Brief Summary
This YouTube video by Learn With Sam And Ash provides a comprehensive English grammar guide, covering sentences, clauses, articles, tenses, connectors, active and passive voice, direct and indirect speech, and common mistakes. It's designed for IELTS students and those aiming to improve their spoken English.
- Covers essential English grammar concepts from basic to advanced levels.
- Includes detailed explanations and examples for each topic.
- Offers practical tips and rules for accurate usage.
- Addresses common errors and provides corrections.
The video introduces a comprehensive guide to English grammar, covering articles, tenses, and connectors. It's designed for IELTS students and anyone looking to improve their spoken English. The video encourages viewers to ask questions in the comments and directs them to ieltsclass.learnwithsaminash.com for more IELTS resources.
The video explains the importance of sentences in conveying ideas and introduces the concept of a clause, which is a combination of words with a subject and a verb. It uses examples like "Ram enjoyed" to illustrate a simple clause. The video further explains two types of clauses: independent and dependent.
An independent clause, also known as a main clause, makes complete sense and can stand alone. Examples include "Ram shouted" and "Lakshman watched movie," each containing a subject and a verb and conveying a complete thought.
A dependent clause, or subordinating clause, relies on the main clause for its meaning. Examples like "You bought for me" and "Cat was smarter" are incomplete without additional context. Dependent clauses contain a subject and a verb but do not express a complete thought on their own.
The video transitions to discussing types of sentences: simple, complex, compound, and compound-complex. Understanding clauses is essential for grasping these sentence types.
A simple sentence contains only one clause, consisting of a subject and a verb. Examples include "Rama is a good boy" and "Tiger ran," both making complete sense independently.
A compound sentence combines two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. An example is "Ram sang, and she danced," where "Ram sang" and "she danced" are independent clauses joined by "and."
Coordinating conjunctions, remembered by the acronym FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), link two independent clauses to form a compound sentence. For example, "It was raining, so I carried an umbrella," with "so" as the coordinating conjunction. A comma is typically used before the coordinating conjunction.
A complex sentence includes an independent clause and a subordinating (dependent) clause, connected by a subordinating conjunction. For example, "She smiled because I cracked a joke," where "because" is the subordinating conjunction.
Subordinating conjunctions create dependency between clauses. The mnemonic "A White Bus" (although, whenever, however, if, though, even if, because, unless, since) helps remember some common subordinating conjunctions. An example is "If she calls, let me know," with "if" as the subordinating conjunction.
A compound-complex sentence combines two or more independent clauses with one or more subordinate clauses, connected by coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. An example is "When class started, Ram came, and Sita left."
Another example of a compound-complex sentence is "My son cried when I left the room, but I didn't hear." This sentence includes two independent clauses and one dependent clause, connected by subordinating and coordinating conjunctions, requiring a comma for proper punctuation.
The video transitions to connectors or linking words, presenting 14 categories to enhance English speaking skills. The first category, explanation, includes connectors like "namely," "in other words," and "put differently," used to add or clarify information.
Connectors for emphasis include "as a matter of fact," "in fact," "actually," and "indeed." Correction connectors are "rather" and "to be more precise." Example connectors are "for example" and "to illustrate."
Connectors for particularization include "in particular," "particularly," and "more specifically." Dismissal connectors are "anyway," "anyhow," and "at any rate." Conclusion connectors are "in conclusion," "in summary," and "to sum up."
Connectors indicating time include "at first," "then," and "afterwards." Result connectors are "as a result" and "as a consequence."
Connectors for order of importance include "most importantly" and "primarily." Similarity connectors are "similarly" and "in the same way."
Connectors for focusing include "as for" and "regarding." Contrasting idea connectors are "however," "in contrast," and "nevertheless."
Sequencing connectors include "first," "firstly," "first of all," and "in the first place." The video encourages viewers to select a few connectors from each category and practice using them in sentences.
The video introduces tenses, dividing them into past, present, and future, each with four sub-tenses: simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous.
Simple present tense uses the base form of the verb or the "s" form for singular subjects. It also uses "do" and "does" as helping verbs. The structure varies for affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences.
Simple present tense is used for regular habits, universal truths, and permanent situations. Words like "always," "normally," "often," "rarely," and "every day" help identify regular habits.
Simple present tense is also used to describe movies and books, and to give directions and instructions.
Present continuous tense describes actions happening at the moment of speaking, changing situations, and temporary situations. It follows the structure "am/is/are + verb + -ing."
The video provides examples of present continuous tense, such as "The price of onion is rapidly rising" and "I am living in Bangalore at the moment." It also lists words like "now," "currently," and "at the moment" to identify temporary situations.
Simple past tense describes completed actions, often with a mentioned time. It uses the "verb + -ed" or "-d" form. When using "did," the base form of the verb is used.
Simple past tense is used for completed actions, series of actions in order, and situations in the past that are no longer true. Words like "next" and "then" help show the sequence of actions.
Past continuous tense gives background to an action and focuses on the activity without focusing on its completion. It follows the structure "was/were + verb + -ing."
The video provides examples of past continuous tense, such as "She was lying in a bed when thieves entered the house" and "Ram was driving his car when a car hit him from the back." It also discusses the use of "used to" and "would" to show past repeated actions.
Present perfect tense is used for tasks completed a moment before now or recently, with significance in the present. It follows the structure "has/have + verb (past participle)."
Present perfect tense is used to talk about a time period that is not over, to show an activity in the past before now, and to talk about a present situation which started in the past.
The video discusses time expressions like "ever," "before," "still," "never," "up to now," and "so far" to show that the time is in the past. It also provides examples of negative and interrogative sentences using present perfect tense.
The video differentiates present perfect tense from simple past tense, noting that present perfect links the past with the present and talks about unspecified time, while simple past only talks about the past and shows specific time periods.
Present perfect continuous tense has the structure "has/have + been + verb + -ing." It is used to say how long an activity has been going on.
The video differentiates present perfect continuous tense from present perfect tense, noting that present perfect continuous focuses on the activity itself and how long it has been going on, while present perfect focuses on the result and how many times it has happened.
Past perfect tense is used to talk about an activity in the past with a reference to another activity that happened at an unspecified time in the past. The structure is "had + verb (past participle)."
The video provides examples of past perfect tense, such as "When he entered the class, the class had already started." It also discusses the difference between simple past and past perfect tense, and the use of words like "always," "sometimes," "never," and "before" to talk about such periods.
Past perfect continuous tense is used to focus on how long an activity continued or to focus on the activity itself. It is also used to talk about past things that did not happen as expected.
The video introduces articles (a, an, the) and their role in defining nouns as specific or unspecific. It classifies articles as indefinite (a, an) or definite (the).
The video explains the use of "a" before words starting with a consonant sound and "an" before words starting with a vowel sound. It also discusses exceptions and abbreviations.
The video discusses cases where both "a" and "an" can be used, and also "one." It notes that "one" is specifically used to emphasize only one thing.
The definite article "the" is used to show that something is unique or when we know which thing or person we are referring to. It is also used before superlatives and in the pattern "the...of..."
The video discusses the use of "the" with some proper nouns, such as oceans, rivers, and country names representing a group.
The video introduces the concept of a zero article, used before uncountable and plural nouns to talk about people and things in general. It is also used before the names of particular people and in some proper cases like countries, cities, and mountains.
The video introduces determiners, which introduce nouns and are placed before a noun or an adjective. It lists four types of determiners: articles, demonstratives, possessives, and quantifiers.
Demonstratives point out a particular noun. The video explains near demonstratives (this, these) and far demonstratives (that, those).
The video discusses the general use of demonstratives and their use as adjectives and pronouns.
Quantifiers point out the quantity or the amount of a noun. The video lists various quantifiers and explains them in more detail.
The video explains the use of "some" and "any," noting that they are generally used with plural and uncountable nouns when unsure about the amount or number. "Some" is used in positive sentences and questions expecting a positive answer, while "any" is used in negative sentences and questions where the response can be neutral.
The video explains the use of "each" and "every," noting that they are used with singular nouns when wanting to show all in a group. "Every" is used when talking about the group as a whole, while "each" is used when indicating individual members of the group.
The video explains the use of "many" and "much," noting that "many" is used with plural and countable nouns, while "much" is used with uncountable nouns.
The video explains the use of "more" to show greater quantity or amount, "little" with singular uncountable nouns to show a small amount, and "a little" to show some amount.
The video explains the use of "few" with plural countable nouns to mean a small number, and "a few" to mean some friends.
The video explains the use of "fewer" with plural countable nouns to show "not as many," and "less" with singular uncountable nouns to show "not as much."
The video explains the use of "no" and "not" to show denial, "neither" with singular countable nouns to show "not one or the other," and "either" with singular countable nouns to show "one or the other."
The video explains the use of "both" with plural nouns to show two things or people, and "all" to show a complete number or amount.
The video explains the use of "most" with nouns to show the majority, and "enough" to show when we have as much as we need.
The video introduces parts of speech, which indicate the purpose of a word in a sentence. It lists eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
The video discusses five types of nouns: proper, common, collective, possessive, and compound.
A proper noun is the name of one specific thing or place and always starts with a capital letter.
A common noun is a name given in general to items and is not usually capitalized unless it is the first word of a sentence.
A collective noun is a name given to a group of things as one, such as "family" or "crew."
A possessive noun shows the ownership of the noun and is formed by adding an apostrophe and "s" ('s) or just an apostrophe (') to the noun.
A compound noun is made by adding two or more nouns, sometimes identified by a hyphen in between, such as "father-in-law," "bus stop," and "haircut."
A pronoun replaces a noun in paragraphs or in the next sentence. The video discusses reflexive, indefinite, possessive, and relative pronouns.
A reflexive pronoun shows a reflection of the already used pronoun, such as "himself," "herself," and "themselves."
An indefinite pronoun is used when you are not sure about the identification of a person or the quantity, such as "someone" or "both."
A possessive pronoun shows ownership of something, such as "yours," "mine," and "his."
A relative pronoun shows a relation, such as "that," "which," and "who."
A verb tells us about actions or states of being. The video discusses helping verbs, action verbs, and linking verbs.
Helping verbs help the main verb, such as "can," "could," and "have." Action verbs directly tell you what action a sentence is performing, such as "climb," "write," and "sing."
Linking verbs tell you about the state of being in the sentence, such as "is," "was," and "seem."
An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. It answers questions like "which one," "how many," "whose," and "what kind."
The video provides examples of adjectives, such as "red roses" and "bad guy." It also discusses proper adjectives, quantitative adjectives, and descriptive adjectives.
An adverb qualifies verbs, adjectives, clauses, or other adverbs in the sentence. It answers questions like "when," "how," "why," and "where."
The video provides examples of adverbs, such as "The tiger ran faster" and "He is extremely angry." It notes that adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
Conjunctions connect two or more words or clauses. The video discusses coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions.
Coordinating conjunctions can combine two independent sentences or two independent clauses. The acronym FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) helps remember coordinating conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. The mnemonic "A White Bus" (although, whenever, however, if, though, even if, because, unless, since) helps remember some common subordinating conjunctions.
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, such as "either...or," "neither...nor," and "both...and."
Interjections express emotions and are followed by an exclamation mark.
A preposition tells you about the position or the time something is happening and shows a relation of a noun and pronoun with the other words in a sentence. Prepositions can be categorized into place and time.
The video introduces active and passive voice, noting that active voice is when the subject performs the action, while passive voice is when the subject is acted upon by the verb.
Active voice is a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. The structure is subject-verb-object.
Passive voice is a sentence where the subject is acted upon by the verb. The structure is object-verb-subject.
The video discusses cases where passive voice is more important than active voice, such as when the subject is missing, when the subject is given less importance, and when we don't want to mention the subject at all.
The video explains how to convert an active voice to a passive voice, noting that the third form of the main verb is used along with an auxiliary verb, and "by" is used before the subject.
The video discusses cases where we have to use propositions "with" and "to" in place of "by" in passive voice.
The video introduces direct and indirect speech, noting that direct speech is when you convey the message in the actual words of the speaker, while indirect speech is when you convey the message in your own words without changing the meaning.
Direct speech is when you convey the message in the actual words of the speaker, identified with a comma and a quotation mark.
Indirect speech is when you convey the message of the speaker in your own words without changing the meaning.
The video discusses the components of a direct speech, which are the reporting clause and the reported clause.
The video explains the rules to convert a direct speech to an indirect speech, which include adding a connector "that," changing the pronoun of the reported speech, and changing the tense of the reported speech.
The video discusses how to change the time of reported speech, providing a list of conversions for words like "tomorrow," "yesterday," and "now."
The video discusses how to convert imperative sentences from direct to indirect speech, noting that "said to" is converted to "requested," "ordered," "advised," "asked," or "urged."
The video discusses how to convert interrogative sentences from direct to indirect speech, providing different forms based on the type of question.
The video discusses how to convert exclamatory sentences from direct to indirect speech, noting that "said" is converted to "exclaimed that." It also discusses the conversion of modal verbs like "can" and "must."
The video introduces modal auxiliary verbs, also called modal verbs, modals, or modal auxiliaries. It lists 10 modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, and ought to.
The video discusses the use of "can" for ability, common or typical things, possibilities at some moment, asking and giving permission, offers, and orders.
The video notes that "can" is used with verbs connected to senses (see, hear, smell, taste) instead of using the present continuous tense.
The video notes that "can" cannot be used for chances. "May" or "might" should be used instead.
The video discusses the use of "could" for ability in the past, as a polite version of "can," when you can but you didn't try, to criticize someone, for permission, for requests, and for indirect speech.
The video notes that "could" cannot be used for past actions that happened just once.
The video discusses the use of "may" for chances, contrasting ideas, when there is nothing better to do, for permission in the first person, and notes that it is not for asking about chances directly.
The video discusses the use of "might" for smaller chances, conditional meanings, indirect speech, when something was possible but didn't happen, for permission, when something is true but makes no difference, and to criticize.
[Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Will](https
Transcript
Full transcript of “Complete English Grammar - Full Course in 4 hours - 2024”. Click a timestamp to open the video at that moment. Need another video? Use the YouTube transcript generator.
0:00 hello everyone and welcome back to learn with samanash this is the video where you can get all the concepts of english grammar starting from articles tenses till connectors so everything that you need about english grammar is in this video make sure you watch this video till the end and if you have any question please leave it in the comment section we'll be more than happy to get back to you with an answer or maybe another video on that concept now this video is something which is important for ielts students as well as any student who is preparing for spoken english this video will help you with your ielts preparation but if you need more data or more understanding about all other modules for ios make sure that you visit ieltsclass.learnwithsaminash.com it goes here as well as in the description box
0:46 also a batch has started on 28 march and it's not very late for you to join for it i hope you enjoyed this video let's get started we'll understand a very basic concept of english grammar and that is types of sentences so let's get into the presentation mode and understand why do we need sentences in order to convey any form of idea you need a medium and that is called as sentence so for example i say i want a glass of water immediately the person i'm saying the sentence to will understand that i am in need of some water so this is how you conveyed your message to another person and you used a sentence in order to do that before we understand sentence in
1:33 more detail we need to understand a simple concept here that is named as claus so what is a clause a clause is a combination of words with a subject and a verb please understand and remember the important part here is it should have a subject and it should have a verb an example ram enjoyed it's a very simple sentence or it's a very simple clause it has a subject and it has a verb she is crying because her father died she is crying as one part of the sentence her father died is another part of the sentence so they individually are called as clause
2:20 don't worry about the because because in between because we will have separate discussions of these conjunctions how can we use these conjunction to join two simple sentences moving on question arises how many types of clause do we have so we have two types of clause independent clause and dependent clause let's discuss them in more detail an independent clause is also known as main clause i'm very much sure that moreover in your grammar books or any video that you're watching you will always listen main clause it's very rare people call independent clause and they make complete sense they stand alone and they hold the
3:06 complete meaning of the sentence that means as the name suggests independent they do they don't need to be dependent on other sentence to make a meaning out of it an example ram shouted so ram is a subject over here shouted is a verb and as we discussed in the definition of a clause that it's a combination of words and always and always have a subject and a verb so this sentence over here ram shouted makes complete sense and it doesn't need any complementary sentence to give it more meaning another example lakshman watched movie lakshman is your subject watched is your
3:53 verb and movie is object so in this sentence again we understand that this is an independent clause it doesn't depend on other part of the sentence to get its meaning moving on we have a second type of clause that is dependent clause as i always say in grammar most of the concepts are derived from the word itself so please understand the word carefully automatically you will have the meaning in your hand over here dependent clause means something that is dependent on something or a clause or maybe a next statement or a sentence so dependent clause is also known as subordinating clause
4:39 and it is dependent on the main clause for its meaning that means if you have a clause which has a subject and a verb but it doesn't make much sense to you that means it's a dependent clause let's look into some examples you bought for me don't you think it's kind of incomplete you bought for me what what did you buy for me is a simple question that comes to my mind let's look into another example cat was smarter over here smarter shows a comparative degree and we are not sure whether cat was smarter than a rat or it was smarter than any other animal so please understand a dependent clause will be having a subject and a verb both
5:29 but it will be incomplete in its meaning and hence it is recognized as dependent clause moving on let's get back to our primary topic that was sentence and let's understand how many types of sentence do we have i hope till now you will have a proper understanding of clauses if not please go back to the slides again and understand them in more detail because the understanding of clause will make it more easier for you to understand sentences so we have three types of uh in fact four types of sentences simple sentence complex sentence compound sentence compound complex sentence sometimes you will always you will also
6:15 come across complex compound sentence which is you know other way of writing compound complex sentence so don't get confused with them let's discuss all of them one by one simple sentence simple sentence is always a combination of a subject and a verb or you can say it contains only one clause simple sentences make complete sense and they stand independently because it's only having one clause in it an example rama is a good boy ram is your subject is is your helping verb or you can say verb in this case because we don't have a main verb over here a good boy is an object in the sentence so when you have a subject you have a verb that means you have a clause in this
7:02 sentence we have only one clause and hence we name it as simple sentences remember in your day-to-day conversation you will use simple sentences more often but when you write something or when you read something you will come across to the other forms of sentences as well let's take one more example tiger ran so tiger is your subject ran is your verb and hence it's a complete clause it doesn't need any other additional information to make sense and hence we can say it's a simple sentence let's discuss second type of sentence that is compound sentence so if you remember from your noun we discussed a type of noun that was
7:47 compound noun in which you add true noun to make one noun for example we discussed hair plus cut makes it haircut and hence it's a compound noun similarly you have compound sentences compound sentences are the combination of two independent clauses please remember if em emphasizing on this word two independent clauses that means it's the tricky part here so you cannot have a dependent clause in this all you need is two independent clause so when i say independent clause that means they should stand alone and should make complete sense also they're always connected with a
8:33 coordinating conjunction don't worry about this word over here coordinating conjunctions because we are having other slides to discuss this in more detail but over here please understand you need a conjunction to join two independent clauses to make a compound sentence very well let's look into some examples ram sang and she danced so if you look here ram sang is one clause she danced is second clause and we join them together with the conjunction that is and so when i say a clause ram is a subject sang is a verb over here she is a subject danced as a verb together they
9:19 are forming a compound sentence in this sentence we have two independent clauses ram sang and she danced together they form a compound sentence with the use of this conjunction and over here please focus and or any other type of conjunction plays a very important role we'll discuss them in detail in the next slide let's discuss coordinating conjunctions you remember this word from the last slide coordinating conjunctions as the name suggests it is helping two independent clauses to come together to form a compound sentence and the words that help you or that are recognized as coordinating conjunctions are fanboys let's discuss what are
10:06 fanboys f stands for for a stands for and n for nor b for but o for or y for yet and s for so so this is an easy way to remember fanboys and hence we have every beta in this sense for and nor but or yet and so an example it was raining so i carried an umbrella it was raining as one clause please remember it's an independent clause and hence it holds complete meaning i carried an umbrella is another clause again an independent clause together join by a conjunction from fanboys or joined by our coordinating conjunctions
10:53 to form a compound sentence guys please remember we are using very common words to make this concept very very clear to you if you still have a doubt please go back and start again you will definitely get accustomed to it so in this case as i said it was raining as one clause i carried an umbrella as second clause joined by this conjunction another important thing that you have to remember there is a punctuation that is used before this coordinating conjunction so it's an important part that you use a comma before a coordinating conjunction please don't worry we have a separate chapter for punctuation in which we will be discussing these
11:39 punctuation and coordinate in compound sentences complex sentences compound complex sentences in more detail so moving on to our next type of sentence that is complex sentence i know the name itself is tricky right complex means something that is very complicated and two or more clauses must be joining together that's correct in a complex sentence we have a combination of an independent and a subordinating clause or you can say a dependent clause so this is the difference between a compound sentence and a complex sentence in compound sentences we have two independent clauses but in complex
12:25 sentence we have an independent clause and also a dependent clause let's look into an example she smiled because i cracked a joke she smiled as one phrase sorry one clause i cracked a joke is a second clause she smiled i cracked a joke but if you focus here in between we have another conjunction which is recognized as subordinating conjunction now as the name suggests subordinating shows a dependency of one part of a sentence over the other part of sentence so she smiled needs a reason why is she smiling that
13:10 means this is an in this is an dependent clause i cracked a joke makes complete sense and hence it's an independent clause if you remove she smiled from the sentence and just leave i cracked a joke the sentence will still hold good it doesn't need any other dependency to make it meaning complete but if i remove i cracked a joke from the sentence and leave it to she smiled do you think you will not ask another question definitely yes you're gonna ask why why did she smile she smiled because i cracked a joke now this makes a complete sense so in complex sentence you definitely need an independent clause so that a
13:58 subordinating clause can depend on the independent clause to make a complete sense let's discuss what are these subordinating conjunctions so i always suggest to my students that if you want to remember what are subordinating conjunctions please remove fanboys from your conjunctions list and everything that is left is your subordinating conjunction but still to make it little more appropriate little more appropriate for you to understand we have a tricky part a white bus a white purse is a combination of certain conjunctions not all of them so that you have an idea of what subordinating conjunctions are a stands for aldo w stands for whenever
14:46 h stands for however i stands for if t stands for do e stands for even if b stands for because u stand for unless and s stands for sins as i said you still have many more subordinating conjunctions to be discussed but to make you familiar with some of them please remember a short abbreviation that is a white bus let's look into an example if she calls let me know again let's segregate into two parts she calls as one clause let me know is one clause but there is a conjunction which is there at the start of the sentence and that conjunction is known as subordinating conjunction
15:33 so she calls needs another sentence or need another clause to make complete sense let me know holds good and hence this is an independent clause and this is a dependent clause together with the use of a subordinating conjunction we form our complex sentences moving on let's discuss our last type of sentence that is compound complex sentence again let's use the same trick understand with the name itself compound complex sentence doesn't it show that it's a combination of compound and complex sentence together that's pretty much correct but not exactly so in compound complex sentence
16:20 you need a combination of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinating clause please remember in complex sentences as well as in compound complex sentences you need independent as well as dependent clauses but in compound complex sentence you should have at least two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses also they are connected with conjunctions these conjunctions will be a combination of coordinating conjunctions as well as subordinating conjunctions since we are combining compound and complex together when she when class started ram came and see the left okay so let's divide them into
17:06 individual clauses and understand how are they joined together class started is one clause clause number one ram came clause number two see the left clause number three clearly it shows that two of three clauses over here are independent clauses and one clause is a subordinate clause so what do you think a subordinate clause would be definitely class started because we have a subordinating conjunctions at the very start of our sentence and then we have two independent clauses that isram came a subject and a verb i am again repeating it a subject and a verb makes a clause and then you have another clause sita left
17:53 so to join two independent clauses we have used a coordinating conjunctions and to join two independent clauses with the subordinating clause we have used a subordinating conjunctions i know it's a lot of information all at once so please divide it into individual concepts you need independent clauses you need dependent clauses and you need independent sorry you need coordinating conjunctions you need subordinating conjunctions as well moving on we have a punctuation here to segregate a independent clause sorry to segregate a dependent clause and independent clauses as i said in the previous slides as well
18:40 that these punctuations are studied in more detail in the chapter of punctuations [Music] let's take this one more example and i would say very last example to make this compound complex sentence clear to you my son cried when i left the room but i didn't hear so in this case we have three clauses my son cried i didn't hear i left the room in this case my son cried makes complete sense i didn't hear also makes sense but i left the room is combined with a conjunction that is your subordinating conjunction and hence this is your dependent clause
19:28 so here's a fact that you should remember when you have a subordinating conjunction coming at the start of the sentence you need a comma immediately after that or you can say you need a comma immediately before a coordinating conjunction so a comma is required when subordinating conjunction comes first in your sentence and then your coordinating conjunction comes so in order to segregate them both you need a comma in between connectors all linking words we're gonna give you an advance or intermediate level of connectors that can actually take you to the next level of english speaking so let's get started and remember guys we're gonna discuss 14 categories in connectors or linking
20:14 words you have a huge list here if you notice you have 14 themes or 14 categories in the connectors so i'm not going to read them all you have to read them with a quick uh look at them and please remember we're going to discuss each category individually with their particular words that comes or with the particular connectors that come in that particular category so let's get started with our first one which is explanation whenever you want to explain something or you said something in addition you want to add a point you can use connectors like namely for example i have a good reason not to talk to him namely he is always rude to me so that's a very good reason not to talk to someone and hence you can use namely
20:59 you have in other words don't be rude when you are successful in other words be down to earth so whenever you have statement one and you want to add more information to that you can use in other words next is put differently we aren't talking to each other anymore but differently we have a breakup so if you remember here or if you focus here you had a statement you want to explain it more and hence you have used the word put differently we had a breakup next is the second category which is to emphasize whenever you want to put more emphasis on a particular fact you can use connectors like as a matter of fact
21:46 an example he was quite late yesterday as a matter of fact i couldn't sleep until he arrived next is in fact i didn't fail the exam in fact i did rather well so i want to emphasize on the fact that i didn't fail the exam in fact i did really well in my exam so that was an extra emphasis you put on that next is actually you should give to her something expensive actually a car won't be a bad idea so you want to tell somebody that you know gift her something really good and to put an emphasis you can say a car won't be a bad idea next is indeed this is my personal favorite and i try to use it every time
22:33 so if you focus here i was annoyed indeed furious over what happened so i repeat this sentence i was annoyed indeed furious over what happened so the first sentence was already conveying an answer that you were mad at someone to put a more particular emphasis you use the word indeed furious so you want to say i was really mad at him next in our lift is correction this is our third category when you want to correct something that you have already said you can use rather i thought it would be a great idea to go to the party rather it was miserable so what you said in the first sentence you want to correct it and hence you said rather it was a miserable
23:20 idea next is to be more precise you should try the change to be more precise move the table to the hall so you set something you want to put a clarification to that you said to be more precise move the table to the hall next is the fourth category or i don't know if it's the fifth one just focus that whenever you have a word here this is your category example is something that you have been reading in your books you have been using all your life are these words for example regarding this book okay reading this book has many benefits for example it is simple to understand so you said something now you want to give examples why you said that you can
24:05 use a word or a connector which is called for example so guys please remember connectors are very very important to take your speech to the next level because instead of using so then so then every time you can actually replace with more particular words that has been designed in english grammar so if i use this sentence in a different manner reading this book has many benefits that's why it is sorry because it is simple to understand this is like we have been talking like that but we don't want to do it anymore i want to sound smarter and hence i'll use for example it is simple to understand next is to illustrate i had so many problems in my past to illustrate stomach infection and viral fever so i
24:52 said something about a problem i want to explain it more and hence i have used a word or a connector to illustrate or to give you more example next is for instance there are number of solutions for instance buy a new house and change the keyboard too okay there's a mouse not a house it would rather have been a very awful idea to buy a new house so here we are saying there are number of solution for instance buy a new mouse and a keyboard or you can change the keyboard next is our next category which is particularization particularization has many particular words for number one connector is in particular i have bought nothing in particular so
25:39 you want to emphasize that you know in particular i have not bought anything but i got some general stuff as such next is particularly which says i love the house particularly the balcony and the flooring so you love the house but what specifically or anything specific that you loved about the house yes i love the balcony and the flooring of the house next is more specifically for example we used to argue a lot lot more specifically we argued on sleeping habits of each other so you had a problem but what specifically was the problem so you want to categorize it we argued on sleeping habits of each other next is dismissal
26:26 oh my god this is the crazy one and you will love it because you know whenever you said something and you want to change it you wanna you know say the negative of that you can use this one anyway is the first one i couldn't understand the last chapter anyways i think it will be optional in exam so you don't really care and hence you can use words like anyway let's go anyway let's forget it i don't want to talk about it next is anyhow anyhow i have decided to learn german as quickly as possible so there might be something that has happened before that but now i've decided to learn german language so this is dismissal next is at any rate at any rate i'm not taking this project at work no matter what happens
27:12 i'm not gonna work on this so you can use at any rate next is conclusion now you might write stories or you might be writing some articles or reports you have to always conclude it these words are something that you're going to pick from this chapter in conclusion so you said in conclusion it can be said that cats are the best pets so there might be a huge paragraph that has been running before this and at the end you can say in conclusion this is what i feel next is in summary in summary if you wish to be successful be around successful people so everything goes behind and then you want to conclude with the words like in summary in conclusion or you can use to sum up
27:59 to sum up people are well behaved when they are happy so i said something huge huge stuff and now i want to conclude it i can say to sum up everything this is what i feel next is okay this is interesting so you have more words or more connectors in the category and hence this is your work to do that after the class is over you're gonna pick these words find out the meanings write some sentences and use them in your conversation next is time in time you have at first i couldn't talk properly at first i started working on my grammar so now you want to start from the start and hence you can use words like at first
28:44 next is then i thought is she telling me the truth so then e n is something that is used with respect to time there is another then which is t h a n which is used for like sequence one thing happened and then this happened and then that happened but this then is used with specificity of the time next is afterwards afterwards we went to the car and left for the home so we did this we did that afterwards we did this and hence you can use words like these again you have 456 which is later in the meantime meanwhile guys please pick your notebooks write down these words and hence definitely find out some really
29:30 interesting sentences on these particular connectors next is result as i said this video is going to be longer so please grab a cup of coffee and sit down relax because these words are going to change the way you have been pursuing this english language next is result as a result i have been working hard on my english as a result i could speak fluently so i worked hard what happened as a result this happened so this is the connector which you can use in your daily life saying that i was going out to buy some coffee as a result i bought a breakfast pack next is as a consequence sam didn't study hard as a consequence he failed the english test that was definitely
30:16 supposed to happen because he didn't work hard what happened if he didn't work hard he failed in his exam next is therefore does accordingly is something that you have to do it for me and please remember that once you are done you can leave in the comment section all your examples from the words that we just discussed next is order of importance most importantly you should buy a powerful pc to edit the videos most importantly reduce the editing time so why do you want to buy a new pc of course you want to edit the videos but you want to save some time so you have to specify that fact why most importantly this is my reason i want to get a job most importantly i
31:02 want to make my parents happy so one reason that outstand everything is the one which you can use after having this connector next is primarily you should clearly out you should clear three out of four subjects probably get good grades in the unit test so this is going to be a very very important task next is above all most significantly essentially and slash basically so grab these words find out the meanings find out the sentence and write in the comment section see ma'am this is what i have done please check them we'll definitely get back to you on that next is similarity whenever you have two similar things you can always use this connector you are not allowed to use phones here similarly
31:47 you have to keep it out of the seminar too so likewise this this is also valid so enhance you can use similar similarly next we have in the same way reducing sugar will reduce your weight too in the same way not consuming oil much will help lose the weight so as you can reduce the sugar to have uh balance weight similarly you can have less oil in order to reduce weight and hence in the same way is used as a connector because this has the same purpose as this one next we have likewise correspondingly also i know also is one of our favorites so guys please remember also is used whenever you have a similar reason so
32:32 you can use these words next is focusing focusing as for is the first one for example i'm going to kate's party at the weekend as for sam's i think i'll pass so if you notice here i want to talk about focusing so you want to specify that particular reason why you're not coming to the party because i want to spend it i want to spend more time with sam and hence i've said i think i'll pass next is regarding please clean your room now regarding the balcony i'll do it for you so you want to specify you want to focus on one simple thing and hence you can use the word regarding next is talking of talking of dogs they are the most loyal animals in my opinion so you want to be more focused on the statement that dogs
33:20 are more loyal and hence you can say talking of dogs you want to specify on this particular word here dogs next is with respect to with regard to as regard as far as concerned these are very important and guys please remember a question might arise in your mind that ma'am there are lists of like 50 how can i remember all of them so to be frank you don't have to remember all of them you just have to pick few from each category and that's what you have to keep practicing that these are the words i can use for similarity these are for results these are for conclusion and keep writing sentences on them they will become a great part of your life and your language skill as well next is contrasting ideas for example
34:08 however they played really well however they couldn't win so you said something in the first line that you know what they played really well but they couldn't win however they couldn't win so this word is used as a contrasting connector next is you have in contrast the house was quite expensive in contrast to the car next is nevertheless she was very tired nevertheless she went to work even though she was tired she went to work so nevertheless is a contrasting linking word next is on the contrary i thought he was working but on the contrary he was sleeping this happens most of the time when we actually are in our rooms and parents think oh my god my daughter or my son is really
34:55 working hard but they're actually sleeping so this is the connector which can be used in that place next is a huge list you have nonetheless yet on the other hand be by comparison instead in any case all the same so these are the list which can be used for the contrasting ideas and hence next time whenever you come across these words or these connectors in your notebooks or newspaper or something take a minute understand why have they used this one and what is the reason behind that are they conveying the contrasting idea are they talking about examples or they're talking about similarity you will have an understanding in that sense much better next is sequencing which has
35:41 first firstly first of all in the first place all of these words are same i'm going to repeat them for you first firstly first of all in the first place first of all i'd like to talk about the benefits of having multiple skills so that's going to be my primarily idea and hence i'm talking about sequence this is first then come second then come third so first of all i want to talk about connectors next is to begin with to begin with smartphones are more portable than laptops so you're going to add more ideas behind that but the first one is to begin with next is for one thing for another thing also besides in addition furthermore moreover finally lastly or last
36:30 huge list guys pick some for you and try repeating them don't bug yourself with a lot of information just try to capture something and try to master that we try to cover tensors in this grammar goes in three segments you can find them as tenses part one part two and part three all of them constitutes of four tenses per chapter in total we'll be covering 12 tenses so let's get started with tensors part one first comes in your category is simple present but we before we dive into simple present let's understand what is the general overview of tense we have so in general when we study tense we have an information that tenses are of
37:15 three types past tense present tense and your future tense but when we come into deeper sense we understand past tense comprises of four tenses those are simple past past continuous pass perfect and pass perfect continuous the same goes for present tense and future tense respectively so present tense will have simple present present continuous present perfect and present perfect continuous and the same goes for future tense so before we actually understand each one of them in detail please remember you have 12
38:03 tenses divided into three broader sections past present and future and then their respective four sections in each which makes it twelve i hope this is clear so now let's understand simple present in more detail in simple present you will have a pattern to be followed and let's understand with the table so in simple present the first thing and the foremost thing you should understand that the verb is either directly used or it's used with an s form of the warp for example ram plays cricket so ram is your subject plays is your verb and cricket is your object the identification of simple present tense in this that play was a normal
38:49 verb but since ram is a singular we have put s at the end of the verb and hence it became ram place so if we have we we will write we play cricket rather than writing we plays cricket which is incorrect so the rule number one you should remember whenever you have a singular noun or a subject in this case you will always use s form or e s form but if you have a plural noun or a subject you will only have the main verb now let's move on to rule number two you will find in certain situation do
39:36 and does to be used with your main verb so if we look into this example sita does play cricket now you have sita as your subject you have does as you're helping verb play will be your main verb and cricket is your object so now if we generally write this sentence we would say sita plays cricket which is a simple present sita plays cricket we automatically puts an s because it's a singular noun but now we have used does so automatically s from play will be removed and the sentence will take the place of sita does play cricket
40:22 the s which we were using in front of main verb will take the place of das in your helping verb now in this particular form you're looking into a negative sentence and hence we have put does not play cricket you must be wondering what about v does play cricket does it make sense or is it incorrect yes it's incorrect since it's a plural noun it will become do so we do play cricket now the main verb is still same but your helping world will change accordingly according to your subject it will either become do or it will take the form of das now the third form is where we frame
41:08 questions starting from do and does it's very simple all you have to do is take your helping verb and put it at the first form so do they play cricket the main verb will still follow the same rule of doing does if you don't have do you will have either w word or other questions like why do you play why are you playing something like that which is not the subject matter that we're discussing right now we are focusing on do they play cricket since we are using do and it's a plural subject we will just write play cricket since we understood what is the structure of simple present tense now let's understand where do we exactly use simple present tense simple present tense is used to talk
41:54 about regular habits so you might say that i wake up every morning at around this this clock or maybe i drive my car every day or i go to shop you can take other examples like she goes to shopping with me in this case we are using goals because it's a singular subject so please understand whenever you talk about regular habits or something that is happening every day you will use simple present tense i wake up at 7 00 am every day so now waking up is a process that i am doing every day at seven o'clock and hence i
42:42 have used our simple present tense she uses her veikal vehicle every day to go to her office so uses is your simple present tense because we are talking about a regular activity so she was singular and hence i have used s form of the verb use plus s becomes uses moving on there are certain words that you will always identify as the regular habits for example we may use words like always normally often rarely every day or we can use generally usually sometimes never every evening so if you remember the previous slides we
43:27 talked about i wake up at seven o'clock every day in here you can see this word is an identification that we are describing our regular habit simple present is also used to talk about universal truths and facts i am sure you must have heard in your 10th standard or maybe first standard as the first use of simple present that wherever you find universal truth or a fact it's always simple present tense so what do we mean by that we mean that for example water boils at 100 degrees celsius you cannot change this fact you cannot change this idea over here and hence it becomes a
44:12 universal fact water boils at 100 degrees celsius no matter if you are in india or in europe or job wherever the water always boils at 100 degree celsius also teenagers don't generally have much money so this is not a truth this is not a universal truth but it's a universal fact and most of us agree to this fact that teenagers don't generally have much money so since we have plural teenagers and hence we have written do plus not do not or don't there are words that help you to describe facts and truth like mainly normally traditionally or generally
44:58 usually sometimes so you can say mainly teenagers do not have money at the age of 16. so now using these words or traditionally or sometimes usually you are describing that we are talking about facts and truths simple present tense is also used to talk about permanent situations you must be saying to your friends that you know i own a house so now owning a possession is showing that you have something permanently it doesn't change if you have a house today you will have a house tomorrow and hence it become a permanent situation
45:43 in those places we can always use simple present tense i own a mercedes that means it's mine it's a permanent situation she lives in bangalore so when we talk about she lives in bangalore that means for last 10 years or something she must be living in bangalore and hence it became a permanent situation please understand that she was singular and hence we have put an s form here but you must be wondering with i we are never following the rule of singular yes that's correct so i always follow a rule of plural and hence they play the role of main verb directly instead she he it
46:29 any name ram sita or whatever you will always use as form of the main verb or the helping wob simple present tense is also used to talk about movies and books what do i mean it's like in bahubali movie kattappa kills baahubali so i'm not talking about universal fact or something all i'm talking about is a movie kattappa kills baahubali my main verb has taken the form of s because kattappa is singular and hence we use kills as the verb or fictional books are full of stories so it's kind of a general fact that fictional books are full of stories and hence next time wherever you find that it's a conversation about movies and
47:14 books happening in present tense it will be your simple present tense simple present tense has one more use that is to give directions and instructions you all must have encountered this that your delivery guy might have called you and asked for the address so you tell him you know come to this road take a right then take a left you will see a medical store then next to the medical store there is a road you always talk in simple present tense whenever you give direction and instructions an example to start your laptop click on the power button so i have main verb 1 i have main verb 2 both of them are in simple present tense simple present tense another example can
48:00 be explained another example would be take a left at the corner of the road to reach my house so take a left or reach my house are both simple present tense and hence from now onwards whenever you are talking about directions and instructions please use simple present tense you use simple present tense to talk about your regular activities to talk about universal facts and figures to talk about directions and to talk about permanent situations you will have words like generally mainly usually every day or every night all these words help you to identify
48:46 that we are talking about simple present tense so that's all for your simple present tense in simple present tense to have a rough revision we talk about regular activities we talk about universal facts and figures then we talk about something that is permanent and we talk about directions and instructions that's all for your simple present please do not get confused with simple present or other form of the verb because simple present tense generally follow a very simple rule and the only thing you should remember is s and e is of the main verb moving on you have a next tense that is present continuous tense now before we dive into the subject
49:31 let's understand what the name suggests here present shows that the activity is happening in present that is today or now continuous shows that it's a regular process it might have started but it's still going on that means a regular process going on and that's correct present continuous tense shows that now when i'm talking to you i am doing an activity that is in process it has started maybe five minutes back or a day back but i'm still doing it and hence we use present continuous tense so present continuous tense also follows a structure which is m is r which shows your present tense plus warp and the ing form of the verb
50:18 there are certain uses of present continuous tense and the first and the foremost is when you talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking very very important at the moment of speaking i am watching tv or more easier example would be i am teaching you guys so now when i'm talking i'm actually teaching you i'm doing two activities at the same time i'm talking plus i'm teaching that means i started this activity and i'm in the process of doing it she is waiting for a friend so is waiting shows that the process still goes on and it's happening at the moment of speaking
51:05 other use of present continuous tense would be to talk about changing situation for example today the price of onion is 18 rupees yesterday it was 15 and tomorrow it may become 50. so this is a changing situation all through and hence we use present continuous tense the price of onion is rapidly rising so is an ing form shoes that is a continuous tense also if you look into indeed that this statement over here is showing the situation that keeps on changing or it is rising the mobile phones are making it easier for people to stay in touch our making shows that they are in the process of
51:51 doing something and they have been doing it yesterday they are doing it now and they are in the process of still doing it also present continuous tense is used to talk about temporary situation unlike simple present when we say i own a mercedes i mean to say that this is my possession i have it it's a permanent situation but when we talk about present continuous tense i will say i am owning a mercedes that means right now i have a mercedes but yesterday or tomorrow it can be something else i am living in bangalore at the moment i am living shows that right now
52:37 i am in bangalore this phrase over here at the moment clearly shows that this activity is temporary it may change tomorrow another example she is working really hard for a job interview so when you say she's working really hard that means right now she's doing it what if she gets a job tomorrow she will not work and hence it's a temporary situation moving on some words which will help you to identify temporary situations would be now currently at the moment this week month or year i hope this is clear so you can say currently i'm working in this company
53:24 so you're working right now what if you leave your job tomorrow and hence it's a temporary situation that's all for your present continuous tense always remember when you are talking and you're doing an activity you can use simple continuous tense present content instance simple identification would be is mr plus verb plus ing form that's all or if we talk about simple present we were talking about play and as if it's she or if it's i i'll just say play so singular plural the tense changes or the main work changes now let's dive into simple past tense
54:09 past tense clearly shows that something that happened in the past so that means that activity is completed now it has nothing to do with your present tense that's why we use simple past tense whenever you want to talk about something that happened or that is finished you can use simple past tense it follows the same structure the verb plus ed form or d form for example from played cricket so eb with the main verb shows that this activity is finished did not plus one now here comes an interesting fact whenever you see dead in your sentence please use the present form of the verb
54:57 or the normal form of the verb you will not say for example did played it's completely wrong you can say did play or did not play please focus death in itself shows past tense and hence we need not to write mean verb in the past form we will be writing in the present form if you look into this sentence sita did not play cricket i was trying to show an activity of the past in the negative form and the main verb still remains the same now what if we frame questions it's very simple just take your did to the first part and frame the sentence did they play cricket main verb remains same
55:45 so that's a rule or that's a fundamental you should remember about simple past that it will either have ed form or d form of the main work or if we are using dead we will just write the mean form in the simple present tense moving on let's understand some of the uses of past tense and the first and the foremost is to talk about completed actions often the time is mentioned i completed my assignment yesterday so when i say i completed ed form i mean to say that this activity is over and i have mentioned time to show and to assure that yes it was an activity of passed you may remove this and still the
56:32 sentence is simple past or you may add this it will just add a bonus point to your mark she finished the race that means the activity is finished it's not happening right now past tense is also used to talk about series of actions in the order for example a friend of yours asks you to tell a story of your childhood days so you can say i studied in this school and then i moved to bangalore there i started working started working or there i worked in an mnc so now if you see here studied action 1
57:18 moved action 2 what was your action 3 in between you have used then or next words so now when you have series of actions in sequence you can always use simple past tense i went to the bookstore took a book and later came back home so later is your identification that it's a series of action and hence we can use simple past tense or if you look here vent took k all the main verbs are in the past form and they are over the activity is completely over the words which will help you to show the sequence of actions would be next and then then she came to the party removed her
58:04 coat and sat on the chair came removed sat all show a simple past a word over here tells you that such a series of action simple past tense is also used to talk about situations in the past which are not true anymore they used to be true but now they are not let's dive into the example right away my dad worked for the police for 20 years so that means this activity is over but it's also not true in your present tense it is completely a situation in the past which is not true anymore so what we studied in simple past is if you want to talk about past activities which are over if you want to talk about situations that are not true anymore if
58:50 you have sequence of actions happening you will always use simple past the verb will take e d or d form or if it's d it will remain at the same it will not change did in itself shows that it's an activity of the past now let's dive into past continuous it's very very simple but people get confused between present continuous and past continuous so when i say present continuous i mean to say an activity that is happening at the time when i'm talking when i'm speaking so it's an activity of present a past continuous still shows that the activity was in process but it has no connection with present tense this activity was in the
59:37 past and maybe something after this might have been finished and this was the background story so at the time this thing was happening this thing this thing happened this thing was happening don't worry we have slides coming up to explain this in more detail now let's understand the structure so past continuous follows a simple rule was wor plus verb ing form she was living in india or what if i have to frame a negative sentence all i have to do is put a not in between and now when you have questionnaire i will always put was at the first letter and frame the question was she living in india so was becomes the first word in
1:00:24 the sentence and it frames a question mark other things that you should remember is ing form of the work so now let's understand why do we use past continuous tense we use past continuous tense to give background seen to an action she was lying in a bed when thieves entered the house so this activity is over but when this was this happened this was happening it was in process she was lying now notice that this word over here when it shows that it's giving a background scene to an action ram was driving his car when a car hit him from the back
1:01:10 while is another word like when which will help you to show that this is a background scene to an action and the rule says was plus ing form of the work so if you clearly understand the situation something was hap happened something happened before that something was in process and that's how past continuous comes into picture if you talk about present continuous you will just say she is lying in her bed that means this activity is happening at the time when i'm speaking moving on when you have to focus on activity without focus on its completion i don't know when it started i don't know when it's going to be over but i
1:01:56 know what is happening there you use past continuous tense last year i was working in theater studying for my degree and teaching yoga three activities and all of them are focused moreover on what is happening rather than when it got over that's how you use past continuous tense now these two words right on your screen used to and would are very very important if you want to talk about past tense used to and would are always used when you want to show something that was happening in the past and it was a repeated action of yours you were doing it almost every day she used to cook for me
1:02:44 so two things to remember when i say used to that means it was repeated it was happening every day and second thing it's past it's not happening anymore used to and would also follows a sentence structure like ram used to or would drive the car automatically if you use used to or would your main verb remains in the present form did not plus used to plus infinitive as i said whenever you have did use 2 will also become used to it will not have d form anymore a questionnaire did ram used to drive the car please
1:03:31 notice this if i say there i will say used to if i did not have did i will say used to or would so used to a word is used to talk about past repeated actions she used to drive the car she would leave the window open whenever she was at home that means she's not doing it right now and she were doing it regularly every day in the past that's all for you used to and would and used to and what is is used again i'm saying it to talk about your past activities past repeated actions you can simply put this word insert this word in your sentence and it automatically becomes a continuous
1:04:17 process that you were in regularly doing this let me ask you a question in your life how many times have you faced a situation where you have completed a task a moment before now or maybe recently or maybe in the same day if yes then you would be definitely using present perfect tense in here you want to talk about the task that was completed and also you want to mention the time it was completed it has its significance in your present tense there is a simple structure that you have to understand in order to construct a present perfect sentence for example present perfect sentence always have an
1:05:04 auxiliary verb always have an helping work along with the main verb and the sign to tell you it's a present perfect tense would be helping word will always be has and have and the main verb will always be having it ed form or the past form so in here we want to show that the task is recently completed or the start of the class has been recently started let's consider a negative statement it's very simple and it follows the same rule of present perfect tense all you have to do is add a not after your helping verb if you have to frame a question for the same tense then all you have to do is
1:05:51 pick your helping work to the first part of the sentence and write the sentence have you started the class if these structure is clear to you if these structures are clear to you let's dive into the situation where we need to use present perfect tense the first usage would be to talk about a time period that is not or what if i tell you i have eaten two chapatis this morning now if you clearly focus on this statement you can see that the task is over i have eaten the task of eating two chapatis is already over but the day or the morning when it was
1:06:39 over is not yet finished so you can say that this is the present perfect tense where the task is completed but the time period when this task actually happened is not yet over let's look into more examples i have i have read a book this morning have in red follows the same rule this morning shows that it's still going on the morning is still going on moving on she has met me this week saying that this week is still not yet over so this action of meeting my friend can happen again that's how we use present perfect tense in situation number one moving on let's talk about situation
1:07:24 number two to use present perfect tense it is used to show an activity in the past before now please focus on this part of the sentence it is used to show an activity in the past before now an example i have finished plenty of work so it clearly shows that at some point before now i have finished plenty of my work she has wasted lot of time with him so this activity of wasting time is already over but it is over in the past that was before now moving on we need to understand what kind of words can we use to show that the time is in the past so the words
1:08:10 that will help you out would be ever before still never up to now so far so you can say i have met my friend two times so far or i've met my friend recently i have met my friend before 2 pm so whenever you find words like that which clearly shows that this is an activity in the past but the time period still is not yet over we are clearly talking about present perfect tense situation number three to use present perfect tense would be to talk about a present situation which started in the past please remember the activity is over
1:08:58 it's not continuing process but the activity has clearly started in your past i have taken care for this kid for seven years so now this activity of taking care of the kid for seven years clearly shows that the activity started seven years back and you might be still taking care of the kid she has lived in this house since 1998. it clearly shows that the process of living in the house is very old but she might still be living in the same house and that's how we come up with the idea of present perfect tense also situation number four where you can
1:09:43 use present perfect tense would be when you want to talk about an activity that happened anytime in the past but it is clearly connected to your present tense i know this sounds a little bit similar to what we discussed in the last slide but it has a little more difference here the difference is it is connected to the present tense that means it will have its effect on present tense example ram has read all the articles related to crime so now if today you ask ram do you have information about that crime that happened in 1996 he would clearly say yes because he has read all the articles related to the crime so in the present tense he will have all the details required
1:10:30 that's how we use present perfect tense in situation number four also let's understand what kind of time expressions do we use to show negative and questionnaires recently just already yet so you may have faced this thing like i have read this book recently or i have just read this book i have already read this book i have read this book yesterday so whenever you show an impression to talk about something negative you want to show about a questionnaire you can always use these expressions you can frame a question and say
1:11:15 have you read the book have you read the book yet question mark so now by using a time expression i can clearly say it's a questionnaire in present perfect tense moving ahead let's look into some examples have you written your task yet this is the same thing that we just talked about i have just finished it so whenever you are in the boundary line or you you are running late on the project but you somehow managed to finish it you will use expressions like these and they show that the sentence is negative or it's simply signifying a question moving on since so far we are understanding that it has to do something in the past which
1:12:02 has an impact in the present tense then how is it different from simple past tense let's take an example of simple past ram finished the work on the other hand if i write a sentence ram has finished the book or the work in this case so what is that changes between both the tenses that makes us clear that it's a present perfect tense or it's a simple past tense the first thing that you can look in here is the usage of helping verb and the main work that's very much sure so in present perfect tense you have an ox helping verb has and finished as the main work in here you only have a main
1:12:48 verb with ed form so that is one identification we can come up that this is present perfect tense or this is simple past tense i hope this is making sense to all of you so let's understand more differences sorry present perfect tense links the past with the present what does it mean i have read quite a lot of book so now i have read some and i will read the remaining now so the task of reading the book has been started in the past but there are certain tasks that is connected to my present tense on the other hand simple past only talks about past i read the book that means i've clearly
1:13:35 finished reading the book it has nothing to do with my present time period also present perfect talks about unspecified time i can say i have read the book please forget about the question mark here it's incorrect so the sentence would be i have read the book when where which no information provided so it clearly shows unspecified time on the other hand you will see simple past tends to show specific time period i read the book when i was in metro so i'm talking about a situation when i was in metro at that time i read the book also present perfect 10 shows the time is unfinished
1:14:24 i have read 5 articles this week so the time period of this week is still not yet over i can still read more articles coming up in this week on the other hand simple pass clearly shows the time is finished i read 5 articles last week can you see the difference here this week last week so this week we might be on wednesday and we still have thursday friday saturday sunday coming up but on the other hand when i clearly said last week that means it has nothing to do with the present tense and the task is completely finished let's go through the examples again let's go through the situations again if you still have any doubts please get back to me write in the comment section and i'll be ready with all the answers
1:15:09 you needed moving on let's cover up our next tense and it's very very simple it's present perfect continuous tense i know the sound of continuous tense make you a little bit relaxed that's very much true because you know the activity is in process or you will have ing form of the word but how does it different from past containers or present containers or any other continuous form of the work so present perfect continuous tense will have a simple structure has been working main verb follows ing form helping verb will be has and an additional help will come from being if you want to talk about negative situation as i always say please use a
1:15:55 not and let the sentence remain the same a questionnaire same rule take your have or has at the first place and write the statement so the helping word will always be has and have in present perfect continuous or present perfect tense let's now focus on the situations where we want to use present perfect continuous tense situation number one would be that both present perfect or present perfect continuous tense are used to say how long an activity has been going on now you must be wondering how present perfect in present perfect content is playing the same role that is very much true in some situation you will find present perfect tends to play the same role as present perfect continuous then
1:16:42 if we want to focus on how long the activity has been going on the example i have felt sick for weeks or she has been feeling sick for weeks so first sentence is present perfect stance and we are focusing on the time period the second sentence is present perfect continuous tense and i'm focusing on the time period again so in both the situation all i'm focusing you know is on how long an activity has been going on but the difference if you can look here lies in the verb so in first case the activity of feeling sick is over but the weeks are going on on the other hand the activity of
1:17:27 feeling sick is going on in the past the process has been going on over weeks let's understand in more detail present perfect continuous is some time being confused with present perfect and the differences lies here present perfect continuous focuses on activity itself i have been reading a book no idea if the book is finished or not but the process of reading a book was going on on the other hand present perfect focus is on the result i have read the book so now here we were focusing on the process of reading the book over here we focus on the book is finished but we don't know when because
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