties. Um, it's hard to kind of see, but right here it does say life expectancy by county. So, the data is organized on a local level, but we're still looking at the entire country. We're looking at the national there. So, national scale. Um, this could also people are saying it's a larger scale map. That would be true. Um, it's always a comparison there. So, like if we're comparing to like a global scale, uh, definitely this would be a more larger scale map. Uh it chloropl is also correct. Nice. Good connections. Got connections to a bunch of different stuff. National and local. Correct.

43:52 Awesome. Okay, let's go on. We're almost done with scale and scale of analysis. We have a couple more just to practice. What do we got here? So, here we're looking at a different type of map. Again, we're looking at some bird routes. It looks like um the test last year was grueling. uh global, regional, global, global, national. Okay, so we got a lot of different global and flow line flow map. We do have some flow. Yes, it's showing movement here. We're looking at the movement of birds. So that would be correct there. Um for this, this would be global scale and global scale of analysis. The reason why it's a global scale of analysis, the data information we're presented here, it's not connected to any particular state or like any particular country. Remember state and

44:38 country are the same thing but they're not confined to certain boundaries. We're looking at the global migration patterns here. So data it's all global global. So that would be the correct one. It would be a global scale and global scale of analysis. Again remember national scale of analysis would be that the data is specific to each state or each country. And here we can see it's not. We're just looking at the global migration there. All right. What about this one? What do we got? Scale. Scale of analysis. I can make it a little bigger. Some people were saying it was hard to see. Going down. Um trying to like catch up on the chat. Um I'm seeing national and

45:26 regional. National, regional, local. What do we got? So we have our population changes. So we're looking at the 10 most populated there. um national local. Interesting. We have a lot of like kind of debate here. Um I would say when we're looking at this one here, so we're took a look when we're looking at we got New York City, Los Angeles. We're looking at different cities. Um kind of across the scale would be more like national. We're kind of looking across there. You can maybe make a case for regional, but say more national there. Uh and then the scale of analysis would be local because you it is organized by particular cities. So that data is organized by particular cities there. So scale

46:12 um this one is kind of a trickier one. So you could do like that subnational local there since it is the cities. if you I I I'm realizing like as we're looking at this, the fact that like I took this like kind of subsect across the entire country um would per kind of make it a little bit more of a trickier one where it could lead towards that national um there. So should have maybe had a little bit more clarification. Um one thing to note for scale, remember small scale and large scale. So small scale again we're looking at more of the Earth's surface but we're like zoomed out. So the Earth would be an example there. large scale, less of the Earth's surface, but we have more details. So, again, zoomed in for the large scale, zoomed out for the small scale. Don't mess that up on the actual test. That's something to kind of remember there. Um,

46:58 for time, we're going to skip this because I want to get into the hoot. Um, again, we're looking, we've spent a lot of time on scale right now, so hopefully it's making sense. So, that one would be the larger scale. That would be the smaller scale. Again, just comparing these two, this one would be larger um comparative. If you do need more practice, I do have a scale of analysis and scale quiz. I have another video breaking it down. I also have a separate video that I actually go through and I'm like breaking down the different concepts. Um it it goes over like five of the common mistakes and it like breaks it down more in particular. So there's kind of two videos there and then a quiz too in that ultimate review packet. All right, last thing for shouldn't have collapsed right by the mic. Um for unit one is the types of regions and I'll make it big so everyone can see them. um spend some times with the types of regions. You want to make

47:44 sure you have an idea of formal, functional, perceptual. Remember formal we have these common characteristics, these attributes every it's not up for debate. So for example, if we're looking at this, these would be the United States is a formal region. We all know where the United States is. That isn't up for debate. A functional region on the other hand, this nodal one would be an example right here. This is where we're going to have like kind of that center point. um it's not necessarily in the center of like the region, but this is what's pulling people in. So you can think of a node. Um in this example, maybe it's like a pizza place. They service a certain area. Um so if you were living outside of this functional region, uh you would have to then order from a different pizza place. This would also be another example too of a functional region here. So each kind of

48:30 of these train stops here um or the bus stops, they would actually then act as their own node and functional region. So they would service the people in that area. And remember with perceptual regions that that's stuff that is in your mind, things that are going to be different for each person. For example, if I asked you what is the south of the United States or what's the Midwest, everyone would have different ideas of what states would fit in there. So there's going to be more interpretation. Generally, if you ever see something using the cardinal directions, uh it's probably more likely going to be um a perceptual region. Um, and I did have someone saying the Middle East would be an example of a perceptual region. So, that'd be an example there. So, these are the types of regions. Definitely spend some time there. If you do need more help with any of these stuff, don't forget I got a bunch of different

49:16 quizzes and stuff in the ultimate review packet. If you want, you can check it out. Um, we're going to be switching over to the Cahoot. So, that's going to be exciting. I'm going to get that up right now. Um, so if you wanted to, by all means, stick around, play code. Um, hopefully we can get everyone in. I am going to post the Cahoot code first. All right. If you're on the Discord server, I just posted um real quick too, if you are interested in more practice tests or unit highlight videos, I do have the new ultimate exam slayer. If you already have the URP, you can actually get it for cheaper. Um but it's got a ton of stuff in there. I have a practice test for unit one and it

50:01 covers all the different topics and you get this breakdown when you finish it where it'll tell you exactly what units well in this case topics you did the best on which ones you did the worst on so you can better understand where you need to study. I also have a lot of videos going over the course skills. Everything in the exam slayer is all about like test prep and AP test prep. It's not teaching the content. It's all just test stuff. So things to help you on that exam. All right, let's get into our cahoot. There's our game code. Sign on in if you want. We're going to get in there. Also, we should do an outro. Yes. All right, I'm going take that down quick. Whoops. Where my mouse go? I lost my

50:49 mouse. Found it. All right, we got a lot of people in the coupe. Um, if it does tap out and it stops kind of going, um, we'll get it fixed in just a second there. So, cool. All right, changing everything over. All right, I'm going to cut the YouTube video here. So, if you are just watching this, that means we just finished. This is going to be an outro for the YouTube video because I'm going to split it. Uh, thank you so much. Don't forget to check out the unit 2 live stream starting tomorrow or if you've already missed that one, the other live streams that'll be on YouTube. We're now going to go play Cahoot. One of the fun things about being here live. Uh, so until next time, I'm Mr. Sin and I'll see you next time online. All right, that was kind of a quick rush one. All right, we are gonna get started. Um, here we go. Question number one.

51:37 I'll interact with the chat a lot more right now. All right, we're up and running. What is the difference between the Robinson and Winkle triple projection? What do we got? All right, we got a lot of people in. All right. Um, I'm gonna try to catch up on some of the chat as well. Um, shout out to Mr. Carter Wells. Um, shout out to Mr. Carter Wells. Um, okay. What we got here? Yes. So again, oops, I should have put a picture

52:23 of it. Maybe that would have given away. This would be an example too of a question like this was a little bit more specific. So it's just looking at the types of projections on the AP national exam. Maybe you get one or two questions on the projections. But again, there's so much content um that if you're really struggling with projections, spend a little time, but I wouldn't overdo it too much on them just because there's so many other concepts you want to be familiar with. All right, the Jolly Gecko in the lead. There we go. All right. Question two coming up. Which of the following is not part of the cultural landscape in the image below? All right. Uh, shout out to Is that blocking it? We go. Uh, shout out to Moss. Thank you so much for all of the videos. You really carrying my grade. Um, thank you. Thank you very

53:10 much. Um, shout out to Mr. Jennings. Um, what do we got? Shout out to Mr. Steel. Uh, shout out to Miss Kohl's fourth period class. Just trying to catch up on some of the super chats right now. Uh, cool. Yes. So, one thing to notice here when we're looking at it, notice this is the only one that there was no necessary um environment interaction. Like this is just the environment. All these other ones, the use of bricks, construction of the homes, the flat roofs, the terrace farming, all of these are ways in which the environment has been manipulated. Um, so in ways it's been changed. So again, cultural landscape, we're looking at that human interaction um with the

53:56 environment. Um, in terrace farming, if you're unfamiliar with that, don't worry. We'll go over that more in unit five. Um, that'll be looking at there. Oh, the nimble falcon takes the lead. All right. There we go. There we go. All right. What is the map being displayed below? Move myself off. Um, what do we got? Shout out to Miss Evans, AP Hug class with love. Um, shout out to Mr. Finch. Miss Plunkett, third period. Mr. Tyler, second period shout out. Um, Mr. Frri is fourth block hugs. Um,

54:46 Mr. Abrams first period. I think I did get to that one. Love from Virginia. Okay, I think I got all of the super chats. I think so. If I missed him, I do apologize. It's going really fast. I I will go back and look at everything. All right. So, when we're looking at this um again, Winkle Triple, this I think it's the last map projection question I have here. Um we're looking really the top is how you can tell it the difference between the Robinson um just one's wider, one's a little bit um shorter there. Both are just doing that to try and minimize distortion. So that's the only difference there. They're trying to minimize the distortion. That's pretty much how each map projection is. They present things in different ways based on the the use case there. All right, the map below. We got a region question. This is something you definitely want to spend time with. All right, moving off the super

55:33 chats going into the normal What do we got? Shout out to New York. Okay. Shout out to New York there. A lot of shout outs. If you have questions, too, about the content, too. Let me know. I'd love to do some of the content there. Alrighty. Yes, it would be uniform. So again, this is not up for debate. These countries are where they are. Um that's a fact. So again, perceptual. It'd be more of like each person might have a different opinion. Generally, we're focusing on directions often is kind of the thing that gives that away. Nodal, remember, we're focused around a

56:19 certain economic activity or mode of transportation. And then functional is the same as nodal. So um just two different ways to say the same thing. All right. What do we got? Golden Bison in the lead. Props there. Question five. Radio stations are blank region. As you move farther away, people will start to tune the station out due to what? We got a couple different concepts happening here. What do we got? How to approach the MCQ? I Whoops. This is a great question. I'm gonna take it off so people can read. Um we are going to do some more time um probably the night before the test of like looking at MCQ and how to approach those. Um if you do want a lot more practice the exam slayer if you haven't

57:05 checked it out yet um that'll really really help you. I created a video on every single course skill and where I'm like not only explaining it but also showing you like examples then we break down the examples. Um there's a lot of stuff in there um that could focus there. But I will I'll make sure that we do a live stream focusing more on the multiple choice and also one for the FRQs. So we'll do that before the AP test so we can talk about some of the strategies there. Um yes, majority of people it looks like got this. It would be nodal and then again it's distance decay. So remember for those who put like the time space compression time space compression is shrinking. So it's actually making distance decay less impactful. Um distance decay again the farther away we are from somewhere less likely we are to interact with it. Nodal again is focusing on in this case is a

57:51 radio station. So that'd be like the center that transmits outwards. So if you're in that radius then you'd be part of that region. Once you leave it you'll probably get it from a different radio station. The signal gets too weak then. All right. What do we got? Here's our leaderboard. The golden bison holding on strong. There we

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